In
d
o
n
e
sian
Jou
r
n
al of
Ele
c
tr
i
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
erin
g
a
n
d
C
om
pu
t
er S
c
ien
ce
Vol.
14, No.
1, April 2019,
pp.
303~310
ISSN: 2502-
4752,
DOI
:
10.115
91/ijeecs.
v
14.
i
1
.
pp303-310
303
Jou
rn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
:
ht
tp:
//i
a
e
score
.
com
/
j
o
u
r
na
l
s
/
i
n
d
e
x
.
p
hp/
i
j
eec
s
Impact of rain weather over f
ree s
p
ace optic communication
transmission
A.K Ra
hma
n
1
, N Ju
l
ai
2
, C.B.M
.
R
ashidi
3
,
Nu
r
d
ia
n
i
Z
amhari
4
,
S
.
K Sa
ha
ri
5
,
N
.
A.
A
M
o
h
t
ad
zar
6
,
M.
R
.
M
S
h
arip
7
1
,
2,
4,
5,
6,
7
F
a
c
u
lt
y o
f
En
g
i
n
eerin
g,
D
ep
artm
en
t
o
f
Elect
rical El
e
ct
ronic,
U
n
i
v
ers
i
t
y
M
al
aysi
a S
a
rawak
,
M
alay
si
a
3
Ad
van
ce Com
m
u
n
i
cati
o
n
En
g
i
neeri
ng,
Cent
r
e of
E
xcellence,
SCCE,
U
n
i
v
ersity M
alay
s
i
a P
e
rli
s
, M
a
l
a
ysia
Art
i
cl
e In
fo
ABSTRACT
A
r
tic
le hist
o
r
y
:
R
e
c
e
i
v
e
d
Sep
2
7
,
2
018
Re
vise
d N
ov
26,
201
8
A
c
c
e
pte
d
N
ov 5,
201
8
Th
is
p
aper
f
o
c
us
e
s
t
h
e
r
ain
eff
ect
over
F
S
O
lin
k
m
e
d
i
um
i
n
M
a
l
a
ysia
env
i
ro
nm
ent.
I
n
t
h
is
w
ork,
a
r
ain
d
a
ta
s
am
p
l
es
t
hat
c
o
ll
ected
f
ro
m
Ma
laysian
M
e
teo
r
olo
g
i
cal
D
epart
m
ent
(MM
D
)
t
o
d
eterm
i
ne
t
he
s
c
a
t
t
erin
g
coe
f
f
i
ci
en
t
,
atm
o
sph
e
ric
attenu
ati
on
an
d
t
o
tal
att
e
n
u
at
io
n
.
F
rom
t
h
e
an
al
ys
i
s,
the
pre
c
i
p
itation
rat
e
g
ive
d
i
ff
er
ent
i
m
pact
o
ver
FS
O
l
i
nk
wh
i
c
h
can
caus
e
th
e
atten
u
ati
on
an
d
bit
erro
r
rat
e
i
n
c
rease.
T
h
e
r
esults
a
ls
o
s
ho
w
th
e
com
p
ariso
n
p
aram
eter
f
or
o
p
tim
a
l
g
eo
m
e
tri
c
al
l
o
ss
such
a
s
b
e
am
di
vergen
ce,
apert
u
re s
ize an
d receiv
e
r sen
s
iti
v
i
ty
.
K
eyw
ord
s
:
A
tte
nua
t
i
on
Fr
ee
s
pace
opt
i
c
Ra
i
n
Sc
atteri
ng e
f
fe
ct
Co
pyri
gh
t © 2
019 In
stit
u
t
e
of Advanced
En
gi
neeri
n
g
an
d
Scien
ce.
All
rights
res
e
rv
ed.
Corres
pon
d
i
n
g
Au
th
or:
Abdul
Rahm
an Bin Kram,
D
e
pa
rtme
nt
o
f
El
e
c
t
rica
l
and
Ele
c
t
ron
i
c E
n
g
i
nee
r
in
g,
Uni
v
ersi
ty
M
al
ays
i
a
Sar
a
wa
k,
F
a
kult
i
K
e
j
u
r
u
t
e
r
aa
n,
J
a
l
an D
ato
Mo
h
d
. Musa
,
9430
0 K
o
t
a
S
am
ara
h
an, Sar
awak,
M
a
lays
ia.
Em
ail:
kara
hma
n
@
unim
a
s.
my
1.
I
N
TR
OD
U
C
TI
O
N
I
n
t
e
l
ec
omm
u
n
i
cat
i
o
n
s
,
F
r
e
e
S
pac
e
O
ptic
s
(F
SO
)
w
h
ich
util
izes
l
igh
t
p
r
o
paga
t
i
o
n
i
n
free
spac
e
t
o
transm
it da
ta b
etw
e
e
n
t
w
o
poi
nt
s
ha
s bec
o
me
a
n
attra
c
tive
a
l
te
r
nat
i
ve
t
o o
p
t
ica
l
f
i
b
er
c
omm
unica
t
i
on or ra
d
i
o
fre
que
nc
y
sys
t
e
m
[
1]
.
V
a
rious
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
io
ns
c
a
n
b
e
a
p
p
lied
in
F
S
O
sys
t
em
s,
s
uc
h
a
s
t
he
l
ast
m
i
le
h
ig
h
ban
d
w
i
d
t
h
i
n
te
rne
t
c
o
nnec
t
iv
ity,
the
te
m
por
a
r
y
h
i
gh
b
a
n
d
w
id
th
d
at
a
li
nk
s,
t
h
e
m
obi
l
e
t
el
e
pho
ny
b
ack
h
a
ul
(3
G),
s
a
t
e
ll
it
e
li
nk
s
a
s
w
e
l
l
a
s
t
h
e
v
ario
us
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
io
n
s
w
h
e
re
t
h
e
o
pt
i
cal
f
i
b
ers
ca
n
n
o
t
b
e
use
d
.
Ho
wev
e
r
FS
O
com
m
unic
a
t
io
n
i
s
v
ulne
rab
l
e
to atm
o
s
p
h
e
r
ic
w
eathe
r.
The
r
e
are
seve
r
a
l
fa
c
t
ors
w
h
i
c
h
c
o
n
t
r
i
b
u
te
t
o
t
h
e
de
gra
d
a
t
i
on
o
f
F
S
O
pe
rfor
ma
nce,
w
hi
ch
i
nc
l
ude
s
sci
n
ti
lla
t
i
on,
a
bsor
pt
ion
an
d
scat
ter
i
n
g
[
2],
[3].
I
n
pro
p
a
g
ati
o
n
o
f
o
p
t
i
c
a
l
s
ig
na
ls,
t
h
e
perform
ance
c
han
g
es
eve
n
m
or
e
ea
s
i
l
y
,
esp
e
c
i
a
lly
i
n
va
ryin
g
w
eathe
r
e
f
fec
t
s.
F
og,
r
ain,
d
u
s
t
,
s
n
o
w
,
s
m
oke,
an
d
ot
her
aer
oso
l
part
icu
l
a
t
e
m
a
tt
e
r
p
rima
ril
y
a
t
t
en
ua
te
t
he sig
nal-c
a
rr
yin
g
l
a
s
e
r
beam [4].
Th
is
w
ork
foc
u
ses
on
a
t
te
nu
ati
o
n
d
u
e
t
o
r
a
i
n
f
a
ll,
w
h
i
ch
i
n
tur
n
g
e
n
era
t
e
s
t
h
e
s
ca
tt
eri
n
g
eff
e
c
t
.
S
c
atteri
ng
is
c
a
u
se
d b
y
par
tic
l
e
s suc
h
a
s
fog,
haz
e a
n
d
r
a
i
n
. T
he t
ype
o
f sc
a
tter
i
n
g
is de
t
e
rm
ined
b
y
the
s
i
ze of
the s
o
urc
e
part
i
cle
s
. S
c
a
tterin
g
cause
d
by pa
r
t
ic
l
e
s w
h
ich a
r
e
eq
u
a
l
o
r
l
a
r
ge
r
co
mp
are
d
t
o t
h
e t
r
an
smitt
e
d
ligh
t
w
a
ve
l
e
ng
th
i
s
re
fe
rred
t
o
a
s
Mi
e
sca
t
ter
i
ng.
T
o
a
n
a
l
yz
e
the
sc
a
t
t
erin
g
ra
t
e
i
n
the
s
e
ca
ses,
i
t
is
m
ore
appr
opr
i
a
t
e
t
o
use
ge
om
etric
op
t
i
c
s
.
In
s
c
a
t
t
e
r
in
g,
e
nergy
i
s
t
a
k
en
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
be
am
w
he
n
the
bea
m
e
nc
ou
n
t
ers
p
a
rti
c
l
e
s
o
r
m
ol
e
c
ul
es
o
f
di
ff
ere
n
t
si
ze
s
an
d
sh
ap
es
.
Thu
s
,
th
e
m
ain
a
t
m
o
sphe
r
i
c
a
tte
nua
tio
n
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
w
a
s
assum
e
d t
o
b
e
on
l
y
of sca
t
t
e
ri
ng
l
osse
s. O
the
r
fac
tor
s
su
c
h a
s
d
u
s
t
or l
i
q
u
i
d
pa
rt
ic
les in
a
ir co
u
ld a
ls
o pr
oduc
e
scat
ter
i
n
g
,
gi
ve
n tha
t
t
he
re
a
r
e
irr
egulari
t
ies o
n
t
he
s
ig
na
l-e
nt
r
y
s
u
r
f
a
ce
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2502-
4752
I
n
do
n
e
si
an
J
E
l
e
c
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
S
ci
, V
o
l
.
1
4
,
No. 1, April 2019 :
303 –
3
10
30
4
P
r
evio
us
r
e
s
ear
cher
s
ha
ve
b
e
e
n
i
nve
st
iga
t
i
n
g
t
o
d
e
t
er
mine
t
he
l
ev
el
o
f
att
e
nu
at
i
o
n
du
e
ra
i
n
f
a
l
l
,
a
n
d
rela
tin
g
i
t
t
o
the
ra
in
r
ate
[
5
],
[
6],
[7],
[
8].
H
o
w
e
ver,
m
ost
of
t
he
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
es
w
e
r
e
fo
cuse
d
o
n
E
ur
ope
an
w
e
a
t
he
r,
a
nd
m
in
i
m
al
e
f
f
ort
ha
s
be
en
c
ha
nne
l
e
d
t
o
i
n
v
es
t
i
ga
te
t
h
i
s
e
f
fe
ct
i
n
t
h
e
t
r
o
p
i
c
a
l
r
eg
io
n,
w
h
ic
h
ex
per
i
e
n
ce
s
a
s
i
gn
ific
ant
am
ou
n
t
o
f
r
a
infa
l
l
.
A
n
a
l
m
ost
-
d
ai
l
y
r
ain
f
a
l
l
w
h
i
c
h
tot
a
ls
u
p
to
b
e
t
we
e
n
1500
and
2
0
0
0
m
m
ann
u
a
l
l
y
,
w
a
s
c
e
rtai
n
t
o
i
n
f
lu
enc
e
t
he
qua
li
t
y
t
ra
n
sm
issio
n
of
F
S
O
l
i
n
k
de
pl
oye
d.
T
his
e
f
fort
w
ill
a
d
dress
t
h
is
v
aca
nc
y
t
o
a
s
ig
n
i
fica
n
t
e
xte
n
t,
w
ith
p
re
cise
m
athem
a
t
i
c
a
l
r
elat
i
o
n
s
,
der
i
ve
d
an
d
im
pro
v
e
d
over
t
h
e ye
ars
by var
i
o
u
s r
e
sea
r
che
r
s [9]
c
o
u
p
le
d
b
y
simu
l
a
t
i
o
n
s us
in
g O
p
t
i
S
y
s
t
e
m
softw
a
r
e.
2.
RESEARCH
M
ETH
O
D
A.
The
o
re
tic
al
The
at
te
nua
t
i
o
n
o
f
lase
r
pow
er
by
r
a
in
can
b
e
ca
lc
u
l
at
ed
a
n
d
i
s
b
es
t
de
scribe
d
b
y
Bee
r’s
l
aw
[1
0],
[11]
:
()
()
(0
)
R
PR
R
e
P
(
1
)
whe
r
e
R
i
s
t
h
e
l
ink
ra
n
g
e
i
n
m
ete
r
s,
τ
(R)
is
t
he
t
ra
nsm
i
tt
a
n
ce
a
t
r
a
n
g
e
R
(
k
m
)
,
P
(
R
)
i
s
t
h
e
l
a
s
e
r
pow
er
at
range
R
.
P
(
0)
i
s
the l
a
se
r pow
e
r
a
t the
so
ur
ce
(Wa
t
t
)
and
is the
sc
atter
i
n
g
c
oe
ff
i
c
ien
t
(
1
km
).
The
sc
at
teri
n
g
c
oe
ffic
ie
nt
c
an
b
e
calc
u
l
a
t
e
d
by
usin
g
S
t
rok
e
L
a
w
[12].
The
sc
at
teri
n
g
c
oe
ffic
ie
n
t
due
t
o
rain
w
it
h dr
o
p
s
of
r
adi
u
s
a
,
is def
i
n
es
as:
rainsc
at
n
(2)
Where
n
i
s
t
h
e
num
ber
of
r
ai
ndr
ops
p
er
u
n
i
t
v
o
lum
e
f
or
d
r
ops
w
i
t
h
rad
i
us
a
,
a
n
d
σ,
t
he
s
c
a
t
t
e
ri
ng
cross
se
cti
o
n,
2
s
ca
t
t
aQ
(
3
)
(Q
)
sca
t
i
s
t
h
e
wav
e
l
e
ng
th
-d
ep
e
n
d
e
nt
s
ca
tt
ering
e
f
fi
c
i
en
cy
f
ro
m
t
h
e
Mi
e
t
h
e
o
r
y
[13][1
4].
N
o
w
,
f
or
x
=
2π
a/
λ
>>
1,
(Q)
sc
at
appr
oac
h
e
s
2
a
s
a
li
m
i
t
[
13]
,
[14
]
.
The
aver
age
rain
drop
s
siz
e
is
a
bou
t
0.
05
cm
.
F
o
r
infra
r
ed
w
avele
n
gt
hs
o
f
inter
e
s
t
,
e
.
g.
,
3-
5μ
o
r
8-1
5
μ,
t
hen
x
≈
30
0
-
100
0;
t
hu
s
(Q)
sca
t
=
2.
T
he
s
ca
tt
er
i
n
g
c
o
eff
i
ci
ent
b
eco
me
s
2
2
ra
i
n
sc
a
t
t
na
(
4
)
I
t
w
as
f
ou
nd
exper
i
m
e
nta
lly
t
ha
t
t
h
e
rain
p
a
r
tic
le
s
ize
dis
t
r
i
b
u
t
io
n
i
s
a
f
unc
t
i
on
of
t
he
t
o
t
a
l
prec
i
p
ita
ti
o
n
ra
t
e Z
[15].
Z
a
i
s
r
ela
t
e
d
to Z
in
t
he f
oll
o
w
i
n
g
m
anner
:
a
zz
(5)
Where
Z
a
i
s
t
h
e
r
at
e
o
f
r
ai
nf
al
l
i
n
c
m (d
ep
th
of
wat
e
r) p
e
r se
co
nd
f
o
r
d
r
ops w
it
h r
a
d
i
us
a
, and
α
is the
f
r
ac
t
i
on
o
f
t
o
t
a
l
v
o
lu
me
r
ea
c
h
i
n
g
g
r
oun
d
c
o
n
t
ri
but
e
d
by
d
r
o
p
s
o
f
radius
a
.
S
i
nce
t
h
e
me
asure
d
v
a
l
ues
of
t
h
e
ext
i
n
ct
io
n
coe
fficie
n
t
d
u
e
to
r
ain
a
r
e
usu
a
lly
p
rese
nt
ed
a
s
a
f
unc
tio
n
of
t
he
t
o
t
a
l
p
r
e
cip
ita
ti
o
n
r
a
t
e
[16]
,
it
is
u
se
fu
l
to
e
xp
r
e
ss
t
he
calc
u
la
te
d
c
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
ent
in
t
erm
of
t
he
s
am
e
par
a
meter.
β
rai
n
s
cat
ca
n
be
r
elate
d
t
o
Z
a
by
firs
t no
t
i
ng
t
h
a
t
.
a
a
a
z
v
n
V
(6)
Where
ρ
=
de
ns
ity
o
f
w
a
te
r,
2
g
m/cc
,
V
a
=
te
rmina
l
v
e
l
oc
i
t
y
o
f
r
a
i
ndr
ops
s
ize
a
,
cm/sec,
V
a
=
vo
lum
e
o
f
eac
h ra
indr
op
s
of
r
adi
u
s
a
,
4πa
3
/3
S
ubst
i
t
ut
i
ng (6
)
into
(
4)
y
i
e
l
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
ones
i
a
n
J
E
lec
En
g & Co
mp
S
c
i
IS
S
N
: 2502-
47
52
Im
pac
t
o
f
ra
in
we
athe
r ove
r
f
r
ee
space
o
p
tic
com
m
u
n
ic
ati
o
n tr
ansm
i
ss
io
n (A.
K
Rahm
a
n
)
30
5
1
31
2
a
ra
i
n
sc
a
t
t
a
Z
cm
va
(
7
)
Ter
m
inal ve
l
oc
ity
o
f a
ra
ind
r
o
p
thr
ou
g
h
a
i
r
c
a
n
be
ob
ta
in
ed
by
a
Stroke
L
aw:
2
2
9
ag
v
(8)
Where
,
a
s
be
fore
,
ρ
=
dens
it
y
of
t
he
d
ro
ple
t
,
1
gm/cc
,
a
=
r
adi
us
o
f
t
h
e
ra
i
n
dr
op
,
cm,
g
=
ac
cele
r
at
io
n d
u
e
t
o
grav
it
y,
980
cm
/sec
2,
η = vi
scos
i
t
y
o
f
t
he
air, 180
x 1
0
-6
S
ubst
i
t
ut
i
ng (8
)
into
(
7)
w
il
l
sim
p
ly
t
he e
x
p
ressi
on for
β
ra
i
n
s
c
a
t
t
:
61
3
1
.
25
10
a
rai
n
sc
att
Z
x
cm
a
(
9
)
A
nothe
r
of
s
i
g
n
i
fica
n
t
l
oss
due
t
o
a
t
m
o
s
p
he
ric
tha
t
m
us
t
be
t
a
k
en
i
nt
o
a
cco
unt
i
s
t
h
e
g
e
o
m
e
t
ri
c
a
l
sp
re
adi
n
g
att
e
n
u
a
ti
o
n
.
G
eo
met
r
i
cal
a
t
t
e
n
u
a
ti
on
o
ccu
rs
w
he
n
t
h
e
tra
n
sm
itte
d
be
am
s
pre
a
ds
w
i
t
h
in
cre
a
si
ng
range
.
Eve
n
i
n
clear
c
o
n
d
i
tio
ns,
the
beam
d
iver
ge
s
a
nd
a
s
r
esul
t
,
t
he
d
e
t
e
c
t
or
c
ol
lec
t
s
le
ss
si
g
n
al
p
ow
er
[
17].
The
ge
om
etric
l
o
s
s
es
a
r
e
s
impl
y
the
ra
ti
o
o
f
t
he
s
urface
a
r
e
a
o
f
the
re
ce
ive
aper
ture
t
o
the
s
u
rfac
e
a
r
e
a
of
t
he
transm
it
beam
a
t the
rec
e
i
v
er.
Geom
etrica
l L
o
ss (GL
)
=
2
3
2
1
2
2
r
r
r
(
1
0
)
wher
e r
1
= r
adius of
t
r
a
nsmit
t
e
r
aper
tu
r
e
,
r
2
=
rad
i
u
s of
rec
ei
v
e
r a
p
e
r
tu
re an
d
r
3
=
ra
d
i
u
s
o
f
be
a
m
ar
ea
The
ge
om
etric
l
o
sses
de
pen
d
p
r
i
ma
rily
o
n th
e dive
r
g
ence
a
nd t
h
e
r
ange
[
1
8
].
GL=
2
3
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
d
d
d
(
1
1
)
wher
e d
1
,
d
2
and
d
3
are
d
iam
e
ters. Replace d
3
w
ith
R
w
ill y
i
e
l
d a
fina
l
ge
ome
t
ric l
o
ss e
x
pressi
on
.
Geom
etric
lo
ss
e
s
(
GL)
=
2
1
2
2
)]
(
[(
R
d
d
The
r
ef
ore,
t
he
t
o
t
a
l
a
t
t
e
n
ua
ti
o
n
e
x
p
r
e
ssio
n
c
an
b
e
der
i
ve
d.
T
he
t
o
t
a
l
a
t
t
e
n
uat
i
on
i
s
a
c
om
bina
t
i
o
n
of
a
tm
os
p
h
e
r
ic
a
tte
n
u
a
t
i
on
a
n
d
ge
om
etric
lo
ss.
T
he
t
o
t
a
l
a
t
t
en
u
ation
for
FS
O
syst
em
i
s
actua
lly
v
ery
s
i
mple
at
a
h
i
g
h
l
e
ve
l
(lea
v
i
ng
out
o
pt
ica
l
e
ffic
i
e
n
c
y
,
detec
t
or
n
oise
s
,
e
t
c
)
.
I
t
c
a
n
b
e
d
e
s
c
r
i
b
e
d
a
s
a
r
a
t
i
o
o
f
o
u
t
p
u
t
pow
er
re
ceive
over
p
o
w
e
r
tra
n
sm
i
t
w
hic
h
i
s
equa
l to
g
e
o
me
trica
l
loss mu
lt
i
p
l
i
ed
by tran
s
m
i
tta
nc
e a
t
ra
n
ge R.
The
eq
uat
i
on c
a
n
be
w
r
itte
n a
s
[19]
:
P
tra
n
smit
rec
e
ive
P
=
10 l
og
)
(
*
)
(
2
1
2
2
R
e
R
d
d
(
1
2
)
wh
ere
d
2
=
d
i
am
eter
r
ece
iver
a
pe
rture
(
m
),
d
1
=
dia
m
e
t
e
r
t
ransm
i
t
t
er
a
per
t
ur
e
(m),
=
b
e
a
m
di
verge
n
c
e
(
mrad),
R = lin
k ra
nge
(
km)
,
= sca
tte
rin
g
c
oe
ffic
ie
nt
(
1
/
km
).
B.
Si
mu
l
a
ti
on
The
s
i
m
u
la
ti
on
se
t
u
p
f
o
r
a
n
F
S
O
c
om
mun
i
ca
tio
n
sys
t
em
i
n
or
der
t
o
i
m
pl
emen
t
a
t
mo
sp
h
e
ric
atte
n
u
a
t
i
o
n
is
s
ho
w
n
i
n
F
i
g
u
r
e
1.
T
he
c
ontin
u
o
u
s
w
a
v
e
l
a
ser
s
w
e
re
u
sed
t
o
c
rea
t
e
a
car
rier
s
igna
l.
I
n
t
h
is
si
mul
a
tio
n
,
t
wo
t
yp
e
s
o
f
l
a
sers
w
ere
u
s
e
d
,
wi
th
w
a
v
el
en
gt
hs
o
f
7
8
5
n
m
and
15
50
nm
.
The
c
a
rrie
r
s
ig
nal
w
a
s
then
e
ncode
d
thr
o
ugh
a
m
u
ltipl
e
xer
be
fore
m
odulate
d
in
a
n
exter
na
l
Mac
h
-
Z
eh
nder
mo
du
la
tor.
T
he
p
s
e
ud
o-
rand
om
b
i
t
s
e
que
nce
ge
ne
rator
w
a
s
used
t
o
ge
ner
a
te
t
h
e
r
a
n
d
o
m
i
n
p
u
t
da
ta
b
it
se
que
nc
e
a
t
t
he
r
ate
o
f
1
55M
bp
s.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2502-
4752
I
n
do
n
e
si
an
J
E
l
e
c
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
S
ci
, V
o
l
.
1
4
,
No. 1, April 2019 :
303 –
3
10
30
6
F
i
gure
1.
F
r
ee space
o
pt
ic si
m
ul
a
t
i
on se
t
u
p
Aft
e
r
tha
t
,
a
n
o
n-
return-
t
o-zero
(
N
R
Z
)
p
u
l
s
e
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
o
r
w
a
s
u
s
e
d
t
o
act
a
s
th
e
inp
u
t
f
o
r
mo
dul
ati
o
n
i
n
a
n
ext
e
rn
al
m
o
d
u
l
a
t
o
r.
T
he
m
o
d
u
l
at
ed
d
at
a
was
t
h
en
t
ra
n
s
mi
t
t
e
d
v
ia
t
he
free
space
o
p
t
i
c
(
F
S
O)
c
ha
nne
l.
In
t
he
F
S
O
c
hanne
l
,
t
he
r
an
ge
w
a
s
a
cti
v
a
t
e
d
a
nd
w
a
s
set
t
o
1
k
m
.
The
atte
nua
t
i
o
n
c
o
n
si
d
e
r
e
d
w
a
s
losse
s
t
ha
t
w
e
r
e
c
aused
by atm
o
s
pheri
c
effec
t
(ra
i
n
a
nd
ha
z
e
)
fr
o
m
lo
w
to h
i
gh a
tte
n
u
a
t
i
on
(1
0d
B/k
m
-
60dB/
k
m)
.
M
e
a
n
w
h
i
l
e
,
a
g
e
o
m
e
t
r
i
c
a
l
l
o
s
s
w
a
s
d
e
f
i
n
e
d
w
i
t
h
a
t
r
a
n
s
m
i
t
t
e
r
a
p
er
tur
e
s
i
z
e
of
0
.
05m
a
nd
a
rec
e
iver
a
per
t
u
r
e
size
o
f
.
0.
2
5
m
.
The
be
am
d
iver
ge
nce
w
a
s set
t
o
1
mrad
.
Al
l
att
e
nu
at
ions
,
g
e
o
m
et
ri
c
a
l
l
o
sse
s
a
n
d
b
e
a
m
d
i
v
e
r
g
e
n
c
e
we
re
s
p
e
ci
fi
e
d
acco
rd
i
n
g
t
o
t
y
p
i
c
al
i
ndu
st
r
ia
l
va
lue
s
i
n
o
r
der
to
s
imu
l
a
t
e
a
s
c
l
o
se
a
s
pos
si
b
l
e
t
o
t
he r
eal
e
nv
ironme
n
t
.
Th
e
rec
e
i
v
e
r
si
d
e
c
on
si
st
s
o
f
a
s
pl
i
t
t
e
r,
p
hot
odi
od
e
and
fil
t
e
r
.
Th
e
sp
lit
t
e
r
s
p
lit
s
an
o
p
tic
al
i
np
u
t
i
n
t
o
t
wo
o
u
t
pu
t
si
gn
a
l
b
a
c
k
to
c
h
a
nn
el
w
a
v
ele
n
gth
s
o
f
785
nm
a
n
d
1
5
50n
m,
r
esp
e
c
t
iv
e
l
y
.
T
h
e
pho
t
o
d
i
ode
w
a
s
use
d
f
or
o
p
tica
l
t
o
elec
trica
l
c
on
ve
rsio
n
be
fo
re
s
igna
l
fl
ow
t
o
a
l
ow
p
a
ss
filte
r.
T
he
d
ec
o
d
e
d
s
i
gna
l
w
i
l
l
t
he
n
a
r
r
i
v
e
a
t
s
i
g
n
a
l
i
n
s
p
e
c
t
i
o
n
e
q
u
i
p
m
e
n
t
s
u
c
h
a
s
t
h
e
B
E
R
a
n
a
l
y
z
e
r
an
d
Eye
-
Di
ag
ra
m
a
n
al
y
z
e
r
.
Th
e
rece
ived
power
was measure
d
us
i
n
g
O
pt
i
c
a
l
P
ower
Me
t
er
.
3.
RESULT
S
A
N
D
ANALY
S
IS
F
i
gur
e
2
sh
ow
s
the
to
ta
l
a
tte
nua
tio
n
corr
es
po
n
d
in
g
t
o
t
he
r
a
i
nf
a
l
l
rate.
Tw
o
de
sig
n
s
w
ith
d
iffe
rent
transm
itt
er
a
nd
re
ce
i
v
e
r
a
pe
r
t
ur
e
si
z
e
s
w
e
re
c
ompa
red
–
D
e
sig
n
1
a
nd
D
e
si
g
n
2
.
Bot
h
a
pert
ure
de
sign
dime
n
s
i
o
ns
w
e
r
e def
i
ne
d base
d on c
o
mm
er
cial F
S
O
s
ystem
tha
t
is
w
i
de
ly a
va
ila
bl
e i
n
m
ar
k
e
t
t
o
day.
I
t ca
n be
seen
f
rom
the
gra
p
h
tha
t
D
e
s
ign
1 w
a
s
perfo
rming
be
tt
e
r
t
h
a
n
D
e
sig
n
2,
prod
uc
i
n
g
a low
e
r a
t
te
n
u
a
t
ion
l
e
vel.
Fi
g
u
r
e 2
.
To
t
al at
t
enu
a
ti
on
v
ersu
s rai
n
f
a
ll
rat
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
ones
i
a
n
J
E
lec
En
g & Co
mp
S
c
i
IS
S
N
: 2502-
47
52
Im
pac
t
o
f
ra
in
we
athe
r ove
r
f
r
ee
space
o
p
tic
com
m
u
n
ic
ati
o
n tr
ansm
i
ss
io
n (A.
K
Rahm
a
n
)
30
7
As
t
he
r
e
ceiv
e
r
diam
ete
r
i
nc
rea
s
e
s
,
the
geo
m
etric
loss
was
re
du
ced,
co
mpa
r
in
g
t
o
s
ma
ll
r
e
cei
ver
.
Thi
s
i
s
b
e
cau
se
t
h
e
l
a
r
g
e
r
col
l
ectin
g
a
r
e
a
ap
ertu
re
s
i
g
ni
fic
a
n
t
l
y
r
ed
uce
s
s
ig
na
l
fl
uct
u
a
t
i
o
n
b
y
a
ver
a
g
i
n
g
t
he
rec
e
ive
d
w
ave
f
orm
ov
e
r
t
h
e
a
per
t
ure
a
r
e
a
.
Ther
efor
e,
i
n
he
av
y
r
ai
n
co
n
d
i
tio
ns
w
h
i
c
h
p
r
oduc
e
hig
h
e
r
t
ota
l
atte
n
u
a
t
i
o
n,
t
h
e
depl
o
ym
en
t of
a
s
m
a
ll tra
n
s
m
itter
an
d la
rg
er r
ec
eiver
ape
r
ture
w
il
l
he
l
p
in im
pr
ov
ing
t
h
e
li
n
k
.
Tab
l
e
1
s
h
ow
s
the
pr
ed
ic
ti
on
o
f
t
h
e
ma
xim
u
m
all
o
w
a
ble
rainfa
l
l
rate
w
hic
h
c
oul
d
im
pair
t
he
F
S
O
lin
k,
a
gai
n
s
t
d
iffe
ren
t
lin
k
d
i
s
t
anc
e
s.
T
he
r
e
ceive
r
se
nsit
iv
it
y
w
a
s
assu
me
d
to
h
a
v
e
a
BER
of
1
0
-9
a
n
d
D
e
s
i
g
n
1
w
a
s
a
n
a
l
y
z
e
d
.
I
t
c
a
n
b
e
s
e
e
n
t
h
a
t
w
i
t
h
f
i
x
e
d
r
e
c
e
i
v
e
r
se
ns
it
iv
ity
a
n
d
a
t
s
hor
t
d
i
sta
n
ce,
a
h
ig
her
rainfa
l
l
r
ate
w
a
s
a
b
l
e
t
o
be
t
ol
e
r
a
t
ed
by
t
h
e
system
.
A
s
t
he
l
i
nk
d
i
s
t
an
ce
i
nc
rea
s
es,
the
t
o
lera
ble
le
vel
o
f
rainfa
l
l
r
a
t
e
w
i
l
l
d
ro
p,
d
ue
t
he
r
ec
ei
ver’
s
i
n
ab
i
l
i
t
y
t
o
r
ec
eiv
e
suf
f
ic
ie
nt
s
i
g
nal
p
o
w
e
r.
T
h
i
s
pre
d
i
c
tio
n
is
sign
ifica
n
t
in
o
rder
t
o
de
te
r
m
ine
t
h
e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
l
a
ser
t
r
avel
i
n
g
d
i
s
t
a
n
c
e
a
n
d
it
s
corre
s
p
o
ndi
ng
r
ai
nf
a
l
l
rate
limi
t
.
F
i
gure
3 sh
ow
s
t
h
e
re
ce
ive
d
p
ow
er
due
to t
h
e t
o
ta
l atmos
p
h
e
r
i
c
a
tte
nua
tio
n o
v
e
r
sys
tem
’
s l
i
n
k
. It c
a
n
be
s
ee
n
tha
t
f
or
b
ot
h
w
a
ve
l
e
ngt
hs,
t
h
e
rec
e
ive
d
pow
er
uni
for
m
ly
d
e
c
re
ase
d
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
i
n
cre
a
se
i
n
t
o
t
a
l
atm
o
sphe
ric
a
tte
n
u
a
tio
n.
T
he
w
avele
n
g
t
h
1
5
5
0
n
m
w
a
s
foun
d
t
o
r
e
c
e
i
ve
a
h
i
ghe
r
p
o
w
e
r
leve
l
,
a
s
the
lo
nger
w
a
ve
l
e
ng
th
w
as
a
ble t
o
p
ene
t
r
a
t
e
a
tten
u
a
t
i
n
g pa
rt
icles,
t
he
refo
r
e
,
ex
p
e
r
i
en
ci
ng
l
o
w
er
p
o
w
e
r
l
o
s
s
.
O
n
e
of
t
he
f
ac
tors
d
is
cuss
ed
p
re
vi
o
u
sl
y,
i
n
r
e
d
u
c
i
n
g
a
tmos
pher
i
c
a
t
t
e
nu
a
t
i
o
n
e
f
f
ect
w
as
t
he
a
p
pli
c
at
ion
o
f
a
n
arro
w
op
t
i
cal
b
ea
m.
F
i
g
u
r
e
4
sho
w
s
th
e
co
nseq
ue
n
c
e
o
f
t
h
e
b
e
a
m
di
ver
g
ence
,
by
inve
st
iga
t
i
n
g
t
h
e
r
ece
i
v
ed
pow
er
a
ga
in
st
t
he
t
ota
l
a
tmos
pher
i
c
e
ffe
c
t,
f
or
b
o
t
h
w
a
ve
le
ng
t
h
s
o
f
7
8
5
n
m
a
nd
1
550
n
m
.
It
c
an
b
e
see
n
t
h
a
t
all
re
ce
ive
d
p
o
w
e
r
d
e
c
re
as
ed
c
on
st
a
ntl
y
w
i
t
h
a
n
i
ncre
ase
d
a
t
t
e
nua
t
i
o
n
,
with
d
i
f
fe
rent
b
e
a
m
d
i
ver
g
en
ce
.
The
beam
d
ive
r
ge
nc
e
o
f
1
m
r
a
d
w
a
s
f
ou
nd
t
o
b
e
r
e
c
e
i
v
in
g
t
h
e
ma
x
i
mu
m
pow
er
w
hen
t
r
a
n
sm
it
t
e
d
a
t
1
5
5
0nm
.
A
w
i
de
b
ea
m
di
v
e
r
g
ence
w
i
l
l
c
ause
a
h
ig
h
pow
er
l
oss
i
n
to
t
he
atm
o
sphe
re
d
u
r
in
g
transm
issi
on.
O
n
t
h
e
o
t
h
e
r
hand,
a
n
arr
o
w
be
a
m
tends
t
o
focus
tr
ansmission
s
igna
l
and
minim
i
z
e
p
o
w
er
l
oss,
t
hus,
hi
gher
re
ceive
d
pow
er
.
Tab
l
e
1.
T
he
P
re
di
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
M
axim
um
R
a
i
nf
all
Rate
a
t D
i
ff
ere
n
t
L
ink
Ra
n
g
e
R
a
n
g
e
(
K
m
)
0
.5
1
1
.5
2
2
.5
Ma
xim
u
m
Ra
i
n
f
a
ll
Ra
t
e
(m
m
/
h
r
)
155
7
0
40
3
0
20
R
e
ce
iv
er
Se
ns
itivity
BE
R
=
1
0
-9
-42
dB
m
(AP
D
c
o
m
me
r
c
i
a
l
l
y
ty
p
e
)
Ape
r
t
u
r
e
T
ra
ns
m
i
t
t
e
r
=
0
.
05m
R
e
c
e
i
ve
r =
0
.2
5
m
F
i
gur
e 3.
Rec
ei
ved
pow
e
r
v
ersus t
o
ta
l a
t
m
o
s
p
heric
at
ten
u
a
t
i
o
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2502-
4752
I
n
do
n
e
si
an
J
E
l
e
c
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
S
ci
, V
o
l
.
1
4
,
No. 1, April 2019 :
303 –
3
10
30
8
F
i
gure
4.
R
e
cei
ved
p
o
w
e
r
ver
s
us
a
t
t
e
n
ua
ti
on
for
di
ffe
re
nt be
a
m
diverge
n
ce
F
i
gure
5
sh
ow
s
re
ceive
d
pow
e
r
v
er
su
s
the
t
o
ta
l
atm
o
sp
he
ric
at
te
nua
t
ion
for
dif
f
eren
t
a
p
erture
s
iz
es.
The
tra
n
sm
i
t
t
e
r
/rec
eiver
a
p
erture
s
izes
f
or
b
oth
D
e
s
i
g
n
1
a
n
d
D
esi
g
n
2
w
e
re
a
s
di
scuss
e
d
pre
v
i
o
us
l
y
.
A
ll
rec
e
i
v
ed
pow
er
u
nifor
m
ly
d
ec
rea
s
e
d
w
ith
a
t
t
e
n
ua
t
i
on
i
n
c
r
ea
s
e
,
a
nd
th
e
bes
t
p
e
r
for
m
i
ng
se
t
up
w
a
s
D
e
sig
n
1
t
r
a
ns
mitt
ing
o
n
a
1
55
0
n
m
w
a
vele
ngt
h.
T
he
c
lea
r
a
dva
nta
ge
o
f
a
lar
g
er
r
ece
iv
e
r
a
r
ea
wa
s
i
t
s
abi
l
i
t
y
to
r
e
duce
err
o
rs
due
t
o
sc
in
t
i
l
l
a
tio
n,
w
hi
c
h
i
s
a
n
a
tm
osp
h
eric
t
u
r
b
u
l
e
n
c
e
d
u
e
t
o
s
o
l
a
r
loa
d
i
n
g
an
d
nat
u
ral
con
v
ec
tio
n.
It cause
s
tem
pora
l
l
y
a
nd s
p
a
t
i
a
ll
y vary
i
ng r
e
fr
a
c
ti
ve
i
n
d
e
x
cha
nge
s i
n
t
he a
ir,
time
-
var
y
i
n
g a
la
ser
bea
m
’s
p
ropa
g
a
tio
n
t
h
r
o
ug
h
t
h
e
atm
o
sp
he
re.
T
h
is
phe
n
o
me
no
n
is
a
l
s
o
qu
it
e
s
i
mil
a
r
t
o
t
he
a
p
p
a
re
nt
t
w
i
n
k
li
ng
o
f
t
h
e
s
t
a
r
s
o
r
d
i
s
t
a
n
t
c
i
t
y
l
i
g
h
t
s
.
T
h
e
r
e
s
u
l
t
i
s
t
h
a
t
a
n
F
S
O
communic
a
tio
ns
r
ec
eiver
ca
n
experie
n
c
e
e
r
r
or
burs
t
s
due
t
o
s
u
rge
s
a
nd
f
a
d
e
s
i
n
t
h
e
re
cei
v
e
s
i
gna
l
s
t
r
e
n
g
t
h.
U
t
iliz
i
ng
a
r
ece
iv
e
r
a
pe
rt
u
r
e
w
h
ic
h
is
r
e
l
a
t
i
v
e
l
y
muc
h
l
a
r
ger
t
h
an
t
he
s
pa
tia
l
s
c
ale
o
f
t
he
s
ci
n
t
i
l
la
tio
n
pro
v
i
d
e
s
a
n
a
v
e
r
a
g
i
n
g
e
f
f
e
c
t
o
f
t
h
e
l
o
c
a
l
i
z
e
d
s
u
r
g
e
s
a
n
d
fa
des,
t
h
u
s
i
m
prov
in
g
the
error
ra
te.
Wi
t
h
t
he
r
ed
u
c
ti
o
n
o
f
t
h
i
s
effec
t
t
he
t
o
t
a
l
a
t
t
e
nua
t
i
o
n
a
l
s
o
ca
n
be
d
ecr
ease
d
.
F
i
gure
6
sh
ow
s
the
BE
R
vers
us
a
tte
n
u
at
i
on
fo
r
d
i
ffere
n
t
p
h
o
t
o
d
et
e
c
to
r
at
t
h
e
r
ec
ei
v
e
r.
T
h
e
g
raph
i
s
repr
esente
d
by
t
w
o
d
e
t
e
c
t
or
A
P
D
a
nd
p-
i
-
n
de
t
e
c
t
or,
for
a
si
n
g
l
e
o
p
er
at
i
n
g
w
a
vele
n
g
t
h
(
155
0nm
).
A
c
c
or
d
i
n
g
from
t
h
e
g
rap
h
,
t
he
a
t
t
e
nua
ti
o
n
a
t
-35
d
B
/km
the
pe
rfor
m
a
n
ce
of
A
P
D
ph
ot
o
d
io
de
d
etec
t
o
r
w
a
s
fo
un
d
to
b
e
bet
t
er
t
ha
n
a
p
-
i-n
de
t
e
c
t
or.
The
BE
R
va
lu
e
for
A
P
D
w
a
s
o
f
t
he
or
de
r
1
0
-32
w
h
e
r
e
a
s
a
p
-i
-n
d
et
e
c
t
o
r,
o
n
th
e
ot
her
h
a
n
d
,
pr
od
uce
d
B
E
R
i
n
the
order
of
1
0
-0
5
,
w
h
i
c
h
m
a
de
t
he
A
P
D
a
m
ore
pop
ular
c
ho
ice
fo
r
FS
O
equ
i
pme
n
t
ve
nd
ors
in
t
he
ir
d
esi
g
ns.
Th
is
i
s
d
u
e
to
t
he
h
ig
h
le
v
e
l
o
f
a
t
te
n
u
a
t
ion
w
h
ic
h
e
x
is
ts
i
n
F
S
O
com
m
unic
a
t
io
n
sys
t
em
s.
U
sing
d
e
t
ec
t
o
rs
w
i
t
h
h
i
g
h
er
s
e
n
s
iti
vi
ty
i
n
cre
a
se
s
th
e
abi
l
i
t
y
o
f
a
re
ce
iv
e
r
t
o
d
e
t
ect
low
e
r
pow
er
l
e
v
el
s
a
n
d
ma
inta
i
n
t
ra
nsmis
s
ion
q
u
a
lit
y
w
i
t
h
i
n
h
i
g
h
at
mo
sp
h
e
ri
c
a
t
t
e
n
u
a
ti
on
c
ondi
t
i
o
n
s.
Th
is
c
o
ndi
ti
o
n
c
a
n
be
o
bser
ved
dee
p
l
y
i
n
eye
pa
t
t
e
r
n
in
f
ig
ure
bel
o
w
b
e
tw
ee
n
2
di
ffe
r
e
n
t
t
y
pe
d
e
t
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2502-
4752
I
n
do
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si
an
J
E
l
e
c
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
S
ci
, V
o
l
.
1
4
,
No. 1, April 2019 :
303 –
3
10
31
0
ACKNOW
LEDG
E
MEN
T
S
Th
is
w
ork
has be
en s
up
p
o
rted
by My
R
A
g
ra
nt
U
n
i
ve
rs
iti Ma
l
a
ys
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a
S
a
rawak.
REFE
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i
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ac
e
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ti
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ro
pa
g
a
tio
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r
ainfall
at
tenu
ati
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e
a
v
y
ra
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ffe
c
t
s
on
t
he
p
rop
a
g
a
ti
on
o
f
f
r
ee
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ac
e
op
tical
l
i
nks
i
n
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n
g
apo
r
e,
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pan
a
h,
G
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an,
R.
A.
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e
rrero
,
J.K
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M
en
doza
an
d
Brey
L
ee,
F
re
e-
S
p
ace
Opt
i
cs
&
h
i
ghs
peed
R
F
f
o
r
N
e
xt
G
enerat
i
o
n
N
e
t
w
o
r
k
s
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ropag
ati
on
M
easu
r
emen
ts
,
VTC200
2
IEEE
5
6
t
h
Vol.1
, pp
.
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62
0
,
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00
2.
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[8]
H
a
i
p
i
ng
W
u,
H
am
zeh.B,
Kav
e
hrad,
M
,
A
chi
e
vi
ng
carrier
c
l
a
s
s
a
v
a
i
l
ab
ilit
y
o
f
F
S
O
li
nk
v
ia
a
c
om
pl
e
m
ent
a
ry
R
F
li
nk,
S
y
s
t
e
ms
a
nd
Com
p
uters
,
C
onf
eren
ce
Record
o
f
t
h
e
Thi
r
ty
-Ei
gh
th
A
s
i
l
o
m
a
r
Co
nf
eren
c
e
V
o
l
.
2
,
pp
.
1
4
8
3
-
14
87,
2
00
4.
[9]
Hai
p
ing
W
u
A
c
h
ievi
ng
C
arr
i
er
C
l
a
ss
A
vai
l
abili
ty of
F
S
O
L
i
nk
v
i
a
a C
o
m
pl
em
ent
a
r
y
R
F Li
nk
S
i
gnal
s
, S
y
s
t
e
ms and
Com
p
u
t
ers. Co
n
f
e
rence Reco
rd
o
f th
e Th
irt
y
-Ei
g
h
t
h
A
s
il
o
m
ar Co
n
f
erence o
n
, 2
004.
[10]
I.
I
.
Kim,
J
.
Ko
o
n
tz,
H.
H
akak
ha,
P.
A
dh
i
k
ari,
R
.
S
t
i
e
g
e
r,
C
.
M
ours
u
n
d
,
M
.
B
a
r
cl
ay,
A
.
S
tan
f
ord
,
R
.
Ru
i
g
ro
k,
J
.
S
c
hu
ster,
and
E.
K
o
r
evaar,
M
e
a
s
u
r
em
ent
of
s
cin
till
a
tio
n
a
n
d
lin
k
m
a
rg
in
f
or
t
h
e
T
erraLi
nk
l
as
er
c
om
m
u
nicatio
n
sy
st
e
m
,
Wi
re
les
s
T
echn
o
lo
gi
e
s
a
n
d
S
y
s
t
e
m
s
:
Mil
l
imet
er
W
av
e
and
O
p
ti
cal,
P
r
oc.
SPIE
,
V
ol.
32
32,
pp
.
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00-1
1
8
,
1
9
9
7.
[11]
D.
J
o
hns
on: O
ptical
T
h
r
oug
h
the
Air
Co
mm
un
ication
s
H
and
b
o
ok,
ht
tp:/
/ww
w
.
i
m
a
g
i
neeri
ngezi
ne.
c
o
m
,
20
06
.
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ho
ur
,
M
.
S
i
m
u
la
t
i
n
g
Atmo
sp
he
ric
Fr
e
e
Sp
ace
O
ptic
a
l
P
rop
a
ga
tio
n
P
art
1,
R
ai
nf
all
A
t
t
e
nu
ation
P
r
oceed
in
g
of
S
P
I
E
V
o
l
.
46
35,
20
0
2
.
[13]
Van
de
H
ulst,
H.
G
.
,
Li
gh
t
S
catteri
ng
by
Sm
a
ll
P
a
rt
ic
l
e
s,
J
oh
n
Wiley
a
n
d
So
ns
,
In
c.
,
N
e
w Y
o
rk,
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ermen
d
jian
,
D
.,
Electro
m
a
gn
etic S
ca
t
t
eri
n
g
on
S
ph
erical
P
o
l
y-
disp
ersi
on
s, T
he Ran
d
Co
rp
ora
t
io
n
,
R
-4
56
-(Apr
il)
;
also
American
E
lsev
i
e
r
Pu
bl
i
s
h
i
n
g
Co
m
pan
y
,
Ne
w York
,
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9
6
9
.
[15]
Law
s
,
J.
O
,.
a
nd
D
.
A
.
P
arso
ns,
Th
e
Rel
a
tio
n
o
f
R
ain
d
ro
ps
S
i
ze
t
o
I
nt
ens
i
t
y
,
Trans.
A
m.
G
eop
hysical
U
ni
on,
V
o
l
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,
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ch,
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B
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a
n
d
R.
K
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g
,
Co
m
p
arati
v
e
Studi
es
o
f
Extin
cti
o
n
a
n
d
Bac
k
sc
a
t
te
rin
g
By
A
e
r
osols,
F
og
a
n
d
R
a
i
n
at 10
.
6μ an
d
0
.
6
3μ
,
App
.
Op
t
.
,
V
o
l
.
9,
No.
7,
Ju
l
y
19
7
0
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1
5
6
3
-
15
73
.
[17]
L
W
Barclay,
Te
r
ahertz Propagat
i
on,
Lancaster Uni
v
ersity,
Book
:
P
rop
a
gat
i
o
n
o
f Radi
owav
es,
P
u
b
lis
h
ed
D
ec
2
002
[18]
Mourad Chabane,
A new
quality of service FSO
soft
w
are, P
roc.
S
P
IE,
Vol
.
5
46
5
, 1
80
,
2
0
0
4
.
[19]
Blo
o
m,
S
.
Eri
c
K
o
r
evaar,
J
o
h
n
S
ch
us
ter,
H
ein
z
W
ill
e
brand
,
U
nder
s
t
an
di
ng
the
P
e
rf
orm
a
nce
o
f
f
ree
sp
ace
op
ti
cs
[Inv
ited]
,
J
o
u
r
na
l
o
f
O
p
t
ical
N
etw
o
rk
in
g,
2
00
3.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.