TELKOM
NIKA Indonesia
n
Journal of
Electrical En
gineering
Vol. 14, No. 1, April 2015, pp. 34 ~ 41
DOI: 10.115
9
1
/telkomni
ka.
v
14i1.766
8
34
Re
cei
v
ed
Jan
uary 2, 2015;
Re
vised Ma
rch, 2015; Acce
pted March 1
8
, 2015
Role of Solar Power in Sustainable Development of
India
Moumita Sa
dhu
1
, Suprav
a Chak
rabor
t
y
2
*
,
Niladri
Das
3
, Pradip Kumar Sadhu
2
1
Departme
n
t of Commerce, U
n
iversit
y
of Ca
l
c
utta, Kolkata, W
B
-7000
73
2De
partment o
f
Electrical Eng
i
ne
erin
g, India
n
Schoo
l of Mines,
Dha
nba
d, Jhar
khan
d, India-
8
260
04, T
e
l.:+
9
1
-32
6
-22
3
-5
47
8; fax: +
91-32
6
-
229-
656
3.
3
Departme
n
t of Manag
eme
n
t Studies, Indi
an
School of Min
e
s,
Dha
nba
d, Jhar
khan
d, India-
8
260
04, T
e
l.:+
9
1
-32
6
-22
3
-5
47
8; fax: +
91-32
6
-
229-
656
3.
*Corres
p
o
ndi
n
g
author, e-ma
i
l
: suprava
1
0
0
8
@
gmai
l
A
b
st
r
a
ct
Bulk gro
up
of rural h
ous
eho
ld
s, depe
nde
ncy
on in
s
u
fficie
n
t and p
oor q
u
a
l
ity energy s
our
ces ar
e
the featur
es of
Indi
an
ener
gy
cons
umptio
n
pattern. Susta
i
nab
ility is
the
mov
e
tow
a
rds
the gr
ow
th a
n
d
deve
l
op
ment o
f
India. Solar
Energy
is o
ne
of the renow
ne
d sectors to su
pport the susta
i
na
bil
i
ty of Indi
a.
Solar e
nergy h
a
s gia
n
t potent
ial in In
dia d
u
e
to its pos
ition
in tropic
a
l be
lt. T
h
is paper d
e
a
ls w
i
th the ne
w
inn
o
vative
a
p
p
licati
ons
of
solar
en
ergy
for sustai
na
bl
e d
e
vel
o
p
m
en
t of Ind
i
a. S
o
lar
ap
pl
icatio
n i
n
transportati
on,
architect
u
re,
car park
i
n
g
, restaura
n
ts,
lig
hting, mobi
le charg
i
ng
etc are
d
e
scri
bed
fo
r
sustain
abl
e d
e
v
elo
p
m
ent. T
h
e pa
per i
n
clu
d
e
s the existi
ng
appl
icati
ons o
f
solar en
ergy,
the current st
atus
of solar
ener
gy
in Ind
i
a, cha
l
l
eng
es in th
e pr
ogress
of solar
ener
gy an
d co
nclu
des w
i
th s
o
me so
lutio
n
s
to
pro
m
ote so
lar
ener
gy.
Ke
y
w
ords
: sol
a
r ener
gy, sustain
abl
e dev
elo
p
ment, solar l
i
g
h
ting, sol
a
r car
parkin
g
.
Copy
right
©
2015 In
stitu
t
e o
f
Ad
van
ced
En
g
i
n
eerin
g and
Scien
ce. All
rig
h
t
s reser
ve
d
.
1. Introduc
tion
Sustaina
ble
developm
ent
is the d
e
ve
lopment
that
meets th
e
need
s of the
pre
s
ent
without comp
romi
sing the
ability of future ge
nerat
ion
s
to meet th
eir o
w
n ne
ed
s [1]. From the
con
c
e
r
n
of climate chang
e, global
wa
rming
and
t
o
en
su
re su
staina
ble
fut
u
re su
stain
a
ble
energie
s
a
r
e
gainin
g
imp
o
rtan
ce [2
-4]
.
Sustaina
ble
ene
rgy is t
he sustai
nab
le stipul
ation
of
energy that is clea
n a
nd lo
ng la
st
ing
wit
h
very le
ss e
m
issi
on
of
po
lluting ga
se
s i
.
e. sola
r en
ergy,
wind
en
ergy,
biom
ass
en
ergy, g
eothe
rmal e
nergy
, etc.
an
d are
also often called altern
ative
sou
r
ces of e
n
e
rgy [5]. Amo
ngst
all the
cl
ean te
ch
nolo
g
ies,
sol
a
r
en
ergy i
s
a
n
effi
cient
ren
e
wa
ble
energy sou
r
ce to all
e
viate
the emi
s
sio
n
of g
r
ee
nho
use
ga
s
and
help
s
to
tri
m
do
wn
glo
bal
warming [6, 7]. India rece
ives sol
a
r en
ergy equi
val
e
nt to over 5000 trillion kWh per yea
r
wi
th
about 3
00
cle
a
r
sun
n
y day
s in
a year [8, 9] and
mo
st of it remai
n
s
unu
sed fo
r h
u
m
an
well-bei
ng.
Energy
se
cto
r
ha
s
gre
a
t ro
le in im
provin
g the q
uality
of life [10]. Energy
co
nsu
m
ption p
a
ttern of
India is ch
ara
c
teri
zed by a
bulk gro
up o
f
rural hou
se
hold
s
, depen
dent on insufficient and po
or
quality energy sources [11, 12]. Sustainability is
the approach
of Indi
a towards growth
and
developm
ent
[13]. Solar
Energy i
s
on
e of the
sectors that a
r
e
re
co
gnized
to su
ppo
rt th
e
sustainability of India. So
lar energy has
giant potential in Indi
a due
to its position in tropical belt
[14, 15].
Most of th
e p
o
we
r di
strib
u
tion
comp
anie
s
in
India
are
una
ble to
m
eet their re
ne
wabl
e
purcha
s
e
obli
gation
s
du
e to high t
r
an
sm
issi
on a
nd
di
stribution lo
sses. So, tran
sf
er of rene
wa
ble
purcha
s
e o
b
li
gation
s
to large power
co
nsum
ers
whi
c
h already p
a
y high power tariffs and
are
clo
s
e to grid
-parity is one
option for tho
s
e state
s
. A
nother key driver in the India
n
sola
r marke
t
is
to increa
se the dem
and f
o
r solar from
these po
we
r con
s
um
ers [16]. The rem
o
vals of ba
rri
ers
are ong
oing, and
it provid
es strong su
pport
i
n
exp
a
n
sio
n
of th
e
sola
r m
a
rket. This pa
pe
r d
eal
s
with the role
of sola
r po
wer i
n
sustai
nable d
e
velo
pment of Indi
a, whi
c
h in
cl
ude
s the current
status of sola
r power, ba
rri
ers & remedi
es to bar
rie
r
s in solar in
du
stry and future scope of so
lar
power in sust
ainabl
e devel
opment of Ind
i
a.
Many sola
r e
nergy te
chnol
ogie
s
are
not
yet
cost-co
m
petitive with conve
n
tion
al energy
sup
p
lie
s. Co
nsid
era
b
le de
velopment in
sola
r ene
rgy
is impo
ssi
bl
e until major
policy in
centi
v
es
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
2302-4
046
Role of Sola
r Powe
r in Sustainable
De
ve
lopm
ent of In
dia (Mo
u
m
i
ta
Sadhu
)
35
are int
r
od
uced. Many n
a
tions
have
reali
z
ed th
e pro
b
lem
and
sup
port
ed solar
en
ergy
enlargem
ent throug
h a b
r
o
ad ra
nge of finan
cial, aut
h
o
ritari
an, pro
m
otion an
d other in
stru
me
nts.
Variou
s
polici
e
s
are
de
sig
n
ed to
pro
m
ot
e re
ne
wabl
e
energy, incl
u
d
ing
sola
r, at
the gl
obal l
e
ve
l
as well as fo
r a particular
cou
n
try, su
ch
as I
ndia [17]
. Sustainabl
e
implementati
on of polici
e
s in
develop
ed an
d developi
ng
cou
n
trie
s are helpin
g
in th
e
growth
of sol
a
r ene
rgy ma
rket, mainly for
grid
-conn
ecte
d sola
r PV a
nd sol
a
r the
r
mal wate
r he
ating syste
m
s. This
pap
er briefly pre
s
e
n
ts
key poli
c
ie
s that sup
port solar en
ergy for
both ele
c
tri
c
and dire
ct he
ating appli
c
ati
ons.
2. Existing Application of Solar En
ergy
for
Sustain
a
ble Dev
e
lopment
Applicatio
n of solar en
ergy for sustai
nab
le
developme
n
t is possible
mainly in two ways,
Passive
and
Active. Passi
ve sola
r en
ergy applicat
io
n coll
ect
s
the
energy witho
u
t conve
r
ting
the
heat or lig
ht into other fo
rms [18-20]. On the ot
he
r
hand, in a
c
tive sola
r en
erg
y
applicatio
n the
sola
r
e
n
e
r
gy
i
s
stored or converted
for diversifie
d a
p
p
licatio
ns. T
h
is in
turn
can
be
cla
s
sified
as
two different
grou
ps – Ph
otovoltaic
(PV) and
So
lar Thermal. Ph
otovoltaic te
chnolo
g
y co
nverts
the sola
r ra
di
ation into ele
c
tri
c
al ene
rgy
when it
inci
d
ent upon a
semico
ndu
cto
r
material [21]
.
In
Solar th
erm
a
l
tech
nolo
g
y solar
heat i
s
u
s
ed
for th
erm
a
l or he
ating
appli
c
ation
a
nd fo
r el
ect
r
i
c
ity
gene
ration. It is sub
d
ivide
d
into two categori
e
s a
s
– Solar the
r
mal no
n-el
e
c
tri
c
and, so
lar
thermal
ele
c
tric [2
2-2
4
]. The ap
plicatio
ns of
so
la
r t
herm
a
l no
n-e
l
ectri
c
te
chno
logy are
sol
a
r
water
heate
r
s, solar
air h
e
a
ters,
sola
r cooki
ng sy
st
e
m
s, sol
a
r
coo
ling syste
m
s,
etc. While
solar
thermal
ele
c
tric te
ch
nolo
g
y
refers the
use
of sola
r
heat to p
r
o
d
u
ce
the
stea
m for el
ect
r
icity
gene
ration.
This
method
ology is kno
w
n a
s
Co
ncentrated
Sol
a
r Po
we
r (CSP). The
CSPs
available
in t
he ma
rket a
r
e – Po
we
r T
o
we
r, F
r
e
s
nel
Mirror, S
o
lar, Dish
Colle
ct
or a
nd P
a
ra
b
o
lic
Trou
gh. Som
e
appli
c
ation
s
of solar en
ergy is sho
w
n i
n
Figure 1.
Figure 1. Some appli
c
atio
ns of sol
a
r En
ergy
3. Curren
t
Status o
f
Solar Energ
y
in In
dia
The install
e
d
capa
city in India can
be
und
ersto
od by analy
s
ing the
sol
a
r ene
rgy
prod
uced i
n
recent
pa
st years in
vari
o
u
s
state
s
of
the count
ry
. The
amou
nt
of sol
a
r en
ergy
prod
uced in
2007
wa
s le
ss tha
n
1%
of the to
tal energy dema
nd of India [25]. The gri
d
-
intera
ctive so
lar po
wer
a
s
on De
cem
ber
201
0 wa
s
10
MW [26]. Tot
a
l in
st
alled capacity of
Solar
proje
c
ts u
nde
r variou
s sch
e
mes a
s
on
De
cemb
er 2
0
14 wa
s aroun
d 3.062 G
W
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN: 23
02-4
046
TELKOM
NI
KA
Vol. 14, No. 1, April 2015 : 34 – 41
36
Table 1. State wise Install
ed Ca
pa
city of Solar Proje
c
ts unde
r vario
u
s Sch
e
me
s
as on
15/12/20
14
State
Total commissio
ned capacit
y
till 15-12-2
014 (MW
)
% Cont
ribution
Andhra Pra
desh
234.86
7.821731
Arunachal Prade
sh
0.025
0.000833
Chhattisgarh
7.6
0.253109
Gujarat
929.05
30.9409
Har
y
ana
12.8
0.426289
Jharkhand
16
0.532861
Karnataka
67
2.231355
Kerala
0.025
0.000833
Madh
y
a
P
r
adesh
353.58
11.77556
Maharashtra
286.9
9.554861
Orissa
31.5
1.04907
Punjab
55.77
1.857353
Rajasthan
839.5
27.95854
Tamil Nadu
104.2
3.470256
Telangana
8
0.26643
Uttar Pra
desh
29.51
0.982795
Uttarakhand
5
0.166519
West Bengal
7.21
0.24012
Andaman & Nicobar
5.1
0.169849
Delhi
5.465
0.182005
Lakshadweep
0.75
0.024978
Puducherr
y
0.025
0.000833
Chandigarh
2
0.066608
Others
0.79
0.02631
Total 3062.68
100
State wise
co
ntribution
s
in
total installed
sola
r proje
c
ts in India are tabulate
d
in Table 2.
Table 2. State wise co
ntrib
u
tion in total installe
d sol
a
r proje
c
ts in In
dia
Percentage of
installed cap
a
cit
y
from total installed capacity
of s
o
lar
projects in India
Name of States
<1%
Arunachal Prad
esh, Chhattisgarh,
Har
y
ana, Jh
arkhand, Kerala
, Telangana,
Uttar Pr
adesh,
Uttarakhan
d,
West Bengal, Andaman & Ni
cobar, Delhi,
Lakshadweep, P
uducherr
y
, Ch
an
digarh.
1-5%
Karnataka,
Orissa, Punjab, Tamil Nadu
5-10%
Andhra Pra
desh,
Maharashtr
a
10-15
%
Madh
y
a
P
r
adesh
25-35
%
Rajasthan, Gujar
a
t
Table 2 shows the name o
f
states
wit
h
inst
alle
d cap
a
cit
y
less
than
1%, 1-5%, 5
-
10%, 10-15
%,
25-3
5
% of the total installe
d cap
a
city of
sola
r proje
c
ts in India i.e. 3.062G
W.
Figure 2. Percenta
ge of States with diffe
rent % cont
ribution in Sola
r Proje
c
ts
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
2302-4
046
Role of Sola
r Powe
r in Sustainable
De
ve
lopm
ent of In
dia (Mo
u
m
i
ta
Sadhu
)
37
From Fig
u
re
2 it is obse
r
ved that in 61% st
ates
of India insta
lled ca
pa
city of solar
proje
c
ts a
r
e l
e
sser tha
n
1
%
of total installed ca
pa
city of solar proj
ects in India.
In 17%, 9%,
4
%
states th
e sa
me is
re
spe
c
t
i
vely 1-5%, 5
-
10% a
nd
1
0
-15% of the to
tal installe
d capa
city of sol
a
r
proje
c
ts.
Onl
y
in rem
a
inin
g 9% state
s
the instal
l
ed
cap
a
city of
solar
proj
ect i
s
25
-3
5% of
the
total installed
cap
a
city of so
lar proje
c
ts in
India.
Schem
e wi
se physi
cal
p
r
og
re
ss i
n
solar
po
wer ti
ll De
cem
ber 2014
is ta
b
u
lated in
Table 3.
Table 3. Sch
e
me wi
se Ph
ysical Progre
ss in Sola
r Powe
r till Dece
mber 2
014 [2
7]
Sol
a
r Po
w
e
r
Target
Achievement
Cumulative
Achievements (as on 31.12.2014
)
Grid-In
t
eractive Power (MW
)
1100.00
430.67
3062.68
Off-
Grid (MW)
60.00
52.77
227.12
Solar
Water
Heating – Coll. Ar
eas(Million m
2
) 0.50
0.53
8.63
Table
3
sho
w
s that in
20
14 the
targ
et for g
r
id
–int
era
c
tive sola
r po
wer was
1100M
W,
but at the end of the year achiev
e
d
value
was 43
0.67
MW. For off-g
r
id sol
a
r po
wer targ
et was
60
MW in the year of 201
4, whe
r
ea
s a
c
hi
evem
ent wa
s 52.77 MW, much b
e
tter
than the grid
–
intera
ctive a
c
hievement. F
o
r
sola
r wate
r he
ating
s
ystem install
ed
colle
ction
are
a
is m
o
re
tha
n
the target, wh
ich is a p
o
siti
ve achievem
ent.
4. Inno
v
a
tiv
e
Application
of Solar Ene
r
g
y
in Sustainable Dev
e
lopment o
f
India
With the existing application of sola
r e
nergy
some i
nnovative ap
plicatio
n is n
eede
d for
su
staina
ble
developm
ent
of India. S
o
me in
novat
i
v
e
appli
c
atio
ns of
sola
r Energy are
l
i
sted
con
s
e
que
ntly.
4.1. Solar in
Transp
ortati
on
Tran
sp
ortatio
n
is a b
r
oad f
i
eld wh
ere
so
lar en
ergy ha
s great scop
e
of application. Solar
vechile i
s
the
buddin
g
are
a
of research
now a day
.
An electri
c
ve
chile p
o
were
d by sola
r en
ergy
compl
e
tely or partially is
known a
s
sola
r vechil
e.
S
o
l
a
r v
e
c
h
ile in
cl
ude
s,
so
l
a
r
c
a
r, sol
a
r tr
ac
k
i
ng
bus
, s
o
lar
rail,
s
o
lar boat, s
o
lar
ai
rcraft, s
o
lar spac
e
c
r
aft.Solar ener
gy can be us
ed in vechiles
for auxiliary power
supply
like for ventilation, for
c
ooli
ng fan
of vehi
cles. The Venturi A
s
trolab in
2006
was th
e worl
d's first comm
ercial
ele
c
tro
-
sola
r hybri
d
ca
r,
and
wa
s ori
g
inally du
e to
be
relea
s
e
d
in
Janua
ry 20
08
[28]. A sola
r
powere
d
roa
d
pa
nel to fo
rm a
sma
r
t hi
ghway is a n
e
w
concept by solar
roadway
s
[29]. This t
e
ch
nology is
based on
combi
ne programmable
capability
o
f
tr
a
n
s
p
a
r
ent d
r
ivin
g su
r
f
a
c
e w
i
th un
de
r
l
yin
g
so
la
r
c
e
lls
,
e
l
ec
tron
ics
an
d se
ns
o
r
s to
ac
t
as
a
sola
r ar
ray
.
4.2. Solar Lighting
Use of sola
r energy for lig
ht
ing purpo
se
is a very co
mmon an
d flowe
r
ished a
p
p
licatio
n
area. But
still
it can
be u
s
ed mo
re effi
ciently lik
e, so
lar LE
D
stree
t
lighting, Sol
a
r LE
D ga
rd
en
lighting, Solar LED Umb
r
ell
a
in restu
r
a
n
ts, Sola
r palm
tree lighting i
n
Institutes a
nd Indu
strie
s
.
4.3. Solar Mobile/ I-Pad Charger
Solar
cell
pho
ne o
r
i-Pa
d
charg
e
r i
s
a
small ap
plication of
sola
r e
nergy. But
co
nsid
erin
g
the total number of cell
-phon
e use
r
s in India,
it
will save a h
uge ene
rgy
use
d
in cell
-phone
cha
r
gin
g
. Thi
s
is a small b
u
t very effective application
of solar en
ergy.
4.4. Solar Ca
r parking
A parkin
g
a
r
e
a
covere
d
with solar pa
nel
s, el
evate
d
a
bove the
gro
und
so th
at cars pa
rk
in
the sh
ade
unde
r a shelt
e
r of
ph
otovo
l
taics
is
kno
w
n a
s
Sol
a
r Car
parkin
g
. Depen
ding
on
the
size of the a
rray
coveri
ng
the parkin
g
area
a
lot of
power
can
be ge
nerated
.
Solar ca
rp
ort
installe
d at
Rutgers University
is 28 a
c
res in
size an
d pro
d
u
c
e
s
8
mega
watts
of powe
r
at
an
instant. Sola
r carpo
r
ts hav
e many be
ne
fits, includi
ng
aesth
etics lo
ok, like incre
a
se
s vehi
cle
fuel
efficien
cy, becau
se it save
s ene
rgy to cool
ca
r ba
ck
up by cra
n
ki
n
g
the air co
nd
itioner.
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Vol. 14, No. 1, April 2015 : 34 – 41
38
4.5. Solar Kitchen Restau
rant
Solar
kitch
e
n
re
staurant i
s
an i
dea to
prom
ote sol
a
r en
ergy. This id
ea i
s
alrea
d
y
su
ccessfully impleme
n
ted i
n
E
uoro
pe. T
he Solar Kitchen Resta
u
ra
nt is ba
sed o
n
a sol
a
r
kitchen
con
c
e
p
t whe
r
e
co
oki
ng i
s
by p
u
re
sol
a
r
ene
rgy.
The Sol
a
r Kitchen
Re
stau
rant will
be
b
u
ilt
arou
nd
a sola
r kit
c
he
n to re
lax and
enjoy
in a n
e
w an
d
exciting
way.
Unli
ke th
e traditional
way
o
f
coo
k
in
g, sol
a
r he
at affects the taste
an
d texture
of t
he di
sh in
a
surpri
sin
g
an
d po
sitive wa
y,
prod
uci
ng a completely different ta
ste experie
nce [30].
4.6. Solar Bill Board
Sometime bill
boards n
eed
to be installe
d in plac
e
s
where n
o
elect
r
icity is availa
ble, or
the nea
re
st electri
c
sup
p
l
y
is som
e
di
stan
ce
a
w
ay.
There u
s
e
of LED billb
o
a
rd fed
by solar
system [3
1] i
s
a
simpl
e
solution
rathe
r
than
spe
ndi
ng thou
sa
nd
s on
tren
chi
n
g and
ele
c
tri
c
ian
co
st
s.
4.7. Solar Canal
The
Ca
nal
So
lar Po
we
r P
r
o
j
ect
is
a
proj
e
c
t lau
n
ched
i
n
Gujarat, to
use
19,0
00 Ki
lometre
long net
wo
rk of
Narm
ada
can
a
ls
acro
ss the
st
ate fo
r setting
up
solar p
anel
s
to
gene
rate 1M
W
elec
tric
ity [32].
I
t
was
the firs
t
ever suc
h
projec
t
in
Indi
a. The
p
r
oje
c
t is
situated
o
n
the
Na
rma
d
a
bran
ch
canal
near Chan
drasa
n
villag
e
of
Kadi
tal
u
ka in
Me
hsana
dist
rict. In
In
dia h
uge
nu
mber
of canal
s an
d
rivers a
r
e p
r
ese
n
t so can
a
l sola
r pan
el
can ge
ne
rat
e
a massive
portion of e
n
e
rg
y
and al
so it wi
ll prevent the
evaporatio
n of water.
Du
e to less tem
peratu
r
e in th
e lowe
r sid
e
of
solar panel (as canal is pr
esent) effi
ciency of sola
r panel will be al
so high.
4.8. Solar Space Po
w
e
r S
t
ation
The co
ncept
of
colle
cting solar
po
we
r in spa
c
e
for u
s
e
on
Earth is known as sola
r spa
c
e
power
station
.
It has bee
n
in re
sea
r
ch
si
nce th
e
ea
rly 1970
s. 55
-6
0% sola
r e
n
e
r
gy
is lo
st on
its
way thro
ugh
the atmosph
e
re by the e
ffects of
refle
c
tion
an
d ab
sorption. Sol
a
r Spa
c
e Po
wer
Station
conve
r
ts sunlight to
microwaves
outsid
e
the at
mosp
he
re, av
oiding the
s
e l
o
sse
s
, and th
e
downtime du
e to the Earth's rotatio
n
.
4.9. Solar in
Architec
ture
4.9.1. Solar Paint
Mixture of n
anomete
r
-si
z
ed titanium
dioxi
de pa
rti
c
le
s, coate
d
with either
cadmi
u
m
sulfide
or ca
dmium
sel
eni
de a
nd
su
sp
ende
d in
a
water-al
co
hol
mixture to
create
a p
a
int
-
like
paste th
at ge
nerate
s
el
ect
r
icity wh
en e
x
pose
d
to
lig
ht [33]. Usin
g sola
r pai
nt the all wall
s of
building
can
gene
rate
sm
all amo
unt of
elect
r
icit
y from solar ene
rgy.This i
s
a
n
innovative
and
new a
ppli
c
ation of sola
r en
ergy.
4.9.2. Solar Fabric
A company called Pvillion [
34] is
currently maki
ng fabric with
sol
a
r
power capabilities for
use
in
comm
erci
al a
ppli
c
a
t
ions. Acco
rd
ing to a
n
a
r
ticle from
Ne
w Sci
entist [
35] re
se
arch
ers
have built a PV cell in the layers a
r
o
und a fiber,
cre
a
ting a tiny cylindri
c
al
cell. No
w solar
colle
ction
co
uld
wo
rk sil
e
ntly and
uno
btrusively
fro
m
everyd
ay
obje
c
ts, n
o
t li
mited to
ro
oftops
and pol
es.
4.9.3. Solar Windo
w
s
Tran
sp
are
n
t glass
sola
r p
anel
s ca
n be
use
d
a
s
sol
a
r windo
w, whi
c
h
will allo
w
wind
ows
to become p
o
w
er
gen
erato
r
s. If this sola
r win
d
o
w
su
cce
ssfully dev
elope
d and i
m
pleme
n
ted then
it can su
pply a sufficie
n
t amount of ene
rgy req
u
ire
d
in a building f
o
r everyd
ay use.
4.9.4. Solar Fountain
Fountain
s
al
ways a
e
sth
e
tically plea
se
all of us for quite som
e
time. Poweri
n
g
those
pump
s
ta
ke
a sl
ow but
st
eady toll
on t
he pl
anet. So
lar p
anel
can
be
used to
supply the
po
wer
for the fountai
n.
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TELKOM
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ISSN:
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046
Role of Sola
r Powe
r in Sustainable
De
ve
lopm
ent of In
dia (Mo
u
m
i
ta
Sadhu
)
39
5. Challenge
s in Adv
a
ncement o
f
Solar Energ
y
Solar en
ergy
technol
ogy is bud
ding ov
ersea
s
, so it incu
rs
ce
rtain
types of cha
llenge
s
too [36]. Chal
lenge
s are broadly cla
s
sified as Fi
n
a
n
c
i
a
l, techni
cal and Institutio
nal and tabul
ated
in Table 4. Challen
ges a
r
e
:
a)
The hi
gh
co
st of solar p
o
we
r g
ene
rat
i
on. For such ca
se
s, the
highe
r effici
ency
device
s
may
take an im
po
rtant part in e
s
calating to t
he ene
rgy targets in Indi
a. The
sola
r e
nergy
prices in I
ndi
an ma
rket ha
s
come
do
wn
to 7/kWh fro
m
18/kWh
(2
011)
while the the
r
mal power p
r
i
c
e
s
is pu
shi
n
g to 4.5/kWh i
n
clu
d
ing
sub
s
idies [37].
b)
Solar proje
c
ts are the ca
pital centri
c, so
the ineffe
ctive financin
g infrast
r
u
c
tu
re for
such projects will be the hi
ndrance
for the growth in this sector.
c)
The divergen
ce of sol
a
r po
tential across different stat
es.
d)
Lack of co
nsumer a
w
a
r
en
ess.
e)
Gap bet
wee
n
Industry-Gov
e
rnm
ent co
-o
peratio
ns.
f)
The la
ck of
stand
ard
s
which l
ead
s to
the di
ssoluti
on of the
m
a
rket amo
n
g
the
s
u
pp
lie
r
an
d
th
e
p
r
od
uc
er
.
Table 4. Diffe
rent Type
s of Chall
enge
s
F
a
lling Unde
r Solar Ene
r
gy Tech
nolo
g
ie
s
Technolog
y Challenges
Financial Technical
Institutional
Solar
PV
Riskier w
hen cr
editw
o
r
thiness is
assessed by the Financial
Institutions beca
u
se of their lack
of expe
rience in the field.
Severe initial cost and lack o
f
sustained financial options.
The degrading c
o
st of Balance
of
S
y
stem is inde
pendent t
o
the
price reduction of
solar module.
Limited suppl
y of Balance o
f
S
y
stem components like
inverters, batt
e
ries, charge
controller and
other po
w
e
r
conditioning appliances.
The efficiency
c
onstraints are 4-
12% for
thin-film and 22% f
o
r
cry
s
talline PVs.
Cadmium use
d
in CdTe
technolog
y
is toxic and Tellurium
is one of the rar
e
st mineral.
The increased
d
e
mand of
PV in
2004-05 surpas
sed the silicon
supply and
part
i
ally
tem
porized
the gro
w
t
h
of solar sector.
Inadequate un
derstanding
of the fundament
al sy
stems
and financial factors.
Insufficient r
e
sour
ces to
educate numer
ous
technicians.
Limited number of effective
and approp
riate
law
s
like
Rene
w
able
Portfolio
Standards (
R
PS) to
motivate w
i
de
r a
doptions.
Strategic issues like the
need to protect
financing
from diverse so
urces and
allow
ances fro
m
different
agencies as fo
r example
MNRE, IRE
D
A, the
Planning Commission, and
the Ministr
y
of
Agriculture
and Rural D
e
velopment.
Solar
Thermal
The credit
w
orthi
ness risk goes high
due to length
y
p
a
y
back periods a
nd
small revenue streams.
Additional cost of Backup Heate
r
is
associated for t
he reliable heati
ng
in Water Heating
S
y
stem.
The constraints of rooftop area
in
Building Integrated S
y
stem curb the
application.
Use of Copper
for
w
a
ter h
eating
and distribution
purpose
adds
to
the overall cost.
Domestic w
a
ter
heating sy
stem h
a
s
low
e
r financial entit
y
.
Dr
aw
backs of Concentr
a
ted Sol
a
r
Power s
y
stems
are th
e the
r
mal
losses and the energ
y
storag
e
sy
stem.
Availability
of limited fluids w
i
th
higher he
at car
r
y
ing cap
a
cit
y
t
o
transfer the
heat.
The lack of integration has
restrained i
n
w
i
desp
r
e
ad
application for solar
w
a
te
r heati
n
g
due to t
y
pical
building materials,
designs, infrastr
ucture and
e
x
isting
appliances.
Outsourcing o
f
large scale
appliances viz. t
he molten salt-in-
tube receiver, a
nd the volumetr
ic
air receiver bot
h along
w
i
th t
h
e
energ
y
storage s
y
st
em.
6. Conclusio
n
Solar
ene
rgy
is th
e be
st
solution in
b
r
i
dgi
ng
India’
s
energy de
ma
nd-sup
p
ly ga
p in th
e
future. The p
r
ice of solar
power in Indi
a has co
me
down from 1
8
/kWh in 201
1 to 7/kWh, while
the price of therm
a
l power is pushi
ng 4.
5/kWh with subsi
d
ie
s. It is
clear that th
e alternative
s
o
f
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ISSN: 23
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TELKOM
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Vol. 14, No. 1, April 2015 : 34 – 41
40
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
a
r
e
go
in
g to
b
e
immens
e
l
y mo
r
e
costly. The
key finding
s
of the
study
are
con
c
lu
ded b
e
l
ow:
-
Targ
ets a
c
hi
eved in different sectio
n of solar
energy ar
e
39%, 88.3% and 100%
respe
c
tively in Grid inte
ra
ctive sola
r p
o
we
r, offgrid
sola
r po
we
r and solar
wa
ter heatin
g
sy
st
em.
-
I
n
t
r
an
spo
r
t
a
t
i
on ind
u
st
ry
s
o
lar v
e
chil
es l
i
ke
sola
r
ca
r,
sola
r b
u
s,
sol
a
r
rail,
s
o
lar
boat
,
s
o
lar
aircraft and
solar road
way
s
are a
ppli
c
at
ions
for
su
sta
i
nable d
e
velo
pment in Indi
a.
-
Solar lighting, solar m
obil
e
charger, solar
car parking,
solar kitche
n resturent, solar
bill
board, sola
r can
a
l,
solar spa
c
e
po
we
r
station,
sol
a
r in
archite
c
t
u
re
are the
some
othe
r
innovative ap
plicatio
n for sust
ain
able d
e
v
elopment of India.
-
Chall
enge
s i
n
sol
a
r i
ndu
stry are l
o
weri
n
g
the
co
st of
prod
uctio
n
, in
cre
a
si
ng
R&
D, con
s
ume
r
con
s
ciou
sn
ess, lack
of sta
ndar
ds and
finan
cing i
n
fra
s
tru
c
ture. It is imp
o
rtant t
o
co
nqu
er
these
chall
e
n
ges for
rapi
d gro
w
th and m
a
ss acce
ptan
ce of the tech
nology.
-
To
p
r
omote
solar ene
rgy rese
arch and
developm
ent
cap
a
city h
a
ve to be
built i
n
the p
r
ivate
sector and i
n
educational inst
itutions.
Millions of
producti
ve jobs will
be created in the
pro
c
e
s
s of d
e
v
elopment
of
the infra
s
truct
u
re
re
quired f
o
r the
ne
w i
n
dustri
e
s resul
t
ing from
massive sol
a
r proj
ect
s
. Publici
z
ing jo
b
creatio
n, in addition to e
n
vironm
ental
and ene
rgy
acce
ss
reim
b
u
rseme
n
t, wil
l
stren
g
then t
he e
c
ono
mic ca
se for
cle
an en
ergy p
o
licie
s an
d
build pu
blic
suppo
rt for th
ese initiative
s. If t
hese ini
t
iatives wo
rk
as inten
ded,
it is only
a
matter befo
r
e
India becom
es on
e of t
he worl
d lead
ers in Solar Energy.
Referen
ces
[1]
T
he W
o
rld Co
mmission
on E
n
viro
nment a
n
d
Deve
lo
pment
’s (the Brun
dtl
and C
o
mmissi
on) rep
o
rt Our
Common F
u
tur
e
. Oxfo
rd: Oxfo
rd Univ
ersit
y
P
r
ess. 1987.
[2]
Grassi S, Nda
ona
C, Abh
a
ri
RS. Larg
e
scal
e
techn
i
cal
an
d eco
nomic
al
assessme
n
t of
w
i
nd
en
er
g
y
potential
w
i
t
h
a GIS
tool: case study
Io
w
a
.
E
nergy Po
licy
. 2
012; 45: 7
3
-85.
[3]
Sharma NK, T
i
w
a
ri PK, Soo
d
YR. Solar e
n
e
r
g
y
in
Ind
i
a: strategi
es, pol
icie
s, perspectiv
e
s
and futur
e
potenti
a
l.
Re
ne
w
Sustain Ener
gy Rev
. 201
2; 16(1): 93
3-4
1
.
[4]
Mune
er T
,
Asif M, Munna
w
a
r
M. Sustaina
bl
e
prod
ucti
o
n
of
solar
electric
it
y
w
i
t
h
p
a
rticu
l
ar
referenc
e t
o
India
n
eco
nom
y.
Re
new
Sustain En
ergy Re
v
. 2005; 9(5): 4
44-7
3
.
[5]
Rathor
e NS, Pan
w
a
r
NL. Re
ne
w
a
bl
e en
erg
y
sourc
e
s for sustain
abl
e dev
elo
p
ment. Ne
w
Delhi, Indi
a:
Ne
w
Ind
i
a Pu
bl
ishin
g
Age
n
c
y
. 200
7.
[6]
Ramac
han
dra
T
V
, Jain R, Kri
s
hna
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