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D
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f
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p
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w
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elec
tr
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n
ic
ap
p
licatio
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s
w
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o
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m
icr
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s
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tr
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ith
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ca
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s
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p
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m
ab
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s
o
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b
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s
b
ased
ap
p
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co
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[
1
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.
Gen
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all
y
to
i
m
p
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v
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th
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o
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t
p
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g
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t
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DC
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DC
b
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p
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D
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ter
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g
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h
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ased
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with
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h
e
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S
p
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-
6
FP
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A
p
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[2
-
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2.
DC
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DC
B
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O
ST
CO
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R
T
h
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DC
-
DC
co
n
v
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ter
is
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w
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w
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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82
DC
–
DC
co
n
v
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ter
s
ar
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p
o
w
er
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
co
n
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ter
w
h
ic
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i
n
n
ate
l
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d
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ce
s
a
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tain
a
m
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t
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en
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w
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s
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n
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m
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it
h
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elp
o
f
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v
a
n
ce
d
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
s
[
4
]
.
Gen
er
all
y
t
h
e
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
s
o
n
l
y
ap
p
licab
le
f
o
r
lo
w
p
o
w
er
ap
p
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ca
tio
n
s
,
w
h
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h
ar
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d
ev
elo
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to
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h
p
o
w
er
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s
u
s
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g
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a
n
d
n
o
n
is
o
lated
co
n
v
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t
er
s
.
I
n
F
ig
u
r
e
1
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
d
iag
r
a
m
f
o
r
b
o
o
s
t
co
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ter
,
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h
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is
u
s
ed
to
b
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in
p
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c
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W
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n
th
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p
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s
w
itc
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itio
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u
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1
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c
y
cle.
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tp
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t
s
i
g
n
al
alter
n
ates
b
et
w
ee
n
ON
a
n
d
OFF
w
it
h
i
n
s
p
ec
i
f
ied
p
er
io
d
;
co
n
tr
o
ls
p
o
w
er
r
ec
eiv
ed
b
y
a
d
ev
ice
an
d
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
s
ee
n
b
y
th
e
lo
a
d
is
d
ir
ec
tl
y
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
to
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
v
o
lta
g
e.
P
u
ls
e
W
id
t
h
Mo
d
u
latio
n
allo
w
s
u
s
to
v
ar
y
h
o
w
m
u
c
h
ti
m
e
t
h
e
s
i
g
n
al
i
s
h
i
g
h
in
a
n
an
al
o
g
w
a
y
.
W
h
ile
t
h
e
s
i
g
n
a
l
ca
n
o
n
l
y
b
e
h
ig
h
(
u
s
u
all
y
5
V)
o
r
lo
w
(
g
r
o
u
n
d
)
b
u
t
w
e
ca
n
v
ar
y
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
o
f
ti
m
e
t
h
e
s
ig
n
al
is
h
i
g
h
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
w
h
e
n
it is
lo
w
is
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
F
ig
u
r
e
2
[7
-
9
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
SP
W
M
–
s
w
itch
in
g
p
u
ls
e
g
en
er
atio
n
T
h
e
m
ai
n
ad
v
a
n
ta
g
e
o
f
P
W
M
is
th
at
p
o
w
er
lo
s
s
in
th
e
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
d
ev
ices
i
s
v
er
y
lo
w
.
T
h
e
tech
n
iq
u
e
w
e
ar
e
u
s
i
n
g
is
th
e
S
in
u
s
o
id
al
P
u
l
s
e
W
id
th
Mo
d
u
latio
n
.
SP
W
M
is
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
s
t
p
o
p
u
la
r
m
o
d
u
latio
n
tech
n
iq
u
e
u
s
ed
a
n
d
f
in
d
s
m
o
r
e
ap
p
licatio
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s
in
i
n
d
u
s
tr
ies.
T
h
e
g
ati
n
g
s
ig
n
al
c
an
b
e
g
en
er
ated
b
y
co
m
p
ar
in
g
a
s
in
u
s
o
id
al
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e
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er
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ce
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i
g
n
a
l
w
it
h
a
tr
ia
n
g
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la
r
ca
r
r
ier
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av
e
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n
d
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id
t
h
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h
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u
l
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v
ar
ied
p
r
o
p
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r
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n
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y
to
a
m
p
lit
u
d
e
o
f
a
s
in
e
w
a
v
e
ev
al
u
ated
at
th
e
ce
n
tr
e
o
f
s
a
m
e
p
u
ls
e.
SP
W
M
is
o
n
e
tech
n
iq
u
e
w
h
ic
h
h
elp
s
i
n
r
ed
u
ci
n
g
t
h
e
h
a
r
m
o
n
ics p
r
ese
n
t i
n
q
u
asi
s
tate
[
1
0
-
13
].
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
R
ec
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
ab
le
&
E
m
b
ed
d
ed
Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2089
-
4864
S
w
itch
in
g
p
u
ls
e
g
en
era
tio
n
fo
r
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-
D
C
b
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t c
o
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ter u
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X
ilin
x
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I
S
E
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ith
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R
.
P
a
la
n
is
a
my
)
83
T
h
e
m
o
d
u
la
tio
n
i
n
d
ex
is
d
e
f
i
n
ed
as,
M
a
=A
m
/
A
c
(2
)
W
h
er
e,
A
m
=
r
ef
er
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ce
s
i
g
n
al
a
m
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lit
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d
e,
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c=
ca
r
r
ier
s
i
g
n
al
a
m
p
lit
u
d
e.
4.
VH
DL
CO
DIN
G
U
SI
N
G
X
I
L
I
NX
-
I
S
E
T
h
e
s
w
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tch
i
n
g
p
u
l
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e
f
o
r
d
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c
co
n
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ter
is
e
n
g
en
d
er
ed
u
s
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g
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co
d
in
g
b
y
Xili
n
x
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S
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w
it
h
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elp
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f
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p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
r
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x
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I
SE
is
t
h
e
p
latf
o
r
m
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
f
o
r
w
r
iti
n
g
VH
DL
co
d
e
an
d
to
f
ee
d
in
to
th
e
FP
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A
p
r
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ce
s
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r
.
T
o
g
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e
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ate
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le
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h
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e
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d
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c
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n
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ter
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llo
w
i
n
g
VHD
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co
d
in
g
w
r
itte
n
i
n
Xili
n
x
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
.
4
.
1
.
Co
din
g
L
ib
r
ar
y
I
E
E
E
USE
I
E
E
E
.
S
T
D_
L
OGI
C
_
1
1
6
4
.
A
L
L
;
USE
I
E
E
E
.
S
T
D_
L
OGI
C
_
AR
I
T
H.
A
L
L
;
E
n
tit
y
to
p
_
SP
W
M
P
o
r
t (
C
L
K:
I
N
ST
D_
L
OGI
C
;
P
W
M
DI
R
: O
UT
_
S
T
D_
L
OGI
C
;
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W
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OE
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UT
_
S
T
D_
L
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M
1
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U
T
ST
D
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L
OGI
C
; )
;
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R
C
HI
T
E
C
T
UR
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B
E
HA
V
O
F T
OP
_
P
W
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S
Sig
n
al
C
AR
: in
teg
er
:=0
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eg
in
P
r
o
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ess
(
clk
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Var
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n
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;
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if
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is
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g
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clk
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h
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C
OUNT
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R
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C
OUNT
E
R
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;
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f
co
u
n
ter
>
0
a
n
d
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n
ter
<=
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0
0
;
C
A
R
<=
C
AR
+
1
;
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L
SEI
F C
OU
NT
E
R
>1
0
0
0
A
ND
C
OUNT
E
R
<=
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0
0
0
T
HE
N
C
A
R
<=
C
AR
-
1;
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L
SEI
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OUNT
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HE
N
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E
R
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;
C
A
R
<=
0
;
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ND
I
F;
E
ND
I
F;
I
F 5
0
0
>=
C
A
R
T
HE
N
P
W
M
1
<=
„
1
‟
;
E
L
SE
P
W
M
1
<=
„
0
‟
;
E
ND
I
F;
E
ND
P
R
OC
E
SS
;
4
.
2
.
Ste
ps
t
o
g
ener
a
t
e
bit
f
ile
f
ro
m
VH
DL
co
di
ng
Af
ter
in
i
tializi
n
g
t
h
e
s
p
ar
tan
-
6
FP
GA
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
r
;
th
e
VHDL
h
a
s
w
r
i
tten
f
o
r
s
in
g
le
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
p
u
ls
e
g
e
n
er
atio
n
to
co
n
tr
o
l
t
h
e
DC
-
D
C
co
n
v
er
ter
.
T
h
e
f
lo
w
c
h
ar
t
f
o
r
g
e
n
er
atio
n
o
f
b
it
f
i
les
f
r
o
m
VHD
L
co
d
e
is
s
h
o
w
n
in
F
ig
u
r
e
3.
An
d
t
h
e
g
en
er
ated
b
it
f
i
le
i
s
f
ee
d
in
to
th
e
FP
G
A
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
r
to
co
n
tr
o
l
th
e
DC
-
D
C
co
n
v
er
ter
,
w
h
ic
h
i
s
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
F
ig
u
r
e
4.
Nex
t
ca
lcu
lated
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
in
th
e
v
a
lu
e
o
f
t
h
e
p
ar
a
m
eter
v
alu
e
o
f
th
e
p
atien
t
an
d
th
e
v
a
lu
e
o
f
th
e
id
ea
l
p
ar
a
m
eter
v
al
u
e
f
o
r
a
p
ar
ticu
lar
d
r
u
g
.
Fo
r
ex
a
m
p
le,
t
h
e
d
i
f
f
er
en
ce
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
v
al
u
e
o
f
th
e
p
ar
a
m
eter
in
w
i
th
t
h
e
v
alu
e
o
f
th
e
id
ea
l p
ar
a
m
eter
o
f
t
h
e
d
iu
r
etic
d
r
u
g
t
y
p
e
i
s
s
h
o
w
n
in
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:2
0
8
9
-
4
864
I
nt
J
R
ec
o
n
f
i
g
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r
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m
b
ed
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S
y
s
t
V
o
l.
8
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
ly
2
0
1
9
:
8
1
–
85
84
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Flo
w
c
h
ar
t
to
g
e
n
er
ate
b
it f
ile
f
r
o
m
VHD
L
co
d
e
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Flo
w
c
h
ar
t to
f
ee
d
th
e
b
it
in
to
FP
G
A
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
r
5.
S
I
M
UL
AT
I
O
N
A
ND
H
ARD
WARE R
E
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
S
CUSS
I
O
N
T
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
is
s
i
m
u
la
ted
an
d
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
ted
to
g
e
n
er
ate
s
witch
i
n
g
p
u
ls
e
u
s
i
n
g
Xili
n
x
-
I
S
E
w
it
h
FP
GA
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
r
f
o
r
D
C
-
DC
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
.
T
h
e
s
w
i
tch
in
g
p
u
l
s
e
g
e
n
er
ated
u
s
i
n
g
V
er
y
h
ig
h
s
p
ee
d
in
te
g
r
ated
cir
cu
it
Har
d
w
ar
e
Descr
ip
tio
n
L
an
g
u
ag
e
(
VHD
L
)
w
it
h
Xil
in
x
-
I
SE.
VHD
L
i
s
a
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
m
i
n
g
lan
g
u
a
g
e,
w
h
ich
is
u
s
ed
to
m
o
d
el
an
d
d
esi
g
n
an
y
co
m
p
lex
c
ir
c
u
it
s
i
n
a
d
y
n
a
m
i
c
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t.
T
h
e
s
w
itc
h
in
g
p
u
l
s
e
g
en
er
ate
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
SP
W
M
m
eth
o
d
a
n
d
it
i
s
i
m
p
l
e
m
en
ted
th
r
o
u
g
h
FP
GA
p
r
o
f
ess
o
r
w
it
h
h
elp
o
f
Xili
n
x
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
,
w
h
ic
h
is
s
h
o
w
n
in
F
ig
u
r
e
5
.
T
h
e
DC
in
p
u
t
s
u
p
p
l
y
ap
p
lied
to
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
is
1
2
V
an
d
it
is
co
n
v
er
ted
3
2
V,
w
h
ic
h
is
2
.
6
tim
es
o
f
ap
p
lied
in
p
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
an
d
is
s
h
o
w
n
in
F
ig
u
r
e
6.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
S
w
i
tch
i
n
g
p
u
l
s
e
g
e
n
er
atio
n
u
s
i
n
g
SP
W
M
(
a)
s
i
m
u
l
atio
n
(
b
)
h
ar
d
w
ar
e
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
Ou
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
d
c
-
d
c
b
o
o
s
t c
o
n
v
er
ter
(
a)
s
i
m
u
lat
io
n
(
b
)
h
ar
d
w
ar
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
R
ec
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
ab
le
&
E
m
b
ed
d
ed
Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2089
-
4864
S
w
itch
in
g
p
u
ls
e
g
en
era
tio
n
fo
r
DC
-
D
C
b
o
o
s
t c
o
n
ve
r
ter u
s
in
g
X
ilin
x
-
I
S
E
w
ith
…
(
R
.
P
a
la
n
is
a
my
)
85
6.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
Gen
er
all
y
v
ar
io
u
s
DC
-
D
C
co
n
v
er
ter
to
p
o
lo
g
ies
ar
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
en
er
g
y
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
s
y
s
te
m
.
I
n
th
i
s
p
ap
er
,
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
p
u
l
s
e
g
e
n
er
atio
n
f
o
r
d
c
to
d
c
co
n
v
er
ter
u
s
in
g
Xil
in
x
–
Sp
ar
t
an
6
co
n
tr
o
ller
.
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
t
h
e
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
s
ar
e
v
ar
ied
,
w
h
i
ch
attain
s
as
in
cr
ea
s
ed
,
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
o
r
e
q
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al
to
ap
p
lied
v
o
ltag
e
d
ep
en
d
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o
n
t
h
e
d
u
t
y
r
atio
p
r
o
d
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y
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in
u
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id
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p
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ls
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t
h
m
o
d
u
l
atio
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tec
h
n
iq
u
e.
T
h
e
s
i
m
u
latio
n
&
h
ar
d
w
ar
e
r
esu
lt
s
ar
e
v
er
i
f
ied
u
s
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n
g
m
a
tlab
/s
i
m
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l
in
k
an
d
FP
G
A
p
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o
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s
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o
r
RE
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NC
E
S
[1
]
.
Ya
n
g
,
W
.
L
i,
Y.
Z
h
a
o
,
a
n
d
X
.
He
,
“
De
sig
n
a
n
d
a
n
a
ly
sis
o
f
a
g
rid
c
o
n
n
e
c
ted
P
V
p
o
w
e
r
s
y
ste
m
,
”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s.P
o
we
r E
lec
tro
n
.,
v
o
l.
2
5
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
9
9
2
–
1
0
0
0
,
A
p
r.
2
0
1
0
.
[2
]
.
J.
S
e
lv
a
ra
j
a
n
d
N.
A
.
Ra
h
im
,
“
M
u
lt
il
e
v
e
l
in
v
e
rter
f
o
r
g
rid
-
c
o
n
n
e
c
ted
P
V
sy
ste
m
e
m
p
lo
y
in
g
d
ig
it
a
l
P
I
c
o
n
tro
ll
e
r
,”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s.
I
n
d
.
El
e
c
tro
n
.
,
v
o
l.
5
6
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
4
9
–
1
5
8
,
Ja
n
.
2
0
0
9
.
[3
]
.
L
.
S
.
Ya
n
g
,
T
.
J.
L
ian
g
,
H.
C.
L
e
e
,
a
n
d
J.
F
.
Ch
e
n
,
“
No
v
e
l
h
ig
h
ste
p
-
u
p
DC
–
DC
c
o
n
v
e
rter
w
it
h
c
o
u
p
led
-
in
d
u
c
to
r
a
n
d
v
o
l
tag
e
d
o
u
b
ler circ
u
it
s,”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s
.
In
d
.
El
e
c
tro
n
.
,
v
o
l.
5
8
,
n
o
.
9
,
p
p
.
4
1
9
6
–
4
2
0
6
,
S
e
p
.
2
0
1
1
.
[4
]
.
Q.
Zh
a
o
a
n
d
F
.
C.
L
e
e
,
“
Hig
h
-
e
ff
icie
n
c
y
,
h
ig
h
ste
p
-
u
p
DC
–
DC
c
o
n
v
e
rters
,
”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s.
P
o
we
r
El
e
c
tro
n
.
,
v
o
l
.
18
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
6
5
–
7
3
,
Ja
n
.
2
0
0
3
.
[5
]
.
R.
P
a
lan
isa
m
y
,
K.
V
ij
a
y
a
k
u
m
a
r
“
M
a
x
i
m
u
m
Bo
o
st
Co
n
tr
o
l
f
o
r
7
-
lev
e
l
z
-
so
u
rc
e
c
a
sc
a
d
e
d
h
-
b
rid
g
e
in
v
e
rt
e
r
”
,
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
P
o
we
r E
lec
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
Dr
ive
S
y
ste
ms
,
v
o
l
8
,
Iss
u
e
2
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
1
7
.
[6
]
.
W
.
Yu
,
H.
Qia
n
,
a
n
d
J.
S
.
L
a
i,
“
De
sig
n
o
f
h
ig
h
-
e
ff
icie
n
c
y
b
i
d
ir
e
c
ti
o
n
a
l
d
c
–
d
c
c
o
n
v
e
rte
r
a
n
d
h
i
g
h
-
p
re
c
isio
n
e
ff
ici
e
n
c
y
m
e
a
su
re
m
e
n
t,
”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s
P
o
w
e
r
El
e
c
tro
n
.
,
vo
l.
2
5
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
6
5
0
–
6
5
8
,
M
a
r.
2
0
1
0
.
[7
]
.
Y.
R.
J.
W
a
i
a
n
d
R.
Y.
Du
a
n
,
“
Hig
h
ste
p
-
u
p
c
o
n
v
e
rter
w
it
h
c
o
u
p
led
in
d
u
c
t
o
r,
”
IEE
E
T
r
a
n
s.
Po
we
r
El
e
c
tro
n
.
,
v
o
l
.
2
0
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
1
0
2
5
–
1
0
3
5
,
S
e
p
.
2
0
0
5
.
[8
]
.
R.
P
a
lan
isa
m
y
,
K.
V
ij
a
y
a
k
u
m
a
r,
Ko
m
a
ri
Nik
h
il
,
M
a
d
h
u
m
a
th
iIy
e
r,
Ra
m
a
c
h
a
n
d
a
rRa
o
,
“
A
P
ro
p
o
se
d
S
V
M
f
o
r
3
-
lev
e
l
T
ra
n
sf
o
r
m
e
r
-
les
s
Du
a
l
In
v
e
rter
S
c
h
e
m
e
f
o
r
G
rid
Co
n
n
e
c
ted
P
V
S
y
ste
m
”
In
d
ia
n
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
S
c
ien
c
e
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
2
0
1
6
No
v
,
9
(4
2
).
[9
]
.
P
o
h
C
h
ian
g
L
o
h
,
F
e
n
g
G
a
o
,
F
re
d
e
Blaa
b
jerg
,
a
n
d
S
o
k
w
e
il
i
m
.
Op
e
r
a
ti
o
n
a
l
A
n
a
ly
sis
a
n
d
M
o
d
u
lati
o
n
Co
n
tr
o
l
o
f
T
h
re
e
L
e
v
e
l
Z
-
S
o
u
rc
e
In
v
e
rters
W
it
h
En
h
a
n
c
e
d
Ou
tp
u
t
W
a
v
e
f
o
rm
Qu
a
li
t
y
.
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
o
n
P
o
we
r
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
,
Ju
ly
2
0
1
0
.
Vo
l.
2
4
,
N
o
.
7
.
[1
0
]
.
S
.
C.
T
a
n
,
Y.M
.
L
a
i,
C.
K.
T
se
,
“
I
m
p
lem
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
P
u
lse
-
W
id
th
-
M
o
d
u
latio
n
b
a
se
d
S
li
d
in
g
M
o
d
e
C
o
n
tr
o
ll
e
r
f
o
r
Bo
o
st
c
o
n
v
e
rters
,
”
IEE
E
P
o
w
e
r
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
L
e
tt
e
rs,
v
o
l.
3
,
N
o
.
4
,
De
c
.
2
0
0
6
,
p
p
.
1
3
0
-
1
3
5
.
[1
1
]
.
S
.
S
.
M
u
ley
,
R.
M
.
Na
g
a
ra
le,
“
S
li
d
i
n
g
M
o
d
e
Co
n
tro
l
Of
Bo
o
st
c
o
n
v
e
rter,”
IJ
ET
AE
IS
S
N:2
2
5
0
-
2
2
5
9
,
v
o
l.
3
,
Iss
u
e
9
,
S
e
p
t.
2
0
1
3
.
[1
2
]
.
R.
P
a
la
n
isa
m
y
,
A
.
U
M
u
taw
a
k
k
i
l,
K.
V
i
jay
a
k
u
m
a
r
“
H
y
ste
r
e
sis
S
V
M
f
o
r
c
o
u
p
led
in
d
u
c
to
r
z
so
u
rc
e
d
io
d
e
c
la
m
p
e
d
3
-
lev
e
l
in
v
e
rter
b
a
se
d
g
rid
c
o
n
n
e
c
ted
P
V
sy
ste
m
”
,
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Jo
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
P
o
w
e
r
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
Driv
e
S
y
ste
m
s,
v
o
l
7
,
Iss
u
e
4
,
De
c
2
0
1
6
.
[1
3
]
.
Q.
Zh
a
o
a
n
d
F
.
C.
L
e
e
,
“
Hig
h
-
e
fficie
n
c
y
,
h
ig
h
ste
p
-
u
p
DC
–
DC
c
o
n
v
e
rter
s,”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s.
P
o
we
r
El
e
c
tro
n
.
,
v
o
l
.
18
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
6
5
–
7
3
,
Ja
n
.
2
0
0
3
.
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