Ind
o
n
es
ian Jou
r
n
al
o
f
E
le
ctric
a
l E
n
g
in
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ing
and
C
o
mp
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t
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S
c
ienc
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V
ol
. 8
,
No.
2,
No
v
em
be
r
20
17
, p
p
.
3
08
~
3
14
DO
I: 1
0.
11
5
91
/
i
j
ee
c
s
.v
8
.i
2
.
pp
30
8
-
3
14
3
08
Rec
ei
v
ed
J
ul
y
9
,
20
1
7
;
Rev
i
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ed
S
ep
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em
be
r
1,
20
1
7
;
A
c
c
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ted
S
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be
r
1
7,
2
0
17
Enhan
ceme
nt
of
Energ
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Co
nt
r
o
l Rou
tin
g Prot
o
col
f
or
M
ob
ile
A
d
H
oc
Net
w
ork
Based on
H
y
b
rid Par
ti
cle
S
w
arm Op
ti
mizatio
n
w
ith
A
n
t
C
olo
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y
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b
ased
E
n
erg
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Con
trol R
ou
tin
g
Hasa
n
A
w
n
i
S
h
a
kir
*1
,
Rav
ie
Ch
and
r
en M
u
n
iy
and
i
2
,
Z
u
lka
r
n
a
in M
D.
A
li
3
Cen
te
r f
o
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ft
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a
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T
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c
h
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n
d
M
a
n
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g
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e
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t,
F
a
c
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ty
o
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I
n
fo
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m
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T
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c
h
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y
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Uni
v
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Ke
b
a
n
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s
a
a
n
M
a
l
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y
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i
a
,
4
3
6
0
0
UKM
Ba
n
g
i
,
Se
l
a
n
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o
r,
M
a
l
a
y
s
i
a
*C
o
rre
s
p
o
n
d
i
n
g
a
u
th
o
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,
e
-
m
a
i
l
:
Has
s
a
n
1
9
9
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3
8
@gm
a
i
l
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c
o
m
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ra
v
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e
@uk
m
.e
d
u
.m
y
2
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z
m
a
@uk
m
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d
u
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3
A
b
st
r
ac
t
M
ANET
i
s
a
n
a
u
to
n
o
m
o
u
s
c
o
l
l
e
c
ti
o
n
o
f
d
i
s
tri
b
u
te
d
m
o
b
i
l
e
n
o
d
e
s
.
Ev
e
ry
n
o
d
e
i
n
a
M
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work
s
a
s
a
s
o
u
rc
e
a
n
d
a
s
i
n
k
a
n
d
t
h
a
t
re
l
a
y
s
p
a
c
k
e
t
s
fo
r
o
th
e
r
n
o
d
e
s
.
Th
e
k
e
y
fe
a
t
u
re
s
o
f
a
M
ANET
i
n
c
l
u
d
e
d
y
n
a
m
i
c
n
e
two
rk
to
p
o
l
o
g
y
,
d
i
s
t
ri
b
u
te
d
n
e
two
r
k
n
a
tu
r
e
,
m
u
l
t
i
-
h
o
p
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
l
i
m
i
t
e
d
b
a
n
d
wi
d
th
,
a
n
d
l
i
m
i
te
d
e
n
e
r
g
y
c
o
n
s
tr
a
i
n
t
s
.
G
i
v
e
n
th
a
t
t
h
e
b
a
tt
e
r
y
o
f
th
e
n
o
d
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s
i
s
l
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m
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te
d
,
th
e
e
n
e
rg
y
o
f
th
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o
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e
s
a
n
d
th
e
l
i
fe
t
i
m
e
o
f
n
e
two
rk
i
s
a
c
ri
ti
c
a
l
p
ro
b
l
e
m
i
n
M
ANETs
.
M
o
re
o
v
e
r,
n
o
d
e
s
m
a
i
n
t
a
i
n
s
t
a
ti
c
o
r
l
e
s
s
m
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
a
ft
e
r
b
e
i
n
g
d
e
p
l
o
y
e
d
.
T
h
e
e
n
e
rg
y
o
f
t
h
e
M
ANET
n
o
d
e
s
c
a
n
n
o
t
b
e
r
e
c
h
a
rg
e
d
,
whi
c
h
l
e
a
d
s
to
d
e
a
d
n
o
d
e
s
.
Th
i
s
s
tu
d
y
i
m
p
ro
v
e
s
th
e
e
n
e
r
g
y
c
o
s
t
fo
r
th
e
ACEC
R
a
n
d
b
o
o
s
t
s
a
d
v
a
n
c
e
m
e
n
t
t
h
ro
u
g
h
i
t
s
c
o
n
tri
b
u
ti
o
n
s
.
Are
a
s
i
n
th
e
a
d
h
o
c
n
e
two
rk
wh
e
re
m
u
c
h
wor
k
i
s
n
e
e
d
e
d
a
re
d
i
s
c
u
s
s
e
d
.
Th
i
s
s
t
u
d
y
o
n
l
y
e
x
p
l
o
re
d
th
e
i
m
p
a
c
t
o
f
PSO
o
n
ACECR
.
Re
s
u
l
t
s
i
n
d
i
c
a
te
t
h
a
t
ACEC
R
-
PSO
p
e
rfo
rm
e
d
b
e
tt
e
r t
h
a
n
t
h
e
o
t
h
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r p
ro
t
o
c
o
l
s
i
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te
rm
s
o
f
b
a
l
a
n
c
e
d
e
n
e
rg
y
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
ti
o
n
a
n
d
e
x
te
n
d
e
d
n
e
two
rk
l
i
fe
ti
m
e
.
Key
w
ords
:
ACEC
R, PSO
,
ACO
M
ANET
Copy
righ
t
©
2
0
1
7
I
ns
titu
t
e
o
f
Adv
a
nc
e
d
Eng
i
ne
e
ring
a
nd
Sc
ie
nc
e
.
All
righ
t
s
re
s
e
rve
d.
1.
Int
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
W
i
r
el
es
s
ne
tw
ork
s
are
uti
l
i
z
ed
i
n
v
ario
us
tec
hn
o
l
og
y
f
i
e
l
ds
,
s
uc
h
as
i
n
the
m
i
l
i
tar
y
,
i
n
the
i
nd
us
tr
i
a
l
s
ett
i
n
g
an
d
i
n
pe
r
s
on
a
l
area
ne
t
w
ork
s
[1]
.
W
i
r
el
es
s
ne
tw
ork
s
po
s
s
es
s
v
al
ua
bl
e
att
r
i
b
ute
s
,
s
uc
h
as
e
as
y
i
ns
tal
l
at
i
on
,
c
os
t
-
ef
f
i
c
i
en
c
y
,
an
d
r
el
i
ab
i
l
i
t
y
,
l
e
ad
i
ng
to
t
he
i
r
wi
de
r
an
ge
of
ap
p
l
i
c
at
i
on
s
[
2]
.
T
he
s
e
ne
t
wor
k
s
are
al
s
o
i
nd
ep
e
nd
e
nt
of
f
i
x
ed
i
nf
r
as
tr
uc
ture
c
om
pa
r
ed
wi
t
h
wi
r
ed
ne
t
w
ork
s
[3]
.
Com
m
o
n
ex
am
pl
es
of
t
he
us
ag
e
of
the
s
e
ne
t
wor
k
s
are
i
n
c
el
l
u
l
ar
ph
on
e
ne
t
w
ork
s
,
W
i
-
F
i
, s
ate
l
l
i
t
e c
o
m
m
un
i
c
ati
on
, a
n
d o
t
he
r
a
p
pl
i
c
a
ti
o
ns
[4,
5]
as
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fig
ure
1.
F
i
gu
r
e
1:
M
A
N
E
T
s
tr
uc
ture
Ho
w
e
v
er,
i
n
r
ec
e
nt
y
e
ars
,
w
i
r
e
l
es
s
ne
t
wor
k
s
has
be
c
om
e
a
m
aj
or
c
on
c
ern
i
n
the
c
o
m
m
un
i
c
ati
on
s
f
i
e
l
d
[6]
.
In
pa
r
t
i
c
ul
ar,
th
e
p
o
w
er
p
r
ob
l
em
i
n
M
A
N
E
T
s
ha
s
be
en
r
ec
e
i
v
i
n
g
s
i
gn
i
f
i
c
an
t
att
e
nti
on
.
T
he
probl
em
o
f
en
erg
y
ef
f
i
c
i
en
c
y
i
n
m
ob
i
l
e
a
d
ho
c
ne
t
wor
k
s
(
MA
N
E
T
s
)
c
an
be
ad
dres
s
ed
at
v
ari
ou
s
l
a
y
ers
[7]
and
r
es
e
arc
h
wor
k
ha
s
f
oc
us
ed
on
op
ti
m
i
z
i
ng
the
en
erg
y
c
on
s
um
pti
on
of
m
ob
i
l
e
no
d
es
f
r
o
m
di
ff
erent
v
i
e
wpo
i
nt
s
[8]
.
In
r
ec
en
t
y
e
ars
,
p
o
w
e
r
m
an
ag
em
en
t
s
c
he
m
es
ha
v
e
t
w
o
ob
j
ec
ti
v
es
,
w
h
i
c
h
are
to
m
i
ni
m
i
z
e
t
he
tot
a
l
po
w
er
c
on
s
um
pti
on
i
n
the
ne
t
wor
k
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJE
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CS
IS
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N:
2
50
2
-
4
75
2
En
h
a
n
c
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
En
e
r
g
y
C
o
n
tr
o
l
Ro
u
t
i
n
g
Pr
o
to
c
o
l
fo
r M
o
b
i
l
e
Ad
h
o
c
Ne
two
r
k
…
(Has
a
n
Aw
n
i
Sh
a
k
i
r)
309
an
d
to
m
i
ni
m
i
z
e
the
po
wer
c
on
s
um
pti
on
pe
r
no
d
e.
A
m
eth
od
to
r
ed
uc
e
the
en
erg
y
c
os
t
s
am
on
g
the
d
i
f
f
erent
no
de
s
,
c
al
l
e
d
the
an
t
c
ol
o
n
y
-
b
as
ed
e
ne
r
g
y
c
on
tr
ol
r
ou
ti
n
g
(
A
C
E
CR
)
protoc
ol
,
ha
s
be
en
s
u
gg
es
t
ed
[9
]
;
ho
we
v
er,
t
wo
m
aj
or
i
s
s
ue
s
w
e
r
e
f
ou
nd
r
eg
ard
i
n
g
the
i
r
wor
k
,
na
m
el
y
,
ph
erom
on
e
ev
ap
ora
ti
o
n
an
d
l
ea
k
of
r
ou
ti
ng
ef
f
i
c
ac
y
protoc
ol
[10]
.
T
he
r
ef
ore,
a
h
y
br
i
d
pa
r
t
i
c
l
e
s
w
arm
op
ti
m
i
z
ati
on
(
P
S
O
)
–
A
C
E
CR
pro
toc
ol
i
s
prop
os
ed
to
a
dd
r
es
s
the
wor
k
of
Z
ho
u
et
al
.
(
20
16
)
,
i
n
whi
c
h
th
e
r
ou
t
e
de
c
i
s
i
o
n
d
oe
s
n
ot
d
ep
e
nd
on
th
e
Q
o
S
b
et
w
e
en
the
r
ou
ti
ng
an
d
the
MA
N
E
T
en
erg
y
[
11
]
.
T
he
r
ef
ore,
thi
s
pres
en
t
s
tud
y
ai
m
s
to
de
v
e
l
op
a
P
S
O
f
or
A
CE
CR
i
n
term
s
of
the
be
s
t
an
d
ne
ares
t
p
ath
an
d
the
m
i
ni
m
al
no
d
e
p
o
wer
c
on
s
um
pti
on
,
w
h
i
c
h
f
oc
us
es
on
ea
c
h
no
de
th
a
t i
s
c
on
s
i
s
ten
t
l
y
a
v
ai
l
ab
l
e a
nd
r
e
du
c
es
th
e d
e
ad
n
od
e
nu
m
be
r
s
i
n t
h
e
w
o
r
k
of
Zhou.
2. P
r
o
p
o
se
d
A
p
p
r
o
ac
h
e
s
T
he
r
e
are
tw
o
i
m
po
r
tan
t
c
ha
r
ac
teri
s
t
i
c
s
i
n
the
pro
po
s
ed
P
S
O
-
A
CE
C
R
protoc
o
l
.
F
i
r
s
t,
P
S
O
us
es
a
p
op
u
l
at
i
o
n
of
pa
r
ti
c
l
es
.
S
ec
on
d,
P
S
O
ha
s
t
he
“
tr
ad
i
ti
o
na
l
”
top
ol
o
gi
es
,
na
m
el
y
,
gb
es
t
an
d
pb
es
t,
to
d
es
c
r
i
be
t
he
i
nte
r
c
o
nn
ec
t
i
on
s
am
on
g
pa
r
t
i
c
l
es
[
12
]
.
T
he
gb
es
t
top
ol
og
y
i
s
c
on
s
i
de
r
e
d
the
f
ul
l
y
i
nt
erc
o
nn
ec
te
d
po
p
ul
a
ti
o
n
be
c
au
s
e
ea
c
h
m
e
m
be
r
of
the
po
p
ul
at
i
o
n
c
an
be
i
nf
l
ue
nc
ed
b
y
an
y
ot
he
r
m
em
be
r
. S
pe
c
i
f
i
c
al
l
y
,
t
he
pa
r
ti
c
l
es
c
an
be
af
f
ec
ted
b
y
t
he
i
nd
i
v
i
d
ua
l
who
f
ou
nd
the
be
s
t
s
o
l
ut
i
on
s
o
f
ar.
T
he
r
ef
ore,
gb
es
t
i
s
ul
ti
m
ate
l
y
r
es
p
on
s
i
bl
e
f
or
tr
ac
k
i
ng
the
be
s
t
s
ol
ut
i
on
f
ou
n
d.
T
he
pb
es
t
top
o
l
og
y
i
s
c
on
s
i
de
r
e
d
as
a
pa
r
ti
al
l
y
i
nt
erc
on
ne
c
t
ed
po
pu
l
at
i
o
n,
i
n
whi
c
h
ev
er
y
p
arti
c
l
e
i
s
c
on
ne
c
ted
t
o
th
e
n
ei
g
hb
or
i
ng
pa
r
ti
c
l
es
i
n
the
po
p
ul
ati
on
arr
a
y
[1
3]
.
T
hi
r
d
,
ev
er
y
p
arti
c
l
e
c
ha
n
ge
s
i
ts
po
s
i
t
i
on
ac
c
ordi
n
g
to
t
he
c
ha
ng
e
r
ul
e
.
T
he
i
nt
erac
ti
on
r
ul
e
(
or
th
e
v
e
l
oc
i
t
y
e
qu
at
i
o
n)
de
t
erm
i
ne
s
the
n
ex
t
po
i
nt
of
the
pa
r
ti
c
l
e,
whi
c
h
wi
l
l
b
e
tes
te
d
i
n
th
e
s
ea
r
c
h
s
pa
c
e,
where
the
pre
v
i
ou
s
s
uc
c
es
s
of
th
e p
arti
c
l
e i
n t
h
e s
ea
r
c
h s
p
ac
e
wi
t
h t
he
pre
v
i
ou
s
s
uc
c
es
s
of
th
e
oth
er
pa
r
t
i
c
l
es
i
s
c
on
s
i
de
r
ed
.
W
he
n a
p
arti
c
l
e d
i
s
c
ov
ers
a
pa
tt
ern t
ha
t
i
s
be
tte
r
th
an
an
y
of
the
p
att
erns
t
ha
t
t
he
p
arti
c
l
e
ha
d
pre
v
i
ou
s
l
y
f
ou
nd
,
the
p
arti
c
l
e
s
tores
the
c
oo
r
di
na
t
es
i
n
the
pb
es
t(
t)
.
T
he
di
f
f
erenc
e
be
t
ween
t
he
p
be
s
t
(
the
be
s
t
p
oi
nt
f
ou
nd
s
o
f
ar)
an
d
th
e
c
urr
en
t
po
s
i
ti
on
of
the
i
nd
i
v
i
d
ua
l
i
s
s
toc
ha
s
t
i
c
al
l
y
a
dd
e
d
to
th
e
c
urr
en
t
v
e
l
oc
i
t
y
,
c
au
s
i
ng
th
e
tr
aj
ec
t
or
y
to
os
c
i
l
l
a
te
aroun
d
th
at
po
i
nt.
F
urth
erm
ore,
ea
c
h
pa
r
t
i
c
l
e
i
s
de
f
i
ne
d
wi
th
i
n
the
c
on
t
ex
t
of
a
t
op
o
l
o
gi
c
a
l
ne
i
gh
b
orhoo
d.
T
he
P
S
O
pr
oc
es
s
i
s
i
l
l
us
tr
at
ed
i
n Fi
gu
r
e 2
.
F
i
gu
r
e
2:
P
S
O
s
tr
uc
ture
S
e
v
era
l
h
y
br
i
d
c
o
nv
en
t
i
on
al
a
l
go
r
i
thm
s
,
s
uc
h
as
the
ge
ne
ti
c
an
d
the
P
S
O
a
l
go
r
i
thm
s
,
wer
e
us
ed
to
r
es
ol
v
e
the
r
ou
te
d
i
f
f
i
c
ul
t
y
i
n
MA
N
E
T
s
[14]
.
T
he
A
CE
C
R
P
r
ot
oc
ol
s
ug
ge
s
te
d
b
y
Z
ho
u
e
t
a
l
20
16
ha
s
d
i
f
f
ere
nt
di
f
f
i
c
ul
t
i
es
.
T
he
i
nf
orm
ati
on
g
ai
n
ed
b
y
us
i
n
g
P
S
O
[1
5]
.
T
he
r
ef
ore,
the
h
y
bri
d
be
t
ween
P
S
O
an
d
A
CE
C
R
P
r
oto
c
o
l
i
s
pr
op
os
ed
i
n
th
i
s
s
tud
y
f
or
th
e
op
ti
m
i
z
a
ti
o
n
s
tr
ate
g
y
ou
t
l
i
ne
d i
n t
h
e s
ub
s
eq
ue
n
t s
ec
ti
o
ns
.
T
he
h
y
brid
a
l
g
orit
hm
ha
s
ad
v
an
t
ag
es
of
pa
r
ti
c
l
e
s
war
m
O
pti
m
i
z
at
i
on
whi
c
h
i
s
G
l
ob
a
l
s
ea
r
c
h
bu
t
i
n
t
he
A
CE
CR
i
s
Lo
c
al
s
ea
r
c
h.
T
he
m
aj
or
di
s
ad
v
a
nta
ge
i
n
th
e
A
CE
CR
protoc
o
l
i
s
tha
t
whi
l
e
tr
y
i
ng
t
o
s
o
l
v
e
th
e
c
om
bi
na
ti
on
a
l
o
pti
m
i
z
at
i
o
n
prob
l
em
s
the
s
ea
r
c
h
s
ho
ul
d
pe
r
f
orm
ed
m
u
c
h
f
as
ter
[16]
,
b
ut
i
n
A
C
E
CR
t
he
m
ov
em
en
t
thro
ug
h
the
pa
th
where
t
he
c
h
em
i
c
al
s
u
bs
tan
c
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4
75
2
IJE
E
CS
V
ol
.
8
,
N
o.
2,
No
v
em
be
r
20
17
:
308
–
3
14
310
c
al
l
e
d
p
he
r
om
on
e
ha
s
b
ee
n
de
po
s
i
t
ed
.
H
en
c
e
l
oc
a
l
s
ea
r
c
h
w
i
l
l
be
pe
r
f
or
m
i
ng
at
the
f
as
ter
r
at
e
tha
n
i
n
the
A
C
E
CR
.
In
ord
er
to
ov
erc
om
e
the
ab
ov
e
dra
w
ba
c
k
.
How
e
v
er,
P
S
O
wor
k
s
ba
s
ed
on
di
r
ec
t
c
om
m
un
i
c
ati
o
n
b
et
ween
pa
r
t
i
c
l
es
.
B
ut
A
A
C
E
C
R
m
ec
ha
ni
s
m
hi
gh
l
y
d
ep
e
nd
s
on
i
nd
i
r
ec
t
c
o
m
m
un
i
c
ati
on
am
on
g
P
ar
ti
c
l
e.
F
or
t
ha
t
r
ea
s
o
n
i
t
n
ee
d
to
h
y
brid
P
S
O
wi
th
A
C
E
CR
to
op
t
i
m
i
z
e
protoc
ol
en
erg
y
.
F
AN
T
BAN
T
En
h
a
n
e
t
h
e
F
AN
T
a
n
d
BAN
T
o
f
AC
EC
R
u
si
n
g
t
h
e
p
ri
vi
l
e
g
e
o
f
PSO
co
h
e
si
o
n
C
o
h
e
si
o
n
mo
ve
t
o
w
a
rd
t
h
e
a
ve
ra
g
e
p
o
si
t
i
o
n
o
f
l
o
ca
l
f
l
o
ckma
t
e
s
Al
i
g
n
me
n
t
mo
ve
t
o
w
a
rd
s
t
h
e
a
ve
ra
g
e
h
e
a
d
i
n
g
o
f
l
o
ca
l
f
l
o
ckma
t
e
s
Se
p
a
ra
t
i
o
n
a
vo
i
d
cro
w
d
i
n
g
l
o
ca
l
f
l
o
ckma
t
e
s
F
i
gu
r
e
3
:
E
nh
an
c
e F
A
NT
an
d B
A
NT
of
(
A
nd
r
y
P
i
nt
o
&
el
es
.
20
1
0
)
In
order
to
f
ee
d
the
weak
ne
s
s
of
B
A
NT
an
d
F
A
NT
o
f
A
CE
CR
th
e
c
oh
es
i
o
n
as
p
ec
t
of
P
arti
c
l
e
S
war
m
O
pti
m
i
z
at
i
on
i
s
p
ut
to
us
e
i
n
orde
r
to
pe
r
f
or
m
op
ti
m
i
z
ati
on
b
y
i
terat
i
v
el
y
att
em
pti
ng
to
en
h
an
c
e
a
s
o
l
ut
i
on
w
i
t
h
r
e
ga
r
d
t
o
a
c
erta
i
n
m
ea
s
ure
of
qu
al
i
t
y
.
F
i
gu
r
e
3
de
s
c
r
i
be
s
h
y
br
i
d
th
at
s
tan
ds
f
or
the
P
S
O
-
A
CE
CR
.
F
or
the
r
ea
s
on
th
at
P
arti
c
l
e
S
war
m
O
pt
i
m
i
z
a
ti
o
n
us
es
v
e
l
oc
i
t
y
proc
e
du
r
e
t
o
r
ec
l
a
s
s
i
f
y
an
y
r
an
do
m
v
ec
tors
,
the
P
arti
c
l
e
S
war
m
O
pti
m
i
z
ati
o
n
w
i
l
l
f
ee
d
the
p
he
r
om
on
e v
ec
tors
f
or ACE
C
R.
Ho
w
e
v
er, t
he
pa
r
ti
c
l
e ru
l
es
s
ho
w
th
at
p =
p
+
v
,
(
1)
v
=
v
+
c
1
*
r
a
nd
*
(
pB
es
t
–
p) +
c
2
*
r
an
d *
(
g
B
es
t
–
p),
(
2)
W
h
ere
•
p:
po
s
i
ti
on
of
th
e p
art
i
c
l
e
•
v
: d
i
r
ec
ti
on
pa
th
•
c
1:
l
oc
a
l
i
nf
or
m
ati
on
of
w
e
i
gh
t
•
c
2:
gl
ob
a
l
i
nf
or
m
ati
on
of
we
i
gh
t
•
pB
es
t:
pa
r
t
i
c
l
e
be
s
t p
os
i
ti
on
•
gB
es
t:
be
s
t p
os
i
t
i
on
o
f
th
e
s
w
arm
•
r
an
d:
r
a
nd
om
l
y
v
ari
ab
l
e
Ho
w
e
v
er, t
he
nu
m
be
r
of
pa
r
ti
c
l
es
i
s
t
y
p
i
c
al
l
y
be
t
w
ee
n
10
a
nd
5
0.
1.
C1 i
s
t
he
p
ers
on
a
l
b
es
t v
al
ue
.
2.
C2 i
s
t
he
b
es
t v
al
ue
n
ei
gh
b
orhoo
d.
3.
In
ge
ne
r
a
l
, C
1 +
C2
=
4
(
e
m
pi
r
i
c
al
l
y
c
h
os
en
v
a
l
u
e).
4.
If
th
e a
l
go
r
i
t
hm
i
s
to
o s
l
o
w
m
ea
n t
ha
t i
t
c
au
s
e f
r
om
v
el
oc
i
t
y
i
s
to
o l
o
w
.
5.
If
a
l
go
r
i
thm
i
s
to
o u
ns
tab
l
e,
i
t c
au
s
e
f
r
o
m
v
el
oc
i
t
y
i
s
to
o h
i
gh
T
he
be
s
t
pa
th
i
s
s
el
ec
ted
us
i
ng
P
arti
c
l
e
S
war
m
O
pti
m
i
z
at
i
on
al
g
orit
hm
w
hi
l
e
th
e
m
ul
ti
-
pa
ths
are
g
o
tte
n
us
i
ng
A
C
E
CR
a
l
go
r
i
thm
.
P
he
r
om
on
es
c
an
be
de
p
os
i
te
d
b
y
t
he
pa
r
ti
c
l
e
a
ge
n
ts
an
d
e
v
er
y
pa
tt
ern
i
s
s
en
s
ed
b
y
l
oc
al
a
ttrib
ute
s
.
T
he
pa
tt
ern
ag
en
t
ex
ec
u
te
s
d
y
na
m
i
c
s
o
f
ph
erom
on
es
ev
ap
ora
ti
o
n,
di
s
pe
r
s
i
on
a
nd
a
gg
r
eg
ati
o
n.
A
ttr
i
bu
t
e
p
he
r
om
on
e
i
ns
i
de
t
he
p
att
e
r
n
an
d
pa
t
tern
ph
erom
on
e
are
the
t
w
o
l
e
v
e
l
s
of
ph
erom
on
es
.
P
arti
c
l
e
S
war
m
O
pti
m
i
z
ati
on
al
g
orit
hm
i
s
r
es
po
ns
i
b
l
e
f
or
up
da
t
i
ng
t
he
p
att
ern
ph
e
r
om
on
e
to
c
o
m
pa
r
e
the
pa
th’
s
f
i
tne
s
s
as
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJE
E
CS
IS
S
N:
2
50
2
-
4
75
2
En
h
a
n
c
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
En
e
r
g
y
C
o
n
tr
o
l
Ro
u
t
i
n
g
Pr
o
to
c
o
l
fo
r M
o
b
i
l
e
Ad
h
o
c
Ne
two
r
k
…
(Has
a
n
Aw
n
i
Sh
a
k
i
r)
311
wel
l
as
t
he
i
r
r
el
a
ted
att
r
i
bu
tes
.
T
hi
s
f
i
tne
s
s
i
s
r
e
do
n
e
f
or
a
c
ertai
n
nu
m
be
r
of
i
te
r
ati
on
an
d
t
he
pa
tte
r
n
w
i
t
h l
arge f
i
t
ne
s
s
i
s
r
ec
i
proc
ate
d a
s
a
s
o
l
ut
i
o
n t
ha
t m
ee
ts
al
l
th
e
d
i
f
f
i
c
ul
ti
es
.
P
arti
c
l
e
S
war
m
O
pti
m
i
z
ati
o
n
de
a
l
s
w
i
t
h
the
s
tr
a
ng
e
po
s
i
ti
o
n
of
A
CE
C
R
order
of
r
ou
ti
ng
an
d
an
ap
propr
i
ate
f
i
tne
s
s
f
un
c
ti
on
to
f
i
n
d
t
he
m
os
t
ad
v
an
t
ag
e
ou
s
pa
r
am
ete
r
s
of
s
orti
ng
f
un
c
ti
on
r
es
ul
t
i
ng
i
nto
e
ne
r
g
y
r
el
i
ab
i
l
i
t
y
m
att
ers
tha
t
m
i
gh
t
l
ate
r
l
e
ad
to
i
ne
f
f
i
c
i
en
c
y
,
f
or
i
ns
ta
nc
e
as
s
ee
n
i
n
Z
h
ou
pa
p
er
i
n
the
f
i
gu
r
e
4
be
l
o
w,
th
e
no
d
e
1
-
2,
2
-
3,
3
-
5
h
av
i
ng
p
he
r
om
on
e
m
i
s
c
on
ne
c
ti
o
n p
r
o
bl
em
r
es
ul
t
i
ng
to
a
po
s
i
ti
o
n t
h
at
i
s
n
ot
k
no
wn
.
F
i
gu
r
e
4
:
t
he
m
ai
n a
i
m
of
P
S
O
w
i
l
l
f
ee
ds
th
e
ph
erom
o
ne
o
n A
C
E
CR
3.
Imp
lem
ent
atio
n
S
etu
p
S
i
m
ul
ati
on
was
do
n
e
i
n
M
A
T
LA
B
[
17
]
,
an
d
the
r
es
u
l
t
s
w
ere
ev
al
ua
t
ed
a
nd
c
om
pa
r
e
d
wi
th
s
t
an
d
ard
A
CE
C
R
r
ou
t
i
ng
protoc
o
l
s
an
d
r
ec
en
t
a
pp
r
oa
c
h
es
.
W
e
us
ed
di
f
f
erent
s
i
m
ul
ati
on
pa
r
am
ete
r
s
,
s
uc
h
as
v
ar
y
i
ng
th
e
nu
m
be
r
of
no
de
s
an
d
the
no
de
s
pe
ed
,
to
ev
a
l
ua
t
e
the
pe
r
f
or
m
an
c
e u
s
i
ng
Z
ho
u
pa
r
am
ete
r
s
as
s
u
m
m
ariz
ed
i
n
T
ab
l
e1
.
T
ab
l
e 1
:
S
i
m
ul
at
i
on
pa
r
am
ete
r
s
Zhou
et
a
l
. (20
16
)
P
a
r
a
m
e
t
e
r
V
a
lue
S
i
m
u
la
t
e
M
A
TLAB
C
h
a
n
n
e
l
t
y
p
e
W
i
r
e
le
s
s
A
r
e
a
1
0
0
0
m
N
o
d
e
s
2
5
n
o
d
e
s
R
o
u
t
ing
p
r
o
t
o
c
o
l
A
C
E
C
R
S
i
m
u
la
t
ion
t
i
m
e
1
0
0
m
s
N
o
d
e
s
p
e
e
d
5
m
/
s
Tr
a
f
f
i
c
t
y
p
e
C
B
R
I
n
it
ial
e
n
e
r
g
y
2
0
0
J
P
a
c
k
e
t
s
iz
e
6
4
b
y
t
e
S
i
m
u
la
t
ion
I
E
E
E
m
o
d
e
l
8
0
2
.
1
5
.
4
a
Ho
w
e
v
er,
we
c
om
pa
r
e
the
pe
r
f
or
m
an
c
e
of
ou
r
propo
s
ed
protoc
o
l
A
CE
C
R
-
P
S
O
to
the
oth
er
three
prot
oc
ol
s
:
A
C
E
CR,
E
A
A
R
[1
8]
,
an
d
A
O
MD
A
pro
toc
o
l
s
.
T
he
s
e
prot
oc
ol
s
ex
t
en
d
th
e
s
i
ng
l
e
p
ath
A
O
D
V
pro
toc
o
l
to
c
om
pu
te
m
ul
ti
p
l
e
pa
t
hs
,
w
h
i
c
h
a
l
w
a
y
s
of
f
ers
a
s
up
erio
r
ov
eral
l
r
ou
ti
n
g
pe
r
f
or
m
an
c
e
tha
n
A
DO
V
i
n
a
v
arie
t
y
of
m
ob
i
l
i
t
y
an
d
tr
af
f
i
c
c
on
di
t
i
o
ns
[1
9]
.
E
A
A
R
i
s
a
n
A
CO
-
ba
s
ed
e
ne
r
g
y
-
a
w
are
r
ou
ti
n
g
protoc
o
l
,
whi
c
h
do
e
s
no
t
on
l
y
i
nc
orpor
at
e
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
of
po
w
er
c
on
s
um
pti
on
i
n
r
ou
t
i
n
g
a
p
ac
k
et,
bu
t
a
l
s
o
ex
p
l
o
i
ts
the
m
ul
ti
-
pa
th
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
i
on
properti
es
of
an
t
s
w
arm
s
an
d
us
e
m
i
n
-
m
ax
en
erg
y
to
c
al
c
u
l
at
e
ph
erom
on
e
v
al
ue
;
h
en
c
e,
i
t
i
nc
r
ea
s
es
the
ba
tte
r
y
l
i
f
e
of
a
no
de
.
Mo
bi
l
i
t
y
i
s
a
na
t
ural
c
ha
r
ac
ter
i
s
ti
c
of
a
d
ho
c
ne
t
wor
k
s
.
I
t
i
s
i
m
pe
r
ati
v
e
to
us
e
a
m
ob
i
l
i
t
y
m
od
el
t
ha
t
ac
c
urat
el
y
r
ep
r
es
en
ts
t
he
m
ob
i
l
e
n
od
es
tha
t
w
i
l
l
e
v
e
ntu
al
l
y
uti
l
i
z
e
th
e
g
i
v
e
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4
75
2
IJE
E
CS
V
ol
.
8
,
N
o.
2,
No
v
em
be
r
20
17
:
308
–
3
14
312
protoc
ol
.
T
he
c
ho
i
c
e
of
a
m
ob
i
l
i
t
y
m
od
el
c
an
ha
v
e
a
s
i
gn
i
f
i
c
an
t
ef
f
ec
t
on
the
pe
r
f
or
m
an
c
e
o
f
an
ad
h
oc
ne
t
wor
k
r
ou
ti
ng
prot
oc
ol
.
T
he
r
e
are
1
00
no
d
es
i
n
a
n
et
w
ork
,
whi
c
h
m
ov
e
o
v
er
a
10
00
m
∗
10
0
0
m
f
l
at
s
pa
c
e.
F
or
the
RP
G
M
m
od
el
[20]
,
we
d
i
v
i
de
d
al
l
no
d
es
i
nt
o
f
ou
r
groups
,
wi
th
2
5
no
de
s
i
n
ea
c
h
group.
T
he
n
od
e
’
s
M
A
C
l
a
y
er
us
es
IE
E
E
-
80
2
.11
D
CF
m
ed
i
a
ac
c
es
s
c
on
tr
ol
protoc
o
l
,
t
he
r
ad
i
o
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
i
on
r
an
ge
a
nd
the
i
nt
erf
erenc
e
r
an
ge
of
no
de
s
are
a
l
l
s
et
to
be
20
0
m
[21]
.
E
ac
h
n
od
e
ha
s
a
to
tal
en
erg
y
of
10
0J
.Mo
bi
l
e
n
od
es
,
an
d
are
as
s
um
ed
to
m
ov
e
r
an
do
m
l
y
ac
c
ord
i
ng
to
the
r
an
do
m
wal
k
,
r
an
do
m
w
a
y
p
oi
nt,
a
n
d
RP
G
M
m
ob
i
l
i
t
y
m
od
el
s
.
T
he
s
pe
ed
s
of
no
de
s
are
s
et
to
be
1
.5,
5,
10
,
1
5,
a
nd
2
0
pe
r
s
ec
o
nd
,
ea
c
h
n
od
e
s
tarts
m
ov
i
n
g
f
r
om
a
r
an
do
m
l
y
s
e
l
ec
ted
i
n
i
ti
a
l
po
s
i
ti
o
n
to
a
targe
t
po
s
i
ti
on
,
whi
c
h
i
s
al
s
o
s
e
l
ec
ted
r
an
d
om
l
y
i
n
the
s
i
m
ul
at
i
on
.
E
ac
h
po
c
k
ets
i
z
e
i
s
51
2
-
b
y
t
es
,
and
1
0
Cons
ta
nt
-
B
i
t
-
Rate
(
CB
R)
f
l
o
w
s
are
ge
n
erated
r
a
nd
om
l
y
at
a
r
at
e
of
10
pa
c
k
ets
pe
r
s
ec
on
d f
or 1
00
0s
t
o t
es
t th
e
pe
r
f
or
m
an
c
e o
f
protoc
ol
s
[22
]
.
4
. Re
sult
s
and
D
isc
u
s
sio
n
T
he
pe
r
c
en
tag
e
of
the
nu
m
be
r
of
da
ta
pa
c
k
ets
c
orr
ec
tl
y
de
l
i
v
ered
to
t
he
nu
m
be
r
of
da
ta
pa
c
k
ets
s
en
t b
y
s
o
urc
e n
od
es
i
s
pres
en
t
ed
. F
i
g
ure
5 s
ho
w
s
t
he
pa
c
k
et
de
l
i
v
er
y
r
a
ti
o
of
A
O
M
DV
,
E
A
A
R,
A
CE
CR
an
d
A
C
E
CR
-
P
S
O
pro
toc
o
l
s
at
di
f
f
erent
s
pe
e
ds
i
n
d
i
f
f
erent
m
ob
i
l
i
t
y
m
od
el
s
,
where
t
he
p
ac
k
et
de
l
i
v
er
y
r
ati
o
f
or
f
ou
r
r
ou
ti
ng
pr
ot
oc
ol
s
de
c
r
ea
s
es
when
the
s
pe
ed
s
of
the
no
de
s
i
nc
r
ea
s
e
.
W
e
ob
s
erv
e
th
at
t
he
pa
c
k
et
de
l
i
v
er
y
r
ati
o
f
or
A
C
E
CR
-
P
S
O
i
s
be
t
ter
tha
n
a
l
l
th
e
oth
er
protoc
ol
s
.
A
C
E
CR
-
P
S
O
an
d
E
A
A
R
protoc
o
l
s
c
an
ba
l
an
c
e
th
e
en
erg
y
us
e
of
the
ne
tw
ork
an
d
r
e
du
c
e
the
l
i
nk
break
c
au
s
ed
b
y
de
ad
no
de
s
b
ec
au
s
e
t
he
y
are
en
erg
y
c
on
tr
ol
r
ou
t
i
n
g
pr
oto
c
ol
s
.
S
i
nc
e
b
oth
a
v
er
ag
e
en
erg
y
an
d
th
e
m
i
ni
m
u
m
en
erg
y
of
a
pa
th
i
s
c
on
s
i
de
r
ed
i
n
A
CE
CR
-
P
S
O
,
i
t
c
an
s
el
ec
t
a
pa
th
wi
th
m
ore
r
es
i
du
al
e
ne
r
g
y
o
n
gl
ob
a
l
v
i
e
w
.
A
CE
CT
an
d
E
A
A
R
on
l
y
c
on
s
i
d
er
the
r
es
i
d
ua
l
en
er
g
y
of
no
de
s
i
ns
te
ad
o
f
pa
ths
,
and
the
pa
c
k
et
de
l
i
v
er
y
r
at
i
o
f
or
A
CE
CR pr
ot
oc
ol
s
i
s
hi
gh
er
tha
n
tha
t
f
or AOMD
V
prot
o
c
ol
.
F
i
gu
r
e
5 P
ac
k
et
Del
i
v
er
y
R
ati
o
T
he
av
erag
e
ti
m
e
be
t
w
e
e
n
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
i
on
of
da
ta
pa
c
k
ets
at
s
ou
r
c
es
an
d
s
uc
c
es
s
f
ul
r
ec
ep
ti
o
n
at
r
ec
ei
v
ers
i
s
pres
en
te
d
i
n
F
i
g
ure
6
.
F
i
g
ure
6
s
ho
w
s
the
a
v
era
ge
en
d
-
to
-
en
d
de
l
a
y
of
da
ta
pa
c
k
ets
fr
o
m
s
ou
r
c
e
no
de
s
t
o
th
ei
r
d
es
ti
n
ati
on
no
de
s
f
or
A
O
M
DV
,
E
A
A
R,
A
CE
CR
a
nd
A
CE
CR
-
P
S
O
i
n
di
f
f
erent
m
ob
i
l
i
t
y
m
od
e
l
s
.
T
he
en
d
-
to
-
en
d
de
l
a
y
s
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
wi
th
i
nc
r
ea
s
e
of
no
de
m
ob
i
l
e
s
p
ee
ds
,
be
c
a
us
e
the
i
nc
r
ea
s
e
of
no
de
m
ob
i
l
e
s
pe
e
ds
w
i
l
l
m
a
k
e
ne
t
w
ork
top
ol
og
y
c
ha
ng
e
,
whi
c
h
i
n
turn
wi
l
l
c
au
s
e
da
ta
b
uf
f
er
an
d
r
ou
te
r
ed
i
s
c
o
v
er
y
.
T
he
a
v
era
ge
en
d
t
o
-
en
d
de
l
a
y
f
or
A
CE
CR
-
P
S
O
i
s
l
es
s
tha
n
A
CE
CR
an
d
oth
er
protoc
o
l
,
be
c
a
us
e
A
CE
CR
-
PS
O
i
s
en
ha
nc
ed
en
erg
y
c
o
ntro
l
r
ou
ti
ng
protoc
o
l
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er,
s
i
nc
e
a
nt
c
o
l
on
y
-
ba
s
e
d
e
ne
r
g
y
c
on
tr
o
l
r
ou
ti
n
g
prot
oc
ol
i
s
m
ul
ti
-
pa
t
h
r
ou
ti
ng
prot
oc
ol
s
,
th
e
y
c
a
n
ba
l
an
c
e
th
e
en
erg
y
us
e
o
f
the
ne
t
w
ork
,
an
d re
du
c
e t
he
r
o
ute
r
e
di
s
c
ov
er
y
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJE
E
CS
IS
S
N:
2
50
2
-
4
75
2
En
h
a
n
c
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
En
e
r
g
y
C
o
n
tr
o
l
Ro
u
t
i
n
g
Pr
o
to
c
o
l
fo
r M
o
b
i
l
e
Ad
h
o
c
Ne
two
r
k
…
(Has
a
n
Aw
n
i
Sh
a
k
i
r)
313
F
i
gu
r
e
6 E
nd
t
o
E
nd
Del
a
y
T
he
c
o
m
m
un
i
c
ati
on
o
v
erh
e
ad
of
d
ea
d
-
no
d
e
h
as
a
pro
f
ou
nd
ef
f
ec
t
on
t
he
pe
r
f
orm
an
c
e
of
r
ou
ti
ng
protoc
o
l
s
.
I
t
r
e
p
r
es
en
ts
the
t
ota
l
s
i
z
e
of
e
x
c
ha
ng
i
ng
p
ac
k
ets
i
n
the
ne
t
w
ork
.
T
he
c
on
tr
ol
pa
c
k
ets
i
nc
r
ea
s
e
the
c
om
m
un
i
c
ati
o
n
o
v
erh
ea
d
an
d
r
ed
uc
e
the
thro
ug
hp
ut
of
th
e
ne
t
w
ork
.
F
i
g
ure
7
s
ho
w
s
th
at
th
e
r
o
uti
ng
o
v
erhe
ad
th
a
t
c
au
s
ed
f
r
om
de
ad
n
od
e
of
A
C
E
CR
-
PSO
is
l
es
s
tha
n
A
CE
CR
prot
oc
ol
,
s
i
nc
e
A
C
E
CR
-
P
S
O
i
s
m
ul
ti
-
pa
th
r
o
uti
ng
prot
o
c
ol
s
,
the
y
us
e
ph
erom
on
e u
p
da
t
i
n
g t
o m
ai
nta
i
n t
h
e rout
e s
e
l
ec
ti
on
wi
t
h b
es
t f
i
tn
es
s
f
un
c
ti
on
of
P
S
O
.
T
he
c
o
m
m
un
i
c
ati
o
n
ov
erhe
ad
of
de
ad
-
no
de
ha
s
a
prof
ou
nd
i
m
pa
c
t
on
the
pe
r
f
orm
an
c
e
of
r
ou
ti
ng
prot
oc
ol
.
,
i
t r
ep
r
e
s
en
ts
th
e
tot
a
l
s
i
z
e
of
ex
c
ha
ng
i
ng
pa
c
k
ets
i
n t
h
e n
et
wor
k
.
T
he
c
on
tr
ol
pa
c
k
ets
i
nc
r
ea
s
e
th
e
c
om
m
un
i
c
ati
on
ov
erhe
ad
an
d
r
ed
uc
e
the
thro
ug
h
pu
t
o
f
the
ne
t
wor
k
.
F
i
gu
r
e
7
,
s
ho
w
s
tha
t
r
o
uti
n
g
ov
erhea
d
tha
t
c
a
us
ed
f
r
om
,
de
ad
no
de
of
A
CE
CR
-
P
S
O
l
es
s
tha
n
A
CE
CR
protoc
o
l
,
s
i
nc
e
A
CE
CR
-
P
S
O
i
s
m
ul
ti
-
pa
th
r
ou
ti
n
g
protoc
o
l
s
,
the
y
us
e
ph
erom
on
e
up
da
ti
n
g
to
m
ai
nta
i
n
th
e
r
ou
te
s
el
ec
ti
o
n
w
i
t
h
be
s
t
f
i
tne
s
s
f
un
c
ti
on
of
P
S
O
,
whi
c
h
w
as
tes
ted
o
n
three t
y
p
es
of
m
ob
i
l
i
t
y
: ra
n
d
w
al
k
, rand
wa
y
an
d R
P
G
M
F
i
gu
r
e
7
.
D
ea
d
Nod
e Ra
ti
o
4.
Co
n
clus
ion
In
thi
s
pa
p
er,
we
propos
e
d
an
an
t
c
ol
on
y
-
ba
s
e
d
en
er
g
y
c
on
tr
o
l
r
ou
ti
ng
protoc
o
l
P
S
O
-
A
CE
CR
an
d
e
v
al
ua
t
e
d
th
e
af
f
ec
t
of
di
f
f
erent
m
ob
i
l
i
t
y
m
od
el
s
to
th
e
pe
r
f
orm
an
c
e
of
P
S
O
-
A
CE
CR
i
n
MA
N
E
T
s
.
In
P
S
O
-
A
C
E
CR,
th
e
r
ou
t
i
ng
pr
oto
c
ol
wi
l
l
f
i
nd
th
e
be
t
ter
r
ou
te
whi
c
h
h
as
m
ore
en
erg
y
th
an
oth
er
r
ou
tes
thro
ug
h
th
e
a
na
l
y
s
i
s
of
av
era
ge
en
erg
y
a
nd
the
m
i
ni
m
u
m
en
erg
y
of
pa
ths
.
S
i
m
ul
at
i
on
r
es
u
l
t
s
s
ho
w
th
at
P
S
O
-
A
C
E
CR
ha
s
a
be
tte
r
p
erf
or
m
an
c
e
tha
n
ex
i
s
t
i
ng
r
ou
ti
n
g
prot
oc
ol
s
,
s
uc
h
as
A
CE
CR,
E
A
A
R
an
d
A
O
MD
V
,
i
n
t
erm
s
of
the
nu
m
be
r
of
de
ad
no
d
es
an
d
t
he
pa
c
k
et
l
os
s
r
ate
,
whi
c
h
m
ea
ns
tha
t
P
S
O
-
A
C
E
CR
c
an
ex
ten
d
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
’s
l
i
f
eti
m
e.
In
ad
d
i
ti
on
,
t
he
s
i
m
ul
ati
o
ns
i
n
v
es
ti
ga
t
e
d
t
he
m
ov
em
en
t
c
ha
r
ac
teri
s
t
i
c
s
of
di
f
f
erent
m
ob
i
l
i
t
y
m
od
el
s
an
d
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
on
r
ou
ti
ng
p
r
oto
c
ol
s
.
F
urth
erm
ore,
r
es
ul
ts
s
ho
w
th
at
P
S
O
-
A
C
E
C
R
ha
s
a
be
tt
er
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4
75
2
IJE
E
CS
V
ol
.
8
,
N
o.
2,
No
v
em
be
r
20
17
:
308
–
3
14
314
pe
r
f
or
m
an
c
e
tha
n
the
oth
er
three
protoc
o
l
s
i
n
ba
l
a
nc
ed
en
erg
y
c
on
s
um
pti
on
an
d
ex
ten
d
ed
ne
t
w
ork
l
i
f
eti
m
e.
Ref
er
en
ce
s
[1
]
Des
ai
,
R.M.,
B
.
P
a
ti
l
, a
nd
D
.P
.
S
ha
r
m
a,
Rout
i
ng
P
r
ot
oc
ol
s
fo
r
Mo
b
i
l
e A
d Ho
c
N
etw
ork
-
A
S
urv
ey
an
d A
na
l
y
s
i
s
.
Ind
on
es
i
an
J
o
urna
l
of
E
l
ec
tr
i
c
a
l
E
ng
i
n
ee
r
i
n
g a
nd
C
om
pu
ter S
c
i
en
c
e
,
20
17
.
7
(
3):
p.
7
95
-
80
1.
[2
]
Mi
h
ov
s
k
a,
A
.,
et
a
l
.
I
nte
grat
i
on
of
w
i
r
el
es
s
an
d
da
t
a t
ec
hn
o
l
og
i
es
fo
r
pe
r
s
on
al
i
z
ed
s
ma
r
t
ap
p
l
i
c
at
i
on
s
.
i
n
W
i
r
el
es
s
Tel
ec
om
mu
n
i
c
at
i
on
s
S
y
mp
os
i
um
(
W
T
S
)
, 2
01
5
.
20
15
. I
E
E
E
.
[3
]
S
al
am
a,
K
. a
n
d
A
.M.
A
b
de
l
ba
r
.
A
no
v
e
l
a
nt
c
ol
on
y
a
l
g
orit
h
m f
o
r
b
ui
l
d
i
ng
ne
ural
n
etwo
r
k
top
o
l
og
i
es
.
i
n
I
nte
r
n
ati
on
a
l
Conf
ere
nc
e o
n S
war
m I
nte
l
l
i
g
en
c
e
.
20
1
4.
S
pri
ng
er.
[4
]
P
an
de
y
,
A
.K
.
an
d H.
F
uj
i
no
k
i
,
S
tud
y
of
MA
NE
T
r
o
uti
ng
protoc
o
l
s
by
G
l
o
Mo
S
i
m s
i
mu
l
ato
r
.
Int
erna
ti
o
na
l
J
ou
r
n
al
of
Net
wor
k
Ma
na
ge
m
en
t, 2
00
5.
15
(
6): p.
3
93
-
4
10
.
[5
]
Uddi
n J
. ,
Z
.
M.R.,
S
t
ud
y
an
d p
erfor
ma
nc
e
c
om
p
aris
on
of
MA
NE
T
r
ou
t
i
ng
protoc
o
l
s
:TO
RA
,
LDR a
nd
ZR
P
,
i
n
2
01
0
, B
l
e
k
i
ng
e I
ns
ti
t
ute
of
T
ec
hn
ol
og
y
.
[6
]
V
argh
es
e,
G
.,
Li
f
e i
n t
h
e Fa
s
t L
an
e
: V
i
ew
ed
fro
m t
he
C
on
fl
ue
nc
e
Le
ns
.
A
C
M
S
IG
CO
MM
Com
pu
ter Com
m
un
i
c
at
i
on
Rev
i
e
w
,
20
15
.
45
(
1): p
. 1
9
-
25.
[7
]
Cont
i
, M
.
an
d S
. G
i
ord
an
o,
Mo
b
i
l
e a
d
ho
c
n
etwo
r
k
i
ng
:
mi
l
es
ton
es
, c
ha
l
l
e
ng
es
,
an
d n
ew
r
es
ea
r
c
h d
i
r
ec
t
i
on
s
.
IE
E
E
Com
m
un
i
c
ati
on
s
M
ag
a
z
i
ne
, 2
01
4.
52
(
1): p.
85
-
9
6.
[8
]
Rei
n
a,
D.G
.
, e
t
al
.
,
A
s
urv
e
y
on
th
e a
p
pl
i
c
ati
on
of
ev
o
l
uti
o
na
r
y
a
l
go
r
i
thm
s
f
or mo
b
i
l
e
mu
l
t
i
h
op
ad
h
oc
ne
t
wor
k
op
ti
m
i
z
ati
on
probl
em
s
.
I
nte
r
n
ati
o
na
l
J
ou
r
n
al
of
Di
s
tr
i
bu
te
d S
e
ns
or
Net
w
ork
s
, 2
01
6.
12
(
2):
p.
2
08
24
96
.
[9
]
Z
ho
u,
J
.,
et
a
l
.,
A
nt
c
ol
on
y
-
ba
s
ed
en
ergy
c
o
ntrol
r
ou
t
i
n
g p
r
oto
c
o
l
f
or mo
bi
l
e
ad
h
o
c
ne
twork
s
un
de
r
di
ff
erent
no
de
mo
b
i
l
i
t
y
mo
de
l
s
.
E
URA
S
I
P
J
ou
r
n
al
o
n
W
i
r
el
es
s
Co
m
m
un
i
c
ati
on
s
a
nd
Net
w
ork
i
ng
,
20
1
6.
2
01
6
(
1):
p.
1
05
.
[1
0
]
K
as
he
f
, S
. a
n
d H.
Ne
z
am
ab
ad
i
-
po
ur,
A
n
ad
v
a
nc
ed
A
CO
al
g
orit
hm
f
or feat
ure s
u
bs
et
s
el
ec
ti
on
.
N
eu
r
oc
om
pu
ti
n
g,
20
1
5.
1
47
:
p.
2
71
-
27
9.
[1
1
]
Des
ai
,
R. a
nd
B
.
P
at
i
l
,
A
n
al
y
s
i
s
of
Rei
nfo
r
c
em
en
t
B
as
e
d A
d
ap
t
i
v
e R
ou
t
i
ng
i
n
MA
N
E
T
.
Ind
o
ne
s
i
a
n J
ou
r
n
al
of
E
l
ec
tr
i
c
al
E
ng
i
ne
erin
g a
nd
C
om
pu
ter
S
c
i
e
nc
e,
2
01
6.
2
(
3):
p.
64
8
-
69
4.
[1
2
]
B
ai
, Q
.,
A
na
l
y
s
i
s
of
pa
r
ti
c
l
e
s
war
m o
pt
i
m
i
z
at
i
on
al
go
r
i
t
h
m.
Com
pu
ter an
d
i
nf
orm
ati
on
s
c
i
en
c
e,
2
01
0.
3
(
1): p
. 1
8
0.
[1
3
]
P
ate
l
,
M.K
., M
.
R.
K
ab
at,
a
n
d C.R.
T
r
i
pa
t
h
y
,
A
hy
brid
A
CO
/P
S
O
ba
s
ed
al
go
r
i
thm
f
or Q
oS
mu
l
t
i
c
as
t rou
ti
n
g p
r
o
bl
em
.
A
i
n
S
ha
m
s
E
ng
i
n
ee
r
i
ng
J
o
urnal
,
20
14
.
5
(
1): p.
11
3
-
12
0.
[1
4
]
S
hi
r
k
an
de
,
S
.
D. a
nd
R.
A
.
V
att
i
.
A
c
o
ba
s
ed
r
ou
t
i
ng
al
go
r
i
thm
s
f
or ad
-
h
oc
ne
tw
ork
(
ws
n,
ma
ne
ts
)
: A
s
urv
ey
. i
n
Co
m
mu
n
i
c
ati
on
S
y
s
tem
s
a
nd
N
etwo
r
k
Tec
hn
ol
o
gi
es
(
CS
N
T
)
, 2
01
3
Int
erna
ti
o
na
l
Co
nfe
r
e
nc
e o
n
. 2
0
13
.
IE
E
E
.
[1
5
]
Nath
,
S
.,
et
a
l
.
O
p
ti
m
i
z
i
ng
MA
N
E
T
r
ou
t
i
n
g i
n A
O
D
V
:
A
n h
y
brid
i
z
at
i
on
a
p
proac
h
of
A
CO
a
nd
fi
r
efl
y
al
g
orit
hm
.
i
n
Res
ea
r
c
h i
n
Com
pu
t
ati
on
a
l
I
nte
l
l
i
ge
nc
e a
n
d Co
mm
u
ni
c
at
i
o
n N
etwo
r
k
s
(
ICRCICN)
, 2
01
6
S
ec
on
d
I
nte
r
na
t
i
o
na
l
Co
nfe
r
e
nc
e o
n
. 2
01
6.
I
E
E
E
.
[1
6
]
J
ua
ng
,
C.
-
F
.,
Co
mb
i
na
ti
o
n
of
P
arti
c
l
e S
w
arm
an
d
A
nt
Col
o
ny
O
pti
mi
z
a
ti
o
n A
l
g
orit
hm
s
fo
r
F
u
z
z
y
S
y
s
tem
s
D
es
i
g
n
, i
n
F
u
z
z
y
S
y
s
tem
s
.
20
1
0,
InT
e
c
h.
[1
7
]
K
urk
ow
s
k
i
, S
., T
. Cam
p,
an
d M
. C
ol
ag
r
os
s
o,
MA
N
E
T
s
i
mu
l
at
i
o
n s
tud
i
es
: t
he
i
nc
r
e
di
b
l
es
.
A
CM
S
IG
MO
B
IL
E
M
ob
i
l
e
C
om
pu
ti
ng
a
nd
C
om
m
un
i
c
ati
on
s
Re
v
i
e
w
, 2
00
5
.
9
(
4):
p.
50
-
61.
[1
8
]
Mi
c
he
al
, G
.
an
d A
. A
r
u
na
c
h
al
am
,
E
A
A
CK
: E
nh
a
nc
ed
A
da
pt
i
v
e A
c
k
n
owl
ed
g
me
n
t fo
r
MA
N
E
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.
122
(
14
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.
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