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Rec
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ble a
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s
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s
(
I
J
RE
S)
Vo
l.
11
,
No
.
1
, M
a
r
ch
20
22
,
p
p
.
25
~
33
I
SS
N:
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4
8
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,
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.
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1
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11
.
i
1
.
pp
25
-
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25
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Energ
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ted
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tern
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ig
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ifi
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a
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e
n
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ra
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th
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re
a
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o
n
o
f
t
h
e
in
tern
e
t
o
f
th
i
n
g
s
(I
o
T).
Wi
t
h
re
m
o
te
sy
ste
m
s,
Io
T
is
n
o
t
e
n
o
u
g
h
to
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se
in
c
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se
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tern
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in
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u
sin
g
lo
n
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ra
n
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e
(Lo
Ra
),
I
o
T
s
y
ste
m
s c
a
n
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o
w s
o
lv
e
th
is
p
ro
b
lem
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s o
f
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ta
m
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k
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T
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Lo
Ra
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a
v
e
to
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t
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rg
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h
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p
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p
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h
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lp
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isc
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r
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ro
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s
u
sin
g
t
h
e
sy
ste
m
a
ti
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li
tera
tu
re
re
v
iew
(S
L
R).
Th
e
p
a
p
e
r
e
x
trac
ted
2
5
2
a
rti
c
les
f
ro
m
IEE
E,
ACM,
M
DPI
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p
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r,
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Dire
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.
4
4
a
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p
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d
in
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lu
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ria.
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e
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a
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p
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m
o
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ra
p
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ics
.
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e
a
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sy
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th
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stu
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ie
s
fo
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th
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t
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o
n
I
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a
p
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ti
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s u
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g
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ey
w
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r
d
s
:
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n
er
g
y
s
av
in
g
s
I
n
ter
n
et
o
f
th
in
g
s
L
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a
Sy
s
tem
atic
liter
atu
r
e
r
ev
iew
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
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n
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ss
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rticle
u
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d
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e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
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nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Ar
ief
R
am
ad
h
an
C
o
m
p
u
ter
Scien
ce
Dep
ar
tm
e
n
t,
B
I
NUS
Gr
ad
u
ate
Pro
g
r
am
-
Do
cto
r
o
f
C
o
m
p
u
ter
Scien
ce
B
in
a
Nu
s
an
tar
a
Un
iv
er
s
ity
,
J
ak
ar
ta,
I
n
d
o
n
esia
E
m
ail:
ar
ief
.
r
am
ad
h
an
@
b
in
u
s
.
ed
u
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
L
ately
,
th
e
in
ter
n
et
h
as
b
ee
n
o
v
er
g
r
o
win
g
,
in
clu
d
i
n
g
th
o
s
e
th
at
u
tili
ze
th
e
in
ter
n
et
o
f
th
in
g
s
(
I
o
T
)
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
ea
ch
c
o
u
n
tr
y
.
E
ac
h
h
as
its
o
wn
ad
v
an
tag
es
an
d
d
is
ad
v
an
ta
g
es.
I
o
T
m
u
s
t
h
av
e
a
lo
n
g
b
atter
y
life
b
ec
au
s
e
it
is
ess
en
tial.
Du
e
to
h
ig
h
r
ep
lace
m
e
n
t
c
o
s
ts
f
o
r
f
ar
m
e
r
s
b
ec
au
s
e
n
o
d
es
ar
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
o
v
e
r
an
ex
ten
s
iv
e
lan
d
ar
ea
.
Su
p
p
o
s
e
t
h
e
au
th
o
r
l
o
o
k
s
at
th
e
latest
te
ch
n
o
lo
g
ies
g
en
er
al
p
ac
k
et
r
ad
io
s
er
v
ice
(
GPR
S),
3
G,
h
ig
h
-
s
p
ee
d
d
o
wn
lin
k
p
ac
k
et
ac
ce
s
s
(
HSDPA)
,
h
ig
h
s
p
ee
d
p
ac
k
et
ac
ce
s
s
(
HSPA)
an
d
5
G)
.
I
n
th
at
ca
s
e,
lo
w
-
p
o
wer
wid
e
ar
ea
n
etwo
r
k
(
L
PW
AN)
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
b
r
ea
k
th
r
o
u
g
h
in
o
ld
b
atte
r
y
p
o
wer
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
th
at
th
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
is
alwa
y
s
ac
tiv
e
an
d
m
ai
n
tain
s
en
er
g
y
.
On
e
o
f
th
e
m
is
lo
n
g
r
an
g
e
(
L
o
R
a)
,
an
d
t
h
ese
n
ew
em
er
g
in
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
ar
e
wid
ely
u
s
ed
in
v
ar
io
u
s
v
ital
s
ec
to
r
s
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
alm
o
s
t
all
o
f
th
ese
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
h
av
e
lo
w
p
o
wer
,
th
e
y
s
till
h
av
e
wea
k
n
ess
es,
s
u
ch
as si
g
n
al
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
ts
an
d
g
o
o
d
ar
c
h
itectu
r
e
[
1
]
.
L
o
R
a
was
in
v
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ted
in
2
0
1
2
.
T
h
is
tech
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g
y
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m
p
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g
an
d
h
as
a
co
m
p
r
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e
n
s
iv
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s
co
p
e.
T
h
e
f
ea
tu
r
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o
f
t
h
is
tech
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lo
g
y
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o
wed
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
b
asics
o
f
m
o
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latio
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d
m
a
n
ag
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y
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o
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izatio
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n
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o
f
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o
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5
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m
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n
ca
r
r
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in
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o
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t
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o
T
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o
m
m
u
n
icat
io
n
,
it
ca
n
n
o
t
wo
r
k
alo
n
e.
Usu
ally
,
d
ata
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
is
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
u
s
in
g
th
e
m
icr
o
co
n
tr
o
ller
an
ten
n
a,
b
u
t
it
ca
n
n
o
t
b
e
d
o
n
e
f
o
r
r
em
o
te
I
o
T
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
.
L
o
R
a
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
ar
e
n
ee
d
e
d
to
tak
e
o
v
e
r
th
is
r
o
le.
As
p
r
ev
io
u
s
ly
d
escr
ib
ed
,
L
o
R
a
ca
n
tr
an
s
m
it
in
wid
e
-
ar
ea
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
th
at
allo
ws
lar
g
e
ar
ea
s
to
ex
ten
d
f
r
o
m
o
n
e
k
ilo
m
eter
in
u
r
b
a
n
u
n
til f
if
teen
k
ilo
m
eter
s
in
r
u
r
a
l e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
[
1
]
.
T
h
ese
d
ay
s
,
th
e
wo
r
ld
is
in
a
s
tate
o
f
h
av
i
n
g
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
b
illi
o
n
s
o
f
d
ata
esti
m
ated
to
b
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
all
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
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T
h
e
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
d
ata
in
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
e
m
a
il,
s
o
cial
m
e
d
ia
[
2
]
an
d
e
-
liv
esto
ck
s
y
s
tem
[
3
]
r
eq
u
ir
e
an
ad
e
q
u
at
e
s
ig
n
al
s
y
s
tem
;
m
o
r
eo
v
er
,
th
is
d
ata
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
t
af
f
ec
ts
th
e
b
u
s
in
ess
[
4
]
.
W
h
ile
o
n
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
L
o
R
a
[
5
]
a
n
d
I
o
T
d
ev
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n
ee
d
s
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
en
er
g
y
s
av
in
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s
,
an
d
m
a
y
b
e
it
s
h
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b
e
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r
y
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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N
:
2
0
8
9
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4
8
6
4
I
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t J Reco
n
f
ig
u
r
a
b
le
&
E
m
b
ed
d
ed
Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
11
,
No
.
1
,
M
ar
c
h
20
22
:
25
-
33
26
s
ig
n
if
ican
t.
I
n
d
ee
d
,
m
an
y
ty
p
e
s
o
f
I
o
T
[
6
]
.
Ma
n
y
i
n
ter
co
n
n
e
cted
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
tr
a
n
s
m
itti
n
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an
d
r
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ei
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la
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g
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am
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in
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m
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o
T
-
L
o
R
a,
m
an
y
elem
en
ts
ca
n
b
e
m
ax
im
ized
f
o
r
e
n
er
g
y
s
a
v
in
g
s
.
I
n
I
o
T
,
s
ev
er
al
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
ca
n
m
ax
im
is
e
s
av
in
g
s
o
n
p
a
r
ts
,
n
am
ely
th
e
wir
eless
s
en
s
o
r
n
etwo
r
k
(
W
SN)
[
7
]
.
W
SN,
an
ess
en
tial
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
in
I
o
T
,
h
as
th
e
lar
g
est
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
th
at
r
eq
u
ir
es
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
b
ec
au
s
e
th
er
e
ar
e
m
an
y
s
en
s
o
r
s
an
d
n
o
d
es.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
[
8
]
,
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
e
f
f
icien
cy
o
n
th
e
wir
eless
n
etwo
r
k
.
s
tu
d
y
[
9
]
d
o
r
ec
h
ar
g
e
a
b
le,
a
n
d
s
tu
d
y
[
1
0
]
p
er
f
o
r
m
s
a
co
m
b
in
atio
n
o
f
en
er
g
y
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
an
d
ch
ar
g
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
.
L
o
R
a
r
esear
ch
[
1
1
]
,
s
en
s
in
g
th
e
b
atter
y
with
e
n
er
g
y
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
.
R
ec
en
tly
,
m
a
n
y
o
th
er
t
h
in
g
s
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
d
o
n
e
b
y
s
ev
er
al
r
esear
ch
er
s
in
en
er
g
y
s
av
in
g
.
So
m
e
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
o
f
I
o
T
-
L
o
r
a
p
er
h
ap
s
n
ee
d
en
er
g
y
s
av
in
g
s
,
m
ain
ly
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
:
u
n
m
a
n
n
ed
ae
r
ial
v
eh
icle
(
UAV)
[
1
2
]
,
s
m
ar
t
f
a
r
m
in
g
[
1
3
]
,
[
1
4
]
,
a
n
d
im
ag
e
d
ata
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
u
s
in
g
L
o
R
a
[
1
5
]
.
Ma
n
y
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
co
n
d
u
cte
d
s
u
r
v
e
y
s
o
r
r
ev
iews
o
n
L
o
R
a
a
n
d
I
o
T
b
u
t
r
ar
ely
d
is
cu
s
s
way
s
to
s
av
e
o
n
b
o
th
.
W
ith
th
e
co
n
d
itio
n
o
f
m
an
y
s
m
ar
t
d
e
v
ices,
a
wa
y
is
n
ee
d
ed
to
s
av
e
e
n
er
g
y
o
n
I
o
T
[
1
6
]
b
ased
o
n
L
o
R
a
[
1
7
]
,
[
1
8
]
.
W
ith
th
is
r
ev
iew,
it
is
h
o
p
ed
th
at
i
t
ca
n
h
el
p
r
esear
c
h
er
s
to
c
o
n
d
u
ct
s
av
in
g
s
e
x
p
er
im
e
n
ts
o
n
th
is
s
m
ar
t
d
ev
ice.
An
o
th
er
th
in
g
th
at
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
to
d
o
a
r
ev
iew
o
n
I
o
T
u
s
in
g
L
o
R
a
is
to
lo
o
k
at
s
o
m
e
r
esear
ch
th
at
allo
ws
it
to
b
e
an
in
s
p
ir
atio
n
f
r
o
m
o
th
e
r
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
er
s
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
it
is
n
ec
ess
ar
y
to
s
av
e
en
e
r
g
y
o
n
th
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
co
n
tain
ed
in
th
e
I
o
T
u
s
in
g
L
o
R
a
.
I
n
s
tead
o
f
co
n
d
u
cti
n
g
a
r
e
g
u
l
ar
r
ev
iew,
th
ey
u
s
e
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
atic
liter
atu
r
e
r
ev
iew
(
SLR)
m
eth
o
d
.
W
h
ile
t
h
e
r
ev
iew
th
at
will
b
e
m
ad
e
f
o
r
en
er
g
y
s
av
in
g
s
ca
n
b
e
m
ax
im
ized
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
ar
am
eter
s
o
n
L
o
R
a
an
d
I
o
T
,
f
r
o
m
th
e
o
th
er
s
id
e,
s
ev
er
al
m
et
h
o
d
s
ca
n
b
e
d
o
n
e,
s
u
ch
as
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
,
tr
an
s
f
er
,
a
n
d
co
n
s
er
v
atio
n
.
T
h
er
e
f
o
r
e,
SLR
co
n
ce
n
tr
ates
o
n
th
e
latest
s
tu
d
y
co
n
d
u
cte
d
in
lead
in
g
jo
u
r
n
als
s
o
th
at
th
e
r
esear
ch
r
esu
lts
d
is
p
lay
ed
ca
n
b
e
tr
u
s
ted
.
T
h
is
r
ev
iew
is
ex
p
ec
te
d
to
b
e
a
b
en
c
h
m
ar
k
f
o
r
s
av
i
n
g
o
th
er
s
m
ar
t c
o
m
p
o
n
en
ts
in
t
h
e
f
u
tu
r
e.
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
m
u
s
t
f
o
llo
w
s
ev
er
al
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
s
tag
es
in
g
o
o
d
u
s
e
o
f
SLR,
ex
p
lain
ed
in
s
tag
e
2
.
T
h
is
is
d
o
n
e
to
f
ilter
th
e
r
esear
c
h
r
es
u
lts
r
e
lev
an
t
to
th
e
a
u
th
o
r
'
s
g
o
als.
Af
ter
th
e
s
cr
ee
n
in
g
r
esu
lts
ar
e
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
an
d
s
h
o
wn
,
th
e
r
esu
lts
will
b
e
d
is
p
lay
ed
in
s
ec
tio
n
3
.
Af
ter
t
h
at,
a
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
is
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
o
n
t
h
e
in
f
l
u
en
ce
o
f
th
e
liter
atu
r
e
r
ev
iew.
L
ast Sectio
n
4
will e
x
p
lain
th
e
c
o
n
clu
s
io
n
s
i
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
th
e
au
th
o
r
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
u
s
ed
is
SLR
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
Kitch
en
h
am
[
1
9
]
,
[
2
0
]
.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
SLR
wil
l
b
e
v
er
y
h
elp
f
u
l
f
o
r
th
e
au
th
o
r
b
ec
a
u
s
e
th
e
ar
r
an
g
em
en
t
o
f
th
e
r
ev
ie
ws
is
m
o
r
e
r
eg
u
lar
.
SLR
is
al
s
o
u
s
ed
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
f
o
r
th
e
au
t
h
o
r
'
s
g
o
al.
All
SLR
r
esear
ch
m
eth
o
d
s
u
s
e
th
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
p
atter
n
s
[
2
1
]
an
d
[
2
2
]
.
T
h
e
f
o
ll
o
win
g
SLR s
tep
s
ar
e
d
escr
ib
ed
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
2
.
1
.
P
la
nn
ing
2
.
1
.
1
.
Resea
rc
h ques
t
io
n (
R
Q
)
T
h
is
s
tag
e
is
th
e
Ph
ase
th
at
u
n
d
er
lies
th
e
SLR
(
s
ee
Fig
u
r
e
1
)
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
au
th
o
r
m
u
s
t
f
o
r
m
a
r
esear
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
.
T
h
e
f
o
cu
s
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
o
n
s
tu
d
y
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
I
o
T
-
L
o
R
a
en
er
g
y
s
av
in
g
s
.
So
m
e
th
in
g
s
th
at
ca
n
b
e
ar
r
an
g
ed
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
ar
e:
R
Q1
: H
o
w
to
k
n
o
w
k
n
o
wled
g
e
ab
o
u
t I
o
T
,
L
o
R
a,
an
d
e
n
er
g
y
s
av
in
g
s
?
R
Q2
: Wh
y
d
o
es th
e
u
s
e
o
f
I
o
T
-
L
o
R
a
n
ee
d
en
e
r
g
y
s
av
in
g
?
R
Q3
: Wh
at
en
er
g
y
s
av
in
g
f
ac
to
r
s
ca
n
af
f
ec
t
I
o
T
-
L
o
R
a?
R
Q4
: Wh
er
e
ar
e
th
e
s
tu
d
y
d
e
m
o
g
r
ap
h
ics r
eg
ar
d
in
g
I
o
T
-
L
o
R
a
en
er
g
y
s
av
in
g
f
r
o
m
?
2
.
1
.
2
.
Da
t
a
s
o
urce
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
r
esear
ch
p
ap
er
s
wer
e
s
e
lecte
d
b
ased
o
n
ly
o
n
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
an
d
ca
p
ac
ities
with
lo
o
k
th
r
o
u
g
h
d
iar
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id
e
n
tifie
d
with
en
er
g
y
s
av
in
g
s
,
I
o
T
a
n
d
L
o
R
a
co
m
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f
r
o
m
I
E
E
E
,
AC
M,
M
DPI
,
Scien
ce
Dir
ec
t,
Sp
r
in
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,
Hin
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an
d
I
AE
S.
2
.
1
.
3
.
Sea
rc
h str
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Sev
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p
o
s
s
ib
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ca
n
th
en
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e
s
ea
r
ch
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o
r
wo
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d
s
th
at
h
av
e
th
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am
e
m
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in
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as
th
e
d
ef
in
itio
n
B
o
o
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"OR"
an
d
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s
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f
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s
tu
d
y
lis
ts
f
r
o
m
in
ter
n
et
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
s
u
ch
as
(
"L
o
R
a"
OR
"L
PW
AN"
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Reco
n
f
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a
b
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&
E
m
b
ed
d
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Sy
s
t
I
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N:
2089
-
4
8
6
4
E
n
erg
y
s
a
vin
g
o
n
I
o
T u
s
in
g
L
o
R
a
:
a
s
ystema
tic
liter
a
tu
r
e
r
e
view
(
Mo
ch
a
mma
d
Ha
ld
i Wid
ia
n
to
)
27
AND
(
"I
o
T
"
OR
"in
ter
n
et
o
f
th
in
g
s
")
AND
(
"e
n
e
r
g
y
ef
f
i
cien
cy
"
OR
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n
er
g
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m
an
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en
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OR
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n
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g
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s
av
in
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.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
SLR f
o
r
r
ev
iew
I
o
T
,
L
o
R
a,
an
d
en
e
r
g
y
s
av
i
n
g
s
[
2
1
]
2
.
1
.
4
.
I
nclus
io
n da
n e
x
clu
s
io
n c
rit
er
ia
a.
I
nclu
s
io
n
Stu
d
ies
th
at
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
d
eter
m
in
ed
m
u
s
t
b
e
co
m
p
iled
u
s
in
g
an
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
lan
g
u
a
g
e,
n
am
el
y
E
n
g
lis
h
an
d
s
elec
ted
b
y
d
ete
r
m
in
in
g
th
e
y
ea
r
f
r
o
m
2
0
1
6
to
2
0
2
1
.
T
h
e
f
ilter
ed
s
tu
d
y
r
esu
lts
d
is
cu
s
s
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t o
f
E
n
er
g
y
Sav
in
g
s
,
I
o
T
,
a
n
d
L
o
R
a.
b.
E
x
clus
io
n
Pap
er
th
at
d
o
es n
o
t h
av
e
an
o
v
er
v
iew
o
f
e
n
er
g
y
s
av
in
g
,
I
o
T
a
n
d
L
o
R
a.
2
.
1
.
5
.
Q
ua
lity
cr
it
er
i
a
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
m
ea
s
u
r
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th
e
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u
ality
u
s
ed
wh
en
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e
au
th
o
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h
a
s
o
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tain
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th
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ap
p
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o
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r
iate
jo
u
r
n
al.
T
h
is
s
tag
e
is
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t simu
ltan
eo
u
s
ly
af
ter
th
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
QA1
=
Or
ig
in
al
an
d
s
tu
d
y
wr
it
ten
in
E
n
g
lis
h
QA2
=
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h
e
s
tu
d
y
aim
s
to
i
n
v
esti
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ate
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g
y
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g
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tech
n
iq
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es,
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o
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d
L
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in
d
a
s
tu
d
y
th
at
is
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t
b
ased
o
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co
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te
n
t a
n
d
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e
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ce
s
2
.
2
.
Co
nd
uct
ing
At
th
e
s
tag
e
wh
er
e
t
h
e
q
u
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19
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16
To
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d
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
tech
n
iq
u
e
s
p
o
n
s
o
r
ed
b
y
th
e
Sem
tech
co
m
p
a
n
y
[
4
0
]
.
L
o
R
a
is
p
ar
t
o
f
L
PW
AN
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
ca
lled
lo
w
p
o
wer
[
1
8
]
,
[
3
7
]
.
T
h
is
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
is
v
er
y
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
r
u
r
al
ar
ea
s
o
r
o
p
en
f
iel
d
ar
ea
s
.
L
o
R
a
wo
r
k
in
u
n
licen
s
ed
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
is
k
n
o
wn
as
in
d
u
s
tr
ial,
s
cien
tific
an
d
m
ed
ical
(
I
SM)
.
R
ef
er
en
ce
s
[
1
]
,
[
5
]
,
[
1
7
]
,
[
1
8
]
an
d
im
ag
e
d
ata
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
[
1
5
]
lik
e
h
a
v
e
talk
ed
ab
o
u
t
L
o
R
a,
b
u
t
if
f
ac
e
d
with
th
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
o
f
b
illi
o
n
s
o
f
d
ata,
en
er
g
y
s
av
in
g
s
ar
e
n
ee
d
ed
,
th
er
e
f
o
r
e
en
er
g
y
s
av
i
n
g
aim
s
to
s
av
e
th
e
p
ar
am
eter
s
co
n
tai
n
ed
in
L
o
R
a.
I
n
th
is
s
u
b
ch
ap
ter
,
th
e
au
th
o
r
will
f
o
r
m
u
late
s
ev
er
al
ar
r
an
g
em
en
ts
to
m
ax
i
m
ize
en
er
g
y
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
.
H
er
e
th
e
a
u
th
o
r
will
m
ak
e
s
o
m
e
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
s
(
s
ee
T
ab
le
6
)
.
T
ab
le
6
.
Facto
r
s
af
f
ec
tin
g
en
e
r
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
o
n
L
o
R
a
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
Ref
.
Tr
a
n
sm
i
ssi
o
n
p
o
w
e
r
[
3
8
]
a
n
d
g
u
i
d
e
b
o
o
k
f
r
o
m
[
5
3
]
B
a
n
d
w
i
d
t
h
(
B
W
)
.
[
3
9
]
C
a
r
r
i
e
r
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
(
C
F
)
.
[
3
8
]
a
n
d
[
3
9
]
C
o
d
i
n
g
r
a
t
e
(
C
R
)
.
[
3
8
]
S
p
r
e
a
d
i
n
g
f
a
c
t
o
r
(
S
F
)
.
[
3
9
]
As
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
6
,
th
e
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
p
o
wer
lik
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
p
o
wer
,
C
F,
B
W
,
C
R
an
d
SF
,
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
,
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
to
m
ax
im
ize
e
n
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
b
ec
a
u
s
e
o
f
th
e
n
atu
r
e
o
f
L
o
R
a,
wh
ich
is
alr
ea
d
y
lo
w
-
p
o
wer
b
u
t
with
b
illi
o
n
d
ata
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
will
af
f
ec
t
its
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
(
b
u
t
r
ef
er
en
ce
[
5
2
]
n
o
t
in
clu
d
ed
b
ec
au
s
e
it
d
o
es
n
o
t
co
n
tain
R
esear
ch
,
o
n
ly
a
g
u
i
d
e
b
o
ok)
.
T
h
e
au
t
h
o
r
f
o
c
u
s
es
o
n
th
is
p
ar
a
m
eter
b
ec
au
s
e
L
o
R
a
is
a
lo
n
g
-
d
is
tan
ce
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
a
n
d
a
d
ata
b
r
id
g
e
to
th
e
in
ter
n
et
s
o
u
r
ce
.
On
th
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
,
ap
ar
t
f
r
o
m
k
n
o
win
g
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
L
o
R
a,
to
s
ee
h
o
w
to
d
o
ef
f
icie
n
cy
,
th
e
ca
lc
u
latio
n
o
f
p
o
wer
u
s
ag
e
r
el
ated
to
L
o
R
a
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
is
also
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t.
T
h
e
co
m
p
lete
en
er
g
y
u
s
e
is
s
u
b
ject
to
t
h
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
p
o
wer
an
d
t
h
e
tim
e
liv
e.
Su
ch
as
T
o
tal
E
n
er
g
y
=
Po
wer
x
T
im
e
o
n
Air
.
L
o
R
a
s
h
o
u
l
d
h
av
e
tak
en
ad
v
a
n
tag
e
o
f
th
e
am
b
ien
t
v
o
ltag
e
3
.
3
V
-
5
V
.
T
h
e
len
g
t
h
o
f
tim
e
i
n
th
e
a
ir
also
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
th
e
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
io
n
p
o
wer
lim
it
(
B
W
,
SF
an
d
C
R
)
an
d
h
o
w
l
o
n
g
th
e
d
ata
will b
e
s
en
t.
3
.
2
.
I
o
T
o
v
er
v
iew
Su
p
p
o
s
e
L
o
R
a
is
p
ar
t
o
f
th
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
.
At
th
e
s
am
e
tim
e,
I
o
T
is
a
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
f
o
r
s
e
n
s
in
g
an
d
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
.
I
o
T
[
6
]
,
[
1
6
]
,
[
2
4
]
u
tili
za
tio
n
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
o
n
U
AV
[
1
2
]
,
a
n
d
s
m
ar
t
f
ar
m
in
g
[
1
3
]
,
[
1
4
]
all
o
f
t
h
em
co
n
s
u
m
e
m
o
r
e
en
e
r
g
y
an
d
n
ee
d
en
er
g
y
s
av
in
g
.
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
d
escr
ib
es
th
e
s
ch
em
e
u
s
ed
in
I
o
T
s
o
th
at
th
e
p
ar
am
eter
s
ca
n
b
e
k
n
o
wn
to
m
ax
im
ize
en
er
g
y
s
av
in
g
,
th
e
I
o
T
p
ar
ad
ig
m
is
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
s
h
o
ws
s
ev
er
al
th
in
g
s
th
at
ca
n
b
e
d
o
n
e,
s
u
c
h
as
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
o
b
ject,
p
eo
p
le
s
ec
tio
n
.
B
u
t
th
e
m
o
s
t
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
is
in
th
e
W
SN
[
7
]
,
[
2
5
]
.
I
n
b
illi
o
n
d
ata
co
n
d
iti
o
n
s
,
en
er
g
y
s
av
in
g
s
ca
n
b
e
m
ad
e
u
s
in
g
r
ed
u
ce
d
d
ata,
b
u
t
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
en
er
g
y
c
h
an
g
es
is
n
o
t
m
u
ch
.
So
th
e
au
th
o
r
,
in
th
is
r
ev
iew,
m
ax
im
izes
im
p
o
r
tan
t p
a
r
am
eter
s
o
r
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
ts
in
I
o
T
f
o
r
en
er
g
y
s
av
in
g
s
[
2
6
]
–
[
2
8
]
.
I
n
I
o
T
,
t
h
e
au
th
o
r
cr
ea
tes.
C
ateg
o
r
ies
th
at
ca
n
also
b
e
u
s
ed
t
o
m
in
im
ize
p
o
wer
u
s
ag
e
o
n
th
e
I
o
T
will
b
e
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
in
T
ab
le
7
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
9
-
4
8
6
4
I
n
t J Reco
n
f
ig
u
r
a
b
le
&
E
m
b
ed
d
ed
Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
11
,
No
.
1
,
M
ar
c
h
20
22
:
25
-
33
30
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
I
o
T
en
e
r
g
y
s
av
i
n
g
c
o
n
ce
p
t
T
ab
le
7
.
R
esear
ch
f
o
c
u
s
f
o
r
en
er
g
y
s
av
in
g
s
in
I
o
T
R
e
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
s
R
e
se
a
r
c
h
F
o
c
u
s
En
e
r
g
y
S
a
v
i
n
g
s
M
e
c
h
a
n
i
sm
C
o
n
c
l
u
s
i
o
n
[
2
9
]
R
o
u
t
i
n
g
u
s
i
n
g
a
f
u
z
z
y
n
e
u
r
a
l
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
(
ER
F
N
)
En
e
r
g
y
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
ER
F
N
i
mp
r
o
v
e
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
[
3
0
]
En
e
r
g
y
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
p
o
l
i
c
y
P
o
l
i
c
i
e
s
R
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
e
p
o
l
i
c
y
[
3
1
]
Tr
a
n
sm
i
t
t
i
n
g
d
a
t
a
En
e
r
g
y
b
a
l
a
n
c
e
R
e
d
u
c
e
e
n
e
r
g
y
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
t
i
o
n
[
3
2
]
M
o
n
i
t
o
r
i
n
g
sy
s
t
e
m
Lo
w
e
s
t
p
o
w
e
r
c
o
n
su
m
p
t
i
o
n
I
mp
r
o
v
e
(
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
/
p
o
w
e
r
)
[
3
3
]
D
a
t
a
g
a
t
h
e
r
i
n
g
O
p
t
i
mi
z
i
n
g
e
n
e
r
g
y
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
t
i
o
n
I
n
c
r
e
a
se
e
n
e
r
g
y
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
[
3
4
]
D
a
t
a
c
o
l
l
e
c
t
i
o
n
En
e
r
g
y
u
t
i
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
I
mp
r
o
v
e
l
i
f
e
t
i
me
[
3
5
]
S
mart
m
e
t
e
r
i
n
g
En
e
r
g
y
a
n
d
c
o
n
su
m
p
t
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o
n
I
mp
l
e
me
n
t
e
d
a
s
mart
M
e
t
e
r
i
n
g
[
3
6
]
S
mart
p
h
o
n
e
P
r
e
d
i
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
e
n
e
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g
y
En
e
r
g
y
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
T
ab
le
7
,
s
ev
er
a
l
R
esear
ch
f
o
cu
s
es
ca
n
m
ax
i
m
ize
en
er
g
y
s
av
in
g
s
,
esp
ec
ially
in
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
,
d
ata
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
,
an
d
en
er
g
y
s
av
in
g
au
x
iliar
y
d
e
v
ices
in
I
o
T
.
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
tak
es
ad
v
an
tag
e
o
f
th
e
r
esu
lts
th
at
ar
e
ea
s
y
to
ap
p
ly
to
I
o
T
,
an
d
at
a
later
d
ate,
a
n
e
x
p
er
im
en
tal
s
tu
d
y
ca
n
b
e
ca
r
r
i
ed
o
u
t.
3
.
3
.
Schem
es e
nerg
y
s
a
v
ing
s
Sev
er
al
f
ac
to
r
s
af
f
ec
t
I
o
T
u
s
in
g
L
o
R
a.
T
h
e
au
t
h
o
r
g
ets
s
ev
er
al
en
er
g
y
s
av
in
g
s
s
ch
em
es
th
at
ca
n
b
e
ap
p
lied
,
s
u
ch
as
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
,
tr
an
s
f
er
r
in
g
,
an
d
c
o
n
s
er
v
atio
n
e
n
er
g
y
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
u
s
in
g
in
th
e
s
tu
d
y
[
4
1
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
E
n
er
g
y
s
av
in
g
s
s
ch
e
m
es
[
4
1
]
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
u
s
in
g
[
4
1
]
a
s
ch
em
e
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
b
ec
a
u
s
e
it
ca
n
b
e
ap
p
lied
f
o
r
e
n
er
g
y
s
av
in
g
s
in
L
o
r
a
an
d
I
o
T
,
f
o
r
ex
am
p
le,
wh
ich
h
as
b
ee
n
u
s
ed
f
o
r
ef
f
icie
n
cy
p
ap
e
r
s
[8
]
,
[
9
]
wh
er
e
in
d
ee
d
th
e
s
ch
em
e
f
o
r
en
er
g
y
tr
an
s
f
er
is
s
till
co
m
p
licated
to
im
p
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31
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4
2
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4
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7
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8
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2
9
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.
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7
.
[
3
2
]
N
.
A
t
t
a
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a
n
,
A
.
P
u
r
a
n
i
k
,
J.
B
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o
o
k
s,
a
n
d
T.
M
o
h
se
n
i
n
,
“
Emb
e
d
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d
L
o
w
-
P
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w
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P
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o
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e
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i
o
n
,
”
I
EE
E
T
ra
n
s
a
c
t
i
o
n
s
o
n
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i
r
c
u
i
t
s
a
n
d
S
y
st
e
m
s
I
I
:
Ex
p
res
s
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f
s
,
v
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l
.
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,
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o
.
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8
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C
S
I
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.
2
0
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8
.
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7
9
9
8
2
1
.
[
3
3
]
Y
.
Zh
o
u
,
L.
Y
a
n
g
,
L.
Y
a
n
g
,
a
n
d
M
.
N
i
,
“
N
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r
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w
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k
s
,
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4
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8
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.
[
3
4
]
Q
.
W
a
n
g
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
R
e
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2
0
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9
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9
2
8
.
[
3
5
]
M
.
H
.
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d
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.
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j
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,
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En
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n
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8
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t
h
I
EE
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[
3
6
]
P
.
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m,
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.
B
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.
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[
3
7
]
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.
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o
mez
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[
3
8
]
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.
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[
3
9
]
A
.
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,
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,
T.
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.
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.
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st
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[
4
0
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.
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[
4
1
]
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.
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k
a
,
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f
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me
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f
W
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l
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S
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so
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N
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t
w
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k
s:
A
R
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w
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f
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r
r
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s,
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r
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l
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ss
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m
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.
[
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2
]
A
.
M
.
Ju
b
a
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r
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t
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l
.
,
“
O
p
t
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mi
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t
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w
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,
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(
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[
4
3
]
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.
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.
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,
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.
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T.
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,
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[
4
4
]
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.
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O
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.
A
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n
,
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[
4
5
]
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