TELKOM
NIKA Indonesia
n
Journal of
Electrical En
gineering
Vol.12, No.6, Jun
e
201
4, pp. 4405 ~ 4
4
1
2
DOI: 10.115
9
1
/telkomni
ka.
v
12i6.547
5
4405
Re
cei
v
ed
De
cem
ber 2
1
, 2013; Re
vi
sed
Febr
uary 12,
2014; Accept
ed Feb
r
ua
ry
26, 2014
Islandin
g
Detection Algorithm Based on Adaptive
Voltage Positive Feedb
ack
Jihong Zhan
g
*
1,2
, Zhenku
i
Wu
1,2
, Hua Li
1
Hansha
n L I
1
, Yongfeng
Re
n
1
1
Shcool of e
ner
g
y
and p
o
w
e
r eng
ine
e
ri
ng, Inner Mon
gol
ia U
n
iversit
y
of T
e
chno
log
y
,
Hoh
hot, Chi
na
2
Information E
ngi
neer
in
g Sch
ool, Inner Mo
n
goli
a
Un
iversit
y
of science a
n
d
technol
og
y,
Baotou, Ch
in
a
*Corres
p
o
ndi
n
g
author, e-ma
i
l
: zjh00
31
8@1
63.com
A
b
st
r
a
ct
Island
ing
d
e
te
ction is an es
sentia
l
fu
nctio
n
of
t
h
e
gri
d
-c
onn
ected
inv
e
r
t
er of
distrib
u
ted
pow
er
gen
eratio
n sy
stem. T
h
e
d
e
f
iciency
of tra
d
itio
nal
is
l
and
i
ng
detectio
n
meth
ods
sho
u
ld b
e
g
i
ve
n d
u
e
importa
nce, es
peci
a
lly the p
h
eno
mena
suc
h
as island
in
g detection fai
l
ure
w
hen the output
pow
er of th
e
inverter b
a
la
nc
es w
i
th the loa
d
pow
er, and t
he use
of
active freque
ncy an
d phas
e shiftin
g
method
affecti
n
g
the qua
lity of pow
er. In this regar
d, an i
m
p
r
oved is
lan
d
i
n
g detectio
n
method b
a
se
d o
n
ada
ptive vo
ltag
e
positiv
e feedb
ack w
a
s propo
sed. A
mathe
m
atic
al
mod
e
l
w
a
s establish
e
d
, and the har
dw
are circuit w
a
s
tested. T
he c
o
nstraint c
ond
iti
ons o
n
th
e suc
c
ess of is
lan
d
i
ng d
e
tectio
n a
nd th
e p
a
ttern
of volta
ge v
a
ri
atio
n
at the po
int of
common co
up
ling
befor
e an
d after inc
o
rp
o
r
ation to th
e gr
id w
e
re stud
ie
d. T
he si
mul
a
ti
o
n
result show
s that this metho
d
has the
adv
antag
es of hi
g
h
detec
ti
on sp
eed, s
m
al
l bl
in
d area
and
hi
g
h
relia
bi
lity. The index re
qu
ire
m
e
n
ts
specifi
e
d in IEEE Std.2000-
92
9 ar
e
met. The rea
s
ona
bil
i
ty of th
e
prop
osed sc
he
me is ver
i
fie
d
.
Ke
y
w
ords
:
dis
t
ributed g
e
n
e
ra
tion, inverter, p
o
sitive fee
d
b
a
c
k
, island
ing
det
ection, pow
er q
ualit
Copy
right
©
2014 In
stitu
t
e o
f
Ad
van
ced
En
g
i
n
eerin
g and
Scien
ce. All
rig
h
t
s reser
ve
d
.
1. Introduc
tion
The g
r
im
situ
ation of "e
nergy-savin
g a
n
d
em
i
ssi
on
re
ductio
n
" bo
osts the l
a
rg
e-scale
and
rapid
develo
p
ment a
nd a
pplication of
distrib
u
ted
g
eneration
(DG). Th
erefo
r
e, a con
s
ide
r
able
amount of re
newable e
n
e
r
gy is
conve
r
ted by in
vert
er befo
r
e b
e
i
ng incorporated to the g
r
i
d
.
Becau
s
e the
DG conn
ecti
on to grid
ca
n give fu
ll play to its energy efficiency
and imp
r
ove
the
operation
economy of the
power
syste
m
, the ways
of power
gen
eration
an
d i
n
versi
on i
n
thi
s
field have
be
come
the
co
re an
d fo
cu
s
of re
sea
r
ch
worke
r
s in
re
cent ye
ars [1
, 2]. One
of the
most
key te
chnolo
g
ies i
s
i
s
lan
d
ing
dete
c
tion [3
-5]. Isl
andin
g
refers to the
conditi
on in
which t
he
inverter
still supplie
s en
erg
y
to the powe
r
gri
d
even
when the g
r
id
brea
ks do
wn.
It forms a se
lf-
sup
porte
d po
wer
sup
p
ly system with the
local load,
which i
s
indep
ende
nt of the control of pu
blic
power g
r
id [
6
]. Islandin
g
may threat
the se
qu
e
n
c
e of th
e protective a
c
tion of the
p
o
we
r
distrib
u
tion
system or th
e
resta
r
t of aut
omatic
re
clo
s
ure. Th
e ph
e
nomen
on of
non-sim
u
ltan
eou
s
grid
con
n
e
c
tion may al
so
appe
ar. In
this case
, the po
wer su
p
p
ly cont
rol d
e
vice may
b
e
damag
ed, an
d even pe
rso
nal injury ma
y be cau
s
ed
[7
, 8]. Therefore, the rese
arch of isla
nd
ing
detectio
n
ha
s very importa
nt pra
c
tical
si
gnifica
nc
e for eliminating t
he ha
rm of islandin
g
and f
o
r
maximizin
g
the energy efficiency of
ren
e
w
abl
e po
wer
gene
ration
system.
Many isl
andi
ng d
e
tectio
n
method
s a
r
e
menti
one
d in
the exi
s
ting
resea
r
che
s
.
They a
r
e
mainly divide
d into two typ
e
s, remote a
nd lo
ca
l. Th
e
forme
r
ha
s o
n
ly found limi
t
ed appli
c
atio
ns
becau
se of t
he hig
h
co
st
of ope
ration;
the la
tter
ca
n
be fu
rther di
vided into
act
i
ve and
pa
ssi
ve
mode. Passive islandi
ng d
e
tection meth
od is mainly
based on the variation of electri
c
ity quan
tity
of point of
common
co
up
ling (P
CC). T
he p
r
obl
em
s
su
ch a
s
blind
are
a
an
d
se
tting difficulties
exist
[9,
10].
The active islanding det
ection me
thod has hi
gher reliabilit
y. But the relevant
detectio
n
strategy or alg
o
rithm theo
ry is not
rea
s
on
able. The
adverse effects a
r
e hi
g
h
ly
prob
able. Ne
gative
se
que
nce cu
rr
ent p
e
rturbation
m
e
thod m
entio
ned
in lite
r
at
ure [1
1] reali
z
e
s
the isla
ndin
g
detectio
n
b
y
perio
dically injectin
g n
e
gative se
que
nce
cu
rrent t
o
the g
r
id
a
n
d
detectin
g
the
voltage co
mp
onent of PCC. But due to
the existen
c
e
of unbala
n
ce
d cu
rrent in the
DG sy
stem i
t
self, the probability of errone
ou
s ju
dgment i
s
o
b
viously in
creased. Islan
d
ing
detectio
n
met
hod u
s
ing th
e
given P-U
a
nd Q-f p
o
wer curve
s
i
s
si
mple, with
small blind
are
a
. In
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ISSN: 23
02-4
046
TELKOM
NI
KA
Vol. 12, No. 6, June 20
14: 4405 – 4
412
4406
the mea
n
time
, no ha
rmoni
c poll
u
tion i
s
cau
s
e
d
to th
e po
wer gri
d
. But its obje
c
ts of ap
plicati
on
need to
in
clu
de the
po
wer cont
rol lin
k,
and th
e det
ection tim
e
i
s
affe
cted by
the [12] po
wer
enormou
s
ly. Thus, the
practical appli
c
ation is n
a
rr
o
w
. Literatu
re
[12] indicate
s that when t
he
Sandia freq
u
ency shift a
n
ti-isla
ndin
g
method
was used in the
three-p
h
a
s
e
const
ant-p
o
w
er
system, the
detectio
n
performan
ce
wa
s attenuate
d
. Literature [13] pre
s
ente
d
an isla
ndi
ng
detection met
hod using Q-f sag
curve, which was
test
ed
acco
rding
to IEEE 1547 and
UL
1741
stand
ard
s
. But the effects of outer loop
power on
the
detectio
n
alg
o
rithm were n
o
t con
s
ide
r
ed
.
The gain
coe
fficient of the traditional isl
andin
g
detect
i
on with voltage positive fe
edba
ck
is a fixed value. Whethe
r the pow
er of di
stribute
d
po
wer su
pply mat
c
he
s with the
power requi
re
d
by load ha
s a large im
pa
ct on isla
ndin
g
detecti
o
n
[14-1
7
]. Whe
n
the voltage injecte
d
into PCC
by the inverter is large, the
detection eff
e
ct is sa
tisfa
c
tory, with hig
h
reliability. But the quality o
f
power may b
e
affected. O
n
the co
ntra
ry, the
islandi
ng state may
not be ea
sil
y
discriminat
ed.
Whe
n
the out
put power of
the grid
-conn
ected inve
rt
e
r
is eq
ual to the local load,
the voltage of
PCC will n
o
longe
r ch
ang
e
,
and this met
hod will fail. The isla
nding
detectio
n
method de
sig
ned
in
this study can
dynami
c
ally give
the
cu
rre
n
t value
of th
e inve
rter. T
h
e outp
u
t volta
ge a
m
plitude
of
the po
rt vari
e
s
a
c
co
rding
t
o
directio
n of
voltage va
ri
ation, the
r
eby i
n
crea
sing
the
deviation
of t
h
e
voltage of P
C
C after l
o
si
ng voltag
e,
whi
c
h i
s
fav
o
rabl
e fo
r i
s
l
andin
g
det
ection. The vol
t
age
variation of PCC after i
s
landin
g
deve
l
op in t
he same directio
n as po
sitive
feedba
ck, thus
increasing the deviation
of the voltage of PCC and impr
oving the success probability of
islan
d
ing det
ection.
Islandi
ng det
ection em
plo
y
ing voltage positive
feed
back is featu
r
ed by high reliability
and
small
bli
nd a
r
ea. But t
he spe
c
ific al
gorithm i
s
not
yet fully stud
ied in
releva
n
t
literature,
a
n
d
there i
s
a la
ck of the
o
ret
i
cal
sup
p
o
r
t. This
st
udy a
nalyze
d
the spe
c
ific
algo
rithm
mod
e
l
for
islan
d
ing
det
ection i
n
d
e
tail, tested th
e ha
rd
ware
circuit
and ve
rified the effe
ctivene
ss
of
the
prop
osed scheme by sim
u
lation. It provides a t
heoretical ba
sis f
o
r the
releva
nt study on the
islan
d
ing det
ection of di
stributed po
we
r gene
ration
system.
2.
Principle of Islanding De
tection Em
plo
y
ing Voltage Positiv
e
Fe
edbac
k
2.1. Passiv
e
Islanding De
tec
t
ion
The metho
d
for pa
ssive i
s
lan
d
ing d
e
te
ction is
sho
w
n in Figure 1
.
The prin
cipl
e is to
acq
u
ire th
e p
o
we
r outp
u
t of the distri
bu
ted po
wer
su
pply, or the v
o
ltage
U
P
, an
d frequ
en
cy,
of PCC to
de
tect isla
ndin
g
.
For the
co
n
v
enien
ce of
analysi
s
, the
local l
oad i
s
repla
c
e
d
by t
he
RL
C parallel
model. The ju
dgment p
r
o
c
e
ss i
s
sh
own a
s
follows.
1) T
he
distri
b
u
ted p
o
we
r
supply op
erate
s
in
conne
cti
on
to grid
an
d
the active power of
the distri
bute
d
po
wer
su
p
p
ly doe
s not
balan
ce
with the po
we
r
requi
re
d by local l
oad. Th
en
according
to
the p
r
in
ciple
of co
nserva
tion of
en
erg
y
, the power balan
ce
eq
uation
coul
d
be
obtaine
d:
Figure 1. Equivalent Model
of Islanding
Dete
ction
L
PP
P
(1)
L
QQ
Q
(2)
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TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
2302-4
046
Islandi
ng Detection Algo
rit
h
m
Based on
Adaptive Vol
t
age Positive Feedb
ack (Ji
hong Zh
ang
)
4407
2
3/
LP
P
UR
(3)
2
3/
1
/
LP
QU
C
L
(4)
In the equati
on: P and Q are a
c
tive an
d inacti
ve po
wer
output of
inverter po
wer supply,
r
e
spec
tively; P
L
and
Q
L
a
r
e th
e a
c
tive
po
wer an
d
rea
c
tive po
wer
req
u
ire
d
by local lo
a
d
,
r
e
spec
tively;
△△
P and
Q, are the differences of a
c
tive
power an
d reactive po
we
r, respe
c
tively.
2) When i
s
la
nding o
c
cu
rs,
the output p
o
we
r
of the i
n
verter
remai
n
s un
ch
ang
e
d
. When
the power re
quire
d by loa
d
balan
ce
s
with the in
ve
rter po
we
r, then the follo
wing
relation
ship
coul
d be obta
i
ned:
2
3/
LP
P
PU
R
(5)
2
3/
(
1
/
)
LP
QQ
Q
C
L
(6)
Whe
r
e
=
+
is
the ang
ul
ar
fre
que
ncy of
PCC after islan
d
ing occurs;
P
U
=
P
U
+
P
U
is the
p
hase voltag
e
of PCC. Wh
en the
ab
ove 6 e
quation
s
are
co
mbin
e
d
, the
followin
g
can
be obtain
ed:
2
/3
P
PP
UU
P
R
U
(7)
It is obvious
that the mismatch bet
we
en the
invert
er po
we
r and
the local loa
d
power
cau
s
e
s
the fl
uctuatio
n of the voltage
of PCC.
In this case, the
passive det
ection i
s
mo
re
effective. Th
e method
s f
o
r p
a
ssive i
s
landin
g
det
e
c
tion
a
r
e wid
e
ly
repo
rted in
the
literature.
There is no
n
eed fo
r di
scu
ssi
on h
e
re.
O
n
the
cont
rary, if the powe
r
s
of the two
equal, the
n
th
ere
is
no
voltage fluctuation of PCC.
Ho
wev
e
r, the p
a
ssiv
e dete
c
tion i
s
more
likely to fail. The
r
ef
ore,
this arti
cle prese
n
ts an a
c
t
i
ve
islandin
g
detectio
n
method.
2.2. Activ
e
Is
landing De
te
ction Algori
t
hm
The
core of i
s
lan
d
ing
dete
c
tion al
go
rith
m employin
g
adaptive volt
age p
o
sitive f
eedb
ack
is expre
s
sed
as follows: the voltage of PCC in
corp
orated to the
distribute
d
p
o
we
r su
pply is
comp
ared
wit
h
the volta
g
e
of the
sy
ste
m
, and
t
he
p
e
rturbation
value i
s
i
n
tro
d
u
ce
d a
s
th
e
given
comp
one
nt of the current o
u
tput of inverter. T
hen a
ccordin
g to the pre
s
et algo
rit
h
m and po
siti
ve
feedba
ck co
mpen
sation p
r
inci
ple, the
model e
s
tabli
s
he
d is expre
s
sed a
s
.
The mod
e
l of the pre
s
et alg
o
rithm:
dr
d
Ik
U
U
(8)
,,
1
;
,,
1
;
p
rd
d
p
m
m
m
rd
d
p
m
p
U
UU
K
k
U
U
U
U
UU
K
k
U
U
U
(9)
Whe
r
e
I
d
is t
h
e cu
rrent pe
rt
urbatio
n of in
verter;
U
r
i
s
t
he feed
ba
ck
of intensity co
efficient;
U
p
and
U
m
are the pea
ks of voltage PCC an
d the system, re
spe
c
tively;
k
is the adap
tive
c
oeffic
i
ent;
U
d
is the periodic pe
rturb
a
tion. In the is
landin
g
d
e
tection alg
o
rithm employ
in
g
voltage po
sitive feedba
ck,
the formula f
o
r outp
u
t curr
ent of the inverter in the
distribute
d
po
wer
gene
ration
system is exp
r
e
s
sed a
s
follo
ws:
m0
(I
)
s
i
n
(
)
or
d
Ik
U
U
t
(10
)
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ISSN: 23
02-4
046
TELKOM
NI
KA
Vol. 12, No. 6, June 20
14: 4405 – 4
412
4408
Whe
r
e Im is
the pre
s
et va
lue wh
en the
invert
er is in
the normal
operation. In orde
r to
spe
ed up the
islan
d
ing det
ection, the im
proved al
gor
it
hm is used. Then the outp
u
t current of the
inverter is
written as
follows
:
3
m0
(I
)
s
i
n
(
)
or
d
I
kU
U
t
(11
)
In the ideal system, the value of
U
m
is consta
nt. But the actu
al
voltage of the po
wer g
r
id
has fluctu
atio
n. The
theo
ry su
gge
sts tha
t
the volt
age
pea
k
of
th
e
g
r
id
i
s
kept
co
nstant within
a
relatively sho
r
t pe
riod. At t
he
same
tim
e
, wh
en th
e i
n
verter is co
nne
cted to
th
e gri
d
, then
U
p
=
U
m
. It can be
assume
d tha
t
U
m
(r)= U
p
(r
-n)
. Th
at is
to say, in a relatively short period of ti
me
,
the pea
k voltage of the po
wer
grid
of
the rth cy
cle is
equal to the p
eak voltag
e o
f
point p of the r-
nth cycle. It is assu
med th
at powe
r
g
r
id
fails in
the r
cycle. In the
sub
s
e
que
nt n cycle
s
, Um
can
be rep
r
e
s
e
n
ted by the normal outputs,
Up(
r
-
n
+
1
), U
p
(r
-n+
2
), ……
Up(
r
)
, of the i
n
verter.
i.e.
(1
)
(
1
)
(2
)
(
2
)
()
(
)
mp
mp
mp
Ur
U
r
n
Ur
U
r
n
Ur
n
U
r
Based o
n
this assumption,
the output
cu
rrent of inverte
r
is given by:
3
m0
()
()
(
I
)
s
i
n
(
)
()
p
od
p
Ur
Ir
k
U
t
Ur
n
,
pm
UU
(12)
3
m0
()
()
(
I
)
s
i
n
(
)
()
p
od
p
Ur
n
I
rk
U
t
Ur
,
pm
UU
(13)
To verify the effectivene
ss
of
the above
m
entione
d al
gorithm, seve
ral po
ssi
ble si
tuations
of system voltage fluctu
atio
n are di
scussed:
(1) Wh
en
U
p
>
U
m
and
the islan
d
ing occurs
in
the r cycle,
then
U
p
(r
)
>
U
m
(r)
=
U
p
(r-
n)
.
It
can b
e
seen
from Equatio
n (8
) and
(9
) that the pertu
rbation
cu
rre
n
t of the
inverter in the
r+1th
cycle will i
n
crease. T
herefore, the
giv
en
current of
the in
verter increases.
Acco
rdi
ng to
the
positive feed
back pri
n
ci
pl
e of Fi
gure 2(a), it can be inferred by
an
alogy that the voltage of PCC
has a
ri
sing
trend.
When
the
cu
rre
nt in
cre
a
ses to
a
certai
n valu
e, the voltag
e
of PCC ri
se
s
to a
pre
s
et th
re
shold, the
n
t
he
system
d
e
te
cts the i
s
landin
g
state
.
At this tim
e
,
U
d
plays th
e
regul
atory fu
nction by e
m
ploying the
voltage
positive feedback, whi
c
h
co
ntribute
s
to the
islan
d
ing det
ection.
(2) Wh
en
U
p
<
U
m
and the i
s
lan
d
ing o
ccurs i
n
the rth
cycle, then
U
p
(r)
<
U
m
(r)
=
U
p
(r
-n
)
. It
can b
e
seen
from Equatio
n (8
) and
(9
) that the pertu
rbation
cu
rre
n
t of the
inverter in the
r+1th
cycle
will be redu
ced. Thu
s
, the gi
ven curre
nt of the inverter de
crea
se
s. As inferred by analog
y
from the po
si
tive feedback prin
ciple of
Figure 2(
b
)
, the voltage of
PCC al
so h
a
s a de
crea
sing
trend. When
the cu
rre
nt decrea
s
e
s
to a ce
rt
ain
value, the voltage of PCC
dro
p
s to
a
pred
etermi
ne
d thre
sh
old,
then
the
syst
em dete
c
ts the i
s
landi
ng
state. At the
sam
e
time,
U
d
plays th
e reg
u
latory fun
c
ti
on by
employ
ing the
voltag
e po
sitive fee
dba
ck, th
us a
c
celerating th
e
islan
d
ing det
ection.
(3)
Whe
n
isla
nding o
c
curs
at
U
p
=U
m
and
the output p
o
we
r of the in
verter is e
qua
l to the
load p
o
we
r, i
t
is most diffi
cult to dete
c
t
the
isla
ndin
g
. Equation
(8) an
d (9) in
dicate th
at the
auxiliary
cont
rol effect of
U
d
=-
K
d
is ob
vious. Th
e int
r
odu
ction
of
U
d
redu
ce
s t
he outp
u
t current
of the inve
rter. Th
en the
voltage of P
C
C de
crea
se
s. When
U
p
<U
m
is satisfi
ed, the
wo
rki
ng
pro
c
e
s
s is
si
milar to that i
n
the second
situat
ion. T
h
e re
spo
n
se ti
me und
er vol
t
age variatio
n
of
the distrib
u
te
d power supp
ly is sho
w
n in
Table 1.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
2302-4
046
Islandi
ng Detection Algo
rit
h
m
Based on
Adaptive Vol
t
age Positive Feedb
ack (Ji
hong Zh
ang
)
4409
m
(I
)
p
m
U
U
dd
o
p
d
II
I
U
U
(a)
pm
UU
m
(I
)
p
m
U
U
dd
o
p
d
II
I
U
U
(b)
pm
UU
Figure 2. Wo
rking Pri
n
ci
ple
of Positive Feedb
ack
Table 1. Voltage Respon
se Sched
ule of
Distrib
u
ted P
o
we
r Supply
Voltage of po
w
e
r of
interconnection
Requirements
U<50%U
N
50% U
N
<
U
<85%
U
N
85% U
N
<
U
<110
%U
N
110%U
N
<U<135
%U
N
U>135%U
N
The ma
ximum o
pening time not e
x
ceeding 0.2s
The ma
ximum o
pening time not e
x
ceeding 2.0s
Continuous oper
ation
The ma
ximum o
pening time not e
x
ceeding 2.0s
The ma
ximum o
pening time not
exceeding 0.2s
3. Hard
w
a
re
Circuit o
f
th
e Detec
t
ion Sy
stem
The dete
c
tion
circuit is de
signed to cau
s
e the perio
di
c pert
u
rb
atio
n to the ampl
itude o
f
output cu
rren
t of the inverter to increa
se the
deviation of voltage at PCC after
islan
d
ing o
c
curs.
The p
r
e
s
et va
lue of the
out
put cu
rr
ent of
the inverte
r
consi
s
ts
of two
part
s
: Im is t
he p
r
e
s
et val
u
e
of po
wer in t
he no
rmal
o
peratio
n, with
t
he ad
dition
al cu
rrent p
e
r
turb
ation q
u
antity as
I
d
. The
hard
w
a
r
e
circuit for the det
ection i
s
sho
w
n in Fi
gure
3. The ph
ase
lock loo
p
(P
LL) e
n
sures t
hat
the voltage
of PCC an
d
output cu
rre
n
t of inve
rter are in the
same f
r
equ
e
n
cy and
pha
se.
Acco
rdi
ng to the prin
ciple
of positive feedba
ck co
ntrol, the highe
r the volt
age of PCC, the larger
the cu
rrent of
inverter, thu
s
cau
s
in
g the
voltage of
PCC to furth
e
r i
n
crea
se
. On
the contra
ry, the
voltage of PCC red
u
ces. T
hus, the relia
bilit
y of island
ing dete
c
tion
is gua
rante
e
d
.
Figure 3. Dia
g
ram of Hard
ware for Isla
n
d
ing Detectio
n Employing
Positive Feed
back
4. Simulation Stud
y
The sim
u
latio
n
para
m
eters: voltage of sy
stem 220V, freque
ncy 50
Hz, outp
u
t powe
r
of
inverter 3
k
W,
output
curre
n
t 15.2A. It i
s
sup
p
o
s
ed
t
hat when
th
e outp
u
t p
o
w
er of th
e
g
r
id
-
con
n
e
c
ted in
verter is
equ
al to the load
powe
r
, t
he islan
d
occu
rs.
At this time,
the frequ
en
cy of
the gri
d
is co
nsi
s
tent with
the resona
nt frequ
en
cy
of l
oad; the
quali
t
y factor Qf i
s
2.5. Co
mbini
ng
with the
con
s
traint
co
ndit
i
ons in T
abl
e 1, the
de
sign
pa
ram
e
ters
are a
s
follows: R=1
6
,
L=2
0
.3mH, C=50
0
μ
F. The
followin
g
three situ
ation
s
are
simul
a
ted
:
when
U
p
>U
m
,
the grid fail
ure
occurs at 0.
3S, then isl
andin
g
en
su
es. Un
de
r the action
of the pertu
rbat
ion sig
nal
s
and
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN: 23
02-4
046
TELKOM
NI
KA
Vol. 12, No. 6, June 20
14: 4405 – 4
412
4410
according to t
he po
sitive fe
edba
ck pri
n
ci
ple, wh
en
the
output curre
n
t of inverter i
s
in
cre
a
sed a
n
d
the voltage of PCC excee
d
s a pres
et value at the moment of
1.2S, the system detect
s
the
islan
d
ing an
d
the output is stop
ped. Fi
gure 4
(
a
)
is
the output voltage wavef
o
rm of invert
er
.
Figure 4(b
)
is the voltage waveform of power gri
d
. Whe
n
U
p
<U
m
, the worki
ng prin
ciple i
s
si
milar
to that in the first ca
se. T
he differen
c
e
is t
hat the voltage varia
t
ion is gra
d
u
a
lly decrea
s
e
d
.
Figure 4(e
)
is the voltage waveform of power g
r
id,
a
nd the fault o
c
curs at
0.2 s. Figure 4(d) is
the output waveform of in
verter. The i
s
landin
g
is de
tected at 1.2
S
and the ou
tput is stopp
ed.
Whe
n
U
p
=U
m
, the outp
u
t p
o
we
r of
grid
-con
ne
cted in
vert
er
and
th
e po
we
r requ
ired
by loa
d
are
con
s
i
s
tent. The voltage p
eak of PCC remain
s co
ns
t
ant, which is
most detri
me
ntal to the ra
pid
detectio
n
of islan
d
ing. But due to the effect of Ud
as Figure 4(c) indicates, the Ud pe
rturb
a
tion
can
still
disrupt the volta
ge b
a
lan
c
e
of the o
r
igi
n
al PCC. As
a result, the
voltage
of
PCC
decrea
s
e
s
. Due to the p
o
si
tive feedba
ck, the load
volt
age of P
CC i
s
redu
ced
co
ntinuou
sly. After
1.3S, the voltage of PCC
excee
d
s the
pre
s
et value,
and the sy
st
em detect
s
the isla
nding
and
acts a
c
cordin
gly. The
anal
ysis
of the
si
mulated
waveform
s
sho
w
s that
in th
e
worst
ca
se, t
h
e
islan
d
ing can
be detecte
d less than 2 S after the ac
tion of Ud. Thi
s
re
spo
n
se time is far le
ss
than the max
i
mum trippi
ng time (120 cycles
)
speci
f
ied by the I
EEE 2000-929 standard after
islan
d
ing o
c
curs. But acco
rding to the waveform
s,
the time of islanding dete
c
tio
n
is signifi
can
t
ly
prolonged. IEEE 2000-929 standard i
s
shown in Tabl
e 1. In the ta
ble, UN i
s
the rated value of
the voltage of powe
r
gri
d
.
Figure 4 (a
). Output Voltag
e Wavefo
rm of Inverter wh
en
pm
UU
Figure 4(b
)
. Output Voltag
e Wavefo
rm of PCC
(V
)
0)
-200
0
200
400
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
1.0
1
.2
()
S
1.4
-400
0.8
-200
0
200
400
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
1.0
1
.2
()
S
1.4
-400
0.8
(V
)
0)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
2302-4
046
Islandi
ng Detection Algo
rit
h
m
Based on
Adaptive Vol
t
age Positive Feedb
ack (Ji
hong Zh
ang
)
4411
Figure 4(c).
Output Voltag
e Wavefo
rm of Inverter wh
en
pm
UU
Figure 4(d
)
. Output Voltag
e Wavefo
rm of Inverter wh
en
pm
UU
Figure 4(e
)
. Output Voltag
e Wavefo
rm of PCC
5. Conclusio
n
This a
r
ticl
e prese
n
ts a i
s
la
nding
detecti
on st
rategy e
m
ploying volt
age p
o
sitive feedb
ack
based on fa
st ada
ptive predi
ction
al
gorithm. T
h
e
n
the theo
re
tical an
alysis and nu
meri
cal
s
i
mu
la
tion
are
ca
rr
ie
d o
u
t
. T
h
e re
su
lts
s
h
ow
tha
t
thi
s
m
e
thod
ca
n in
crea
se th
e pe
rturbatio
n of
positive fee
d
back, ma
ke t
he voltage
of PCC le
ss
stable a
nd imp
r
ove the trad
itional pa
ssive
islan
d
ing
det
ection
alg
o
rit
h
m. The
alg
o
rithm i
n
crea
se
s the
spee
d of i
s
lan
d
in
g dete
c
tion
and
overcome
s th
e blin
d a
r
ea
existing i
n
th
e tra
d
itional
i
s
lan
d
ing
dete
c
tion
metho
d
. The
pri
n
ci
ple
of
this
method is
s
i
mple, and the effec
t
is
s
a
tis
f
ac
to
ry. This
method
doe
s not
affect the q
uality of
-180
-60
0
60
120
180
240
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
1.0
1
.2
()
S
1.4
-240
-120
0.8
(V
)
-180
-60
0
60
120
180
240
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
1.0
1.2
()
S
1.4
-240
-120
0.8
(V
)
-240
-180
-120
-60
60
120
180
240
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0
.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
()
S
0
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN: 23
02-4
046
TELKOM
NI
KA
Vol. 12, No. 6, June 20
14: 4405 – 4
412
4412
power, and a
t
the same time, provide
s
theoretical
guidan
ce for the islan
d
ing
detectio
n
in the
power g
r
id wi
th grid-co
nne
cted inverte
r
. Its
application
is expecte
d to be of high value.
Ackn
o
w
l
e
dg
ements
This work wa
s sup
p
o
r
ted by the the National
Natu
ral
Science Fou
ndation of Ch
ina (No.
5136
7012
).
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il K, K
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