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to
d
escr
ib
e
a
ca
teg
o
r
y
o
f
t
r
u
e
d
i
f
f
er
en
tia
l in
p
u
t a
m
p
l
if
ier
s
th
at
e
m
p
h
a
s
ize
h
i
g
h
co
m
m
o
n
m
o
d
e
r
ej
ec
tio
n
(
C
MRR
)
an
d
ac
cu
r
ac
y
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
b
o
th
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ta
tio
n
a
m
p
li
f
ier
s
a
n
d
d
if
f
er
en
ce
a
m
p
li
f
ier
s
u
s
e
o
p
am
p
s
a
s
b
asic
ar
ch
itect
u
r
al
b
u
i
ld
in
g
b
lo
ck
s
,
th
e
y
ar
e
d
is
ti
n
ctl
y
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
f
r
o
m
th
eir
o
p
a
m
p
co
u
s
i
n
s
.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
ea
s
e
th
e
d
y
n
a
m
ic
r
an
g
e
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
t o
f
A
D
C
,
a
P
GA
is
p
lace
d
in
f
r
o
n
t o
f
ADC.
T
h
e
d
ec
o
d
er
ad
j
u
s
ts
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
g
ai
n
o
f
P
GA
to
a
n
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
lev
el
w
h
ic
h
o
p
ti
m
izes
t
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
A
DC
.
T
h
e
cir
cu
it
o
f
P
GA
i
s
r
ea
lized
i
n
n
eg
at
iv
e
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
i.e
.
a
clo
s
ed
lo
o
p
ca
n
ac
h
ie
v
e
m
o
r
e
p
r
ec
is
e
g
a
in
s
etti
n
g
a
n
d
h
i
g
h
er
lin
ea
r
it
y
.
T
h
e
g
a
in
co
n
tr
o
l
ca
n
b
e
r
ea
lized
b
y
v
a
r
y
in
g
th
e
r
esis
tan
ce
o
f
th
e
i
n
p
u
t
a
n
d
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
r
esi
s
to
r
ar
r
ay
[
7
]
.
T
h
is
p
ap
er
i
s
o
r
g
an
ized
as
f
o
llo
w
s
.
P
ar
t
2
d
escr
ib
es
th
e
b
lo
ck
d
iag
r
a
m
o
f
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
P
GA
.
P
a
r
t
3
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
d
esig
n
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
an
d
cir
c
u
it i
m
p
l
e
m
en
tatio
n
.
2.
B
ASI
C
AM
P
L
I
F
I
E
R
R
E
Q
U
I
RE
M
E
NT
S
T
h
e
b
asic r
eq
u
ir
em
e
n
t
s
th
at
a
b
io
p
o
ten
tial a
m
p
lifie
r
h
as to
s
atis
f
y
ar
e:
a)
T
h
e
p
h
y
s
io
lo
g
ical
p
r
o
ce
s
s
to
b
e
m
o
n
ito
r
ed
s
h
o
u
ld
n
o
t b
e
in
f
l
u
en
ce
d
i
n
an
y
w
a
y
b
y
th
e
a
m
p
lif
ier
b)
T
h
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
s
i
g
n
a
l s
h
o
u
ld
n
o
t b
e
d
is
to
r
ted
c)
T
h
e
am
p
li
f
ier
s
h
o
u
ld
p
r
o
v
id
e
th
e
b
est p
o
s
s
ib
le
s
ep
ar
atio
n
o
f
s
ig
n
al
a
n
d
in
ter
f
er
en
ce
s
d)
T
h
e
am
p
li
f
ier
h
a
s
to
o
f
f
er
p
r
o
tectio
n
o
f
t
h
e
p
atien
t
f
r
o
m
an
y
h
az
ar
d
o
f
elec
tr
ical
s
h
o
c
k
e)
T
h
e
am
p
li
f
ier
it
s
el
f
h
a
s
to
b
e
p
r
o
tecte
d
ag
ain
s
t
d
a
m
a
g
e
s
th
a
t
m
i
g
h
t
r
esu
lt
f
r
o
m
h
i
g
h
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
s
as
t
h
e
y
o
cc
u
r
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
d
ef
ib
r
illato
r
s
o
r
elec
tr
o
s
u
r
g
ic
al
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ta
tio
n
T
h
e
i
n
p
u
t
s
i
g
n
a
l
to
t
h
e
a
m
p
li
f
ier
co
n
s
is
t
s
o
f
f
i
v
e
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
:
t
h
e
d
esire
d
b
io
p
o
ten
tial,
u
n
d
es
ir
ed
b
io
p
o
ten
tials
,
a
p
o
w
er
lin
e
i
n
ter
f
er
e
n
ce
s
ig
n
al
o
f
6
0
Hz
(
5
0
Hz
in
s
o
m
e
co
u
n
tr
ie
s
)
an
d
it
s
h
ar
m
o
n
ics,
in
ter
f
er
e
n
ce
s
ig
n
al
s
g
en
er
ate
d
b
y
t
h
e
ti
s
s
u
e/ele
ctr
o
d
e
in
ter
f
ac
e,
an
d
n
o
is
e.
P
r
o
p
er
d
esig
n
o
f
th
e
a
m
p
li
f
ie
r
p
r
o
v
id
es r
ej
ec
tio
n
o
f
a
lar
g
e
p
o
r
tio
n
o
f
th
e
s
i
g
n
al
i
n
ter
f
er
e
n
c
es.
T
h
e
lin
e
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
i
n
ter
f
er
en
ce
s
ig
n
al
s
h
o
w
s
o
n
l
y
v
er
y
s
m
all
d
i
f
f
er
en
ce
s
in
a
m
p
li
tu
d
e
an
d
p
h
as
e
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
t
w
o
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
e
lectr
o
d
es,
ca
u
s
in
g
ap
p
r
o
x
i
m
at
el
y
th
e
s
a
m
e
p
o
ten
tial
at
b
o
th
in
p
u
ts
,
an
d
t
h
u
s
ap
p
ea
r
s
o
n
l
y
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
in
p
u
ts
a
n
d
g
r
o
u
n
d
a
n
d
is
ca
l
led
th
e
co
m
m
o
n
m
o
d
e
s
i
g
n
al.
Stro
n
g
r
ej
ec
tio
n
o
f
t
h
e
co
m
m
o
n
m
o
d
e
s
i
g
n
al
i
s
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
s
t
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
a
g
o
o
d
b
io
p
o
ten
tial
a
m
p
li
f
ier
.
T
h
e
co
m
m
o
n
m
o
d
e
r
ej
ec
tio
n
r
atio
(
o
r
C
MRR
)
o
f
a
n
a
m
p
li
f
i
er
is
d
ef
i
n
ed
as
th
e
r
atio
o
f
t
h
e
d
if
f
er
en
tial
m
o
d
e
g
ain
o
v
er
th
e
co
m
m
o
n
m
o
d
e
g
ain
.
As
s
ee
n
i
n
F
i
g
u
r
e
1
,
th
e
r
ej
ec
tio
n
o
f
th
e
co
m
m
o
n
m
o
d
e
s
ig
n
al
i
n
a
b
io
p
o
ten
tial
a
m
p
li
f
ier
i
s
b
o
th
a
f
u
n
c
tio
n
o
f
t
h
e
a
m
p
lifie
r
C
MR
R
a
n
d
t
h
e
s
o
u
r
ce
i
m
p
e
d
an
ce
s
Z
1
an
d
Z
2
.
Fo
r
th
e
id
ea
l
b
io
p
o
ten
tial
a
m
p
lif
ier
w
it
h
Z
1
=
Z
2
an
d
i
n
f
i
n
it
e
C
MRR
o
f
t
h
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
ial
am
p
li
f
ier
,
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
i
s
th
e
p
u
r
e
b
io
lo
g
ical
s
ig
n
al
a
m
p
li
f
ied
b
y
GD,
t
h
e
d
if
f
er
en
tial
m
o
d
e
g
ai
n
:
Vo
u
t=
GD·
V
b
io
l.
W
ith
f
i
n
ite
C
MR
R
,
t
h
e
co
m
m
o
n
m
o
d
e
s
i
g
n
al
is
n
o
t
co
m
p
letel
y
r
ej
ec
ted
,
ad
d
in
g
th
e
i
n
ter
f
e
r
en
ce
ter
m
G
D·
Vc
/C
MR
R
to
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
s
i
g
n
al
.
E
v
en
in
th
e
ca
s
e
o
f
a
n
id
ea
l
d
if
f
er
en
tia
l
a
m
p
li
f
ier
w
it
h
in
f
i
n
ite
C
M
R
R
,
th
e
co
m
m
o
n
m
o
d
e
s
i
g
n
al
w
i
ll
n
o
t c
o
m
p
letel
y
d
is
ap
p
ea
r
u
n
le
s
s
t
h
e
s
o
u
r
ce
i
m
p
ed
a
n
ce
s
ar
e
e
q
u
al.
T
h
e
co
m
m
o
n
m
o
d
e
s
i
g
n
al
Vc
ca
u
s
es c
u
r
r
en
t
s
to
f
lo
w
th
r
o
u
g
h
Z
1
an
d
Z
2
.
T
h
e
r
elate
d
v
o
ltag
e
d
r
o
p
s
s
h
o
w
a
d
i
f
f
er
en
ce
i
f
t
h
e
s
o
u
r
ce
i
m
p
ed
a
n
ce
s
ar
e
u
n
eq
u
a
l,
th
u
s
g
e
n
er
ati
n
g
a
d
i
f
f
er
e
n
tia
l si
g
n
a
l a
t
th
e
a
m
p
li
f
ier
i
n
p
u
t
w
h
ic
h
,
o
f
co
u
r
s
e,
i
s
n
o
t
r
ej
ec
ted
b
y
th
e
d
i
f
f
er
en
ti
al
a
m
p
li
f
ier
.
W
ith
a
m
p
li
f
ier
g
ain
GD
a
n
d
in
p
u
t
i
m
p
ed
a
n
ce
Z
i
n
,
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
th
e
a
m
p
li
f
ier
is
:
(
)
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
a
r
ea
l
b
io
p
o
te
n
t
ial
a
m
p
li
f
ier
w
ill
al
w
a
y
s
co
n
s
is
t
o
f
t
h
e
d
esire
d
o
u
tp
u
t
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
d
u
e
to
a
d
if
f
er
en
t
ial
b
io
s
i
g
n
al,
a
n
u
n
d
es
ir
ed
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t d
u
e
to
i
n
co
m
p
lete
r
ej
ec
tio
n
o
f
co
m
m
o
n
m
o
d
e
in
ter
f
er
en
c
e
s
ig
n
al
s
as
a
f
u
n
c
tio
n
o
f
C
M
R
R
,
a
n
d
an
u
n
d
esire
d
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
d
u
e
to
s
o
u
r
ce
i
m
p
e
d
an
ce
u
n
b
alan
ce
allo
w
i
n
g
a
s
m
al
l
p
r
o
p
o
r
ti
o
n
o
f
a
co
m
m
o
n
m
o
d
e
s
i
g
n
al
to
ap
p
ea
r
as
a
d
if
f
er
e
n
tial
s
ig
n
al
to
th
e
a
m
p
l
if
ier
.
Si
n
ce
s
o
u
r
ce
i
m
p
ed
an
ce
u
n
b
alan
ce
s
o
f
5
,
0
0
0
to
1
0
,
0
0
0
Ω
,
m
ai
n
l
y
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
elec
tr
o
d
es,
ar
e
n
o
t
u
n
co
m
m
o
n
,
an
d
s
u
f
f
icien
t
r
ej
ec
tio
n
o
f
lin
e
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
i
n
t
er
f
er
en
ce
s
r
eq
u
ir
es
a
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
C
M
R
R
o
f
1
0
0
d
B
,
th
e
in
p
u
t
i
m
p
ed
an
ce
o
f
t
h
e
a
m
p
li
f
ier
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
at
least
1
0
9
Ω
at
6
0
Hz
to
p
r
ev
en
t
s
o
u
r
ce
i
m
p
ed
an
ce
u
n
b
ala
n
ce
s
f
r
o
m
d
eter
io
r
atin
g
t
h
e
o
v
er
all
C
MR
R
o
f
t
h
e
a
m
p
l
if
ie
r
.
State
-
of
-
t
h
e
-
ar
t b
io
p
o
ten
tial a
m
p
li
f
ier
s
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
C
MR
R
o
f
1
2
0
to
1
4
0
dB
.
A
t
y
p
ical
d
e
s
ig
n
o
f
t
h
e
v
ar
io
u
s
s
ta
g
e
s
o
f
a
b
io
p
o
ten
tial
a
m
p
li
f
ier
is
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
T
h
e
elec
tr
o
d
es
w
h
ic
h
p
r
o
v
id
e
th
e
tr
an
s
itio
n
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
io
n
ic
f
lo
w
o
f
cu
r
r
e
n
ts
in
b
io
lo
g
ical
tis
s
u
e
an
d
th
e
elec
tr
o
n
ic
f
lo
w
o
f
cu
r
r
en
t
i
n
th
e
a
m
p
li
f
ier
,
r
ep
r
esen
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a
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x
elec
tr
o
ch
e
m
ical
s
y
s
te
m
t
h
at
is
d
escr
ib
ed
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
20
89
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4864
I
n
t J
R
ec
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
ab
le
&
E
m
b
ed
d
ed
Sy
s
t
Vo
l.
8
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
ly
2
0
1
9
:
1
2
4
–
1
2
9
126
else
w
h
er
e
in
t
h
is
h
a
n
d
b
o
o
k
.
T
h
e
elec
tr
o
d
es
d
eter
m
i
n
e
to
a
lar
g
e
e
x
te
n
t
th
e
co
m
p
o
s
it
io
n
o
f
t
h
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
s
ig
n
al.
T
h
e
p
r
ea
m
p
li
f
ier
r
ep
r
e
s
en
t
s
th
e
m
o
s
t
cr
itical
p
ar
t
o
f
th
e
a
m
p
li
f
ier
its
el
f
s
i
n
ce
it
s
et
s
th
e
s
ta
g
e
f
o
r
th
e
q
u
alit
y
o
f
t
h
e
b
io
s
i
g
n
al.
W
it
h
p
r
o
p
er
d
esig
n
,
t
h
e
p
r
ea
m
p
li
f
ie
r
ca
n
el
i
m
in
ate,
o
r
at
lea
s
t
m
i
n
i
m
ize,
m
o
s
t
o
f
th
e
s
ig
n
al
s
in
ter
f
er
in
g
w
it
h
t
h
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
b
io
p
o
ten
t
ials
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
to
elec
tr
o
d
e
p
o
ten
tial
s
an
d
elec
tr
o
m
ag
n
etic
i
n
ter
f
er
e
n
ce
s
,
n
o
is
e
—
g
e
n
er
ated
b
y
th
e
a
m
p
li
f
ier
an
d
th
e
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
b
et
w
ee
n
b
io
lo
g
ical
s
o
u
r
ce
an
d
a
m
p
li
f
ier
—
h
as
t
o
b
e
tak
en
in
to
ac
co
u
n
t
w
h
en
d
esi
g
n
in
g
t
h
e
p
r
ea
m
p
li
f
ie
r
.
T
h
e
to
tal
s
o
u
r
ce
r
esis
ta
n
ce
R
s
,
i
n
clu
d
i
n
g
th
e
r
esis
ta
n
ce
o
f
th
e
b
io
lo
g
ical
s
o
u
r
ce
an
d
all
tr
an
s
itio
n
r
esis
ta
n
ce
s
b
et
w
ee
n
s
ig
n
a
l
s
o
u
r
ce
an
d
a
m
p
li
f
ier
i
n
p
u
t,
ca
u
s
e
s
th
er
m
al
v
o
lta
g
e
n
o
is
e
w
it
h
a
r
o
o
t m
ea
n
s
q
u
ar
e
(
r
m
s
)
v
al
u
e
:
√
w
h
er
e
k
=B
o
ltz
m
an
n
co
n
s
ta
n
t,
T
=
ab
s
o
lu
te
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e,
Rs=
r
esi
s
ta
n
ce
i
n
Ω
,
an
d
B
=
b
an
d
w
id
t
h
i
n
Hz.
A
d
d
itio
n
al
l
y
,
th
er
e
is
th
e
i
n
h
er
en
t
a
m
p
li
f
ier
n
o
is
e.
I
t
co
n
s
i
s
ts
o
f
t
w
o
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
-
d
ep
e
n
d
en
t
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
,
t
h
e
in
ter
n
a
l
v
o
lta
g
e
n
o
is
e
s
o
u
r
ce
Vn
a
n
d
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
d
r
o
p
ac
r
o
s
s
t
h
e
s
o
u
r
ce
r
es
is
ta
n
ce
R
s
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
a
n
i
n
ter
n
al
cu
r
r
en
t
n
o
is
e
g
e
n
er
ato
r
i
n
.
T
h
e
to
tal
i
n
p
u
t
n
o
i
s
e
f
o
r
t
h
e
a
m
p
lif
ier
w
it
h
a
b
a
n
d
w
id
th
o
f
B
w
=
f2
–
f
1
i
s
ca
lc
u
lated
as th
e
s
u
m
o
f
it
s
th
r
ee
i
n
d
ep
en
d
en
t c
o
m
p
o
n
en
ts
:
∫
∫
Hen
ce
eli
m
i
n
ate
all
t
h
e
n
o
i
s
e
s
ig
n
al
h
i
g
h
s
ig
n
al
to
n
o
is
e
r
ati
o
n
th
u
s
r
eq
u
ir
e
t
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
v
er
y
lo
w
n
io
s
e
a
m
p
li
f
ier
is
ex
h
ib
itio
n
o
f
v
o
ltag
e
n
o
is
e
a
m
p
l
if
ier
,
t
h
en
u
s
i
n
g
h
ig
h
p
ass
an
d
lo
w
p
ass
f
ilter
eli
m
i
n
ate
in
ter
f
er
e
n
ce
s
i
g
n
al
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
e
lectr
o
d
e
p
o
ten
tial
an
d
p
r
ea
m
p
lif
ier
p
o
ten
tia
l
o
f
f
s
et
a
n
d
r
ed
u
ce
n
o
i
s
e
a
m
p
li
f
er
a
m
p
lit
u
d
e
b
an
d
w
id
th
s
in
ce
t
h
e
b
io
s
ig
n
al
a
m
p
lit
u
d
e
d
is
o
r
d
er
o
r
atten
u
ated
b
y
h
i
g
h
er
s
h
ar
p
-
cu
tti
n
g
l
in
ea
r
p
h
ase
f
ilter
h
av
e
to
b
e
u
s
ed
.
d
u
e
to
t
h
eir
s
m
o
o
th
tr
an
s
f
er
f
u
n
ctio
n
.
Sep
ar
atio
n
o
f
b
io
s
i
g
n
al
an
d
in
ter
f
er
en
ce
is
in
m
o
s
t
ca
s
es
in
co
m
p
lete
d
u
e
to
t
h
e
o
v
er
lap
o
f
t
h
eir
s
p
ec
tr
a.
T
h
e
is
o
latio
n
s
tag
e
s
er
v
es
t
h
e
g
al
v
an
ic
d
ec
o
u
p
lin
g
o
f
t
h
e
p
atien
t
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
eq
u
ip
m
en
t
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
es
s
af
e
t
y
f
r
o
m
ele
ctr
ical
h
az
ar
d
s
.
T
h
is
s
tag
e
also
p
r
ev
e
n
t
s
g
al
v
an
ic
cu
r
r
en
ts
f
r
o
m
d
eter
io
r
atin
g
t
h
e
s
ig
n
al
-
to
-
n
o
is
e
r
atio
esp
ec
iall
y
b
y
p
r
ev
e
n
ti
n
g
g
r
o
u
n
d
lo
o
p
s
.
Var
io
u
s
p
r
in
ci
p
les
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
to
r
ea
lize
th
e
is
o
latio
n
s
tag
e.
An
alo
g
is
o
l
atio
n
a
m
p
li
f
ier
s
u
s
e
eith
er
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
,
o
p
tical,
o
r
ca
p
ac
itiv
e
co
u
p
ler
s
to
tr
a
n
s
m
i
t
th
e
s
ig
n
al
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
i
s
o
lati
o
n
b
ar
r
ier
.
Dig
ital
is
o
latio
n
a
m
p
li
f
ier
s
u
s
e
a
v
o
lt
ag
e/
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
co
n
v
er
ter
to
d
ig
itize
t
h
e
s
i
g
n
al
b
ef
o
r
e
it
i
s
tr
an
s
m
itted
ea
s
il
y
b
y
o
p
tical
o
r
in
d
u
ctiv
e
co
u
p
ler
s
t
o
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
/
v
o
ltag
e
co
n
v
er
ter
.
T
h
e
m
o
s
t
i
m
p
o
r
ta
n
t
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
an
is
o
latio
n
a
m
p
lifie
r
ar
e
lo
w
lea
k
ag
e
c
u
r
r
en
t,
is
o
latio
n
i
m
p
ed
a
n
ce
,
is
o
latio
n
v
o
ltag
e
(
o
r
m
o
d
e)
r
e
j
ec
tio
n
(
I
MR),
an
d
m
ax
i
m
u
m
s
a
f
e
is
o
latio
n
v
o
lta
g
e.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
e
n
eu
r
al
a
m
p
li
f
ier
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
I
m
p
ed
an
ce
m
atc
h
i
n
g
w
it
h
a
m
p
l
if
ier
3.
E
L
E
C
T
RO
DE
P
o
ten
tial
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if
f
er
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ce
at
th
e
ce
l
lu
lar
m
e
m
b
r
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e
m
a
y
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w
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m
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1
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V
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o
ten
tial
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lled
t
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o
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est
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o
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o
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e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
R
ec
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
ab
le
&
E
m
b
ed
d
ed
Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2089
-
4864
Desig
n
a
n
d
imp
leme
n
t
o
f h
ig
h
g
a
in
a
n
d
lo
w
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eu
r
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l a
m
p
lifi
er u
s
in
g
…
(
N
.
Ma
n
ika
n
d
a
n
)
127
ca
r
r
ier
s
in
elec
tr
ical
cir
cu
i
ts
,
e
lectr
o
n
s
ar
e
ch
ar
g
e
ca
r
r
ier
s
–
i
n
th
e
b
o
d
y
,
io
n
s
ar
e
ch
ar
g
e
ca
r
r
ier
s
co
n
n
ec
t
s
to
th
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
o
f
t
h
e
b
o
d
y
(
s
k
i
n
,
m
u
co
u
s
m
e
m
b
r
a
n
es)
o
r
o
n
/i
n
t
h
e
o
r
g
an
in
s
id
e
t
h
e
b
o
d
y
m
o
d
el
o
f
t
h
e
i
n
ter
f
ac
e
f
o
r
b
etter
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
o
f
th
e
i
n
ter
f
ac
e
elec
tr
o
d
e
–
tis
s
u
e,
P
ass
i
v
e
elec
tr
ical
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
t
ics
o
f
th
e
s
k
i
n
-
elec
tr
o
d
e
in
ter
f
ac
e
s
tr
iv
e
to
ex
p
r
ess
b
y
id
ea
l
elec
tr
ic
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
with
i
n
te
n
t
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
–
R
esi
s
ta
n
ce
–
C
ap
ac
it
y
.
T
h
is
m
o
d
el
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
m
e
as
u
r
e
m
en
t
elec
tr
o
d
es
i
n
li
m
ited
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
r
an
g
e.
W
h
e
n
a
p
er
s
o
n
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
w
it
h
elec
tr
o
d
es
f
o
r
an
E
E
G
r
ec
o
r
d
i
n
g
.
T
h
e
in
p
u
t
s
to
th
e
a
m
p
lif
ie
r
w
ith
in
tr
i
n
s
ic
i
m
p
ed
an
ce
s
f
r
o
m
elec
tr
o
d
es/l
ea
d
s
an
d
s
k
i
n
,
an
d
p
o
w
er
li
n
e
d
is
p
l
ac
e
m
en
t c
u
r
r
en
t
s
an
d
t
h
eir
p
ath
w
a
y
s
.
Fo
r
o
u
r
s
ce
n
a
r
io
C
SU
P
is
n
eg
li
g
ib
le.
T
h
e
a
m
p
lifie
r
is
b
atter
y
p
o
wer
ed
.
C
E
1
an
d
C
E
2
,
ar
e
p
ar
asit
ic
ca
p
ac
ita
n
ce
s
,
t
h
at
ar
is
e
d
u
e
to
t
h
e
s
h
ield
co
n
d
u
c
to
r
ar
o
u
n
d
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
tia
l
elec
tr
o
d
es;
h
o
w
e
v
e
r
,
P
L
I
co
u
p
lin
g
f
r
o
m
C
C
1
an
d
C
C
2
to
th
e
in
n
er
co
n
d
u
cto
r
s
ar
e
r
ed
u
ce
d
d
u
e
to
th
is
s
h
ie
ld
.
B
y
e
m
p
lo
y
i
n
g
ac
ti
v
e
d
r
iv
en
s
h
ield
s
,
th
e
p
ar
asit
ic
ca
p
ac
ita
n
ce
s
C
E
1
an
d
C
E
2
w
ill
b
e
m
i
n
i
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ized
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s
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
H.
L
e
e
,
K.
N.
L
e
u
n
g
,
a
n
d
P
.
M
o
k
,
―
A
d
u
a
l
-
p
a
th
b
a
n
d
w
id
th
e
x
ten
sio
n
a
m
p
li
f
ier
to
p
o
lo
g
y
w
it
h
d
u
a
l
-
lo
o
p
p
a
ra
ll
e
l
c
o
m
p
e
n
sa
ti
o
n
,
‖
IEE
E
J
.
S
o
li
d
-
S
t
a
te Ci
rc
u
it
s
,
v
o
l.
3
8
,
n
o
.
1
0
,
p
p
.
1
7
3
9
–
1
7
4
4
,
Oc
t.
2
0
0
3
.
[2
]
B.
S
h
e
m
-
T
o
v
,
M
.
o
z
a
k
,
a
n
d
E.
F
ried
m
a
n
,
―
A
h
ig
h
-
sp
e
e
d
CM
OS
o
p
-
a
m
p
d
e
sig
n
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
u
sin
g
n
e
g
a
ti
v
e
m
il
ler
c
a
p
a
c
it
a
n
c
e
,
‖
P
ro
c
e
e
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
e
2
0
0
4
1
1
th
IEE
E
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
,
Circ
u
it
s
a
n
d
S
y
ste
m
s,
p
p
.
6
2
3
–
6
2
6
,
De
c
.
2
0
0
4
.
[3
]
E.
W
a
terh
o
u
se
,
―Ne
w
h
o
rizo
n
s
i
n
a
m
b
u
lato
ry
EE
G
m
o
n
it
o
ri
n
g
,
‖
IEE
E
E
n
g
.
M
e
d
.
Bi
o
l
.
M
a
g
.
,
v
o
l.
2
2
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
74
–
8
0
,
M
a
y
/Ju
n
.
2
0
0
3
.
[4
]
N.M
a
n
ik
a
n
d
a
n
‖
I
n
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Jo
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
E
lec
tri
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
V
o
l.
3
,
No
.
4
,
A
u
g
u
s
t
2
0
1
5
[5
]
C
En
z
,
―A
n
a
l
y
sis
o
f
th
e
lo
w
-
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
n
o
ise
re
d
u
c
ti
o
n
b
y
a
u
to
z
e
ro
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
,
‖
El
e
c
tro
n
.
L
e
t
t
.
,
v
o
l.
2
0
,
p
p
.
9
5
9
-
9
6
0
,
No
v
[6
]
S
z
y
n
o
w
sk
i,
―CM
RR an
a
l
y
sis o
f
i
n
stru
m
e
n
tatio
n
a
m
p
li
f
iers
,
‖
El
e
c
tr
o
n
.
L
e
rr
.
,
v
o
l.
1
9
,
n
o
.
1
4
,
p
p
.
5
4
7
-
5
4
9
,
1
9
8
3
[7
]
J.
S
z
y
n
o
ws
k
i,
―CM
RR an
a
l
y
sis o
f
in
stru
m
e
n
tatio
n
a
m
p
li
f
iers
,
‖
El
e
c
tro
n
.
L
e
rr
.
,
v
o
l.
1
9
,
n
o
.
1
4
,
p
p
.
5
4
7
-
5
4
9
,
1
9
8
3
[8
]
P
e
d
ra
m
M
o
h
se
n
i,
S
t
u
d
e
n
t
M
e
m
b
e
r,
IEE
E,
a
n
d
Kh
a
li
l
Na
jaf
i,
F
e
ll
o
w
,
IEE
E(2
0
0
4
),
―
A
F
u
ll
y
In
teg
ra
ted
Ne
u
ra
l
Re
c
o
rd
in
g
Am
p
li
f
ier
W
it
h
DC
In
p
u
t
S
ta
b
il
iza
ti
o
n
―
,
IE
EE
tra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
b
io
m
e
d
ica
l
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
v
o
l.
5
1
,
n
o
.
5
,
m
a
y
2
0
0
4
,
[9
]
K.
D.
W
ise
(1
9
6
9
)
,
―
A
m
u
lt
i
-
c
h
a
n
n
e
l
m
icro
p
ro
b
e
f
o
r
b
io
p
o
te
n
ti
a
l
re
c
o
rd
in
g
,
‖
P
h
.
D.
d
isse
rtatio
n
,
S
tan
f
o
rd
Un
iv
.
,
S
tan
f
o
rd
,
CA
,
1
9
6
9
.
[1
0
]
P
.
M
.
V
a
n
P
e
teg
h
e
m
,
I.
V
e
rb
a
u
w
h
e
d
e
,
a
n
d
W
.
M
.
C.
S
a
n
se
n
(1
9
8
5
),
―
M
icro
-
p
o
w
e
r
h
ig
h
-
p
e
rf
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
S
C
b
u
il
d
in
g
b
lo
c
k
f
o
r
in
teg
ra
ted
lo
w
-
lev
e
l
sig
n
a
l
p
r
o
c
e
ss
in
g
,
‖
IEE
E
J
.
S
o
li
d
-
S
t
a
te Ci
rc
u
it
s
,
v
o
l.
S
C
-
2
0
,
p
p
.
8
3
7
–
8
4
4
,
A
u
g
.
1
9
8
5
.
[1
1
]
Hw
a
n
g
-
Ch
e
rn
g
Ch
o
w
a
n
d
Jia
-
Yu
W
a
n
g
(2
0
0
7
),
―
Hig
h
CM
RR
in
str
u
m
e
n
tatio
n
a
m
p
li
f
ier
f
o
r
b
io
m
e
d
ica
l
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
―
,
De
p
a
rtm
e
n
t
a
n
d
G
ra
d
u
a
te
In
sti
tu
te
o
f
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
E
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
C
h
a
n
g
G
u
n
g
Un
iv
e
rsity
,
Tao
-
Yu
a
n
3
3
3
,
T
a
iwa
n
,
ROC,2
0
0
7
IE
EE
[1
2
]
E.
L
.
Do
u
g
las
,
D.F
.
L
o
v
e
l
y
a
n
d
D.M
.
L
u
k
e
(2
0
0
4
),
―
A
L
o
w
-
V
o
lt
a
g
e
Cu
rre
n
t
-
m
o
d
e
In
stru
m
e
n
tatio
n
Am
p
li
f
ier
De
sig
n
e
d
in
a
0
.
1
8
-
M
icro
n
CM
O
S
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
‖
in
P
ro
c
.
I
EE
E
CC
ECE
,
p
p
.
1
7
7
7
-
1
7
8
0
,
2
0
0
4
.
[1
3
]
R.
P
a
ll
a
s
-
A
re
n
y
a
n
d
J.
G
.
W
e
b
ste
r(1
9
9
1
),
―
Co
m
m
o
n
M
o
d
e
Re
jec
ti
o
n
Ra
ti
o
f
o
r
Ca
sc
o
d
e
d
Dif
f
e
re
n
ti
a
l
A
m
p
li
f
ier
S
tag
e
s,‖
IEE
E
tra
n
sa
c
t
io
n
o
n
i
n
st
ru
me
n
ta
ti
o
n
a
n
d
me
a
s
u
re
me
n
t
,
v
o
l.
4
0
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
6
7
7
-
6
8
1
,
1
9
9
1
.
[1
4
]
M
a
ry
a
m
S
h
o
jae
i
-
Ba
g
h
in
i,
Ra
k
e
s
h
K.
L
a
l,
Din
e
sh
K.
S
h
a
rm
a
(2
0
0
5
),
―
A
L
o
w
-
P
o
w
e
r
a
n
d
Co
m
p
a
c
t
A
n
a
lo
g
CM
OS
P
r
o
c
e
ss
in
g
Ch
ip
f
o
r
P
o
rta
b
le E
C
G
Re
c
o
rd
e
rs‖
,
2
0
0
5
,
I
S
S
N
-
0
-
7
8
0
3
-
9
1
6
2
-
4
,
IEE
E
[1
5
]
A
.
S
u
b
a
si,
E.
Erce
leb
i,
Clas
sif
ic
a
ti
o
n
o
f
EE
G
si
g
n
a
ls
u
sin
g
n
e
u
ra
l
n
e
tw
o
rk
a
n
d
l
o
g
isti
c
re
g
re
ss
io
n
,
Co
m
p
u
t.
M
e
th
o
d
s
P
ro
g
.
Bi
o
m
e
d
.
7
8
(
2
0
0
5
)
8
7
–
9
9
.
[1
6
]
I.
G
u
ler,
E.
D.
Ub
e
y
li
,
M
u
lt
icla
ss
su
p
p
o
rt
v
e
c
to
r
m
a
c
h
in
e
s
f
o
r
EE
G
-
sig
n
a
ls
c
las
si
f
ica
ti
o
n
,
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s.
In
f
.
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
.
Bio
m
e
d
.
1
1
(
2
)
(
2
0
0
7
)
1
1
7
–
1
2
6
.
[1
7
]
J.
S
tas
tn
y
,
P
.
S
o
v
k
a
,
A
.
S
tan
c
a
k
,
EE
G
sig
n
a
l
c
la
ss
i
f
ica
ti
o
n
:i
n
tr
o
d
u
c
ti
o
n
to
t
h
e
p
ro
b
lem
,
Ra
d
io
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
1
2
(
3
)
(2
0
0
3
)
51
–
5
5
.
[1
8
]
S
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