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ap
id
p
r
o
g
r
ess
o
f
i
n
te
g
r
ate
d
cir
cu
its
a
n
d
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
in
g
th
e
en
d
o
f
Mo
o
r
e’
s
p
r
ed
ictio
n
,
s
c
ien
ti
s
ts
ar
e
lo
o
k
i
n
g
f
o
r
n
e
w
w
a
y
s
to
d
esi
g
n
cir
c
u
its
.
Af
ter
t
h
e
d
i
s
co
v
er
y
o
f
t
h
e
u
n
iq
u
e
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
o
f
ca
r
b
o
n
n
a
n
o
t
u
b
e
an
d
it
s
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
s
s
u
ch
a
s
v
er
y
s
m
all
d
i
m
en
s
io
n
s
,
h
i
g
h
m
o
b
ilit
y
,
an
d
p
r
o
j
ec
tile tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
,
th
e
ca
r
b
o
n
n
a
n
o
tu
b
e
h
as
b
ee
n
r
aised
as
a
s
u
i
tab
le
alter
n
ati
v
e
to
s
ilico
n
[
1
4
]
.
C
NT
s
h
av
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
th
e
m
a
n
u
f
ac
t
u
r
e
o
f
ca
r
b
o
n
n
an
o
t
u
b
e
f
ield
-
e
f
f
ec
t
tr
a
n
s
i
s
to
r
(
C
NFET
)
.
T
h
is
tr
an
s
i
s
to
r
is
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
n
e
w
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
th
at
s
cie
n
ti
s
ts
ar
e
s
tu
d
y
in
g
it
s
g
r
ea
t
b
en
e
f
its
a
n
d
m
o
r
e
an
d
m
o
r
e
s
t
u
d
ies
ar
e
b
ein
g
co
n
d
u
cted
o
n
t
h
is
f
ie
l
d
.
B
en
ef
its
s
u
c
h
a
s
b
allis
tic
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
,
h
i
g
h
m
o
b
ilit
y
,
an
d
lo
w
p
o
w
er
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
h
av
e
led
to
th
e
f
o
cu
s
o
f
m
a
n
y
s
tu
d
ie
s
o
n
th
ei
r
ap
p
licatio
n
in
elec
tr
o
n
ic
cir
cu
its
[
1
5
]
.
C
ar
b
o
n
n
an
o
tu
b
e
tr
an
s
is
to
r
s
ar
e
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
an
d
attr
ac
tiv
e
o
p
tio
n
s
f
o
r
t
h
e
m
a
n
u
f
ac
t
u
r
e
o
f
elec
tr
o
n
ic
cir
cu
i
ts
o
f
n
e
w
g
en
er
atio
n
co
m
p
u
t
er
s
.
C
o
m
p
ar
ed
to
cu
r
r
en
t
cir
cu
it
s
,
th
ese
tr
an
s
is
to
r
s
b
o
th
h
av
e
h
i
g
h
er
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
an
d
lo
w
er
p
o
w
er
co
n
s
u
m
p
t
io
n
.
T
h
ese
cir
c
u
it
s
h
av
e
m
an
y
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
as
th
e
y
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
th
e
m
an
u
f
ac
t
u
r
e
o
f
d
if
f
er
en
t
d
ev
ic
es
f
r
o
m
p
er
s
o
n
a
l
co
m
p
u
ter
s
an
d
m
o
b
ile
p
h
o
n
e
to
s
u
p
er
co
m
p
u
ter
s
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
t
w
o
m
aj
o
r
ch
allen
g
e
s
in
t
h
e
m
a
n
u
f
ac
t
u
r
e
o
f
ca
r
b
o
n
n
an
o
t
u
b
e
cir
cu
i
ts
:
th
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
m
e
tal
n
an
o
t
u
b
es
an
d
ali
g
n
m
e
n
t
o
f
n
an
o
t
u
b
es.
E
lectr
o
n
ic
cir
cu
its
b
ased
o
n
ca
r
b
o
n
n
an
o
t
u
b
es
ca
n
b
e
ac
tiv
e
at
v
o
ltag
e
s
lo
w
er
th
an
th
o
s
e
at
w
h
ic
h
s
ilico
n
cir
cu
it
s
o
p
er
ate.
C
ir
cu
it
s
t
h
at
o
p
er
ate
at
lo
w
v
o
ltag
es
p
r
o
d
u
ce
less
h
ea
t.
T
h
e
is
s
u
e
o
f
h
ea
t
g
en
er
atio
n
is
a
li
m
it
in
g
f
ac
to
r
to
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
o
f
h
i
g
h
-
d
e
n
s
it
y
cir
c
u
its
.
B
ec
au
s
e
o
f
th
eir
h
ig
h
s
p
ee
d
,
C
NT
-
b
ased
elec
t
r
o
n
ic
cir
cu
it
s
h
a
v
e
g
ain
ed
g
r
ea
t
atte
n
tio
n
.
T
h
e
y
m
ak
e
it
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
i
n
s
tall
m
o
r
e
tr
an
s
i
s
to
r
s
o
n
a
ch
ip
w
it
h
o
u
t
g
en
er
ati
n
g
m
u
c
h
h
ea
t.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
Mo
o
r
e’
s
la
w
w
il
l
co
n
ti
n
u
e
to
b
e
estab
lis
h
e
d
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
C
NT
s
h
ig
h
l
y
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
ef
f
icien
c
y
.
T
o
s
o
lv
e
th
e
s
tr
u
c
t
u
r
al
d
ef
ec
ts
o
f
n
a
n
o
tu
b
es,
r
ese
ar
ch
er
s
h
a
v
e
lin
k
ed
th
e
m
to
el
ec
tr
icit
y
i
n
o
r
d
er
t
o
b
u
r
n
m
e
tal
n
a
n
o
tu
b
es
a
n
d
k
ee
p
s
e
m
ico
n
d
u
ctin
g
n
an
o
t
u
b
es
s
o
u
n
d
.
Se
m
ico
n
d
u
ct
in
g
n
a
n
o
t
u
b
es
ar
e
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
m
ak
in
g
ch
ip
s
.
Usi
n
g
th
i
s
m
e
th
o
d
,
r
esear
ch
er
s
h
av
e
m
an
a
g
ed
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
C
NT
-
b
ased
ch
ip
s
.
2.
CARB
O
N
NANO
T
UB
E
S (
CNT)
Nan
o
tu
b
es
ar
e
b
ased
o
n
t
h
e
g
r
ap
h
ite
s
tr
u
c
tu
r
e,
w
h
ic
h
co
n
s
is
t
s
o
f
s
ep
ar
ate
la
y
er
s
o
f
ca
r
b
o
n
ato
m
s
w
it
h
a
h
e
x
ag
o
n
al
ar
r
an
g
e
m
en
t.
T
h
e
d
ia
m
eter
o
f
n
a
n
o
tu
b
es
r
an
g
e
s
b
et
w
ee
n
1
an
d
2
n
a
n
o
m
eter
s
an
d
t
h
eir
len
g
th
s
o
m
eti
m
e
s
r
ea
ch
es
s
e
v
er
al
m
icr
o
m
eter
s
.
T
h
e
en
d
s
o
f
n
an
o
t
u
b
es
ca
n
b
e
b
lo
ck
ed
w
it
h
a
h
al
f
o
f
a
Fu
ller
e
n
e,
s
o
t
h
at
t
h
e
y
ca
n
a
ls
o
h
a
v
e
p
en
ta
g
o
n
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
s
at
t
h
eir
en
d
s
[
1
6
]
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
th
e
m
o
s
t
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
f
ea
t
u
r
e
th
a
t
p
la
y
s
a
r
o
le
in
d
eter
m
in
in
g
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
er
ties
o
f
n
a
n
o
tu
b
es
i
s
r
ef
er
r
ed
to
as
ch
ir
ali
t
y
[
1
6
-
1
9
]
.
De
s
p
ite
h
av
i
n
g
a
v
er
y
lit
tle
d
ia
m
eter
,
n
an
o
tu
b
es
h
av
e
a
h
ig
h
ten
s
ile
s
tr
en
g
t
h
o
f
ab
o
u
t
1
0
0
g
ig
aP
ascal
[
1
7
,
1
9
]
.
T
h
e
ex
is
te
n
ce
o
f
a
Va
n
d
er
W
aa
ls
b
o
n
d
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
a
to
m
s
i
s
an
o
t
h
er
f
ea
tu
r
e
o
f
n
a
n
o
t
u
b
es
w
h
ic
h
ca
u
s
e
s
t
h
eir
v
er
y
lo
w
ab
ilit
y
to
s
tick
to
g
eth
er
(
u
n
iq
u
e
elec
tr
ical
p
r
o
p
er
ties
)
in
m
e
tal
a
n
d
s
e
m
ico
n
d
u
ctin
g
n
a
n
o
tu
b
e
s
[
1
6
,
1
7
,
19
,
2
0
]
,
co
n
d
u
ctiv
i
t
y
o
n
l
y
in
t
h
e
lo
n
g
it
u
d
i
n
al
d
i
r
ec
tio
n
[
1
6
,
1
7
]
,
th
er
m
al
co
n
d
u
ctiv
i
t
y
,
a
n
d
f
ield
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
p
r
o
p
er
ties
[
1
7
,
21
,
2
2
]
.
Field
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
i
s
o
b
s
er
v
ed
in
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
s
w
it
h
a
h
ig
h
len
g
t
h
-
to
-
d
ia
m
eter
r
atio
(
g
r
ea
ter
th
an
1
0
0
0
)
,
a
s
h
ar
p
ato
m
ic
h
ea
d
,
h
ig
h
th
er
m
al
a
n
d
ch
e
m
ical
s
tab
ilit
y
,
a
n
d
h
i
g
h
elec
tr
ical
an
d
th
er
m
al
co
n
d
u
c
t
iv
it
y
[
2
2
,
2
3
]
.
Gr
ap
h
en
e
i
s
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
s
t
i
m
p
o
r
ta
n
t
ca
r
b
o
n
m
ater
ial
s
u
s
e
d
in
n
an
o
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
.
A
g
r
ap
h
en
e
s
h
ee
t
f
o
r
m
s
w
h
e
n
ca
r
b
o
n
ato
m
s
ar
e
p
u
t
to
g
et
h
er
.
I
f
a
g
r
ap
h
e
n
e
s
h
ee
t
is
r
o
lled
ar
o
u
n
d
a
ce
n
tr
al
ax
is
,
i
t
f
o
r
m
s
a
ca
r
b
o
n
n
an
o
tu
b
e.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
t
w
o
t
y
p
e
s
o
f
ca
r
b
o
n
n
a
n
o
tu
b
es
as f
o
llo
w
s
[
2
4
]
.
2
.
1
.
Sin
g
le
-
w
a
lled
na
no
t
ub
es
(
SWNT
)
Sin
g
le
-
w
alled
n
an
o
t
u
b
es a
r
e
f
o
r
m
ed
w
h
en
a
g
r
ap
h
e
n
e
s
h
ee
t
is
r
o
lled
ar
o
u
n
d
a
ce
n
tr
al
ax
is
.
As s
h
o
w
n
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
,
SW
NT
is
a
h
o
llo
w
c
y
li
n
d
er
w
it
h
a
d
ia
m
e
ter
o
f
1
-
2
n
m
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
R
ec
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
ab
le
&
E
m
b
ed
d
ed
Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2089
-
4864
A
p
p
lica
tio
n
o
f c
a
r
b
o
n
n
a
n
o
tu
b
es
C
N
T
)
o
n
th
e
co
mp
u
ter s
cien
ce
a
n
d
.
.
.
(
Ho
s
s
ein
K
a
r
d
a
n
Mo
g
h
a
d
d
a
m
)
63
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
(
a)
S
in
g
le
-
w
alled
ca
r
b
o
n
n
an
o
t
u
b
e
(
b
)
M
u
lti
-
w
al
le
d
ca
r
b
o
n
n
an
o
tu
b
e
[
2
5
]
2
.
2
.
M
ulti
-
w
a
lled
na
no
t
ub
e
(
M
WNT
)
Mu
lti
-
w
alled
n
a
n
o
tu
b
es
(
M
W
NT
)
a
r
e
f
o
r
m
ed
w
h
e
n
s
e
v
er
al
g
r
ap
h
e
n
e
s
h
ee
t
s
ar
e
r
o
lled
ar
o
u
n
d
a
ce
n
tr
al
ax
i
s
.
As
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
2
,
MW
NT
co
n
s
is
t
s
o
f
s
e
v
er
al
co
n
ce
n
tr
ic
h
o
les
w
it
h
a
d
ia
m
eter
o
f
2
-
2
5
n
m
s
ep
ar
ated
b
y
a
d
is
ta
n
ce
o
f
0
.
3
6
n
m
[
2
5
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
I
m
a
g
es ta
k
e
n
f
r
o
m
MW
NT
s
b
y
an
elec
tr
o
n
m
icr
o
s
co
p
e
[
2
6
]
R
esear
ch
er
s
h
a
v
e
r
ep
o
r
ted
th
at
ca
r
b
o
n
n
an
o
tu
b
es
h
a
v
e
g
r
ea
t
elastic
p
r
o
p
er
ties
o
f
ab
o
u
t
1
t
er
ap
ascal
(
1
0
0
0
MP
a
)
an
d
a
s
tr
en
g
th
s
ev
er
al
ti
m
e
s
h
i
g
h
er
th
a
n
h
ar
d
s
teels
in
a
s
i
m
ilar
w
eig
h
t
f
r
ac
tio
n
.
T
h
e
f
ib
er
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
o
f
ca
r
b
o
n
n
a
n
o
tu
b
es
h
as
m
ad
e
t
h
e
m
b
e
u
s
ed
as
a
r
e
in
f
o
r
ce
r
in
co
m
p
o
s
ite
m
a
ter
ial
s
.
P
r
ev
io
u
s
s
t
u
d
ies
h
av
e
s
h
o
w
n
t
h
at
an
y
c
h
a
n
g
e
in
th
e
len
g
t
h
o
f
ca
r
b
o
n
n
an
o
tu
b
es
r
elativ
e
to
ca
r
b
o
n
f
ib
er
s
p
r
o
v
id
es
lo
ca
l
en
h
a
n
ce
m
en
t
in
th
e
p
o
l
y
m
er
co
n
tex
t
en
c
lo
s
i
n
g
a
ca
r
b
o
n
f
ib
er
[
2
7
]
.
L
o
ca
l
s
tiff
n
ess
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
t
h
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
ca
r
b
o
n
n
a
n
o
tu
b
es
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
t
h
e
tr
an
s
f
er
o
f
lo
ad
in
t
h
e
j
o
in
t
p
ar
t
o
f
f
ib
er
/g
r
o
u
n
d
.
T
h
e
h
ig
h
asp
ec
t
r
atio
o
f
n
an
o
t
u
b
es c
au
s
es
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
ti
v
e
lo
ad
b
ea
r
in
g
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies [
2
8
]
.
3.
ADDI
T
I
O
N
O
F
CH
E
M
I
CA
L
AG
E
N
T
S
T
O
T
H
E
S
URF
ACE O
F
T
H
E
N
ANO
T
UB
E
S
T
h
e
ad
d
itio
n
o
f
c
h
e
m
ical
a
g
e
n
ts
to
t
h
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
o
f
th
e
n
a
n
o
t
u
b
e
is
ca
lled
F
u
n
ctio
n
al
izatio
n
,
w
h
ic
h
i
n
tu
r
n
f
ac
ilit
a
tes
t
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
n
a
n
o
tu
b
es
in
v
ar
io
u
s
i
n
d
u
s
tr
ies.
Fu
n
ctio
n
al
izatio
n
o
f
t
h
e
s
u
r
f
a
ce
,
b
y
o
v
er
co
m
i
n
g
th
e
Van
d
er
W
aa
ls
g
r
av
it
y
f
o
r
ce
s
in
m
u
lti
-
w
alled
ca
r
b
o
n
n
an
o
tu
b
es,
ca
n
p
r
ev
e
n
t
th
e
m
f
r
o
m
b
ei
n
g
b
u
n
d
led
to
g
eth
er
.
I
f
t
h
e
m
ec
h
a
n
ical,
t
h
er
m
al,
a
n
d
co
n
d
u
cti
v
e
p
r
o
p
er
ties
o
f
ca
r
b
o
n
n
a
n
o
tu
b
es
ar
e
en
h
an
ce
d
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
ch
e
m
ical
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
t
h
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e,
ap
p
licatio
n
s
o
f
c
ar
b
o
n
n
an
o
tu
b
e
s
ca
n
b
e
ex
p
an
d
ed
to
a
w
id
er
r
an
g
e
[
2
9
,
3
0
]
.
Me
tal
n
a
n
o
p
ar
ticles
h
a
v
e
p
o
ten
tial
ap
p
l
icatio
n
s
in
v
ar
io
u
s
f
ield
s
,
e
s
p
ec
iall
y
m
a
g
n
etic
m
ater
ials
[
3
1
]
.
Du
j
ar
d
in
et
a
l.
s
h
o
w
ed
th
a
t
h
i
g
h
-
e
n
er
g
y
m
a
ter
ials
s
u
c
h
a
s
m
etal
s
ca
n
n
o
t
s
p
o
n
tan
eo
u
s
l
y
w
e
t
th
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
o
f
ca
r
b
o
n
n
a
n
o
tu
b
es
[
3
2
]
.
I
f
m
eta
l
n
a
n
o
p
ar
ticles
o
r
m
etal
o
x
id
e
ca
n
b
e
ad
d
ed
to
ca
r
b
o
n
n
an
o
t
u
b
es
th
r
o
u
g
h
c
h
e
m
ical
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
th
eir
s
u
r
f
ac
e,
s
u
b
s
ta
n
ti
al
ch
a
n
g
e
s
m
a
y
o
cc
u
r
in
p
h
y
s
ical,
m
ec
h
an
ical,
elec
tr
ical,
an
d
m
a
g
n
et
ic
p
r
o
p
er
ties
o
f
ca
r
b
o
n
n
a
n
o
tu
b
e
s
.
As
a
r
es
u
lt,
th
e
y
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
i
n
t
h
e
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
o
f
ca
tal
y
s
ts
,
o
p
to
elec
tr
o
n
ic
d
ev
i
ce
s
,
s
h
ield
in
g
f
il
m
s
,
elec
tr
o
m
ag
n
etic
to
o
ls
,
a
n
d
h
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
s
to
r
ag
e
[
3
3
,
3
4
]
.
Scien
ti
f
ic
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
s
u
g
g
e
s
t
t
h
at
th
e
b
o
n
d
in
g
en
er
g
y
b
et
w
ee
n
m
eta
ls
an
d
C
NT
s
is
v
er
y
lo
w
[
3
5
]
an
d
,
co
n
s
eq
u
e
n
tl
y
,
a
g
o
o
d
ad
h
esio
n
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
m
ca
n
n
o
t
b
e
ac
h
iev
ed
,
w
h
ich
ca
u
s
e
s
in
cr
ea
s
e
d
co
n
tact
r
esis
tan
c
e
an
d
d
ec
lin
ed
s
tr
en
g
th
o
f
ca
r
b
o
n
n
an
o
t
u
b
es
[
3
6
]
.
A
g
en
er
al
m
e
th
o
d
f
o
r
in
cr
ea
s
i
n
g
th
e
r
ea
ctiv
it
y
o
f
ca
r
b
o
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
9
-
4864
I
n
t J
R
ec
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
ab
le
&
E
m
b
ed
d
ed
Sy
s
t,
Vo
l.
9
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
2
0
2
0
:
6
1
–
82
64
n
an
o
t
u
b
es
i
s
t
h
e
cr
ea
tio
n
o
f
f
u
n
ct
io
n
al
g
r
o
u
p
s
a
n
d
d
ef
ec
ts
o
n
th
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
o
f
ca
r
b
o
n
n
an
o
t
u
b
es.
I
n
f
ac
t,
f
u
n
ctio
n
al
g
r
o
u
p
s
o
n
t
h
e
s
u
r
f
a
ce
o
f
C
NT
s
m
ed
iate
t
h
e
b
o
n
d
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
m
etal
a
n
d
ca
r
b
o
n
n
a
n
o
tu
b
e
.
St
u
d
ie
s
h
av
e
s
h
o
w
n
t
h
at
th
e
b
o
n
d
i
n
g
en
er
g
y
b
et
w
ee
n
m
etals
a
n
d
C
NT
s
ca
n
b
e
g
r
ea
tl
y
in
cr
ea
s
ed
b
y
cr
ea
tin
g
f
u
n
ctio
n
al
g
r
o
u
p
s
o
n
t
h
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
o
f
ca
r
b
o
n
n
an
o
t
u
b
es
[
3
6
]
.
Sin
ce
cr
u
d
e
C
NT
is
co
m
p
let
el
y
n
eu
tr
al
an
d
h
as
a
lo
w
r
ea
ctiv
it
y
lev
el,
it
is
n
ec
ess
ar
y
to
c
r
ea
te
ac
tiv
e
an
d
r
ea
ctiv
e
s
ites
in
t
h
eir
s
tr
u
c
tu
r
e
u
s
in
g
f
u
n
ctio
n
al
g
r
o
u
p
s
i
n
o
r
d
er
to
lo
ca
te
an
y
c
o
m
p
o
u
n
d
o
n
t
h
eir
s
u
r
f
ac
e
[
3
6
]
.
C
NT
o
x
id
atio
n
b
y
s
tr
o
n
g
ac
i
d
s
s
u
c
h
a
s
s
u
l
f
u
r
ic
ac
id
o
r
n
itric
ac
id
i
s
a
d
esira
b
le
s
tr
ate
g
y
f
o
r
t
h
e
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
f
u
n
ctio
n
a
l
g
r
o
u
p
s
s
u
c
h
as
ca
r
b
o
x
y
l,
h
y
d
r
o
x
y
l,
an
d
ca
r
b
o
n
y
l
[
3
7
,
3
8
]
.
T
h
e
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
t
h
e
ab
o
v
e
-
m
e
n
t
io
n
ed
f
u
n
ct
io
n
al
g
r
o
u
p
s
ca
n
ch
an
g
e
t
h
e
C
NT
'
s
r
ea
ctiv
it
y
a
n
d
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
th
eir
wettab
ilit
y
.
So
f
ar
,
a
lar
g
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
m
etal
n
an
o
p
ar
ticles
o
r
m
etal
o
x
id
es
s
u
c
h
as
g
o
ld
,
p
latin
u
m
,
s
il
v
er
,
p
allad
i
u
m
,
co
b
alt,
an
d
n
ic
k
el
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
ad
d
ed
to
t
h
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
o
f
C
NT
s
[
3
9
,
4
0
]
.
T
h
e
ad
d
itio
n
o
f
n
ic
k
el
n
an
o
p
ar
ticl
es
to
th
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
o
f
C
NT
s
ai
m
s
to
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
ag
n
etic
p
r
o
p
er
ties
,
r
ed
u
ce
co
n
tact
r
esis
ta
n
ce
w
it
h
C
NT
,
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
ca
tal
y
t
ic
p
r
o
p
er
ties
,
an
d
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
t
h
e
p
o
w
er
o
f
e
n
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
o
f
C
NT
s
.
Ot
h
er
m
et
h
o
d
s
s
u
c
h
as e
lectr
o
ch
e
m
i
s
tr
y
a
n
d
w
et
c
h
e
m
is
tr
y
ar
e
als
o
u
s
ed
f
o
r
th
e
s
u
b
s
tit
u
tio
n
[
4
1
,
4
2
]
.
4.
SYNT
H
E
S
I
S O
F
CARB
O
N
NANO
T
UB
E
S
C
NT
s
ar
e
s
y
n
th
e
s
ized
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
r
ee
g
en
er
al
m
eth
o
d
s
o
f
el
ec
tr
ic
ar
c
d
is
c
h
ar
g
e,
la
s
er
ab
l
atio
n
,
a
n
d
ch
e
m
ical
v
ap
o
r
d
ep
o
s
itio
n
.
On
e
o
f
th
e
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
s
o
f
c
h
e
m
ical
v
ap
o
r
d
ep
o
s
itio
n
,
r
ef
er
r
e
d
to
as
co
m
b
u
s
tio
n
ch
e
m
ical
v
ap
o
r
d
ep
o
s
itio
n
(
C
C
VD)
,
is
t
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
a
s
i
m
p
le
c
ar
b
o
n
s
o
u
r
ce
in
t
h
e
g
as
p
h
a
s
e
an
d
d
ec
o
m
p
o
s
i
n
g
it
o
n
a
ca
tal
y
s
t
a
t
h
ig
h
e
n
o
u
g
h
t
e
m
p
er
atu
r
e.
Am
o
n
g
d
i
f
f
er
e
n
t
m
et
h
o
d
s
o
f
ca
r
b
o
n
n
an
o
t
u
b
es
s
y
n
t
h
esi
s
,
C
C
VD
i
s
th
e
b
es
t a
n
d
m
o
s
t
s
u
itab
le
m
et
h
o
d
,
esp
ec
iall
y
f
o
r
lar
g
e
-
s
ca
le
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
T
h
is
is
d
u
e
to
th
e
r
elati
v
e
ea
s
e
o
f
t
h
is
m
e
th
o
d
i
n
th
e
s
ta
g
es
o
f
p
r
ep
ar
atio
n
an
d
p
u
r
i
f
ic
atio
n
an
d
al
s
o
th
e
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
,
th
e
p
o
s
s
ib
il
it
y
o
f
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
t
h
e
d
ia
m
eter
,
q
u
a
lit
y
,
a
n
d
q
u
a
n
ti
t
y
o
f
n
a
n
o
tu
b
es,
an
d
h
i
g
h
s
p
ee
d
o
f
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
.
S
y
n
th
e
s
is
o
f
n
an
o
t
u
b
es
u
s
i
n
g
C
C
VD
i
s
a
t
w
o
-
s
tep
p
r
o
ce
s
s
i
n
clu
d
i
n
g
th
e
p
r
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ti
m
e,
a
n
d
d
ia
m
eter
o
f
ca
tal
y
s
t
p
ar
ticles
[
4
3
]
.
T
h
e
ca
tal
y
s
t
u
s
ed
i
n
th
e
p
r
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ar
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n
n
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o
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co
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is
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s
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t
w
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co
m
p
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etal
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Ni3
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)
[
4
4
]
.
5.
AP
P
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I
CA
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CARB
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NANO
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f
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at
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s
w
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tar
ted
in
1
9
3
0
an
d
i
s
s
ti
ll
o
n
g
o
i
n
g
[
1
7
]
.
I
n
f
ac
t,
t
h
e
m
ai
n
r
o
le
o
f
r
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s
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all
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tr
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r
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to
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t
t
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ir
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b
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ar
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u
s
ed
to
g
eth
er
[
4
5
]
.
Nan
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m
p
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co
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)
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d
th
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s
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
r
ef
lectio
n
lo
s
s
[
4
6
]
.
A
b
s
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p
tio
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p
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o
f
m
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d
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m
p
r
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v
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th
eir
m
a
g
n
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p
r
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p
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ties
[
4
7
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
n
an
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s
tr
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r
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ab
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wav
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it
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s
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tial
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d
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to
h
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d
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m
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s
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Ma
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d
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ab
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p
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p
r
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p
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ties
o
f
r
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ab
s
o
r
b
in
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m
ater
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Ke
q
ian
g
He
et
al.
[
4
8
]
p
r
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d
C
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co
m
p
o
s
it
e.
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ite,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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B
.
Haiy
a
n
[
4
9
]
p
r
ep
ar
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d
a
n
an
o
co
m
p
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s
ite
o
f
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s
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.
Gh
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m
i
[
5
0
]
p
r
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ed
th
e
C
NT
/St
r
o
n
ti
u
m
co
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p
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[
5
1
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m
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f
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ce
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r
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ct
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d
if
f
er
en
t
t
y
p
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s
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m
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tals
w
it
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a
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p
o
ten
tia
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cti
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ir
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y
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ce
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o
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m
a
co
r
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d
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t
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th
er
m
eta
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v
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th
e
co
r
e.
C
o
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
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y
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th
esi
s
o
f
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m
etal
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a
n
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ticl
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m
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lta
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co
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tr
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n
u
clea
tio
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d
th
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p
r
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ce
s
s
o
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ed
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cin
g
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w
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y
p
e
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o
f
m
etal
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w
i
th
d
if
f
er
en
t
r
ed
u
ctio
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p
o
ten
t
ial
a
n
d
c
h
e
m
i
ca
l
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
is
v
er
y
d
if
f
ic
u
lt.
W
an
g
a
n
d
L
i
[
5
2
,
5
3
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
th
e
s
elec
tio
n
o
f
a
s
u
itab
le
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u
cin
g
ag
e
n
t
to
s
o
lv
e
th
is
p
r
o
b
le
m
.
T
ab
le
1
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
v
al
u
es
o
f
elec
tr
o
m
a
g
n
etic
p
r
o
p
er
ties
o
f
th
e
co
m
p
o
u
n
d
s
y
n
th
e
s
ized
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it
h
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ad
ar
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ab
s
o
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b
in
g
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m
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ab
le
1
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T
h
e
v
alu
es o
f
elec
tr
o
m
ag
n
etic
p
r
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p
er
ties
o
f
th
e
co
m
p
o
u
n
d
s
y
n
t
h
esized
w
it
h
o
th
er
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ar
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ab
s
o
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g
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m
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d
s
R
e
f
e
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n
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P
e
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k
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h
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L
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1
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d
B
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mal
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r
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h
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[
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2
.
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C
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[
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1
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BaCe
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05
Fe
11.
95
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a
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cc
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d
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it
ca
n
b
e
s
tated
th
at
t
h
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is
a
m
u
lt
ip
le
in
ter
f
ac
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p
o
lar
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d
is
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n
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th
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r
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ac
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n
an
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ite.
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itio
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b
o
th
d
ielec
tr
ic
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s
s
an
d
m
a
g
n
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lo
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s
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cr
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th
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it
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th
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tr
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m
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ti
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p
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s
,
esp
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r
ef
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ctio
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-
Ni
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p
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itab
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p
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a
s
a
m
icr
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w
av
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ab
s
o
r
b
er
.
6.
DIS
SO
L
VI
NG
C
NT
S
I
N
A
SO
L
V
E
NT
A
ND
NO
NL
I
N
E
AR
O
P
T
I
CA
L
P
RO
P
E
R
T
I
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S O
F
CNT
S
Nan
o
f
l
u
id
is
a
ter
m
w
h
ic
h
w
a
s
f
ir
s
t
i
n
tr
o
d
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ce
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b
y
C
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o
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i
n
1
9
9
5
t
o
r
ef
er
to
a
n
e
w
ca
te
g
o
r
y
o
f
h
ea
t
-
tr
an
s
f
er
r
in
g
f
l
u
id
s
b
ased
o
n
n
a
n
o
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
.
Na
n
o
p
ar
ticles
ar
e
m
ad
e
o
f
s
u
s
p
e
n
d
in
g
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an
o
p
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f
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a
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ize
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n
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ater
,
o
il,
an
d
et
h
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n
e
g
l
y
co
l
[
6
0
]
.
W
ith
a
h
i
g
h
t
h
er
m
al
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u
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v
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p
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it
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h
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n
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h
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h
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t.
T
h
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s
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f
f
l
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id
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s
ilv
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n
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n
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p
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ticles,
ca
r
b
o
n
n
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o
t
u
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es,
o
r
g
r
ap
h
ite
ca
u
s
es
a
5
%
in
cr
ea
s
e
i
n
t
h
e
e
f
f
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c
y
o
f
s
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lar
en
er
g
y
h
ea
t
tr
an
s
f
er
s
y
s
te
m
s
.
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g
n
etic
n
an
o
p
ar
ticles
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
f
ilt
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ce
r
tain
o
p
tical
w
a
v
es.
T
h
is
p
r
o
p
er
ty
is
ac
t
iv
ated
b
y
ap
p
ly
in
g
a
n
e
x
ter
n
al
m
ag
n
etic
f
o
r
ce
.
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g
n
etic
n
a
n
o
p
ar
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ca
n
b
e
al
s
o
u
s
ed
to
s
e
n
s
e
v
ib
r
atio
n
s
.
S
tu
d
ies
h
a
v
e
s
h
o
w
n
t
h
a
t
a
v
ib
r
atin
g
f
er
r
o
f
l
u
id
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n
a
s
tati
c
m
ag
n
etic
f
ield
ca
n
i
n
d
u
ce
a
n
elec
tr
ic
v
o
ltag
e
i
n
an
ac
t
u
ato
r
co
il.
Du
e
to
t
h
eir
u
n
iq
u
e
p
r
o
p
er
ties
in
cl
u
d
in
g
h
i
g
h
th
er
m
al
co
n
d
u
cti
v
it
y
,
lo
w
d
en
s
it
y
,
c
h
e
m
ica
l
s
tab
ilit
y
,
an
d
h
ig
h
s
p
ec
i
f
ic
s
u
r
f
ac
e
ar
ea
,
C
NT
s
ar
e
u
s
ed
in
th
e
m
an
u
f
ac
t
u
r
e
o
f
n
an
o
f
l
u
id
s
i
n
o
r
d
er
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
t
h
er
m
al
co
n
d
u
cti
v
it
y
o
f
co
m
m
o
n
f
l
u
id
s
.
Stab
ilit
y
i
s
co
n
s
id
er
ed
th
e
m
o
s
t
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
f
ac
to
r
i
n
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
o
f
n
a
n
o
f
l
u
id
s
,
b
ec
au
s
e
t
h
e
i
n
s
tab
ilit
y
o
f
C
NT
s
in
th
e
f
l
u
id
r
ed
u
ce
s
th
e
r
m
al
co
n
d
u
c
tiv
it
y
.
T
o
s
tab
ilize
C
NT
s
in
p
o
lar
s
o
lv
en
t
s
,
it
is
n
ec
e
s
s
ar
y
to
m
a
k
e
th
eir
s
u
r
f
ac
e
h
y
d
r
o
p
h
ile
u
s
i
n
g
m
o
d
i
f
y
i
n
g
f
ac
to
r
s
.
Am
o
n
g
t
h
e
m
et
h
o
d
s
f
o
r
f
u
n
ct
io
n
alizi
n
g
th
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
o
f
C
N
T
s
,
th
e
m
ai
n
a
n
d
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
co
m
m
o
n
m
et
h
o
d
is
to
f
u
n
ctio
n
alize
t
h
e
b
eg
in
n
i
n
g
,
en
d
,
an
d
o
u
ter
s
u
r
f
ac
e
o
f
C
NT
s
.
R
eg
ar
d
in
g
t
h
e
ch
e
m
is
tr
y
o
f
C
NT
s
,
th
is
m
e
th
o
d
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
t
w
o
co
v
ale
n
t
an
d
n
o
n
-
co
v
ale
n
t
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
s
.
Am
o
n
g
th
e
a
v
ailab
le
m
et
h
o
d
s
f
o
r
f
u
n
ctio
n
al
izin
g
th
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
o
f
C
NT
s
,
t
h
e
cr
ea
tio
n
o
f
o
x
y
g
en
-
co
n
tain
in
g
g
r
o
u
p
s
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
o
x
id
atio
n
o
f
a
n
ac
id
,
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
s
u
b
s
ets
o
f
co
v
alen
t
tech
n
i
q
u
e,
is
a
co
n
v
e
n
ien
t
w
a
y
to
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
d
is
p
er
s
io
n
o
f
C
NT
s
in
p
o
lar
f
lu
id
s
s
u
c
h
as
w
ater
.
Nan
o
t
u
b
es
o
x
id
atio
n
is
d
o
n
e
u
s
in
g
ac
id
s
s
u
c
h
a
s
n
itric
ac
id
[
6
1
]
,
a
m
i
x
tu
r
e
o
f
n
itric
ac
id
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d
s
u
l
f
u
r
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ac
id
[
6
2
]
,
an
d
a
m
i
x
t
u
r
e
o
f
s
u
l
f
u
r
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ac
id
a
n
d
h
y
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r
o
g
en
p
er
o
x
id
e
[
6
3
]
,
m
a
k
i
n
g
t
h
e
h
ig
h
e
s
t
s
u
p
er
f
icial
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d
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n
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to
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ag
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t
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d
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en
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it
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i
n
t
h
e
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
p
h
a
s
e.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
th
e
s
lip
p
in
g
o
f
n
a
n
o
tu
b
es
n
o
t
a
ttach
ed
to
th
e
s
u
b
s
tr
ate
an
d
cr
ea
tio
n
o
f
n
a
n
o
tu
b
e
m
as
s
es
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
l
y
r
ed
u
ce
s
t
h
e
asp
ec
t
r
atio
o
f
th
e
r
ei
n
f
o
r
ce
r
.
Ag
g
lo
m
er
atio
n
is
o
f
i
m
p
o
r
tan
ce
in
t
h
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
n
an
o
tu
b
es
b
y
c
h
e
m
ical
v
ap
o
r
d
ep
o
s
itio
n
(
C
VD)
,
b
ec
au
s
e
n
an
o
t
u
b
es
s
i
n
k
i
n
to
e
ac
h
o
t
h
er
d
u
r
i
n
g
g
r
o
w
t
h
a
n
d
c
au
s
e
n
a
n
o
tu
b
e
c
lu
s
ter
s
.
So
lv
i
n
g
t
h
e
p
r
o
b
le
m
s
a
n
d
o
b
tain
in
g
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
er
an
d
u
n
i
f
o
r
m
d
i
s
p
er
s
io
n
o
f
ca
r
b
o
n
n
a
n
o
tu
b
es
ar
e
o
f
g
r
ea
t
i
n
ter
est
to
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
.
San
d
ler
et
al.
ac
h
iev
ed
a
u
n
i
f
o
r
m
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
n
a
n
o
tu
b
e
s
in
an
ep
o
x
y
s
u
b
s
tr
ate
b
y
s
tirr
in
g
m
u
ltip
le
ti
m
e
s
at
2
,
0
0
0
r
p
m
b
e
f
o
r
e
an
d
a
f
ter
t
h
e
ad
d
itio
n
o
f
t
h
e
c
u
r
in
g
a
g
e
n
t.
Ot
h
er
r
esear
c
h
er
s
h
av
e
u
s
ed
m
et
h
o
d
s
s
u
ch
as
so
lu
tio
n
e
v
ap
o
r
atio
n
u
s
i
n
g
u
lt
r
aso
n
ic
at
h
ig
h
p
o
w
er
[
6
4
]
,
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
d
is
p
er
s
i
n
g
a
g
en
t
s
d
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
th
e
i
n
ter
m
ed
iate
co
llo
id
al
s
o
l
u
tio
n
[
6
5
]
,
an
d
f
u
n
ctio
n
aliza
ti
o
n
o
f
n
an
o
t
u
b
es
i
n
a
p
o
l
y
m
er
s
u
b
s
tr
ate
[
6
6
]
.
Su
n
et
al.
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
C
NT
-
alu
m
in
a
n
an
o
co
m
p
o
s
ite
i
n
t
h
e
ca
ti
o
n
ic
s
o
l
u
tio
n
o
f
p
o
l
y
et
h
y
len
ei
m
i
n
e
(
P
E
I
)
u
s
in
g
th
e
co
llo
id
al
m
et
h
o
d
[
6
7
]
.
I
n
an
o
th
er
s
t
u
d
y
,
b
y
d
is
p
er
s
i
n
g
C
NT
s
in
th
e
a
n
io
n
ic
s
o
lu
tio
n
o
f
s
o
d
iu
m
d
o
d
ec
y
l
s
u
l
f
ate
(
SDS)
a
n
d
g
en
er
ati
n
g
n
eg
at
iv
e
lo
ad
s
o
n
th
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
o
f
C
NT
s
,
th
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
o
f
n
a
n
o
tu
b
es
w
as
co
v
er
ed
w
it
h
al
u
m
i
n
a
p
ar
ticles
a
s
a
r
e
s
u
lt
o
f
elec
tr
o
s
tat
ic
g
r
a
v
it
y
[
6
8
]
.
Oth
er
r
esear
ch
er
s
h
av
e
a
ls
o
u
s
ed
th
e
co
llo
id
al
p
r
o
ce
s
s
to
p
r
ep
a
r
e
C
NT
-
alu
m
i
n
a
n
a
n
o
co
m
p
o
s
ites
i
n
t
h
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
SD
S [
6
9
-
7
1
]
.
T
o
s
tu
d
y
n
o
n
l
in
ea
r
o
p
tical
p
r
o
p
er
ties
o
f
C
NT
s
,
th
e
y
ca
n
b
e
s
u
s
p
en
d
ed
in
o
r
g
an
ic
s
o
lv
en
t
s
.
T
h
e
m
aj
o
r
p
r
o
b
lem
ass
o
ciate
d
w
it
h
th
e
d
i
s
s
o
l
u
tio
n
o
f
C
N
T
s
is
th
at
th
e
y
ar
e
s
o
l
u
b
le
in
s
o
lv
e
n
t
s
.
Hen
ce
,
MW
C
NT
s
w
it
h
ca
r
b
o
x
y
l
(
C
O
OH)
ar
e
u
s
ed
.
Sin
ce
th
e
ca
r
b
o
x
y
l
a
g
e
n
t
is
ea
s
ier
to
b
e
s
o
lv
e
d
in
p
o
lar
s
o
lv
en
ts
,
MW
C
NT
s
w
it
h
ca
r
b
o
x
y
l
ca
n
b
e
ea
s
il
y
d
is
p
er
s
ed
a
n
d
s
u
s
p
e
n
d
ed
in
o
r
g
a
n
ic
s
o
l
v
en
ts
.
S
u
s
p
en
d
ed
MW
C
NT
s
ex
h
ib
it
r
estricti
v
e
p
r
o
p
er
ties
,
th
at
i
s
to
s
a
y
,
s
er
v
e
as
a
n
o
p
ti
c
r
estricto
r
.
T
h
e
o
p
tic
r
estrictio
n
is
a
n
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
n
o
n
li
n
ea
r
p
h
e
n
o
m
e
n
o
n
th
a
t
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
to
p
r
o
te
ct
f
i
n
e
o
p
tic
al
d
ev
ices,
i
n
cl
u
d
in
g
t
h
e
h
u
m
an
e
y
e,
f
r
o
m
h
ig
h
-
in
te
n
s
it
y
laser
r
ad
iatio
n
.
No
n
li
n
ea
r
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
,
w
h
ic
h
lead
s
t
o
o
p
tic
r
estrictio
n
h
er
e,
h
as
al
r
ea
d
y
b
ee
n
s
t
u
d
ied
o
n
d
if
f
er
en
t
n
an
o
p
ar
ticles b
y
m
an
y
r
esear
c
h
er
s
[
7
2
]
.
7.
CNT
-
B
ASE
D
CO
B
AL
T
CA
T
AL
YST
S
F
O
R
T
H
E
M
ANUF
ACTUR
E
O
F
NANO
E
L
E
CT
RO
NIC
DE
VI
CE
S
C
o
b
alt
is
a
h
ar
d
-
f
er
r
o
m
ag
n
eti
c
ele
m
e
n
t
co
lo
r
ed
w
h
ite
-
s
i
lv
e
r
w
h
ich
is
g
lo
s
s
y
a
n
d
f
r
a
g
ile.
As
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
ele
m
e
n
ts
o
f
th
e
8
B
g
r
o
u
p
o
f
t
h
e
p
er
io
d
ic
tab
le
o
f
ch
e
m
ical
e
le
m
e
n
t
s
,
co
b
alt
h
as
p
h
y
s
ical
p
r
o
p
er
ties
s
i
m
ilar
to
ir
o
n
a
n
d
n
ick
e
l.
T
h
is
ele
m
en
t
is
ch
e
m
ical
l
y
ac
tiv
e
an
d
f
o
r
m
s
m
a
n
y
co
m
p
o
u
n
d
s
.
C
o
b
alt
is
s
tab
le
i
n
th
e
air
an
d
w
ater
ca
n
n
o
t
af
f
ec
t
it,
b
u
t
it
is
attac
k
ed
b
y
d
ilu
t
ed
ac
id
s
.
Ma
n
y
s
t
u
d
ies
h
av
e
b
ee
n
co
n
d
u
cted
o
n
th
e
th
er
m
al,
m
ec
h
a
n
ical,
an
d
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
al
p
r
o
p
e
r
ties
o
f
co
b
alt
an
d
allo
y
s
f
o
r
m
ed
w
it
h
th
i
s
m
etal.
M.
J
ian
g
et
al.
s
i
m
u
lated
t
h
e
m
o
lec
u
lar
d
y
n
a
m
ics
o
f
co
b
alt
p
h
ase
tr
an
s
itio
n
[
7
3
]
.
C
h
en
et
al.
ex
p
er
i
m
en
t
all
y
s
t
u
d
ied
th
er
m
al
an
d
m
ec
h
an
ica
l
p
r
o
p
er
ties
o
f
co
b
alt
n
an
o
w
ir
es
a
n
d
its
n
a
n
o
co
m
p
o
s
ites
u
s
i
n
g
th
e
f
i
n
ite
d
if
f
er
en
c
e
m
et
h
o
d
[
7
4
]
.
I
n
an
o
t
h
er
s
tu
d
y
,
th
e
elec
tr
o
ch
e
m
ical
an
d
m
ec
h
an
ica
l
p
r
o
p
er
ties
o
f
t
h
e
co
b
alt
-
c
h
r
o
m
i
u
m
allo
y
w
er
e
e
x
p
er
i
m
e
n
tall
y
e
v
alu
ate
d
[
7
5
]
.
I
n
an
ex
p
er
i
m
en
tal
s
t
u
d
y
,
Sh
i
e
t
al.
s
h
o
w
ed
th
at
th
e
ad
d
itio
n
o
f
co
b
alt
to
A
l2
O3
/T
iC
ca
n
s
u
b
s
ta
n
t
iall
y
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
ec
h
an
ical
p
r
o
p
er
ties
an
d
th
er
m
al
s
h
o
ck
r
esi
s
ta
n
ce
[
7
6
]
.
Sy
n
t
h
esi
s
o
f
h
y
d
r
o
ca
r
b
o
n
s
in
t
h
e
Fi
s
ch
er
-
T
r
o
p
s
ch
S
y
n
t
h
esi
s
(
FT
S)
p
r
o
ce
s
s
is
co
m
m
o
n
l
y
d
o
n
e
u
s
i
n
g
ac
tiv
e
m
etals
s
u
c
h
as
co
b
alt,
ir
o
n
,
an
d
r
u
th
en
i
u
m
[
7
7
]
.
C
o
b
alt
ca
taly
s
ts
h
av
e
t
h
e
h
i
g
h
est
e
f
f
ic
ien
c
y
an
d
t
h
e
lo
n
g
est
li
f
e
s
p
an
.
C
o
m
p
ar
ed
to
lin
ea
r
al
k
a
n
es,
th
e
y
ar
e
m
o
r
e
s
e
lecti
v
e
an
d
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
t
h
e
p
r
o
d
u
cti
o
n
o
f
s
e
m
i
-
d
i
s
till
ed
p
r
o
d
u
cts an
d
also
p
r
o
d
u
cts
w
it
h
h
i
g
h
m
o
lec
u
lar
w
ei
g
h
t
f
r
o
m
g
as s
y
n
t
h
esized
o
f
n
atu
r
al
g
as
[
7
8
-
8
0
]
.
B
ec
au
s
e
o
f
s
p
ec
ial
p
r
o
p
er
ties
o
f
ca
r
b
o
n
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
es
s
u
c
h
as
c
ar
b
o
n
f
ib
er
s
o
r
ca
r
b
o
n
n
an
o
-
s
tr
in
g
s
an
d
n
an
o
t
u
b
es,
t
h
e
y
ar
e
u
s
ed
in
ca
tal
y
tic
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
C
NT
s
as
t
h
e
b
ase
r
es
u
lts
i
n
a
b
etter
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
co
b
alt
m
as
s
es
[
8
1
]
.
Du
e
t
o
th
e
h
i
g
h
l
y
ac
ti
v
e
le
v
el
a
n
d
h
i
g
h
v
o
lu
m
e
o
f
h
o
les,
m
o
r
e
co
b
alt
is
ad
d
ed
to
th
e
b
ase
a
n
d
th
e
ag
g
lo
m
er
at
i
o
n
o
f
co
b
alt
is
lo
w
er
t
h
a
n
co
m
m
o
n
b
ase
s
.
A
s
a
r
e
s
u
l
t,
th
e
s
elec
ti
v
it
y
o
f
C
5
+
in
cr
ea
s
es
a
n
d
t
h
e
i
n
ac
ti
v
atio
n
r
ate
o
f
ca
ta
l
y
s
t
r
ed
u
ce
.
T
h
e
h
y
d
r
o
ca
r
b
o
n
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
r
es
u
lti
n
g
f
r
o
m
co
b
a
lt
ca
tal
y
s
ts
b
ased
o
n
C
NT
s
is
co
n
s
id
er
ab
l
y
m
o
r
e
t
h
an
t
h
at
o
f
co
b
alt
ca
tal
y
s
t
m
ad
e
o
n
v
ar
io
u
s
o
r
g
an
ic
a
n
d
m
i
n
er
al
b
ase
s
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
to
h
ig
h
ac
ti
v
it
y
,
t
h
e
r
e
s
u
l
tin
g
ca
tal
y
s
t
h
a
s
a
h
ig
h
s
elec
ti
v
it
y
f
o
r
h
ea
v
y
h
y
d
r
o
ca
r
b
o
n
s
[
8
1
]
.
I
n
th
e
F
is
c
h
er
-
T
r
o
p
s
ch
S
y
n
t
h
esi
s
(
FT
S)
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
co
b
alt
ca
tal
y
s
ts
b
ased
o
n
C
NT
s
,
in
ad
d
itio
n
to
th
e
b
en
e
f
it
s
m
en
t
io
n
ed
,
th
e
i
n
ter
ac
tio
n
o
f
co
b
alt
w
it
h
t
h
e
b
ase
is
g
r
ea
tl
y
lo
w
er
th
a
n
co
n
v
en
t
io
n
al
ca
tal
y
s
ts
.
T
h
is
p
r
ev
en
t
s
th
e
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
co
m
p
o
u
n
d
s
w
it
h
a
h
i
g
h
d
e
g
r
ee
o
f
r
ed
u
ctio
n
an
d
h
a
r
d
r
e
d
u
ctio
n
a
n
d
ca
u
s
e
s
th
e
r
ed
u
ctio
n
p
ea
k
s
to
s
h
i
f
t
to
lo
w
er
te
m
p
er
at
u
r
es,
i
m
p
r
o
v
in
g
t
h
e
r
ed
u
ctio
n
e
f
f
icien
c
y
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
as
m
en
t
io
n
ed
i
n
t
h
e
h
i
s
to
r
y
o
f
ca
tal
y
s
ts
[
8
1
]
,
to
ac
h
iev
e
an
o
p
ti
m
al
a
n
d
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
e
f
f
ic
ien
c
y
f
o
r
ca
tal
y
s
t
s
w
it
h
a
n
eu
tr
al
b
ase,
t
h
e
r
e
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
a
g
o
o
d
in
ter
ac
tio
n
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
b
ase
an
d
th
e
ac
t
i
v
e
p
h
ase
i
n
o
r
d
er
to
p
r
ev
en
t
t
h
e
g
lo
m
er
atio
n
o
f
th
e
ac
tiv
e
p
h
ase
i
n
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
ca
lcin
atio
n
,
r
ed
u
ctio
n
,
an
d
r
e
ac
tio
n
.
A
s
a
r
es
u
lt,
th
er
e
w
ill
b
e
a
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
o
f
h
y
d
r
o
ca
r
b
o
n
s
o
n
th
es
e
ca
tal
y
s
ts
a
n
d
t
h
e
ca
tal
y
s
t
i
n
ac
tio
n
d
u
r
i
n
g
th
e
r
ea
ctio
n
w
il
l
b
e
p
r
ev
e
n
ted
[
8
1
]
.
Fu
n
ctio
n
aliza
tio
n
o
f
t
h
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
o
f
C
NT
s
is
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
ef
f
ec
ti
v
e
w
a
y
s
to
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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o
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f
i
g
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ab
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&
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m
b
ed
d
ed
Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2089
-
4864
A
p
p
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tio
n
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f c
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a
n
o
tu
b
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C
N
T
)
o
n
th
e
co
mp
u
ter s
cien
ce
a
n
d
.
.
.
(
Ho
s
s
ein
K
a
r
d
a
n
Mo
g
h
a
d
d
a
m
)
67
s
o
lv
e
t
h
ese
p
r
o
b
le
m
s
i
n
C
NT
-
b
ased
co
b
alt
ca
tal
y
s
t
s
.
F
u
n
ct
io
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al
g
r
o
u
p
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o
n
t
h
e
b
ase
s
u
r
f
ac
e
ar
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
a
p
lace
f
o
r
th
e
in
ter
ac
tio
n
o
f
t
h
e
ac
tiv
e
p
h
a
s
e
p
ar
ticles
w
it
h
th
e
b
ase.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
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it
ca
u
s
es
a
b
etter
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
p
ar
ticles
an
d
s
m
al
ler
s
ize
o
f
co
b
alt
p
a
r
ticles.
On
th
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
,
th
e
s
e
f
u
n
ct
io
n
al
g
r
o
u
p
s
ca
u
s
e
b
etter
in
ter
ac
tio
n
o
f
t
h
e
ac
ti
v
e
p
h
a
s
e
w
it
h
t
h
e
b
ase
a
n
d
p
r
ev
en
t
th
e
g
lo
m
er
atio
n
o
f
th
e
ac
tiv
e
p
h
ase.
T
h
is
w
i
l
l
in
cr
ea
s
e
t
h
e
li
f
esp
a
n
o
f
t
h
e
ca
t
al
y
s
t.
O
n
t
h
e
o
t
h
er
h
a
n
d
,
f
u
n
ct
io
n
al
g
r
o
u
p
s
ac
ti
v
ate
t
h
e
h
y
d
r
o
g
en
m
o
lecu
le
an
d
d
ec
o
m
p
o
s
e
i
t i
n
to
h
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
at
o
m
s
,
r
es
u
lti
n
g
i
n
h
y
d
r
o
g
en
p
en
etr
atio
n
(
H
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
Sp
il
l
-
o
v
e
r
E
f
f
ec
t)
.
T
h
e
y
a
ls
o
in
cr
ea
s
e
t
h
e
r
ed
u
ctio
n
ab
ilit
y
o
f
ca
tal
y
s
t
s
a
n
d
ca
u
s
e
t
h
e
r
ed
u
ctio
n
p
ea
k
s
to
s
h
i
f
t
to
lo
w
er
te
m
p
er
atu
r
es.
A
ll
o
f
th
e
ab
o
v
e
f
ac
to
r
s
w
i
ll
in
cr
e
ase
th
e
ca
tal
y
tic
e
f
f
icien
c
y
an
d
ca
u
s
e
it
s
s
elec
t
iv
i
t
y
to
b
e
m
o
r
e
th
a
n
C
5
+
co
m
p
o
u
n
d
s
lo
w
er
t
h
a
n
m
e
th
a
n
e
[
8
2
]
[
8
3
]
.
Sin
ce
th
e
t
y
p
e
o
f
b
ase
is
a
n
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
f
ac
to
r
in
t
h
e
ac
ti
v
it
y
o
f
th
e
ca
tal
y
s
t,
t
h
e
h
ig
h
er
t
h
e
b
a
s
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
an
d
p
o
r
e
v
o
l
u
m
e,
t
h
e
h
ig
h
er
t
h
e
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
o
f
c
o
b
alt
w
h
ic
h
ca
n
b
e
p
lace
d
o
n
th
e
b
ase.
Am
o
n
g
th
e
v
ar
io
u
s
t
y
p
es
o
f
b
ases
u
s
ed
f
o
r
h
eter
o
g
en
ic
ca
tal
y
s
ts
,
ca
r
b
o
n
m
ater
ials
ar
e
o
f
s
p
ec
ial
i
m
p
o
r
tan
ce
d
u
e
to
th
eir
p
r
o
p
er
ties
.
No
b
le
m
etals
s
u
c
h
as
R
u
,
R
e,
P
t
ar
e
w
id
el
y
u
s
ed
as
ele
m
en
ts
en
h
a
n
ci
n
g
co
b
alt
ca
tal
y
s
t
s
.
T
h
e
o
x
id
es o
f
i
n
ter
m
ed
iate,
al
k
al
in
e,
a
n
d
al
k
ali
n
e
ea
r
t
h
m
etals
h
av
e
also
e
x
h
ib
ited
r
e
m
ar
k
ab
le
ef
f
ec
t
s
o
n
t
h
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
[
8
4
-
8
6
]
.
8.
CH
ARAC
T
E
R
I
Z
A
T
I
O
N
O
F
B
O
RO
N
NIT
RIDE
NAN
O
T
UB
E
S
F
O
R
T
H
E
P
RO
D
UCTI
O
N
O
F
NANO
E
L
E
C
T
RO
N
I
C
DE
V
I
CE
S
On
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
s
t
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
p
r
o
p
er
ties
th
at
d
is
ti
n
g
u
i
s
h
C
NT
s
in
th
e
e
lectr
o
n
ics
in
d
u
s
tr
y
is
th
e
ir
p
s
eu
d
o
-
m
etallic
p
r
o
p
er
ty
.
SW
C
NT
s
w
it
h
a
d
ia
m
e
ter
o
f
1
n
m
ca
n
h
av
e
s
i
m
ilar
b
eh
a
v
io
r
to
b
o
th
m
e
tals
a
n
d
p
s
eu
d
o
-
m
etals.
So
f
ar
,
th
e
p
u
r
if
icatio
n
o
r
co
n
tr
o
lled
c
o
m
b
i
n
atio
n
o
f
SW
C
NT
s
h
a
v
e
n
o
t
b
ee
n
f
u
ll
y
i
m
p
le
m
en
ted
.
T
h
is
h
as
m
ad
e
i
t
d
if
f
icu
l
t
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
n
an
o
elec
tr
o
n
ic
d
ev
ices
f
r
o
m
t
h
ese
m
at
er
ials
[
8
7
]
.
T
h
er
e
is
an
o
th
er
t
y
p
e
o
f
n
a
n
o
tu
b
es
n
a
m
ed
b
o
r
o
n
n
itrid
e
n
an
o
t
u
b
es
w
h
o
s
e
i
n
h
er
en
t
p
s
eu
d
o
-
m
etal
l
ic
b
eh
av
io
r
r
eso
lv
e
th
is
p
r
o
b
le
m
.
B
o
r
o
n
n
itrid
e
n
an
o
tu
b
es
h
av
e
a
h
i
g
h
b
io
co
m
p
a
tib
ilit
y
t
h
at
m
a
k
es
it
p
o
s
s
ib
le
t
o
u
s
e
th
e
p
ar
ts
an
d
to
o
ls
m
ad
e
o
f
t
h
e
m
i
n
t
h
e
ti
s
s
u
es
o
f
li
v
i
n
g
cr
ea
tu
r
e
s
.
A
s
w
e
k
n
o
w
,
tr
an
s
is
to
r
i
s
a
v
o
ltag
e
-
co
n
tr
o
lled
cu
r
r
en
t
s
o
u
r
ce
.
T
o
g
et
a
f
av
o
r
ab
le
p
iece
w
it
h
t
h
e
d
esire
d
e
f
f
icie
n
c
y
,
th
e
ex
i
s
te
n
ce
o
f
en
er
g
y
b
an
d
g
ap
w
i
th
th
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
s
ize
in
t
h
e
m
ate
r
ia
ls
o
f
th
e
p
iece
is
es
s
en
tia
l.
I
n
t
h
is
r
eg
ar
d
,
C
NT
s
f
ac
e
t
w
o
m
a
j
o
r
p
r
o
b
lem
s
:
f
ir
s
t,
th
e
i
n
ter
n
al
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
o
f
C
NT
s
is
s
u
c
h
t
h
at
a
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
n
a
n
o
tu
b
es
b
eh
a
v
e
li
k
e
co
n
d
u
cto
r
s
(
en
er
g
y
o
v
er
lap
)
an
d
s
o
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
m
b
eh
a
v
e
s
i
m
ilar
to
s
e
m
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
s
(
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
e
n
er
g
y
b
an
d
g
ap
f
o
r
m
a
k
i
n
g
elec
tr
o
n
i
c
d
ev
ices)
.
C
u
r
r
en
tl
y
,
t
h
er
e
is
n
o
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
f
o
r
th
e
p
u
r
i
f
icat
i
o
n
o
r
co
n
tr
o
lled
co
m
b
i
n
atio
n
o
f
th
e
s
e
n
a
n
o
t
u
b
es.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
it
is
n
o
t
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
p
r
ec
is
el
y
p
r
o
d
u
ce
tr
an
s
i
s
to
r
s
f
r
o
m
t
h
ese
m
ater
ial
s
w
it
h
t
h
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
en
e
r
g
y
b
an
d
g
ap
[
8
8
]
.
Seco
n
d
,
th
e
en
er
g
y
b
an
d
g
ap
o
f
n
a
n
o
tu
b
es
f
o
r
m
i
n
g
th
e
s
e
m
ater
ial
s
is
s
tr
o
n
g
l
y
i
n
f
lu
e
n
ce
d
b
y
th
e
d
ia
m
eter
o
f
co
n
s
tit
u
ti
n
g
t
u
b
es.
C
u
r
r
en
tl
y
,
t
h
er
e
is
n
o
t
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
to
co
n
tr
o
l
th
e
d
ia
m
eter
o
f
th
e
s
e
t
u
b
es
d
u
r
in
g
th
eir
s
y
n
t
h
esi
s
[
8
9
]
.
T
h
is
lea
d
s
to
lo
w
e
f
f
icien
c
y
o
f
tr
an
s
i
s
to
r
s
m
ad
e
o
f
t
h
ese
m
ater
i
als.
T
h
e
in
h
er
en
t
s
e
m
i
-
co
n
d
u
cti
v
it
y
o
f
th
e
n
an
o
t
u
b
es
f
o
r
m
i
n
g
b
o
r
o
n
n
itrid
e
n
a
n
o
tu
b
es
an
d
th
eir
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
en
er
g
y
b
an
d
g
ap
(
ab
o
u
t
5
.
5
e
-
v
o
lts
)
eli
m
i
n
at
e
th
e
ab
o
v
e
-
m
en
t
io
n
ed
p
r
o
b
l
e
m
s
a
n
d
m
ak
e
i
t
p
o
s
s
i
b
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eh
a
v
io
r
o
f
th
e
s
e
co
atin
g
s
to
th
e
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
n
ic
k
el
o
x
id
e
o
n
th
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
o
f
th
e
co
ati
n
g
.
10.
NANO
SW
I
T
CH
E
S
No
w
ad
a
y
s
,
n
a
n
o
s
w
i
tch
e
s
an
d
n
an
o
ac
t
u
ato
r
s
ar
e
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
s
t
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
s
o
f
n
an
o
elec
tr
o
m
ec
h
a
n
ical
s
y
s
te
m
s
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
t
h
eir
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
b
en
ef
it
s
s
u
ch
a
s
lo
w
co
s
t,
lo
w
e
n
er
g
y
w
aste,
lo
w
p
o
w
er
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
ts
,
h
ig
h
d
ef
o
r
m
ab
ilit
y
,
an
d
r
elativ
e
l
y
ea
s
y
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
io
n
.
T
h
e
ef
f
ic
ien
c
y
an
d
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
an
ac
t
u
ato
r
ar
e
h
i
g
h
l
y
d
ep
en
d
en
t
o
n
its
g
eo
m
e
tr
y
a
n
d
t
y
p
e
o
f
m
a
ter
ials
u
s
ed
i
n
t
h
e
d
esi
g
n
o
f
t
h
e
ac
t
u
ato
r
o
r
th
e
d
e
f
o
r
m
ab
le
p
ar
t.
B
ea
m
-
l
ik
e
n
a
n
o
ac
tu
ato
r
s
ar
e
w
id
el
y
u
s
ed
f
o
r
t
h
eir
s
i
m
p
l
icit
y
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
o
t
h
er
g
eo
m
etr
ic
s
h
ap
es.
T
h
e
b
ea
m
u
s
ed
in
t
h
ese
s
y
s
te
m
s
is
u
s
u
al
l
y
o
n
e
-
h
ea
d
clip
p
er
o
r
tw
o
-
h
e
ad
clip
p
er
.
Sil
ico
n
,
s
ilico
n
n
itrid
e,
ca
r
b
o
n
n
an
o
tu
b
e,
p
lu
to
n
iu
m
,
an
d
g
o
ld
ar
e
c
o
m
m
o
n
l
y
u
s
ed
f
o
r
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
o
f
th
e
ac
t
u
ato
r
p
ar
t.
C
o
n
s
id
er
in
g
t
h
e
r
ec
e
n
t
a
d
v
an
ce
s
in
th
e
s
c
ie
n
ce
o
f
m
a
k
in
g
v
ar
io
u
s
m
ater
ials
,
n
a
n
o
m
ater
ials
ar
e
h
i
g
h
l
y
r
ec
o
m
m
e
n
d
ed
to
b
e
u
s
ed
in
th
e
m
a
n
u
f
ac
t
u
r
e
o
f
n
a
n
o
ac
tu
a
t
o
r
s
an
d
m
icr
o
ac
tu
ato
r
s
.
T
h
e
m
ai
n
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
o
f
an
elec
tr
o
m
ec
h
an
ica
l n
a
n
o
s
w
i
tch
ar
e
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
4
.
T
h
ese
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
ar
e
as f
o
llo
w
s
:
So
u
r
ce
elec
tr
o
d
e:
Dis
p
la
y
ed
with
S,
t
h
is
elec
tr
o
d
e
co
n
n
ec
t
s
t
o
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
v
o
lta
g
e.
Gate
elec
tr
o
d
e:
Dis
p
la
y
ed
w
it
h
G,
th
i
s
elec
tr
o
d
e
ac
tu
ates t
h
e
s
w
itch
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
an
elec
tr
ical
c
o
n
n
ec
tio
n
.
Dr
ain
elec
tr
o
d
e:
Dis
p
la
y
ed
with
D,
th
i
s
elec
tr
o
d
e
ca
u
s
es
t
h
e
elec
tr
ical
c
u
r
r
en
t
to
p
ass
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
f
ter
s
w
itc
h
ac
tu
at
io
n
.
On
e
-
h
ea
d
c
lip
p
er
b
ea
m
:
A
b
r
id
g
e
t
h
at
i
s
u
s
ed
to
tr
an
s
f
er
ele
ctr
ical
cu
r
r
en
t
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
o
u
r
c
e
elec
tr
o
d
e
to
th
e
d
r
ain
elec
tr
o
d
e.
I
n
s
u
lati
n
g
la
y
er
: Sil
ico
n
d
io
x
i
d
e
is
co
m
m
o
n
l
y
u
s
ed
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
R
ec
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
ab
le
&
E
m
b
ed
d
ed
Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
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4864
A
p
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f c
a
r
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a
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C
N
T
)
o
n
th
e
co
mp
u
ter s
cien
ce
a
n
d
.
.
.
(
Ho
s
s
ein
K
a
r
d
a
n
Mo
g
h
a
d
d
a
m
)
69
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
T
h
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
an
e
lectr
o
m
ec
h
a
n
ical
n
an
o
s
w
itc
h
[
1
2
5
]
T
h
e
th
r
ee
f
o
r
ce
s
th
at
p
la
y
a
m
aj
o
r
r
o
le
in
th
e
f
u
n
ct
io
n
o
f
elec
tr
o
m
ec
h
a
n
ical
n
an
o
s
w
itc
h
es
in
cl
u
d
e
elec
tr
o
s
tatic,
elas
tic,
a
n
d
Va
n
d
er
W
aa
ls
.
E
lectr
o
s
tatic
f
o
r
ce
,
b
y
ap
p
l
y
i
n
g
elec
tr
ical
v
o
ltag
e
a
n
d
cr
ea
ti
n
g
o
p
p
o
s
ite
ch
ar
g
es o
n
t
w
o
s
h
ee
t
s
,
cr
ea
tes an
elec
tr
ical
f
o
r
ce
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
m
t
h
at
ca
u
s
es t
h
e
p
l
ates to
b
e
ab
s
o
r
b
ed
.
T
h
e
elastic
f
o
r
ce
is
l
ik
e
a
s
p
r
i
n
g
th
a
t
r
etu
r
n
s
to
its
o
r
ig
i
n
al
s
tate
af
ter
len
g
t
h
en
in
g
a
n
d
Va
n
Der
W
aa
ls
f
o
r
ce
is
a
f
o
r
ce
th
at
lin
k
s
t
h
e
m
o
lec
u
le
s
o
f
a
s
u
b
s
t
an
ce
i
n
l
iq
u
id
o
r
s
o
lid
s
tate.
W
h
e
n
t
h
e
p
o
ten
tial
d
if
f
er
en
ce
i
s
ap
p
lied
b
et
w
ee
n
elec
tr
o
d
es
G
an
d
S,
o
p
p
o
s
ite
ch
ar
g
es
i
n
th
e
b
ea
m
a
n
d
E
lectr
o
d
e
G
ca
u
s
e
th
e
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
th
e
elec
tr
o
s
tatic
f
o
r
ce
(
Fig
u
r
e
5
)
.
W
ith
in
cr
ea
s
ed
elec
tr
ical
v
o
ltag
e,
elec
tr
o
s
tat
ic
f
o
r
ce
o
v
er
co
m
e
s
th
e
ela
s
tic
f
o
r
ce
o
f
th
e
b
ea
m
a
n
d
ca
u
s
es
t
h
e
b
en
d
i
n
g
a
n
d
co
n
n
ec
ti
n
g
o
f
th
e
en
d
o
f
th
e
b
ea
m
to
th
e
e
lectr
o
d
e
D.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
Fi
g
u
r
e
6
,
th
e
s
w
itc
h
i
s
o
n
a
n
d
th
e
elec
tr
ica
l
cu
r
r
en
t
i
s
tr
an
s
f
er
r
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
elec
tr
o
d
e
S
to
th
e
elec
tr
o
d
e
D.
W
h
en
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
is
d
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
in
t
h
e
elec
tr
o
d
e
G,
th
e
elastic
f
o
r
ce
c
au
s
e
s
th
e
b
ea
m
to
r
etu
r
n
to
th
e
i
n
itia
l state
a
n
d
th
e
s
w
itch
t
u
r
n
s
o
f
f
(
Fi
g
u
r
e
5
)
[
1
2
6
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
T
h
e
o
f
f
m
o
d
e
[
1
2
5
]
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
T
h
e
o
n
m
o
d
e
[
1
2
5
]
C
NT
s
p
lay
a
m
aj
o
r
r
o
le
in
th
e
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
o
f
elec
tr
o
m
ec
h
an
ica
l
n
a
n
o
s
w
itc
h
es.
B
ec
au
s
e
o
f
th
eir
ex
ce
p
tio
n
al
p
h
y
s
ical
p
r
o
p
er
ties
,
C
NT
s
h
a
v
e
ca
u
s
ed
m
a
n
y
a
d
v
an
ce
s
i
n
n
an
o
elec
tr
o
m
ec
h
a
n
ical
s
y
s
te
m
s
,
s
u
ch
as th
e
m
an
u
f
ac
t
u
r
e
o
f
a
v
ar
iet
y
o
f
m
e
m
o
r
ies
s
en
s
o
r
s
w
it
h
a
h
ig
h
s
e
n
s
iti
v
it
y
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
9
-
4864
I
n
t J
R
ec
o
n
f
i
g
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r
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le
&
E
m
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ed
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ed
Sy
s
t,
Vo
l.
9
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
2
0
2
0
:
6
1
–
82
70
11.
T
RANS
I
S
T
O
RS B
AS
E
D
O
N
G
RAP
H
E
NE
A
ND
CARB
O
N
NANO
T
UB
E
S
T
r
an
s
is
to
r
s
ar
e
th
e
m
ai
n
elec
t
r
o
n
ic
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
u
s
ed
as
a
m
p
lif
ier
s
i
n
an
alo
g
cir
cu
it
s
o
r
elec
tr
o
n
ic
s
w
itc
h
es
in
d
ig
ital
cir
cu
it
s
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
f
ield
ef
f
ec
t
tr
an
s
i
s
to
r
s
b
ased
o
n
C
NT
s
w
er
e
i
n
v
er
te
d
a
f
e
w
y
ea
r
s
af
ter
th
e
d
i
s
co
v
er
y
o
f
ca
r
b
o
n
n
an
o
tu
b
es.
I
n
t
h
e
s
i
m
p
le
ele
m
en
tar
y
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
a
s
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
F
ig
u
r
e
7
,
t
w
o
m
eta
l
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
p
la
y
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
s
o
u
r
ce
an
d
d
r
ain
elec
tr
o
d
es
a
n
d
th
e
ca
r
b
o
n
n
an
o
t
u
b
e
s
er
v
es
as
t
h
e
tr
an
s
is
to
r
tu
n
n
el,
w
h
ic
h
is
s
ep
ar
ated
b
y
a
la
y
er
o
f
o
x
id
e
f
r
o
m
a
h
i
g
h
-
d
en
s
it
y
s
ilico
n
s
u
b
s
tr
ate.
I
n
t
h
is
elec
tr
o
n
ic
p
ar
t,
th
e
s
ilico
n
b
ed
p
la
y
s
t
h
e
r
o
le
o
f
t
h
e
b
ac
k
g
ate.
T
h
e
n
,
a
n
u
p
p
er
g
ate
tr
an
s
is
to
r
w
a
s
i
n
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
w
h
ic
h
i
s
s
u
itab
le
to
b
e
u
s
ed
in
in
te
g
r
ated
cir
cu
it
s
[
1
2
7
-
1
3
0
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
A
cr
o
s
s
-
s
ec
t
io
n
o
f
4
d
if
f
er
e
n
t str
u
ct
u
r
es o
f
ca
r
b
o
n
n
an
o
t
u
b
e
-
b
ased
tr
an
s
is
to
r
s
;
(
a)
b
ac
k
g
ate
w
it
h
d
o
p
ed
s
ilico
n
b
ed
o
f
p
-
t
y
p
e
(
b
)
a
co
m
b
in
a
tio
n
o
f
u
p
p
er
an
d
b
ac
k
g
ates (
c)
a
co
m
b
in
a
tio
n
o
f
u
p
p
er
an
d
b
ac
k
g
ates
w
i
th
n
an
o
t
u
b
es a
n
d
i
m
p
u
r
ities
(
d
)
C
NT
FET
w
it
h
u
p
p
er
g
ate
an
d
co
v
er
ed
tu
n
n
el
L
i
k
e
tr
a
n
s
i
s
to
r
s
b
ased
o
n
ca
r
b
o
n
n
an
o
t
u
b
es
(
C
N
T
FET
)
,
th
er
e
w
as
a
s
h
o
r
t
ti
m
e
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
d
is
co
v
er
y
o
f
g
r
ap
h
en
e
i
n
2
0
0
4
an
d
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
o
f
g
r
ap
h
en
e
-
b
ased
tr
an
s
is
to
r
s
,
as
th
e
f
ir
s
t
g
r
ap
h
en
e
f
ield
ef
f
ec
t
tr
an
s
is
to
r
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er
e
p
r
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u
ce
d
o
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l
y
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ee
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ter
th
e
d
is
co
v
er
y
o
f
g
r
ap
h
e
n
e
in
2
0
0
7
.
T
h
ese
tr
an
s
i
s
to
r
s
ar
e
lik
e
tr
an
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is
to
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s
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ased
o
n
ca
r
b
o
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es
w
it
h
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d
if
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er
e
n
ce
th
at
t
h
eir
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an
als
ar
e
f
illed
w
it
h
g
r
ap
h
en
e
i
n
s
tead
o
f
C
NT
as s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
8
.
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
Gr
ap
h
en
e
f
ie
ld
ef
f
ec
t tr
an
s
i
s
to
r
w
it
h
a
b
ac
k
g
ate
Un
r
iv
a
led
p
r
o
p
e
r
ties
o
f
g
r
ap
h
en
e
s
u
c
h
as
h
i
g
h
elec
tr
o
n
m
o
b
ilit
y
an
d
t
h
er
m
al
co
n
d
u
c
tiv
it
y
,
r
esis
tan
c
e
to
f
r
ac
tio
n
,
lo
w
li
g
h
t
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
,
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d
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
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an
d
g
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m
ak
e
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t
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o
s
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le
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ak
e
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i
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-
s
p
ee
d
elec
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o
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ic
co
m
p
o
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t
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d
f
le
x
ib
le
an
d
tr
an
s
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ar
en
t
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tr
o
n
ic
cir
cu
it
s
.
Gr
ap
h
en
e
tr
an
s
i
s
to
r
s
,
lik
e
C
NT
FET
,
ca
n
h
av
e
a
v
ar
iet
y
o
f
b
ac
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ate
s
a
n
d
co
m
b
in
ed
g
ates
(
u
p
p
er
an
d
lo
wer
)
[
1
3
1
,
1
3
2
]
.
Sin
g
le
-
la
y
er
g
r
ap
h
en
e
f
ield
e
f
f
ec
t
tr
an
s
i
s
to
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s
w
it
h
a
n
en
er
g
y
b
an
d
g
ap
o
f
ze
r
o
an
d
t
w
o
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la
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e
r
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n
es
w
it
h
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i
n
ite
e
n
er
g
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an
d
g
ap
h
av
e
b
ee
n
th
eo
r
etica
ll
y
s
tu
d
ied
an
d
t
h
eir
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
r
ep
o
r
ted
b
y
m
a
n
y
s
t
u
d
ie
s
[
1
3
3
-
1
4
1
]
.
W
ith
a
h
o
n
e
y
co
m
b
s
tr
u
c
tu
r
e
o
f
a
n
ato
m
ic
la
y
er
w
id
t
h
,
g
r
ap
h
e
n
e
w
a
s
m
ec
h
an
icall
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s
ep
ar
ate
d
f
r
o
m
g
r
ap
h
ite
f
o
r
th
e
f
ir
s
t
ti
m
e
in
late
2
0
0
4
[
1
4
2
]
.
Du
e
to
h
ig
h
m
o
b
ilit
y
a
n
d
t
w
o
-
d
i
m
en
s
io
n
al
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e,
th
is
m
ater
ial
i
s
v
er
y
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
u
s
e
in
elec
tr
o
n
ics.
Sin
ce
g
r
ap
h
e
n
e
h
a
s
an
e
n
er
g
y
b
an
d
g
ap
o
f
al
m
o
s
t
eq
u
al
to
ze
r
o
,
it
is
n
ec
ess
ar
y
to
cr
ea
te
en
er
g
y
b
an
d
g
ap
in
its
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
b
ef
o
r
e
u
s
e
i
n
th
e
ch
an
n
el
o
f
f
ield
e
f
f
ec
t
tr
a
n
s
i
s
to
r
s
.
T
h
is
ca
n
b
e
ac
h
ie
v
ed
b
y
co
n
v
er
tin
g
g
r
a
p
h
en
e
in
to
g
r
ap
h
en
e
n
an
o
r
i
b
b
o
n
(
GNR),
w
h
ic
h
ca
n
b
e
ea
s
il
y
d
o
n
e
u
s
i
n
g
th
e
a
v
ailab
le
s
tan
d
ar
d
lit
h
o
g
r
ap
h
y
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
s
.
GN
R
s
d
o
n
o
t
h
av
e
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
w
it
h
c
h
i
r
alit
y
co
n
tr
o
l
th
at
is
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