I
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s
ia
n J
o
urna
l o
f
E
lect
rica
l En
g
ineering
a
nd
Co
m
p
u
t
er
Science
Vo
l.
9
,
No
.
2
,
Feb
r
u
ar
y
201
8
,
p
p
.
2
5
7
~
2
6
1
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SS
N:
2502
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4752
,
DOI
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9
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v
9
.
i
2
.
p
p
2
5
7
-
261
257
J
o
ur
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e
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ttp
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Dua
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De
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El
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n
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Oct
19
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2
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Dec
25
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cc
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an
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ey
w
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s
:
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ec
t
T
o
r
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e
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l (
DT
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m
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en
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et
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n
ch
r
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s
M
o
to
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(
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MSM
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h
o
to
v
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ltaic
(
P
V)
Z
S
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ce
I
n
v
er
ter
(
Z
SI)
Co
p
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rig
h
t
©
2
0
1
8
In
stit
u
te o
f
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
S
c
ien
c
e
.
Al
l
rig
h
ts
re
se
rv
e
d
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
V.
Kar
th
ik
e
y
a
n
,
Dep
ar
t
m
en
t o
f
E
lectr
ical
an
d
E
lectr
o
n
ics E
n
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
(
Ma
r
i
n
e)
,
A
ME
T
Un
i
v
er
s
it
y
,
C
h
e
n
n
ai.
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
T
h
e
p
er
m
a
n
en
t
m
a
g
n
et
s
y
n
c
h
r
o
n
o
u
s
m
o
to
r
is
u
s
ed
i
n
m
a
n
y
ap
p
licatio
n
,
to
r
q
u
e
r
esp
o
n
s
e
an
d
h
ig
h
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
p
er
atio
n
.
Si
m
p
l
e
DT
C
alg
o
r
it
h
m
w
it
h
p
r
ed
ete
r
m
in
ed
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
f
o
r
P
MSM
b
ased
o
n
SP
W
M
m
et
h
o
d
is
p
lan
n
ed
to
d
im
i
n
i
s
h
t
h
e
f
lu
x
a
n
d
to
r
q
u
e
w
a
v
e
a
n
d
less
e
n
th
e
ca
lcu
latio
n
ti
m
e
an
d
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
t o
f
a
p
o
w
er
f
u
l
s
u
f
f
icien
t to
b
r
in
g
o
u
t t
h
e
r
ea
l
-
ti
m
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
[
1
]
-
[
4
]
.
2.
B
ACK
G
RO
UND
An
i
m
p
ed
an
ce
s
y
s
te
m
o
f
f
er
s
a
co
m
p
eten
t
m
ea
n
s
o
f
p
o
w
er
tr
an
s
f
er
b
et
w
ee
n
s
o
u
r
ce
an
d
lo
ad
in
a
b
r
o
ad
r
an
g
e
o
f
elec
tr
ic
-
p
o
w
er
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
ap
p
licatio
n
s
(
d
c
-
d
c,
d
c
-
ac
,
ac
-
d
c,
ac
-
ac
)
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
l
y
f
o
r
alter
n
ati
n
g
s
o
u
r
ce
s
li
k
e
f
u
el
ce
ll
s
,
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic,
an
d
also
w
i
n
d
tu
r
b
i
n
es
[
5
]
-
[
7
]
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
b
lem
o
f
i
m
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
th
e
b
eh
av
io
r
o
f
a
d
ir
ec
t
to
r
q
u
e
co
n
tr
o
lled
in
d
u
ctio
n
m
ac
h
in
e
an
d
also
o
f
P
MSM
,
esp
ec
iall
y
b
y
r
ed
u
ci
n
g
t
h
e
to
r
q
u
e
a
n
d
f
lu
x
r
ip
p
les
a
n
d
b
y
i
m
p
o
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
av
er
a
g
e
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
o
f
th
e
Vo
ltag
e
-
So
u
r
ce
I
n
v
er
t
er
(
VSI
)
.
Z
-
So
u
r
ce
in
v
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ter
b
ec
o
m
e
s
a
p
o
p
u
lar
ch
o
ice
f
o
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b
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o
s
tin
g
u
p
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
g
e
n
er
ated
b
y
t
h
e
r
en
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w
ab
le
s
o
u
r
ce
s
f
o
r
d
if
f
er
e
n
t a
p
p
licatio
n
s
[
8
]
-
[
1
0
]
.
A
lt
h
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
co
n
v
en
t
io
n
al
Z
S
I
p
r
o
v
id
es
in
f
in
i
te
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
t
h
eo
r
etica
ll
y
b
u
t
p
r
ac
ticall
y
it
is
li
m
ited
.
F
u
r
th
er
f
o
r
m
o
r
e
b
o
o
s
tin
g
f
ac
to
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,
s
h
o
o
t
-
th
r
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u
g
h
d
u
t
y
r
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p
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o
v
id
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to
Z
SI
h
as
to
b
e
h
ig
h
.
B
u
t
th
e
m
o
d
u
latio
n
i
n
d
ex
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
a
n
d
th
e
v
o
lta
g
e
s
tr
es
s
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
s
w
i
tch
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
s
w
it
h
h
i
g
h
s
h
o
o
t
-
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
[
1
1
]
.
T
h
e
ad
v
an
ce
d
s
o
lar
an
d
f
u
el
b
ased
Z
-
s
o
u
r
ce
in
v
er
ter
f
o
r
h
ig
h
p
o
w
er
a
n
d
also
r
ed
u
ce
t
h
e
h
ar
m
o
n
ics
.
T
h
e
d
ir
ec
t to
r
q
u
e
co
n
tr
o
l o
f
P
MSM
i
s
d
esi
g
n
ed
f
o
r
i
m
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
t
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
t
h
e
m
o
t
o
r
an
d
to
r
ed
u
ce
t
h
e
to
r
q
u
e
r
ip
p
le
[
1
2
]
.
T
h
e
in
p
u
t
o
f
Z
SI
h
as
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
o
lar
an
d
f
u
el,
an
d
t
h
e
s
u
p
p
l
y
o
f
r
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n
e
w
ab
le
en
er
g
y
ar
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
t
h
e
Z
-
s
o
u
r
ce
co
n
v
er
ter
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
s
w
itc
h
.
T
h
e
in
v
er
ter
i
s
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
m
o
to
r
f
o
r
h
i
g
h
s
p
ee
d
an
d
h
ig
h
ef
f
ic
ien
c
y
o
f
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
[
1
3
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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N
:
2
5
0
2
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4752
I
n
d
o
n
esia
n
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l
.
9
,
No
.
2
,
Feb
r
u
ar
y
201
8
:
2
5
7
–
261
258
3.
T
H
E
P
RO
B
L
E
M
I
n
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
m
et
h
o
d
h
as
a
d
d
itio
n
al
d
c
-
d
c
co
n
v
er
ter
f
o
r
in
cr
ea
s
e
t
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
g
ai
n
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
et
h
o
d
h
as n
e
g
lect
t
h
e
d
c
-
d
c
co
n
v
er
ter
an
d
u
t
ilizes t
h
e
Z
s
o
u
r
ce
in
v
er
ter
f
o
r
in
cr
ea
s
i
n
g
th
e
v
o
ltag
e.
4.
P
RO
P
O
SE
D
SO
L
UT
I
O
N
4
.
1
.
P
ho
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ic
S
y
s
t
e
m
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
th
e
P
V
h
as
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
th
e
s
e
m
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
m
ater
ial
an
d
ir
r
ad
iatio
n
an
d
t
e
m
p
er
a
tu
r
e.
T
h
e
P
V
m
o
d
el
is
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
F
ig
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
e
d
io
d
e
eq
u
atio
n
o
f
PV
m
o
d
u
le
is
K
a
T
qv
I
d
i
o
I
e
x
p
1
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
C
ir
cu
it
Dia
g
r
a
m
o
f
P
V
m
o
d
el
T
ab
le
1
.
P
ar
am
eter
s
o
f
Sin
g
le
Dio
d
e
P
V
C
ell
at
Op
er
atin
g
C
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d
itio
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V
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O
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C
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V
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(
V
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c
n
)
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h
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(
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17A
3
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T
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C
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s i
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s (N
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6
5
B
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J/
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C
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I
p
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1
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A
4
.
2
.
F
uel C
ell
Fu
el
ce
ll
en
er
g
y
is
also
ca
lle
d
as
an
elec
tr
o
-
ch
e
m
ical
ce
ll,
w
h
ich
ex
h
ib
it
s
at
th
e
s
i
m
ilar
ti
m
e
an
d
d
ir
ec
tl
y
co
n
v
er
t
s
th
e
c
h
e
m
ic
al
en
er
g
y
o
f
f
u
el
ce
ll
a
n
d
an
o
x
id
an
t
to
elec
tr
ical
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RE
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[1
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M
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S
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ms
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[3
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tt
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m
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l.
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m
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m
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