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nt
[3
-
6]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
In
do
n
e
s
i
a
n
J
E
l
e
c
E
ng
&
Co
m
p
S
c
i
,
V
o
l
.
18
,
N
o
.
1
,
A
p
r
i
l
20
20
:
301
-
3
09
302
A
l
l
w
o
r
ks
a
r
e
b
a
s
e
d
on
i
nt
e
r
c
u
l
t
u
ra
l
c
o
m
pa
ri
s
o
n
,
i
n
t
e
r
c
ul
t
u
ra
l
d
i
da
c
t
i
c
s
a
nd
i
nt
e
r
c
u
l
t
u
ra
l
k
n
o
w
l
e
dge
of
t
h
e
l
a
n
gu
a
ge
as
an
i
n
di
c
a
t
o
r
of
t
h
e
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
of
a
pe
r
s
o
n
to
pa
rt
i
c
i
p
a
t
e
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
l
y
in
t
h
e
i
nt
e
r
c
ul
t
u
ra
l
c
o
m
m
uni
c
a
t
i
o
n
.
D
u
r
i
ng
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
in
i
nt
e
r
c
ul
t
u
ra
l
s
i
t
u
a
t
i
o
n
s
,
e
v
e
n
in
c
a
s
e
if
its
pa
rt
i
c
i
pa
nt
s
po
s
s
e
s
s
a
c
o
m
m
o
n
l
a
n
gu
a
ge
c
o
de
,
t
h
e
r
e
a
r
e
a
l
w
a
y
s
c
o
n
f
l
i
c
t
s
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
k
n
o
w
l
e
dge
a
n
d
i
g
n
o
ra
n
c
e
,
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
f
o
r
e
i
gn
a
nd
ow
n
.
Co
n
s
e
que
n
t
l
y
,
t
h
e
b
a
s
i
c
v
e
c
t
o
r
of
m
o
de
rn
l
i
nguo
-
di
da
c
t
i
c
a
nd
m
e
t
h
o
di
c
a
l
s
c
i
e
n
t
i
f
i
c
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
e
s
s
h
o
ul
d
be
di
r
e
c
t
e
d
on
r
e
s
o
l
ut
i
o
n
of
t
h
e
s
e
c
o
n
f
l
i
c
t
s
[7
-
11]
.
T
h
e
r
e
c
o
gn
i
t
i
o
n
of
its
i
m
m
e
r
s
i
o
n
in
t
h
e
s
o
c
i
a
l
c
ul
t
u
r
a
l
c
o
n
t
e
xt
is
c
ha
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
t
i
c
for
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
v
e
m
e
t
h
o
d
[12
-
14]
.
T
h
e
s
o
c
i
a
l
c
ul
t
u
r
a
l
c
o
m
po
n
e
nt
in
t
h
e
f
i
e
l
d
of
t
e
a
c
hi
n
g
a
f
o
r
e
i
gn
l
a
ngua
ge
ha
s
a
g
r
e
a
t
po
t
e
n
t
i
a
l
in
p
a
r
t
of
i
n
c
l
udi
ng
s
t
u
de
nt
s
in
t
h
e
d
i
a
l
o
gue
of
c
ul
t
u
r
e
s
,
t
h
e
i
r
a
c
qua
i
n
t
a
n
c
e
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
a
c
hi
e
v
e
m
e
n
t
s
of
n
a
t
i
o
na
l
c
ul
t
u
r
e
in
t
h
e
de
v
e
l
o
pm
e
n
t
of
h
u
m
a
n
c
ul
t
u
r
e
(
i
b
i
d.
)
H
ow
e
ve
r
,
it
is
o
b
v
i
o
us
t
ha
t
t
h
e
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
of
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
v
e
c
o
m
pe
t
e
n
c
e
o
n
l
y
is
n
o
t
e
n
o
ugh
for
t
h
e
m
o
de
rn
hi
g
hl
y
qua
l
i
f
i
e
d
pe
r
s
o
n
,
b
e
i
n
g
in
de
m
a
n
d
in
b
us
i
n
e
s
s
s
p
h
e
r
e
.
T
h
e
f
o
r
e
i
gn
l
a
n
gu
a
ge
in
t
hi
s
c
a
s
e
a
c
t
s
as
a
m
e
a
n
s
of
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
of
p
r
o
fe
s
s
i
o
n
a
l
c
o
m
pe
t
e
n
c
e
a
n
d
pe
r
s
o
n
a
l
a
n
d
p
r
o
f
e
s
s
i
o
n
a
l
de
v
e
l
o
pm
e
n
t
,
is
a
n
e
c
e
s
s
a
r
y
c
o
n
di
t
i
o
n
of
s
uc
c
e
s
s
f
ul
p
r
o
f
e
s
s
i
o
n
a
l
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
of
a
s
pe
c
i
a
l
i
s
t
[
15
-
17]
.
B
a
s
e
d
on
t
h
e
r
e
qui
r
e
m
e
n
t
s
of
s
oc
i
e
t
y
a
n
d
s
t
a
t
e
,
t
h
e
h
i
g
h
e
r
e
duc
a
t
i
o
n
f
a
c
e
s
t
h
e
c
h
a
l
l
e
n
ge
to
p
r
e
p
a
r
e
h
i
g
hl
y
qua
l
i
f
i
e
d
s
pe
c
i
a
l
i
s
t
s
.
M
a
s
t
e
ri
n
g
t
h
e
f
o
r
e
i
g
n
l
a
n
gu
a
ge
by
s
t
ude
nt
s
of
t
e
c
hni
c
a
l
s
pe
c
i
a
l
t
i
e
s
is
m
a
i
n
l
y
di
r
e
c
t
e
d
to
t
h
e
r
e
s
o
l
ut
i
o
n
of
pra
gm
a
t
i
c
go
a
l
s
:
de
v
e
l
o
pm
e
n
t
of
s
ki
l
l
s
to
r
e
c
e
i
v
e
a
n
d
t
ra
n
s
m
i
t
t
h
e
i
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
of
a
ge
n
e
ra
l
c
ha
ra
c
t
e
r
t
hr
o
ug
h
w
r
i
t
t
e
n
a
n
d
v
e
r
b
a
l
s
pe
e
c
h
[1
,
1
8
]
.
T
h
i
s
,
in
t
u
rn,
n
e
c
e
s
s
i
t
a
t
e
s
t
h
e
s
pe
c
i
a
l
t
ra
i
ni
n
g
of
n
o
n
-
l
a
ngua
ge
s
t
u
de
nt
s
for
pr
o
f
e
s
s
i
o
n
a
l
-
o
r
i
e
n
t
e
d
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
in
a
f
o
r
e
i
g
n
l
a
ngua
ge
,
w
h
i
c
h
s
uppo
s
e
s
t
ha
t
t
h
e
s
t
ude
n
t
s
w
i
l
l
de
v
e
l
o
p
t
h
e
s
ki
l
l
s
of
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
ng
in
a
f
o
r
e
i
gn
l
a
n
g
ua
ge
in
o
r
de
r
to
s
o
l
ve
t
h
e
i
r
p
r
o
fe
s
s
i
o
n
a
l
p
r
o
b
l
e
m
s
[19,
20]
.
Co
n
s
e
que
n
t
l
y
,
t
h
e
p
r
e
p
a
r
a
t
i
o
n
of
s
t
ude
n
t
s
in
p
r
o
f
e
s
s
i
o
n
a
l
f
o
re
i
gn
l
a
n
g
ua
ge
–
is
o
n
e
of
t
h
e
a
c
t
ua
l
c
ha
l
l
e
nge
s
of
t
h
e
m
o
de
rn
hi
g
h
e
r
e
duc
a
t
i
o
n.
T
e
a
c
hi
n
g
of
a
p
r
o
f
e
s
s
i
o
n
a
l
f
o
r
e
i
g
n
l
a
n
gu
a
ge
-
is
a
h
o
l
i
s
t
i
c
pe
da
go
gi
c
a
l
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
.
T
hi
s
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
is
c
h
a
ra
c
t
e
ri
z
e
d
by
t
h
e
i
nt
e
rn
a
l
u
ni
t
y
of
its
c
o
n
s
t
i
t
ue
nt
c
o
m
po
n
e
n
t
s
.
T
h
e
m
a
i
n
a
s
pe
c
t
s
of
t
h
e
i
nt
e
g
r
i
t
y
of
t
h
e
pe
da
go
gi
c
a
l
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
a
r
e
:
c
o
nt
e
nt
,
o
r
g
a
n
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
,
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
t
e
c
h
no
l
o
g
y
[21].
I
n
t
e
r
a
c
t
i
o
n
a
nd
i
n
t
e
r
c
o
nn
e
c
t
i
o
n
of
all
c
o
m
po
n
e
n
t
s
a
nd
e
n
s
u
r
e
s
t
h
e
e
f
fe
c
t
i
ve
n
e
s
s
,
i
nt
e
g
r
i
t
y
of
t
h
e
pe
da
go
gi
c
a
l
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
.
As
a
n
y
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
,
t
h
e
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
of
l
e
a
rn
i
ng
ha
s
i
t
s
o
w
n
l
a
w
s
a
nd
p
r
i
n
c
i
p
l
e
s
,
e
xp
r
e
s
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
n
e
c
e
s
s
a
r
y
l
i
n
ks
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
its
c
o
n
di
t
i
o
n
s
a
nd
t
h
e
r
e
s
ul
t
,
r
e
f
l
e
c
t
t
h
e
f
l
o
w
of
obj
e
c
t
i
ve
l
a
w
s
a
n
d
r
e
gu
l
a
ri
t
i
e
s
of
t
h
e
l
e
a
rni
n
g
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
a
n
d
de
t
e
rm
i
n
e
its
f
o
c
us
on
pe
r
s
o
n
a
l
de
ve
l
o
pm
e
n
t
[22]
.
It
is
t
h
e
p
r
i
n
c
i
pl
e
s
,
t
ha
t
c
h
a
ra
c
t
e
ri
z
e
t
h
e
v
e
c
t
o
r
s
of
t
h
e
t
e
a
c
hi
n
g
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
,
pr
e
s
c
ri
b
e
a
l
i
n
e
of
a
c
t
i
o
n
for
t
h
e
o
r
g
a
n
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
of
t
h
i
s
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
in
a
c
c
o
r
da
n
c
e
w
i
t
h
r
e
gul
a
ri
t
i
e
s
of
t
r
a
i
n
i
ng,
c
h
o
o
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
c
o
n
t
e
n
t
,
m
e
t
h
o
ds
of
t
r
a
i
n
i
ng
[
23,
24]
.
T
h
e
k
n
o
w
l
e
dge
of
t
h
e
p
r
i
n
c
i
pl
e
s
a
l
l
o
w
s
t
h
e
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
to
o
bs
e
r
v
e
t
h
e
p
ha
s
i
n
g
of
t
h
e
pe
da
go
gi
c
a
l
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
.
T
h
e
p
ri
n
c
i
p
l
e
s
of
t
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
a
r
e
of
di
v
e
r
s
e
c
ha
ra
c
t
e
r:
s
o
m
e
pri
n
c
i
pl
e
s
de
f
i
n
e
t
h
e
w
h
o
l
e
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
of
t
e
a
c
hi
n
g,
t
h
e
o
t
h
e
r
de
f
i
n
e
t
h
e
t
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
of
a
pa
rt
i
c
ul
a
r
t
y
pe
of
s
pe
e
d
[25].
It
is
po
s
s
i
b
l
e
to
a
l
l
o
c
a
t
e
t
h
e
f
o
l
l
ow
i
n
g
pri
n
c
i
pl
e
s
as
t
h
e
b
a
s
i
c
d
i
d
a
c
t
i
c
p
ri
n
c
i
p
l
e
s
of
t
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
a
f
o
r
e
i
g
n
l
a
n
g
ua
ge
:
t
h
e
p
r
i
n
c
i
pl
e
of
c
o
n
s
c
i
o
us
n
e
s
s
,
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
,
s
y
s
t
e
m
a
t
i
c
,
s
t
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
,
v
i
s
i
b
i
l
i
t
y
,
a
c
c
e
s
s
i
b
i
l
i
t
y
[23,
26
,
27]
.
T
h
e
r
e
a
r
e
di
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
c
l
a
s
s
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
of
t
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
p
r
i
n
c
i
p
l
e
s
:
a)
l
i
n
gui
s
t
i
c
p
r
i
n
c
i
pl
e
s
,
t
a
k
i
n
g
i
n
t
o
a
c
c
o
un
t
t
h
e
m
o
t
h
e
r
t
o
ngue
w
h
e
n
l
e
a
rni
n
g
t
h
e
f
o
r
e
i
g
n
l
a
n
gu
a
ge
,
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
v
e
c
o
m
pe
t
e
n
c
e
;
c
o
gn
i
t
i
v
e
p
r
i
n
c
i
p
l
e
s
:
t
h
e
pri
n
c
i
pl
e
of
us
i
n
g
i
n
t
e
rna
l
m
o
t
i
v
a
t
i
o
n,
t
h
e
p
r
i
n
c
i
pl
e
of
a
ut
o
m
a
t
i
o
n
of
s
pe
e
c
h
u
n
i
t
s
;
e
m
o
t
i
o
n
a
l
a
n
d
ps
y
c
h
o
l
o
gi
c
a
l
pri
n
c
i
pl
e
s
:
t
h
e
p
r
i
n
c
i
p
l
e
of
l
a
n
gu
a
ge
"
M
e
"
,
t
h
e
p
ri
n
c
i
pl
e
of
i
nt
e
r
c
o
nn
e
c
t
e
d
m
a
s
t
e
ri
n
g
of
l
a
n
gu
a
ge
a
n
d
c
ul
t
u
r
e
of
t
h
e
c
o
un
t
r
y
of
t
h
e
s
t
udi
e
d
l
a
n
gu
a
ge
[28
].
T
h
e
ge
n
e
r
a
l
di
da
c
t
i
c
p
ri
n
c
i
pl
e
s
a
r
e
t
h
e
b
a
s
i
s
o
f
t
h
e
t
e
a
c
hi
n
g
o
f
di
s
c
i
pl
i
n
e
;
c
o
m
m
o
n
m
e
t
h
o
di
c
a
l
pri
n
c
i
pl
e
s
a
r
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t
h
e
b
a
s
i
s
o
f
t
e
a
c
h
i
ng
a
f
o
r
e
i
g
n
l
a
n
g
ua
g
e
;
s
pe
c
i
f
i
c
m
e
t
h
o
di
c
a
l
a
r
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t
h
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b
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s
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s
o
f
t
e
a
c
h
i
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g
a
c
e
r
t
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i
n
t
y
p
e
of
s
p
e
e
c
h
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
[23].
N
e
ve
r
t
h
e
l
e
s
s
,
in
m
o
de
rn
pe
da
g
o
g
y
a
n
d
m
e
t
h
o
ds
of
t
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
a
f
o
r
e
i
g
n
l
a
n
gu
a
ge
ha
v
e
no
u
na
m
b
i
guo
us
c
l
a
s
s
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
of
m
e
t
h
o
di
c
a
l
p
ri
n
c
i
p
l
e
s
?
T
h
e
w
o
r
di
n
g
of
t
h
e
p
r
i
n
c
i
p
l
e
s
is
c
o
n
s
t
a
n
t
l
y
c
h
a
ngi
n
g
a
n
d
t
h
e
a
t
t
e
m
pt
s
a
r
e
b
e
i
n
g
m
a
de
to
i
de
nt
i
fy
a
nd
h
i
g
hl
i
g
ht
t
h
e
b
a
s
i
c
a
n
d
c
o
m
m
o
n
p
r
i
n
c
i
pl
e
s
,
b
a
s
e
d
on
ke
y
a
s
pe
c
t
s
of
t
h
e
m
e
t
h
o
do
l
o
g
y
.
P
r
o
c
e
e
di
n
g
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
pe
da
go
gi
c
a
l
e
xpe
r
i
e
n
c
e
of
w
o
r
k
in
hi
g
h
e
r
e
duc
a
t
i
o
na
l
i
n
s
t
i
t
ut
i
o
n
of
t
e
c
hn
i
c
a
l
di
r
e
c
t
i
o
n,
it
is
po
s
s
i
b
l
e
to
a
s
s
e
r
t
,
t
ha
t
di
f
f
i
c
ul
t
i
e
s
in
t
r
a
i
n
i
n
g
of
s
t
ude
nt
s
a
r
e
c
o
nn
e
c
t
e
d
n
o
t
so
m
uc
h
w
i
t
h
c
o
m
pl
e
xi
t
y
of
m
a
s
t
e
ri
n
g
of
t
h
e
s
ub
j
e
c
t
,
b
ut
m
uc
h
w
i
t
h
c
orr
e
c
t
m
e
t
h
o
do
l
o
gi
c
a
l
s
uppo
r
t
of
t
h
e
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
of
pe
da
go
gi
c
a
l
e
duc
a
t
i
o
n
,
n
a
m
e
l
y
t
h
e
a
d
h
e
r
e
n
c
e
to
a
l
l
i
t
s
p
r
i
n
c
i
p
l
e
s
[29]
.
O
n
e
of
t
h
e
b
a
s
i
c
p
r
i
n
c
i
pl
e
s
is
t
h
e
s
y
s
t
e
m
pri
n
c
i
pl
e
,
w
h
i
c
h
de
t
e
rm
i
n
e
s
r
e
gul
a
t
o
r
y
,
s
t
a
n
da
rd
a
nd
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
f
un
c
t
i
o
n
s
a
n
d
e
n
s
u
r
e
s
t
h
e
i
n
t
e
g
ri
t
y
of
m
e
t
h
o
do
l
o
gi
c
a
l
a
n
d
pe
da
go
gi
c
a
l
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
[30,
31]
.
T
h
e
b
a
s
i
c
a
nd
m
o
s
t
i
m
po
rt
a
nt
p
r
i
n
c
i
p
l
e
o
f
t
ra
i
ni
n
g
i
s
t
h
e
pri
n
c
i
pl
e
o
f
s
y
s
t
e
m
a
t
i
c
o
r
t
h
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s
y
s
t
e
m
i
c
pri
n
c
i
pl
e
,
w
h
i
c
h
p
r
o
v
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de
s
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y
s
t
e
m
i
c
c
o
n
s
t
r
uc
t
i
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pr
o
gra
m
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oo
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b
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.
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nua
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.
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a
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ps
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c
a
l
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
,
to
de
v
e
l
o
p
t
h
e
i
r
t
e
c
hn
o
l
o
gi
c
a
l
pe
d
a
go
gi
c
a
l
t
hi
n
k
i
n
g
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
t
e
m
a
t
i
c
pe
da
go
gi
c
a
l
u
n
de
r
s
t
a
n
d
i
n
g
is
t
h
e
b
a
s
i
s
for
t
h
e
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
s
to
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
t
h
e
i
r
t
e
c
hn
o
l
o
gi
c
a
l
pe
da
go
gi
c
a
l
t
hi
n
k
i
n
g
a
n
d
s
uppo
r
t
s
t
h
e
t
r
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
of
t
h
e
i
r
k
n
o
w
l
e
dge
,
c
a
l
l
e
d
t
e
c
hno
l
o
gi
c
a
l
k
n
o
w
l
e
dge
of
pe
da
go
gi
c
a
l
c
o
n
t
e
nt
.
T
h
e
i
n
t
e
rr
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
of
i
n
t
e
rna
l
a
n
d
e
xt
e
rna
l
p
r
o
pe
r
t
i
e
s
a
n
d
l
i
n
ks
of
pe
da
go
gi
c
a
l
o
b
j
e
c
t
s
,
t
h
e
i
r
i
nt
e
g
r
i
t
y
is
a
i
m
e
d
at
e
n
s
u
r
i
ng
o
pt
i
m
a
l
f
u
n
c
t
i
o
ni
n
g
of
t
h
o
s
e
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
,
w
h
i
c
h
a
r
e
i
nc
l
ude
d
in
t
h
e
pe
da
go
gi
c
a
l
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
.
T
h
e
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
is
e
n
t
r
us
t
e
d
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
f
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
s
of
m
a
n
a
ge
m
e
nt
of
t
h
e
e
duc
a
t
i
o
n
s
y
s
t
e
m
in
o
rde
r
to
o
b
t
a
i
n
r
e
s
ul
t
s
.
Co
n
s
e
que
n
t
l
y
,
in
ge
n
e
ra
l
,
t
h
e
s
y
s
t
e
m
i
c
a
pp
r
o
a
c
h
a
l
l
o
w
s
to
c
o
n
s
i
de
r
t
h
e
p
h
e
n
o
m
e
n
o
n
as
a
s
i
n
gl
e
w
h
o
l
e
,
w
h
i
c
h
is
n
o
t
d
i
v
i
de
d
i
n
t
o
c
o
n
s
t
i
t
ue
n
t
pa
rt
s
(e
l
e
m
e
nt
s
),
to
e
xpl
a
i
n
t
h
e
e
s
s
e
n
c
e
of
e
a
c
h
pa
rt
as
an
i
n
de
pe
n
de
n
t
ob
j
e
c
t
w
i
t
h
o
ut
r
e
ga
rd
to
o
t
h
e
r
p
a
r
t
s
a
n
d
to
un
de
r
s
t
a
n
d
t
h
e
e
s
s
e
n
c
e
of
s
e
pa
ra
t
e
p
a
r
t
s
,
w
i
t
h
o
ut
t
e
a
r
i
ng
a
w
a
y
f
r
o
m
unde
r
s
t
a
n
d
i
n
g
of
t
h
e
w
h
o
l
e
.
T
h
e
b
a
s
i
c
c
o
n
c
e
pt
of
t
hi
s
a
pp
r
o
a
c
h
-
is
t
h
e
c
o
n
c
e
pt
of
t
h
e
s
y
s
t
e
m
,
m
o
r
e
o
ve
r
,
t
h
e
r
e
ha
s
n
o
t
b
e
e
n
an
a
c
c
u
r
a
t
e
u
n
de
r
s
t
a
n
di
ng
of
t
h
e
s
y
s
t
e
m
pri
n
c
i
p
l
e
to
d
a
t
e
.
T
hus
,
t
h
e
pu
r
po
s
e
of
o
ur
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
-
to
r
e
v
e
a
l
t
h
e
e
s
s
e
n
c
e
of
t
h
e
p
ri
n
c
i
p
l
e
of
s
y
s
t
e
m
a
t
i
c
in
t
h
e
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
of
t
e
a
c
hi
n
g
f
o
r
e
i
g
n
l
a
ngua
ge
for
t
h
e
s
t
ude
n
t
s
of
e
n
gi
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
s
pe
c
i
a
l
t
i
e
s
.
2.
M
ET
H
O
D
S
In
t
h
e
c
o
ur
s
e
of
t
h
e
o
r
e
t
i
c
a
l
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
e
n
s
i
o
n
of
t
h
e
p
r
o
b
l
e
m
we
put
f
o
r
w
a
r
d
t
h
e
a
s
s
um
pt
i
o
n
s
,
r
e
qui
ri
n
g
pra
c
t
i
c
a
l
c
o
n
f
i
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
in
t
h
e
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
of
e
xpe
r
i
m
e
n
t
a
l
w
o
r
k:
t
ra
i
ni
n
g
for
t
h
e
s
t
ude
n
t
s
of
e
n
gi
n
e
e
ri
n
g
s
pe
c
i
a
l
t
i
e
s
in
f
o
r
e
i
g
n
l
a
n
gu
a
ge
w
i
l
l
be
m
o
r
e
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
,
if
t
h
e
p
r
i
n
c
i
p
l
e
of
s
y
s
t
e
m
a
t
i
c
w
i
l
l
be
r
e
a
l
i
z
e
d
t
hr
o
ug
h
t
h
e
p
r
i
s
m
of
s
uc
h
t
e
c
hn
o
l
o
g
y
of
t
ra
i
ni
n
g
as
l
a
b
o
r
a
t
o
r
y
w
o
r
k.
A
pp
r
o
b
a
t
i
o
n
of
a
pp
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
of
t
h
e
p
r
i
n
c
i
p
l
e
of
s
y
s
t
e
m
a
t
i
c
in
t
h
e
t
r
a
i
n
i
ng
for
s
t
ude
nt
s
of
e
n
gi
n
e
e
r
i
ng
s
pe
c
i
a
l
t
i
e
s
in
f
o
r
e
i
gn
l
a
ngua
ge
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
h
e
l
p
of
s
uc
h
t
e
c
hn
o
l
o
g
y
,
as
l
a
b
o
r
a
t
o
r
y
w
o
r
k,
t
o
o
k
pl
a
c
e
in
t
h
e
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
of
e
xp
e
r
i
m
e
nt
a
l
a
n
d
e
xpe
r
i
m
e
nt
a
t
i
o
n
,
w
h
i
c
h
l
a
s
t
e
d
f
r
o
m
2015
to
2017.
E
xpe
ri
m
e
nt
a
l
w
o
r
k
i
n
c
l
ude
d
t
hr
e
e
s
t
a
ge
s
:
T
h
e
f
i
r
s
t
s
t
e
p
w
a
s
to
de
t
e
rm
i
n
e
t
h
e
l
e
v
e
l
of
f
o
r
e
i
gn
l
a
n
gu
a
ge
pr
o
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
of
t
h
e
s
t
ude
n
t
s
,
b
a
s
e
d
on
t
h
e
e
s
t
a
b
l
i
s
h
e
d
c
r
i
t
e
ri
a
a
nd
i
n
di
c
a
t
o
r
s
.
T
h
e
c
ri
t
e
r
i
a
w
e
r
e
as
f
o
l
l
o
w
s
:
c
o
m
pl
e
t
e
n
e
s
s
,
a
w
a
r
e
n
e
s
s
of
kn
o
w
l
e
dg
e
;
i
n
de
pe
n
de
n
c
e
of
j
udgm
e
n
t
s
;
i
n
c
r
e
a
s
e
d
i
nt
e
r
e
s
t
to
t
h
e
s
t
udy
of
di
s
c
i
pl
i
n
e
.
B
a
s
e
d
on
t
h
e
c
ri
t
e
r
i
a
of
kn
o
w
l
e
dg
e
a
n
d
s
ki
l
l
s
we
h
a
v
e
a
l
l
o
c
a
t
e
d
t
hr
e
e
l
e
v
e
l
s
of
i
ndi
c
a
t
o
r
s
of
e
va
l
u
a
t
i
o
n
of
t
h
e
r
e
s
ul
t
s
of
t
ra
i
ni
n
g
:
h
i
g
h
(
91
-
100
po
i
n
t
s
)
,
m
e
di
u
m
(76
-
90
),
l
o
w
(0
-
76).
In
t
h
e
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
of
e
xpe
r
i
m
e
n
t
a
l
w
o
r
k
at
t
h
e
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
v
e
s
t
a
ge
t
h
e
a
pp
r
o
b
a
t
i
o
n
of
t
h
e
i
m
p
l
e
m
e
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
e
c
hn
o
l
o
g
y
-
l
a
b
o
r
a
t
o
r
y
w
o
r
k
w
a
s
c
a
rr
i
e
d
o
ut
on
t
h
e
b
a
s
i
s
of
s
y
s
t
e
m
i
c
p
r
i
n
c
i
p
l
e
;
at
t
h
e
f
i
na
l
s
t
a
ge
t
h
e
r
e
w
a
s
a
f
i
n
a
l
a
s
s
e
s
s
m
e
n
t
of
t
h
e
l
e
v
e
l
of
pr
o
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
in
a
f
o
r
e
i
g
n
l
a
n
gu
a
ge
a
f
t
e
r
t
h
e
i
nt
r
o
duc
t
i
o
n
of
l
a
b
o
r
a
t
o
r
y
w
o
r
ks
on
t
h
e
b
a
s
i
s
of
t
h
e
s
y
s
t
e
m
p
r
i
n
c
i
p
l
e
in
t
h
e
e
xpe
r
i
m
e
nt
a
l
a
n
d
c
o
nt
r
o
l
g
r
o
ups
,
t
h
e
i
r
c
o
m
pa
r
i
s
o
n
a
nd
t
h
e
j
udg
m
e
n
t
on
t
h
e
e
ff
e
c
t
i
v
e
n
e
s
s
of
t
h
e
de
v
e
l
o
pe
d
t
e
c
hn
o
l
o
g
y
.
T
h
e
b
a
s
e
of
e
xpe
r
i
m
e
nt
a
l
w
o
r
k
w
a
s
t
h
e
b
ra
n
c
h
of
t
h
e
T
y
um
e
n
I
ndus
t
ri
a
l
U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
in
S
u
r
gu
t
a
nd
Y
e
l
a
b
uga
b
ra
n
c
h
of
t
h
e
K
a
z
a
n
F
e
de
r
a
l
U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
.
120
s
t
ude
nt
s
t
o
o
k
pa
rt
in
e
xpe
r
i
m
e
n
t
a
l
w
o
r
k.
11
0
c
h
i
l
d
r
e
n
-
20
gi
rl
s
a
n
d
90
b
oy
s
di
r
e
c
t
l
y
pa
r
t
i
c
i
pa
t
e
d
in
t
h
e
e
xpe
ri
m
e
n
t
a
l
w
o
r
k.
T
hi
s
n
u
m
b
e
r
of
boy
s
is
due
to
a
t
e
c
hn
i
c
a
l
s
pe
c
i
a
l
t
y
.
A
l
l
s
t
ude
n
t
s
a
ge
d
18
-
19
y
e
a
r
s
a
g
r
e
e
d
to
pa
rt
i
c
i
p
a
t
e
in
t
h
e
s
a
m
pl
i
n
g
,
t
h
e
h
e
l
p
of
ps
y
c
h
o
l
o
gi
s
t
s
w
a
s
n
o
t
r
e
qu
i
r
e
d,
as
a
l
l
s
t
ude
n
t
s
a
r
e
a
dul
t
s
.
In
a
c
c
o
r
da
n
c
e
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
e
s
t
a
b
l
i
s
h
e
d
r
e
qu
i
r
e
m
e
n
t
s
,
s
uc
h
s
c
o
pe
of
s
a
m
pl
i
n
g
is
s
uf
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
to
r
e
c
o
gn
i
z
e
it
as
r
e
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
a
t
i
v
e
a
n
d
a
l
l
o
w
s
to
a
p
pl
y
t
h
e
m
e
t
h
o
ds
m
a
t
h
e
m
a
t
i
c
a
l
s
t
a
t
i
s
t
i
c
s
,
n
a
m
e
l
y
-
x²
P
e
a
r
s
o
n
c
r
i
t
e
ri
o
n.
T
h
i
s
c
o
e
ff
i
c
i
e
n
t
w
a
s
us
e
d
to
f
i
n
d
t
h
e
p
r
o
b
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
t
ha
t
t
h
e
e
xpe
r
i
m
e
n
t
a
l
a
nd
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
g
r
o
ups
r
e
f
e
rr
e
d
to
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
of
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
a
s
s
e
m
b
l
a
ge
.
S
uc
h
f
o
r
m
as
l
a
b
o
r
a
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R
ES
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LTS
B
a
s
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d
on
t
h
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p
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v
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s
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s
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m
a
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ha
v
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ve
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l
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n
e
a
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t
ruc
t
u
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w
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t
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s
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p
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of
pr
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r
a
m
s
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s
can
be
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l
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m
a
r
s
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w
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a
s
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s
c
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c
o
n
s
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s
t
s
of
s
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ve
r
a
l
l
a
b
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r
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t
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w
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ks
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s
h
o
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d
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n
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t
e
d,
t
ha
t
l
a
b
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r
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t
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can
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d
m
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s
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ng.
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pu
r
po
s
e
of
l
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b
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r
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r
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w
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is
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k
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c
t
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v
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t
y
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fo
r
m
a
t
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n
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t
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na
l
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m
u
n
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t
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v
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s
ki
l
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s
.
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ri
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g
pe
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
of
s
uc
h
w
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ks
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t
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pe
n
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pr
a
c
t
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p
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k
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o
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b
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k
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m
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f
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of
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r
s
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p
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k
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of
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a
t
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L
a
bo
r
a
t
o
r
y
w
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k:
o
ff
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r
s
t
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f
o
l
l
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g
l
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s
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t
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r
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:
a)
Co
m
m
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t
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f
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l
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b
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r
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r
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w
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b)
U
pda
t
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g
o
f
t
h
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b
a
s
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c
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l
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d
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;
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M
o
t
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t
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o
f
s
t
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n
t
s
'
e
duc
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l
a
c
t
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;
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a
m
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r
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t
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f
s
t
ude
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s
w
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t
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t
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;
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=
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4.
DISCUSSIO
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T
h
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pe
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d
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s
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No
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xt
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v
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n
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c
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l
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o
n
c
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pt
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can
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xt
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a
pp
r
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a
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t
m
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t
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v
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m
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z
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t
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m
s
of
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of
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t
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s
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duc
a
t
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n
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us
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d
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ge
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of
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s
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t
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e
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t
s
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m
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in
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f
e
n
gi
ne
e
r
i
ng
s
pe
c
i
a
l
t
i
e
s
…
(
Se
r
ge
i
V
.
Sm
i
r
nov
)
307
In
t
h
e
p
ra
c
t
i
c
e
of
t
e
a
c
hi
n
g
a
f
o
r
e
i
g
n
l
a
n
gu
a
ge
in
hi
g
h
s
c
h
o
o
l
,
we
t
o
o
k
t
h
e
s
t
r
uc
t
u
r
e
of
t
h
i
s
t
e
c
hn
o
l
o
g
y
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
m
e
t
h
o
do
l
o
g
y
of
t
e
a
c
h
i
ng
t
e
c
hni
c
a
l
d
i
s
c
i
pl
i
n
e
s
a
nd
t
r
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
e
d
it
i
n
t
o
t
e
a
c
hi
n
g
a
f
o
r
e
i
g
n
l
a
n
gu
a
ge
.
We
ha
d
to
c
h
a
nge
t
h
e
c
o
ur
s
e
of
w
o
r
k
in
c
o
nn
e
c
t
i
o
n
w
i
t
h
n
e
w
r
e
qu
i
r
e
m
e
n
t
s
of
h
i
g
h
e
r
e
duc
a
t
i
o
n,
n
e
w
r
e
qui
r
e
m
e
nt
s
in
t
h
e
st
ate
e
duc
a
t
i
o
na
l
s
t
a
n
da
rd,
n
e
w
e
s
t
i
m
a
t
i
o
n
of
kn
o
w
l
e
dge
-
po
i
nt
-
r
a
t
i
n
g
s
y
s
t
e
m
,
e
t
c
.
S
t
ude
nt
s
f
o
c
us
on
pe
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
of
l
a
b
o
r
a
t
o
r
y
w
o
r
ks
,
a
c
h
i
e
ve
m
e
n
t
of
r
e
s
ul
t
s
in
s
e
l
f
-
m
o
n
i
t
o
r
i
ng,
f
ul
f
i
l
l
m
e
nt
of
t
a
s
ks
for
i
n
de
pe
n
de
n
t
w
o
r
k
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
pu
r
po
s
e
of
a
c
h
i
e
v
e
m
e
n
t
of
t
h
e
b
e
s
t
i
ndi
c
a
t
o
r
s
.
We
b
e
l
i
e
ve
t
h
a
t
t
h
i
s
de
v
e
l
o
pm
e
n
t
of
a
l
i
n
e
a
r
c
o
ur
s
e
on
t
h
e
b
a
s
i
s
of
l
a
b
o
r
a
t
o
r
y
w
o
r
ks
h
a
s
s
e
r
v
e
d
as
a
po
s
i
t
i
v
e
f
a
c
t
o
r
for
t
h
e
s
ub
s
e
que
n
t
e
f
fo
r
t
s
of
t
h
e
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
in
a
c
h
i
e
v
i
n
g
po
s
i
t
i
v
e
r
e
s
ul
t
s
of
s
t
ude
n
t
s
.
B
ut
on
a
v
e
r
a
ge
,
s
t
u
de
nt
s
pe
r
f
o
r
m
e
d
l
a
b
o
r
a
t
o
r
y
w
o
r
ks
2
h
o
u
rs
a
w
e
e
k;
b
ut
t
h
e
i
n
de
pe
n
de
nt
e
xe
c
ut
i
o
n
w
a
s
a
l
l
o
t
t
e
d
for
a
n
o
t
h
e
r
2
h
o
u
r
s
.
A
c
c
o
r
di
n
g
to
o
ur
a
s
s
um
p
t
i
o
n
s
,
s
t
ude
n
t
s
n
e
g
l
e
c
t
e
d
t
h
e
i
r
o
w
n
h
o
m
e
w
o
r
k,
so
t
h
e
r
e
s
ul
t
s
c
o
ul
d
be
b
e
t
t
e
r.
Co
n
s
e
que
nt
l
y
,
we
c
a
n
a
f
f
i
r
m
,
t
ha
t
s
uc
h
a
s
y
s
t
e
m
of
w
o
r
k
is
an
e
f
fe
c
t
i
ve
t
o
o
l
fo
r
t
h
e
de
ve
l
o
pm
e
n
t
a
n
d
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
of
f
o
r
e
i
gn
s
k
i
l
l
s
a
m
o
ng
t
h
e
s
t
ude
nt
s
w
i
t
h
an
i
n
t
e
rm
e
di
a
t
e
l
e
v
e
l
of
pr
o
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
in
a
fo
r
e
i
g
n
l
a
n
gu
a
ge
.
T
h
e
s
t
ude
n
t
s
n
o
t
e
d
t
h
e
a
dv
a
n
t
a
ge
s
of
t
h
i
s
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
na
m
e
l
y
r
e
pl
e
n
i
s
hm
e
nt
of
voc
a
b
ul
a
r
y
,
l
o
gi
c
a
l
c
o
n
s
t
r
uc
t
i
o
n
of
e
xe
r
c
i
s
e
s
t
h
a
t
a
l
l
o
w
b
e
t
t
e
r
i
n
g
m
e
m
o
ri
z
i
n
g
p
r
o
f
e
s
s
i
o
n
a
l
n
u
r
s
e
r
y
vo
c
a
b
ul
a
r
y
.
B
ut
I
w
o
ul
d
l
i
ke
to
n
o
t
e
t
h
e
a
dv
a
n
t
a
ge
s
a
n
d
d
i
s
a
dv
a
n
t
a
ge
s
of
t
h
e
i
m
pl
e
m
e
nt
a
t
i
o
n
of
t
h
e
s
y
s
t
e
m
p
r
i
n
c
i
pl
e
on
t
h
e
b
a
s
i
s
of
l
a
b
o
r
a
t
o
r
y
w
o
r
k.
L
a
bo
r
a
t
o
r
y
w
o
r
k
as
a
n
e
w
f
o
r
m
of
o
r
ga
ni
z
a
t
i
o
n
of
f
o
r
e
i
gn
l
a
n
gu
a
ge
c
l
a
s
s
e
s
l
o
o
ke
d
p
r
o
m
i
s
i
n
g
for
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
s
,
t
h
e
r
e
s
ul
t
s
s
h
o
ul
d
ha
v
e
b
e
e
n
b
e
t
t
e
r.
T
h
e
s
t
ud
i
e
s
of
t
hi
s
f
o
r
m
of
l
e
s
s
o
n
s
for
t
e
c
hni
c
a
l
d
i
s
c
i
pl
i
n
e
s
o
nl
y
s
h
o
w
t
ha
t
it
h
a
s
n
o
t
b
e
e
n
s
uf
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
l
y
de
v
e
l
o
pe
d
fo
r
h
u
m
a
ni
t
a
ri
a
n
di
s
c
i
p
l
i
n
e
s
.
T
h
e
r
e
f
o
r
e
,
f
urt
h
e
r
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
e
s
a
n
d
t
r
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
is
n
e
e
de
d
on
t
h
e
t
e
a
c
h
i
ng
of
a
f
o
r
e
i
gn
l
a
n
g
u
a
ge
in
hi
g
h
e
r
s
c
h
o
o
l
.
T
h
e
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
to
pe
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
d
de
ve
l
o
p
v
i
r
t
ua
l
l
a
b
s
s
h
o
ul
d
be
c
a
r
e
f
ul
l
y
s
t
udi
e
d,
as
w
e
l
l
as
t
he
po
s
s
i
b
i
l
i
t
i
e
s
of
i
n
c
l
udi
n
g
i
nt
e
ra
c
t
i
v
e
e
l
e
m
e
nt
s
in
t
h
i
s
f
o
r
m
of
c
l
a
s
s
e
s
,
e
t
c
.
F
ur
t
h
e
r
s
t
udi
e
s
,
de
d
i
c
a
t
e
d
to
t
h
e
s
e
a
s
pe
c
t
s
w
o
ul
d
a
l
l
o
w
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
s
to
o
r
ga
ni
z
e
a
n
d
a
rr
a
nge
a
l
l
a
c
t
s
of
t
r
a
i
n
i
ng
a
n
d
c
o
m
po
n
e
nt
s
of
t
h
e
i
r
o
pe
ra
t
i
o
ns
.
5.
R
ES
EA
R
C
H
LI
M
I
TA
TI
O
N
S
In
t
h
e
c
o
ur
s
e
of
w
o
r
k
t
h
e
r
e
w
e
r
e
s
o
m
e
di
s
c
r
e
pa
n
c
i
e
s
,
for
e
x
a
m
pl
e
,
s
o
m
e
s
t
ude
n
t
s
di
d
n
o
t
f
ul
l
y
pe
r
f
o
r
m
l
a
b
o
r
a
t
o
r
y
w
o
r
k
in
c
l
a
s
s
e
s
a
n
d
di
d
n
o
t
pe
r
f
o
r
m
t
h
e
i
r
h
o
m
e
s
at
a
l
l
,
a
nd
t
h
e
r
e
s
ul
t
s
s
h
o
w
e
d
a
ve
r
a
ge
s
in
t
h
e
c
l
a
s
s
r
o
o
m
,
i
.
e
.
s
y
s
t
e
m
i
c
pe
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
of
l
a
b
o
r
a
t
o
r
y
w
o
r
k
w
a
s
n
o
t
t
h
e
m
a
i
n
de
t
e
rm
i
na
nt
f
a
c
t
o
r
of
de
v
e
l
o
pm
e
n
t
of
s
ki
l
l
s
a
n
d
s
ki
l
l
s
of
c
o
m
m
uni
c
a
t
i
o
n
in
a
p
r
o
f
e
s
s
i
o
n
a
l
f
o
r
e
i
gn
l
a
n
gu
a
ge
.
F
i
r
s
t
of
all
we
e
xpl
a
i
n
it
t
ha
n
ks
to
t
h
e
i
r
i
ni
t
i
a
l
go
o
d
l
e
ve
l
of
fo
r
e
i
gn
l
a
ngua
ge
p
r
o
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
.
T
h
e
s
t
ude
n
t
s
c
o
n
s
t
a
nt
l
y
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
t
h
e
i
r
s
ki
l
l
s
by
w
a
t
c
h
i
ng
f
e
a
t
ur
e
f
i
l
m
s
in
a
f
o
r
e
i
g
n
l
a
ngua
ge
,
ke
e
p
c
o
rr
e
s
po
n
de
n
c
e
w
i
t
h
f
o
r
e
i
gn
s
t
u
de
nt
s
,
e
t
c
.
T
h
e
c
h
a
l
l
e
n
ge
for
s
t
ude
n
t
s
w
a
s
to
e
xe
r
c
i
s
e
s
e
l
f
-
m
o
ni
t
o
ri
n
g
a
nd
to
m
o
ni
t
o
r
a
n
d
r
e
gul
a
r
l
y
pe
r
f
o
r
m
i
n
de
pe
n
de
n
t
w
o
r
k.
We
s
up
po
s
e
,
t
ha
t
t
h
e
s
e
n
e
ga
t
i
v
e
a
s
pe
c
t
s
w
e
r
e
r
e
l
a
t
e
d
to
t
h
e
d
i
s
o
r
g
a
n
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
of
s
t
ude
n
t
s
in
t
h
e
f
i
r
s
t
c
o
ur
s
e
,
t
h
e
i
r
di
f
f
i
c
ul
t
a
da
pt
a
t
i
o
n
a
f
t
e
r
g
r
a
d
ua
t
i
o
n
f
r
o
m
s
c
h
o
o
l
,
t
h
e
i
na
b
i
l
i
t
y
to
r
e
a
dj
us
t
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
s
c
h
o
o
l
s
y
s
t
e
m
of
e
duc
a
t
i
o
n
to
t
h
e
o
n
e
of
un
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
.
D
e
s
pi
t
e
t
h
e
s
i
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
t
r
e
s
ul
t
s
o
b
t
a
i
n
e
d
h
e
r
e
,
t
hi
s
s
t
udy
h
a
s
l
i
m
i
t
a
t
i
o
n
s
t
ha
t
may
be
us
e
f
ul
for
f
ut
u
r
e
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
e
s
.
An
i
nt
e
r
v
i
e
w
w
i
t
h
e
a
c
h
s
t
ude
n
t
of
t
h
e
e
xpe
ri
m
e
nt
a
l
g
r
o
up
c
o
ul
d
p
r
o
v
i
de
a
de
e
pe
r
u
n
de
r
s
t
a
ndi
n
g
of
t
h
e
p
r
e
s
e
nt
a
nd
t
h
e
p
r
o
s
pe
c
t
s
of
w
o
r
ki
n
g
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
t
e
c
hn
o
l
o
g
y
of
l
a
b
o
r
a
t
o
r
y
w
o
r
k,
b
a
s
e
d
on
t
h
e
s
y
s
t
e
m
i
c
pr
i
n
c
i
pl
e
.
F
o
r
e
x
a
m
p
l
e
,
t
h
e
pe
r
s
o
n
a
l
a
s
pe
c
t
of
a
ppl
y
i
n
g
t
hi
s
t
e
c
hn
o
l
o
g
y
in
t
r
a
i
n
i
ng,
t
h
e
d
i
s
a
dv
a
nt
a
ge
s
of
t
hi
s
t
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;
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i
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t
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a
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b
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o
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.
6.
C
O
N
C
LU
S
I
O
N
S
S
o
,
t
h
e
m
a
i
n
p
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m
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pp
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t
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d.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
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do
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7.
LI
S
T
O
F
A
BBR
EV
I
A
TI
O
N
ЭГ
(
Т
И
У
)
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R
EF
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EN
C
ES
[
1]
L
a
z
a
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v
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ć
N
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v
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pm
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s
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s
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i
n
H
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r
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t
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o
n
201
7
J
ul
2
0
(
pp
.
214
-
218
)
.
R
out
l
e
dge
.
[
2]
T
o
r
r
e
s
F
,
T
o
v
a
r
L
A
,
de
l
R
i
o
M
S
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l
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a
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v
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r
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ppl
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w
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w
o
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ks
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J
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S
c
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hno
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.
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duc
.
2
017
F
e
b
1
;
13
(
2)
:
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-
32.
[
3]
A
g
ui
l
a
r
M
J
.
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e
a
l
i
ng
w
i
t
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n
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nd
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ua
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a
r
ni
ng
200
8
(
pp
.
59
-
78)
.
Sp
r
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ge
r
,
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o
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dr
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c
h
t
.
[
4]
H
o
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o
n
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S
.
T
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l
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s
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uage
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ngu
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s
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s
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L
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t
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(
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-
95.
[
5]
A
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a
,
A
.
,
&
A
i
z
s
i
l
a
,
A
.
I
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e
r
c
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e
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R
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f
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R
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l
D
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v
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l
o
pm
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nt
2
010
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2,
22
0
-
224
[
6]
Y
o
ung
T
J
,
S
a
c
hd
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v
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.
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nt
e
r
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23.
[
13]
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l
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A
pp
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.
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2
J
a
n
24
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205.
[
14]
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ng
.
[
15]
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.
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y
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uba
na
de
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du
c
ac
i
ón
M
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d
i
c
a
Sup
e
r
i
or
,
2015
,
29
(
3)
,
650
-
65
9.
[
16]
L
a
bo
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da
J
G
,
L
i
t
z
l
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M
F
.
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ur
r
e
nt
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r
s
pe
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v
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ac
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pos
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-
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[
17]
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e
l
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nko
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.
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[
18]
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l
qa
ht
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ni
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A
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T
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hi
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.
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:
76
-
94.
[
19]
B
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20]
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20
12
201
2
J
un
(
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1101
-
11
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21]
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s
(
I
J
D
E
T
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.
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1
;
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3)
:
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-
30.
[
22]
R
o
c
he
S
.
T
he
c
on
t
r
i
b
ut
i
on
o
f
l
i
f
e
l
o
ng
l
e
ar
n
i
ng
t
o
de
v
e
l
opm
e
nt
–
pe
r
s
onal
an
d
c
om
m
un
al
,
2018
,
64
(
1)
.
[
23]
P
a
s
s
o
v
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E
.
T
he
pr
o
gr
am
-
a
c
on
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e
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of
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om
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un
i
c
a
t
i
v
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f
or
e
i
g
n
l
a
ngu
age
e
duc
a
t
i
on,
2000
,
(
p
p.
1
70)
.
M
.
:
P
r
o
s
v
e
s
he
ni
e
.
[
24]
G
a
l
s
ko
v
a
N
D
,
G
e
z
N
I
.
T
e
o
r
i
y
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o
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he
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no
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t
r
a
nny
m
y
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[
25]
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ur
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nc
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F
o
r
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i
g
n
l
a
ng
ua
g
e
s
a
t
s
c
ho
o
l
,
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S
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a
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ko
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e
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he
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'
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)
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r
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P
ub
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i
s
hi
ng
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А
С
Т
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L
o
ng
,
M
.
H
.
M
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e
a
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hi
ng
,
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009
,
(
p
p.
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-
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.
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he
H
andbo
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of
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ang
uage
T
e
ac
hi
ng
.
[
28]
L
a
r
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m
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n
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D
.
T
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nc
i
p
l
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s
i
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L
a
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ua
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e
a
c
hi
ng
.
2000
,
(
p
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2)
.
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s
.
[
29]
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ur
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[
31]
E
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.
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s
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nd
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nc
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.
J
ou
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e
duc
a
t
i
ona
l
r
e
s
e
ar
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