TELKOM
NIKA Indonesia
n
Journal of
Electrical En
gineering
Vol.12, No.7, July 201
4, pp
. 4893 ~ 48
9
9
DOI: 10.115
9
1
/telkomni
ka.
v
12i7.413
0
4893
Re
cei
v
ed Au
gust 13, 20
13
; Revi
sed Fe
brua
ry 21, 20
14; Accepted
March 6, 201
4
Improved Information Systems Model for Bangladesh
Jahan
gir Ala
m
S.M.
1
*, Hu Guoqing
2
, M. Rabiul Alam
3
, Md. Golam
Kibria
4
, M. Abdul Malek
5
1,2
Dept. of Mechan
ical & El
ectrical En
gin
eeri
n
, Xi
amen U
n
iv
ersit
y
Room 2
28, Sci
ence Bu
ild
in
g, 361
00
5, Simin
g
Distric
t, Xiam
en, F
u
jia
n, Chi
na, telp/fa
x: +
86 592 2
1
8
6
3
9
3
3
Dept. of Electrical & Electro
n
i
c
Engin
eeri
ng,
Hamd
ard Un
iv
ersit
y
Ba
ng
lad
e
sh
Sonar
ga
on, 14
40, Nara
yo
n
g
o
n
j, Dhak
a, Ba
n
g
la
desh, tel
p
/fax: +
88 01
71
0 8
335
66
4
School of Scie
nce & Engi
ne
e
r
ing, Un
iversi
t
y
of Information T
e
chnolog
y &
Scienc
es
Pragati Sar
ani,
Baridh
ara Vie
w
,
Block-J, 1
2
1
2
, D
haka, Ba
n
g
la
desh, tel
p
/fax: +
88 01
91
5 6
452
72
5
Dept. of Comp
uter Scienc
e & Engi
neer
in
g, Comill
a Univ
ersit
y
Kotbari, 35
00,
Comil
l
a, Ban
g
l
ades
h, telp/fa
x: +
88 02 81
700
15
*Corres
p
o
ndi
n
g
author, e-ma
i
l
: jaha
ngir
_
u
i
ts@
y
ah
oo.com
A
b
st
r
a
ct
In the er
a of g
l
ob
ali
z
at
ion,
i
m
ple
m
entatio
n o
f
e-Govern
me
nt (e-G
ov) is v
e
ry cruci
a
l b
e
c
ause
i
t
mo
der
ni
z
e
s th
e pub
lic an
d private sector
for the w
e
ll
bein
g
of peo
ple
.
T
o
build the
electron
ic ba
se
d
auto
m
atic
g
o
ve
rnanc
e for
i
m
pr
ovin
g th
e
qua
lit
y of
pub
lic
s
e
rv
ices
is th
e pr
i
m
e
me
asure
for
i
m
p
l
e
m
e
n
tatio
n
of e-Governance in B
a
ngladesh. In
teroperability is a key is
sue i
n
i
m
plementing an e-Governm
e
nt system.
T
o
create a g
ener
al pl
atform for shari
n
g
and exch
a
n
g
i
ng inf
o
rmatio
n
amon
g diffe
rent institutio
n
s
is
essential for interoper
ability. Grid
Com
p
uting bas
ed serv
ic
e could be
a s
o
lution for res
o
urce sharing and
intero
pera
b
il
ity of e-Gov systems. It is i
m
p
o
rtant
to pr
epar
e stand
ar
d pol
icies a
n
d
guid
e
li
nes for
e-
Governa
n
ce s
o
that the des
ired ex
pectati
o
n
s of inte
ro
per
abil
i
ty betw
een
central a
nd l
o
cal g
o
ver
n
me
n
t
age
ncies ca
n
be achi
eved.
Bangl
ades
h
gover
n
m
ent n
eeds a sp
ecif
ic policy w
h
ic
h w
ill deal w
i
th
intero
pera
b
il
ity and e
n
sur
e
transpar
ency a
n
d
acc
ounta
b
i
lity in the Grid Co
mp
utin
g Mode
l
.
Ke
y
w
ords
: transpar
ency, cooperation,
infor
m
ation system
,
autom
atio
n, e-
Gov & grid ser
v
ices
Copy
right
©
2014 In
stitu
t
e o
f
Ad
van
ced
En
g
i
n
eerin
g and
Scien
ce. All
rig
h
t
s reser
ve
d
.
1. Introduc
tion
The implem
e
n
tation of informatio
n and
commu
nication tech
nolo
g
y
(ICT) is ai
med for
stren
g
theni
ng
demo
c
racy
by political
reform
whi
c
h
will en
su
re
peopl
e’s p
a
rt
icipatio
n in t
h
e
deci
s
io
n ma
ki
ng p
r
o
c
ess. I
t
helps
gove
r
nment to ma
ke
se
rvice
an
d goal
ori
ent
ed ma
nage
m
e
n
t
for tra
n
spare
n
cy, liability, acco
untabilit
y, effici
ency
and
effective
ness fo
r e
s
t
ablishing
pu
blic
polici
e
s i
n
o
r
der to
re
spo
n
se th
e
com
m
unity aspira
tion. The m
a
i
n
motto of i
m
pleme
n
tatio
n
of
ICT in g
o
vernan
ce i
s
to
establi
s
h
pa
rticipato
r
y, trustworthy, servi
c
e o
r
ie
nted a
nd tra
n
spare
n
t
govern
a
n
c
e
so th
at p
eopl
e can
get th
e
benefit
s of
democra
cy and just
i
c
e. Good gove
r
n
ance
ensure
s
p
o
litical, soci
al a
nd e
c
on
omical prio
rities
whi
c
h a
r
e b
a
se
d on
boa
rd ag
re
emen
t in
so
ciety wh
ere the voices
of t
he poo
re
st and the m
o
st vulne
r
able
are
hea
rd in
deci
s
io
n ma
ki
ng
over the dist
ri
bution of
dev
elopme
n
t re
source
s
[1]. The publi
c
man
ageme
n
t refo
rm is influe
nced
by man
agem
ent p
r
og
re
ss
of ICT,
calle
d
e-Governme
nt (e
-Gov
) [2]
.
E-Gove
rnm
ent is the
u
s
e
of
ICT which b
r
ings ra
pidn
ess a
nd dyn
a
m
i
sm in
gove
r
nmental activ
i
ties so
th
at peopl
e
can g
e
t
prop
er
servi
c
es from diffe
rent institution
s
of govern
m
ent.
2. Gov
e
rnme
nt Sy
stems in Banglad
es
h
The
ce
ntral
g
o
vernm
ent of
Banglad
esh i
s
b
a
si
cally pa
rliame
ntaria
n govern
m
ent
t
hat
ha
s
a su
pre
m
e p
o
we
rful Prim
e Ministe
r
(PM) with
a tea
m
of ministe
r
and m
e
mbe
r
of pa
rliam
e
nts
(MP) a
nd on
e pre
s
id
ent
who i
s
ele
c
te
d by the
pa
rliament of the
govern
m
ent
according to
the
con
s
titute of
the Peopl
e’s Re
publi
c
of
Bangla
d
e
s
h.
The
ce
ntrali
zed
gove
r
nm
ental
system
is
use
d
in
Ban
g
l
ade
sh [3]. T
he
stru
cture
of the
gov
ern
m
ental
syste
m
of Ba
ngla
d
e
sh
is
sho
w
n
in
Figure 1. Th
e govern
m
en
t condu
cts th
e govern
m
en
t
affairs by keepin
g
clo
s
e
conta
c
t with the
local g
o
vern
ment whi
c
h i
n
clu
d
e
s
the authority re
l
a
tionshi
p, finance, pu
blic
service
s
, re
so
urce
utilization and regional planning and dev
elopment.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN: 23
02-4
046
TELKOM
NI
KA
Vol. 12, No. 7, July 201
4: xxx – xxx
4894
Figure 1. The
Structure of the Go
vernme
ntal Systems
in Banglad
esh
2.1. Hierarch
y
of Local Gov
e
rnment in Banglad
es
h
Banglad
esh has a u
n
itary
form of governm
en
t. For the conveni
ence of admi
n
istratio
n,
the cou
n
try i
s
divided i
n
to
seven a
d
mi
nistrative divi
sion
s an
d ea
ch divisi
on i
s
subdivid
ed i
n
to
distri
cts. T
h
e
ru
ral/re
gion
a
l
local gove
r
nment
a
s
propo
sed
by th
e late
st com
m
issi
on
on l
o
cal
govern
m
ent
woul
d have e
i
ght tiers a
s
in Table 1 [4]. Urba
n are
a
s have a sepa
rate set of lo
cal
govern
m
ent
s. The
nin
e
la
rgest
citie
s
h
a
v
e a
city
co
rporatio
n
o
r
m
unici
palities,
whi
c
h agai
n are
cla
ssifie
d
accordin
g to financial
stren
g
th
as in Table 2
[4].
Table 1. De
m
ogra
phi
cal Statistics of Banglad
esh
Region
S
t
ati
s
ti
cs
Divisions
7
Distr
i
cts
64
Upazilla
500
Administrative Thana
509
Cit
y
Cor
poration
9
Municipalit
ies
309
Thana
599
Union
4,498
Table 2. Hie
r
archy of Loca
l
Governm
ent
s in Bangla
d
e
s
h
Area
S
t
ati
s
ti
cs
Cit
y
Cor
poration
Nine Cities
Pourashavas, Municipalit
ies
309
Categor
y
Annual income level
Class I Pourashavas
O
v
er
6 million
Class II Pourashavas
2 million
Class III Pourashavas
Less than 2.5 million
2.2. Functio
n
s of Loc
al Gov
e
rnment in Banglade
s
h
E-Government services
can be utilized based
on the function
s type of different l
e
vels of
local gove
r
n
m
ent bodie
s
,
archite
c
tu
re of e-Gove
rn
ment frame
w
ork. Th
e functions of the Gram
Parishad
s, Union Pa
risha
d
, Than
a/Up
o
z
ila Pa
rishad
s an
d Zila
(di
s
tri
c
t) Pa
rish
ads
are ela
b
o
r
ate
and in
clude
a
m
ong
st other
optional fun
c
t
i
on [4]. The Gram Pari
sh
ad
function
s incl
ude:
a)
Con
d
u
c
ting so
cio-econo
mic su
rveys
of
ho
useho
lds, eve
r
y fi
ve years to
be
used f
o
r
developm
ent plan prepa
rati
on;
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
2302-4
046
Im
proved Info
rm
ation Syste
m
s Model
for
Banglad
esh (Jah
angi
r Ala
m
S.M.)
4895
b)
Maintain vital statistics like regi
st
ratio
n
of births, death
s
, marriage, e
t
c.;
c)
Supervi
se ma
nagem
ent of prima
r
y edu
cational in
stitutes;
d)
Cre
a
te aware
ness for bette
r prima
r
y heal
th care;
e)
Maintain la
w and orde
r an
d control te
rrorism, violence again
s
t wo
men, etc.;
The Man
dato
r
y function
s o
f
urban lo
cal
govern
m
ent a
r
e as follo
ws:
a)
Con
s
tru
c
tion
and mainte
na
nce of road
s, bridg
e
s a
nd culverts;
b)
Provisio
n and
regulatio
n of water
sup
p
ly;
c)
Reg
u
lation of
insanita
ry bu
ilding
s
& prev
ention of infe
ctiou
s
disea
s
es & epide
mi
cs;
d)
Control over t
he co
nstructi
on and recon
s
tru
c
tion of b
u
ilding
s
;
e)
Control over t
r
affic and p
u
b
lic vehicl
es.
The Option
al function
s of u
r
ban lo
cal g
o
v
ernme
n
t are
as follows:
a)
Che
c
king a
d
u
l
teration of food pro
d
u
c
ts;
b)
Control over
private marke
t
s;
c)
Maintena
nce of educationa
l
institutions
& provisio
n of
stipend
s to talented
stude
nts.
d)
Establishme
n
t
of veterinary hospital
s
, re
gi
stratio
n
of cattle sale an
d
improveme
n
t of
livestock;
e)
Namin
g
of ro
ads a
nd num
berin
g of hou
se
s.
2.3. E-Gov
e
r
n
ment in Ba
ngladesh
In Bangla
d
e
s
h, e-G
o
vern
ment is ne
e
ded fo
r
sup
p
o
rting th
e d
e
m
ocratic gov
erna
nce
pra
c
tice
s
an
d the ap
plication of auth
o
rity balan
ce
of the central governme
n
t with the l
o
ca
l
govern
m
ent. E-Gove
rnme
nt is also n
e
eded to fa
cilit
ate coo
r
din
a
tion between
central an
d lo
cal
govern
m
ent for tran
sp
are
n
t
and liable d
e
mocrati
c
sy
stem for succe
ssful impl
e
m
entation. T
h
e
polici
e
s
and
goal
s
of e-G
o
vernm
ent should
be
pub
licized to
gov
ernm
ent a
nd
non-gove
r
nm
ent
orga
nization
s. The publi
c
admini
s
tratio
n is on
e of the area
s in
whi
c
h inte
rne
t
can be u
s
e
d
to
provide
ba
si
c se
rvice
s
to
citize
ns acco
rding
to the
requi
rem
ents [5]. This
will
be h
e
lpful f
o
r
impleme
n
ting
national poli
c
y and strategy for e-Go
vernan
ce. To
build the electro
n
ic b
a
sed
automatic
go
vernan
ce fo
r improvin
g the qu
ality
of publi
c
servi
c
e
s
is th
e prime mea
s
u
r
e
for
impleme
n
tation of e-Gove
rnan
ce i
n
Ba
nglad
esh. Th
e e-G
o
vern
a
n
ce d
e
velop
m
ent mean
s
the
improvem
ent
of man
age
m
ent sy
stems
and
wo
rk p
r
o
c
e
s
ses withi
n
the g
o
vern
m
ental a
gen
cies
by utilization of ICT [6]. It is
important to prepar
e standard policies an
d guidelines for e-
Govern
an
ce
so that the desi
r
ed exp
e
c
tation
s
of interop
e
rability between
central an
d lo
cal
govern
m
ent agen
cie
s
ca
n
be achieve
d
[7]. T
he factors to be consi
dered for developing
e-
Govern
an
ce i
n
Banglad
esh
are:
a)
Develo
p visio
n
and missio
n for developi
ng ba
sic pl
atform for e
-
Go
vernan
ce.
b)
De
sign infrast
r
uctu
re
s for i
m
pleme
n
tatio
n
of e-Gove
rn
ance.
c)
Coo
peration
and
coll
abo
ration am
ong
political
p
a
rt
ies fo
r im
ple
m
entation
of poli
c
ie
s a
n
d
demo
c
racy.
d)
Coo
r
din
a
tion
and shari
ng o
f
information
among
cent
ra
l and local go
vernme
nt.
e)
To overco
me
the complexi
ty, overpopul
ation,
co
rrupti
ons and
for secu
rity Dh
aka city shoul
d
have de
clare a spe
c
ial regi
on and eve
r
ybody sh
ould
have a city e-card.
f)
N
e
ed
Au
to
matic
R
e
c
o
g
n
i
tion
Sys
t
e
m
s
(
A
R
S
)
an
d
p
u
t
it o
n
d
a
t
ab
as
e fo
r
tr
an
sp
ar
en
c
y
. T
h
e e
-
card
system
for city d
w
ell
e
rs can b
e
i
m
plem
e
n
ted
in order to e
n
su
re
se
cu
rity and redu
ce
overpo
pulatio
n of megaciti
e
s like Dh
aka
.
The b
enefit g
a
ined f
r
om
e-Govern
ment i
s
n
o
t only p
r
oviding o
n
lin
e service for
sha
r
ing
informatio
n b
u
t also it bri
ngs rapid
n
e
s
s and
cl
ea
nn
ess in so
cio
-
eco
nomi
c
de
velopment
s o
f
a
cou
n
try. In th
e e
r
a
of glob
alizatio
n, the
implem
e
n
tation of
e-Gove
rnme
nt is very crucial
be
cause
it mode
rni
z
e
s
the
publi
c
an
d p
r
ivate
se
ctor fo
r th
e
well
bein
g
of
pe
o
p
le. From th
e
pe
rspe
ctive
o
f
transpa
ren
c
y
and
better
publi
c
servi
c
e e-governa
nce
is
esse
ntial in Ba
n
g
lade
sh. Va
rious
orga
nizationa
l structu
r
e an
d work proce
dure
s
ar
e followe
d by different age
nci
e
s of governme
n
t
in Bangl
ade
sh. Moreove
r
different
org
a
n
izatio
nal
structure
exists in di
ffe
rent sub
d
epa
rtme
nts
within
one
pu
blic
org
ani
zat
i
on. The
r
efo
r
e organi
zati
o
nal reform
is
necessa
ry bo
th in p
ubli
c
a
nd
private secto
r
before im
ple
m
entat
ion of
e-gove
r
n
a
n
c
e
.
The utilizat
ion of ICT in
all public
and
private organi
zation
will bri
ng t
he whole
count
ry in a comm
on tech
nologi
cal pl
atform whi
c
h
will
ensure
the b
a
si
c requi
re
ment of e
-
go
vernan
ce. Bu
ilding inf
r
a
s
tructure, re
alistic plan
ning
and
prop
er im
ple
m
entation a
r
e the key compon
ents f
o
r devel
opin
g
publi
c
services
portal
for
informatio
n manag
eme
n
t and processing [8]. Base
d
on st
rategi
c plan
of the
State Ministry of
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN: 23
02-4
046
TELKOM
NI
KA
Vol. 12, No. 7, July 201
4: xxx – xxx
4896
Comm
uni
cati
on and Info
rmation, there
are some
strategi
c plan
s to develop e
-
Gove
rnme
nt as
follows
:
a)
To develo
p
, extend and i
m
prove the
q
uality of
ICT netwo
rk, to b
u
ild the information po
rtal
s
and i
n
teg
r
at
ed p
ubli
c
se
rvice
s
, to
bu
ild the
e-do
cumentation
manag
eme
n
t syste
m
a
nd
stand
ardi
zati
on of informat
ion se
cu
rity system.
b)
To devel
op
e
fficient man
a
gement
syste
m
in
cent
ral
and l
o
cal gov
ernm
ent that
will imp
r
ove
the quality of servi
c
e
s
nee
ded by com
m
unity.
c)
To o
p
timize
the u
s
e
of
ICT fo
r
establis
hi
ng th
e interope
ra
bility, standa
rdization
an
d
pro
c
ed
ure of e-do
cume
nt manag
eme
n
t systems,
inf
o
rmatio
n se
curity, basic a
pplication (e
-
Billing, e-Ten
derin
g, e-L
e
a
r
ning, video
confe
r
en
cin
g
, e-Re
po
rting,
e-Ban
k
ing, e
-
Tax & Vat),
ARS with barcod
e
s a
nd to develop inte
r
govern
m
ent reco
gnition p
a
ttern netwo
rks.
d)
To improve th
e partici
patio
n of
private sector a
nd ICT
industry
for e
s
tabli
s
hin
g
e-govern
a
n
c
e,
focu
se
s are to use th
e expertise of the
privat
e se
ct
or, to en
cou
r
age pa
rtici
pat
ion of private
se
ctor an
d small indu
strie
s
.
e)
To devel
op t
he skilled
manpower in the centra
l
and local
government, the obj
ectives
are to
develop th
e
ICT culture i
n
governme
n
t
institut
ions,
to optimize
the use of
ICT traini
ng
facilities, to
e
x
tend the
u
s
e
of ICT fo
r di
stant lea
r
nin
g
and to
in
clud
e ICT
in
sch
o
o
l curriculum
and to imp
r
o
v
e the quality of teachin
g
, monito
ri
ng a
nd evaluatio
n
by automatic re
co
gnition
method
s.
f)
Nation
al Iden
tification (NI
D
) ca
rd num
be
r sho
u
ld be li
nke
d
up in ev
ery org
ani
zati
on.
2.4. E-Gov
e
r
n
ment Interoperabilit
y
Interoperability is defined as sy
stem abili
ty
to share
and integrate i
n
formation and work
pro
c
e
s
ses u
s
i
ng a
set of
standa
rd
s. It is
the abilit
y
of diverse syste
m
s
a
nd orga
nizatio
n
s
to work
together. To
cre
a
te a gen
eral platform for sha
r
ing a
nd excha
ngin
g
information
among different
institution
s
is
essential fo
r i
n
te
rop
e
rability. The G
r
id
computing
technolo
g
y ca
n
be the
sol
u
tio
n
to
the intero
pe
rability. Banglade
sh g
o
vernment ne
ed
s a sp
ecifi
c
policy
which
deal
s with
this
interoperability. The approac
hes for
e-Governm
e
nt intero
perability are
based on
cross-
orga
nizationa
l workflow a
n
d
sema
ntic web or sema
ntic driven [9
-15
]. Service Gri
d
[16], a kind of
combi
nation
of
Gri
d
comp
uting
[17]
an
d
service
o
r
i
ented archite
c
ture
(SOA) tech
nolo
g
y, o
pen
up a
ne
w
wa
y for cro
s
s-o
r
gani
zational
reso
urce
s inte
grating
an
d
collabo
ration
i
n
e-Gove
rnm
ent.
Service G
r
id
technol
ogie
s
ca
n be u
s
ed to buil
d
the platform for re
sou
r
ce sha
r
ing i
n
e-
Govern
ment
system
s an
d also b
r
ing
ne
w feature for
better re
usab
ility, flexibility and scal
abili
ty.
Yang, et al,
[14] pro
p
o
s
e
d
a servi
c
e
Grid
ba
sed f
r
ame
w
o
r
k as in Figu
re 2
for Shan
ghai
e-
Gover
n
ment
inter
o
perability, named e-Gover
n
m
ent Gr
id, w
h
ic
h
tar
get
s
at
facilitating
among
“ho
r
izontal” o
r
gani
zatio
n
s and
inte
rop
e
rability
among
“vertical”
e-G
o
vernm
ent su
bsyste
ms.
He
re
“ho
r
izontal”
mean
s cro
s
s orga
nizatio
n
a
l appli
c
atio
n
s
and
“verti
cal” mea
n
s inf
o
rmatio
n syst
em
within on
e organi
zation.
Figure 2. E-G
o
vernm
ent Archite
c
ture F
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
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3. Conce
p
t o
f
Grid Comp
uting Serv
ic
es
The word
“Grid” come
s fro
m
the Electri
c
it
y Grid which is an ele
c
tronic d
e
vice p
l
ugge
d
into the
Grid
that will
a
c
qui
re the
sam
e
reso
urce
s reg
a
rdle
ss whe
r
e
that sou
r
ce took pla
c
e.
G
r
id
comp
uting is a new information tech
n
o
logy ar
chite
c
ture that p
r
odu
ce
s low
co
st enterp
r
i
s
e
informatio
n systems a
nd
more a
b
le to adapt to bu
si
ness dynami
cs. G
r
id midd
lewa
re is u
s
e
d
to
bring
a va
rio
u
s n
u
mb
er
of re
sou
r
ces of
Grid
co
mput
ing. Middl
eware i
s
a
set of software t
hat
manag
es resource so that accessible t
o
clients
with
out having to kno
w
the co
n
f
iguration. Th
ere
are several
other level
s
to configu
r
e
Grid co
mpu
t
ing architect
u
re such as local re
so
urce
manag
er,
core middle
w
a
r
e
,
application
developm
ent
and devel
op
ment environ
ment [13]. The
traditional
pa
ttern “Info
r
m
a
tion
Cent
re” ado
pts c
ent
ralized
data
stora
ge,
whi
c
h cann
ot ea
sily
adapt to a
n
open
e-Gove
rnme
nt environment
due t
o
non
re
al time up
date a
nd hig
h
cost
s for
manag
eme
n
t and
mainte
n
ance of
cent
ralize
d
data.
T
he web se
rvi
c
e
s
p
r
ovide
a
loo
s
ely
coupl
ed
mech
ani
sm t
o
enc
ap
sulat
e
re
sou
r
c
e
s
wit
h
st
an
dardize
d interfa
c
e
s
for u
s
in
g web
se
rvice
s
without man
a
ge and maint
a
in re
sou
r
ces behind a we
b servi
c
e
s
. The system
su
pport
s
the Grid
comm
unity throug
h G
r
id m
i
ddle
w
are ba
sed
on multia
gent sy
stem
s. Grid Ma
nag
er ma
nag
es t
h
e
Grid
comm
u
n
it
y
t
hat
con
s
ist
s
of
lega
cy
sy
st
em
s
wit
h
dif
f
e
re
nt
Dat
a
B
a
se
s
(DB
)
.
T
he sy
st
em
architectu
re
woul
d be a
c
t as an intelli
ge
nt appro
a
ch for monito
ring
[18].
4. Model of E-Gov
e
rnment Au
toma
tion and Grid
Compu
t
ing Serv
ices
The initial e
-
Govern
ment
Grid Se
rvice
Model in Ba
n
g
lade
sh i
s
an
improvem
ent
of Grid
Shangh
ai M
o
del [15]. T
h
e
Grid
ha
s
re
solved the
p
r
o
b
lem
of info
rmation
sh
arin
g by
usi
ng
d
a
ta
stru
cture, dat
aba
se
s, co
m
putational
re
source
s, sto
r
a
ge re
source
s and oth
e
r i
n
formation
usi
n
g
open
stand
a
r
d protocols.
The ope
n
sou
r
ce is
u
s
ed to meet
the requi
re
ment of the
e
-
Govern
ment
that have already de
sign
ed a set
of middle
w
a
r
e to sup
p
o
r
t the e-G
o
vern
m
ent
appli
c
ation
s
for cost re
du
ction an
d full utiliz
ation of
IT (Informa
tion Technol
ogy) re
so
urces
existing with
in the gove
r
nme
n
t. The institut
ional
powe
r
of Banglad
esh govern
m
ent
is
con
c
e
n
trated
in the
ce
ntral gove
r
nme
n
t with
regio
nal auto
nom
y. The divisi
on of ta
sks
an
d
respon
sibilitie
s between th
e cent
ral an
d local g
o
ve
rnment is
con
ducte
d by the con
s
titution
al
decree. The f
unctio
n
appli
c
ation of the e-Gove
rn
m
e
n
t
framewo
r
k
of Banglade
sh is divided into
three
su
bgro
ups
acco
rdi
n
g to servi
c
e t
y
pes of
e-Go
vernme
nt
ba
sed on user orientatio
n.
T
h
e
Grid
se
rvice
s
is pla
c
ed
o
n
se
rvice l
a
yer that
en
abl
es resou
r
ce sha
r
ing
and
interop
e
rability
among
g
r
ou
p
functio
n
s where
servi
c
e
repo
sito
ri
e
s
will
serve
a
s
a virtu
a
l
re
source
pool
a
nd
runtime e
n
vironment for di
scovery and i
n
vokin
g
se
rvice
s
.
Figure 3. Initial e-Gove
rnm
ent Grid Se
rvice
s
Model in
Banglad
esh
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4898
The differen
c
e with Yang, et al, [14] is
the
overall a
r
chite
c
ture of
e-Gove
rnm
e
n
t
which
requi
re
s mo
re com
p
lex framework for a cou
n
tr
y like Ban
g
lad
e
s
h. In Figu
re
3 the physi
cal
resou
r
ce laye
r is
de
comp
o
s
ed i
n
to two l
a
yers
of ba
si
c ap
plication
and fun
c
tion
appli
c
ation. T
he
latter is divided into publi
c
, busin
ess a
nd governme
n
t oriented
service
s
. Thi
s
layer divisio
n
is
helpful for the
process of re
sou
r
ces
sha
r
i
ng amon
g go
vernme
nt age
ncie
s whi
c
h i
s
more
spe
c
if
ic
depe
nding o
n
the servi
c
es
to be provide
d
.
Being a dev
elopin
g
cou
n
try Banglad
esh requi
re
s m
a
jor infrastru
c
ture d
e
velo
pment in
orde
r to initia
te e-Gove
rn
ment. The se
paratio
n of b
a
si
c appli
c
ati
on and fu
ncti
on appli
c
atio
n will
make the interoperability
processes easi
er be
cause specifi
c
services ar
e
classifi
ed into cl
usters
[19]. The divi
sion
of the
a
pplication al
so infl
uen
ce
s t
he g
r
ad
ual a
nd individ
ual
developm
ent
of
Grid
se
rvice
s
of e-Govern
ment. The
go
vernme
nt
ne
eds to de
ce
n
t
ralize
all
p
u
b
lic
se
ct
or
s a
n
d
it
is ne
ce
ssary
to con
n
e
c
t all
govern
m
ent
al and
non
-g
overnm
ental
enterp
r
i
s
e
s
to
con
n
e
c
t with
the
Grid fo
r digit
a
lizatio
n. All the se
cto
r
s with
in the
Grid
sh
ould
follow a
u
tom
a
tic an
d onli
n
e
system
atic
conne
ction
which
will
fun
c
tion li
ke
th
e Figu
re
4.
The
automat
ic d
e
tectio
n
and
Re
cog
n
ition system
with
Freq
uen
cy Id
entification
s
need
s to
be
impleme
n
ted
for
rapi
dne
ss of
work
with the
govern
m
ent
whi
c
h
will en
sure tra
n
sparency. All se
rv
ice
s
an
d sy
stems n
eed to
be
integrate
d
for all networks to impr
ove the
information
systems [20].
Figure 4. E-G
o
vernm
ent Grid Service
s
& ICT Model fo
r Banglade
sh
5. Conclusio
n
The e
-
G
o
vernment i
s
the
usage
of inf
o
rmatio
n te
chnolo
g
y for i
m
provin
g the
se
rvice
s
and poli
c
ie
s of public sect
or whi
c
h will
lead to the organi
zatio
nal cha
nge for p
r
oviding q
uali
t
y
servi
c
e
s
to
the p
eopl
e in
a p
a
rtici
pat
ory de
mo
crat
ic e
n
viron
m
e
n
t. The im
pl
ementation
o
f
e-
Govern
ment
Grid
servi
c
e
s
in Bangl
ad
esh i
s
fa
cin
g
chall
eng
es like traditio
nal bureau
cratic
political
sy
stem, corruption, lack
of infras
truc
ture, polit
ical u
n
re
st, l
a
ck of
org
ani
zed
informati
on,
misma
nag
em
ent an
d u
nde
mocratic practice in
pu
b
lic se
ctor
and
la
ck
of kno
w
le
d
ge sha
r
ing. T
h
e
prop
er trai
nin
g
on planni
ng
and tech
nolo
g
ical a
s
p
e
ct
s of e-Gove
rnm
ent Grid servi
c
e
s
is re
qui
re
d
for em
ployee
s a
nd
poli
c
y ma
kers
of
both p
ubl
i
c
and private orga
nization
s
for su
cce
s
sful
PU
BLI
C
AD
MIN
.
DE
V
.
ACT
.
U
T
IL
ITY
ED
U
AG
RI
COMM.
HE
AL
T
H
NG
O
FI
N.
O
R
G
BUS
.
FA
RM
IN
ST
.
PR
IV
AT
E
Admin.
Ta
x
La
w
&
o
r
de
r
Jud
i
cia
l
Reg.
Te
lec
o
m
Po
st
al
Ba
nk
C
o
-
o
p
Le
as
i
n
g
O
r
g
.
Lice
nse
Pa
sspo
r
t
V.
ID
L
a
nd
Lice
nse
I
nternet
E-
m
a
i
l
/
E-
text
Leasing
M
icr
o
-c
re
d
i
t
Rd.
&
highw
a
y
Public
work
Fa
cili
ties
F
ood
Heal
th
Housing
E
du
.
School
/
Colle
g
e
V
o
cat
ion
a
l
M
a
d
ra
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Wa
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P
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w
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G
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lea
n
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ospital
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anita
tion
W
ater
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c
ho
ol
/
C
ollege
Madr
a
s
a
S
chola
r
ship
&
o
thers
F
a
r
m
ing
F
ishing
For
e
st
Inse
ctic
ide
L
ive
-
stoc
k
P
oultr
y
E
P
I
F
amil
y
p
lanning
H
o
spita
l
S
a
t
elli
te
c
linic
Pr
oduction
C
o
mm.
Distribu
t
i
on
&
m
a
r
ke
ting
Transpor
t
Ag
r
o
.
base
d
Indu
st
r
y
Handi-
cr
af
t
Van/Ric
k
-
s
haw
A
u
to-
m
o
b
il
e
T
ra
cks
&
bus
Mobile
ph
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Co
u
r
i
e
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se
rvic
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Int
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rne
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VO
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Ba
n
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a
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M
ic
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re
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PR
ESI
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P
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I
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M
I
NI
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I
NI
S
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E-
GOVT.
GRI
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CE
NT
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BAS
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Fut
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Ot
h
e
r
N
e
t
work
Se
ed
s
&
Fe
rti
lize
r
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Im
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angi
r Ala
m
S.M.)
4899
impleme
n
tation of e-Gove
rnme
nt. Due to rapid
cha
n
g
e
of technol
o
g
ical
worl
d, it is also requi
red
to upg
rade
the o
r
gani
zati
onal
system
and
skill
of manpo
we
r fo
r man
agin
g
and h
andli
n
g
the
overall
e-Governm
ent G
r
id
se
rvice
s
i
n
Banglad
esh.
The g
o
vernm
ent ne
ed
s to
decentrali
ze
all
publi
c
secto
r
s an
d it is necessa
ry
to con
n
e
c
t all governm
ental an
d n
on-g
o
vernme
ntal
enterp
r
i
s
e
s
t
o
conne
ct
wi
th the G
r
id f
o
r di
gi
talization. All services
and syste
m
s
n
eed
to be
integrate
d
for all net
works
to improve
th
e inform
at
ion system
s
a
nd all
the se
ctors withi
n
the
G
r
id
sho
u
ld follo
w autom
atic and onli
n
e
systemat
i
c
con
n
e
c
tion. The auto
m
at
ic dete
c
tion
and
Re
cog
n
ition system
with
Freq
uen
cy Id
entification
s
need
s to
be
impleme
n
ted
for
rapi
dne
ss of
work with th
e governm
en
t which will
ensure tra
n
spare
n
cy. The
r
e sh
ould be
standa
rd le
gal
foundatio
n for usi
ng internet se
rvice
s
for avoi
ding cyber cri
m
e with
the
e-G
o
vernm
ent
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r
id
sy
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