I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
Rec
o
nfig
ura
ble a
nd
E
m
be
dd
e
d Sy
s
t
e
m
s
Vo
l.
7
,
No
.
3
,
No
v
em
b
er
201
8
,
p
p
.
14
9
~1
56
I
SS
N:
2
089
-
4
864
,
DOI
: 1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/i
j
r
es.v
7
.
i3
.
p
p
149
-
1
5
6
149
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//ia
e
s
co
r
e.
co
m/jo
u
r
n
a
ls
/in
d
ex
.
p
h
p
/
I
JR
E
S
/in
d
ex
Desig
n a
nd Anal
y
sis
of
CM
O
S Lo
w
Nois
e A
m
pli
fier
Circuit
for
5
-
g
hz
Ca
sco
de
a
n
d F
o
lded
Cas
co
de
in
1
8
0
n
m
T
echno
lo
g
y
T.
K
a
nthi
,
D.
Sh
a
ra
t
h B
a
bu
Ra
o
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
ECE
.
,
G
.
P
.
R.
E.
C
,
Ku
rn
o
o
l,
In
d
ia
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
ST
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
Ag
u
5
,
2
0
1
8
R
ev
i
s
ed
Oct
6
,
2018
A
cc
ep
ted
Oct
1
9
,
2
0
1
8
T
h
is
p
a
p
e
r
is
a
b
o
u
t
L
o
w
n
o
ise
a
m
p
li
f
ier
to
p
o
l
o
g
ies
b
a
se
d
o
n
0
.
1
8
µ
m
CM
OS
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
.
A
c
o
m
m
o
n
so
u
rc
e
sta
g
e
w
it
h
in
d
u
c
ti
v
e
d
e
g
e
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
,
c
a
sc
o
d
e
sta
g
e
a
n
d
f
o
ld
e
d
c
a
sc
o
d
e
sta
g
e
i
s
d
e
sig
n
e
d
,
sim
u
late
d
a
n
d
th
e
p
e
rf
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
a
n
a
ly
z
e
d
.
T
h
e
L
N
A
’s
a
re
d
e
sig
n
e
d
i
n
5
G
Hz
.
T
h
e
L
N
A
o
f
c
a
sc
o
d
e
sta
g
e
o
f
n
o
ise
f
ig
u
re
(NF)
2
.
0
4
4
d
B
a
n
d
p
o
w
e
r
g
a
in
4
.
3
4
7
is
a
c
h
iev
e
d
.
T
h
e
si
m
u
latio
n
s a
re
d
o
n
e
i
n
c
a
d
e
n
c
e
v
irt
u
o
so
sp
e
c
tre RF
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
L
o
w
n
o
i
s
e
a
m
p
li
f
ier
s
No
is
e
f
i
g
u
r
e
P
o
w
er
g
a
in
Co
p
y
rig
h
t
©
2
0
1
8
n
stit
u
te o
f
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
S
c
ien
c
e
.
Al
l
rig
h
ts re
se
rv
e
d
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
T.
Kan
th
i
,
Dep
ar
t
m
en
t o
f
E
C
E
.
,
G.
P
.
R
.
E
.
C
,
Ku
r
n
o
o
l,
I
n
d
ia
E
m
ail
:
t
h
ir
u
v
ee
d
u
lak
a
n
t
h
i
@
g
m
ail.
co
m
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
Du
e
to
r
ap
id
g
r
o
w
t
h
o
f
w
ir
e
less
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
in
d
u
s
tr
y
,
th
e
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
d
e
m
an
d
u
p
o
n
w
ir
ele
s
s
d
ev
ices
h
as
m
o
ti
v
ated
th
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t o
f
C
M
OS r
ad
io
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
i
n
te
g
r
ated
cir
cu
it
s
(
R
FI
C
s
)
.
L
N
A
s
ar
e
u
s
ed
in
v
ar
io
u
s
w
ir
ele
s
s
ap
p
licati
o
n
s
li
k
e
W
i
-
Fi,
B
lu
eto
o
th
,
w
ir
ele
s
s
v
o
ice
,
d
ata
an
d
v
i
d
eo
.
Ma
n
y
o
f
t
h
i
s
ap
p
licatio
n
s
o
p
er
ate
in
2
to
5
GHz
.
T
h
e
W
i
-
Fi o
f
I
E
E
E
8
0
2
.
1
1
ac
p
r
o
to
co
l is u
s
ed
f
o
r
5
GHz
b
an
d
.
1
.
1
.
RF
Desig
n
Ma
n
y
d
ec
ad
es
o
f
w
o
r
k
o
n
R
F
an
d
Mic
r
o
w
a
v
e
t
h
eo
r
y
a
n
d
t
w
o
d
ec
ad
es
o
f
r
esear
c
h
o
n
R
F
I
C
’
s
.
Desig
n
a
n
d
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
tat
io
n
o
f
R
F
cir
c
u
it
a
n
d
tr
an
s
ce
i
v
er
r
e
m
ai
n
s
c
h
alle
n
g
in
g
.
R
F
cir
c
u
its
a
n
d
tr
an
s
ce
iv
er
m
u
s
t
d
ea
l
w
it
h
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
tr
ad
e
-
o
f
f
s
.
T
h
e
d
em
a
n
d
f
o
r
h
ig
h
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
lo
w
er
c
o
s
t
an
d
g
r
ea
ter
f
u
n
c
tio
n
ali
t
y
co
n
tin
u
es
to
p
r
esen
t
n
e
w
ch
al
l
en
g
e
s
.
R
F
d
esig
n
h
e
x
ag
o
n
,
co
n
s
i
s
ts
o
f
s
i
x
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
r
elate
d
w
i
th
ea
ch
o
th
er
to
s
o
m
e
ex
ten
t.
R
F d
esi
g
n
o
f
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
i
s
r
ep
r
esen
ted
in
a
F
i
g
u
r
e
1
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
R
f
d
esi
g
n
h
e
x
ag
o
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
9
-
4
864
I
J
R
E
S
V
o
l.
7
,
No
.
3
,
N
o
v
e
m
b
er
2
0
1
8
:
1
4
9
–
15
6
150
L
o
w
No
is
e
a
m
p
li
f
ier
s
ar
e
b
as
ed
o
n
R
ad
io
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
co
m
m
u
n
ica
tio
n
r
ec
ei
v
er
s
an
d
t
h
e
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
s
w
e
ca
n
esti
m
ate
o
v
er
al
l
n
o
is
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
t
h
e
R
F
r
ec
eiv
er
s
.
T
h
e
R
F
s
ig
n
al
r
ec
eiv
e
d
at
th
e
an
te
n
n
a
i
s
w
ea
k
,
u
s
i
n
g
an
a
m
p
li
f
ier
w
it
h
h
i
g
h
g
ai
n
a
n
d
n
o
is
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
is
n
ee
d
ed
to
a
m
p
li
f
y
t
h
e
s
ig
n
a
l
b
ef
o
r
e
it
ca
n
b
e
f
ed
to
o
th
er
p
ar
ts
o
f
th
e
r
ec
eiv
er
.
Su
c
h
a
m
p
l
if
ier
i
s
r
ef
er
r
ed
to
as a
L
o
w
No
is
e
Am
p
li
f
ier
(
L
N
A
)
.
1
.
2
.
L
o
w
No
is
e
A
m
pli
f
ier
T
h
e
L
o
w
n
o
is
e
a
m
p
li
f
ier
s
ar
e
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
b
a
s
ic
b
u
ild
i
n
g
b
lo
ck
s
o
f
a
n
y
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
y
s
te
m
s
.
T
h
e
d
em
a
n
d
o
f
h
i
g
h
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
w
ir
eles
s
f
r
o
n
t
-
e
n
d
s
y
s
te
m
is
i
n
cr
ea
s
i
n
g
n
o
w
ad
a
y
s
.
T
h
e
m
a
in
ai
m
o
n
lo
w
p
o
w
er
m
o
b
ile
d
ev
ices
w
it
h
lo
w
co
s
t.
L
o
w
n
o
is
e
a
m
p
li
f
ier
i
s
th
e
f
ir
s
t
s
ta
g
e
o
f
an
R
F
r
ec
eiv
er
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes
to
th
e
n
o
is
e
o
f
t
h
e
en
tire
r
ec
ei
v
er
.
T
h
e
m
ai
n
f
u
n
c
tio
n
o
f
t
h
e
L
N
A
i
s
t
o
a
m
p
lify
th
e
w
ea
k
s
i
g
n
a
ls
f
r
o
m
th
e
an
te
n
n
a.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
s
tag
e
o
f
t
h
e
r
ec
eiv
er
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes
m
ai
n
l
y
to
th
e
o
v
er
all
No
is
e
Fig
u
r
e
(
NF)
o
f
th
e
r
ec
eiv
er
.
T
h
e
m
a
in
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
o
f
L
N
As
ar
e
Gain
,
No
i
s
e
Fig
u
r
e
(
NF)
,
li
n
ea
r
it
y
a
n
d
s
t
ab
ilit
y
.
T
h
e
f
o
r
w
ar
d
g
ain
o
f
L
N
A
i
s
d
ef
in
ed
b
y
t
h
e
S
-
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
.
T
h
e
NF
is
d
ef
i
n
ed
as
th
e
r
atio
o
f
s
ig
n
al
to
No
is
e
R
atio
(
SNR
)
at
th
e
i
n
p
u
t
to
th
e
SN
R
at
t
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t.
T
h
ir
d
-
o
r
d
er
in
ter
ce
p
t
p
o
in
t
(
I
P
3
)
an
d
1
d
B
co
m
p
r
ess
i
o
n
p
o
in
t
(
P
1
d
B
)
ar
e
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
es
o
f
li
n
ea
r
it
y
.
L
N
A
i
s
s
tab
le
it
s
at
is
f
ies
th
e
co
n
d
itio
n
s
tab
ilit
y
Facto
r
,
K>
1
.
B
u
t
al
w
a
y
s
th
er
e
w
i
ll
b
e
a
tr
ad
e
-
o
f
f
s
i
n
p
o
w
er
,
li
n
ea
r
it
y
,
g
ai
n
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
an
d
n
o
is
e
an
d
o
f
th
e
d
esi
g
n
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
.
T
h
e
d
esig
n
an
d
s
i
m
u
latio
n
o
f
b
asic
C
o
m
m
o
n
So
u
r
ce
(
C
S)
s
tag
e
w
i
th
in
d
u
cti
v
e
d
eg
e
n
er
ati
o
n
,
u
s
in
g
C
asco
d
e
s
ta
g
e
an
d
Fo
ld
ed
C
asco
d
e
s
tag
e.
T
h
e
d
esi
g
n
ed
c
asco
d
e
s
tag
e
i
s
h
av
i
n
g
a
N
F
w
h
ic
h
is
v
er
y
les
s
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
t
h
e
L
N
As.
T
h
e
ca
s
co
d
e
L
N
A
ca
n
u
s
ed
in
an
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
w
it
h
w
ea
k
s
i
g
n
al
s
tr
en
g
t
h
a
s
it
i
s
h
av
i
n
g
a
v
e
ry
g
o
o
d
g
ain
.
Sectio
n
I
I
d
ea
ls
w
it
h
th
e
b
asic
co
n
ce
p
ts
o
f
d
if
f
er
en
t
m
et
h
o
d
s
o
f
L
N
A
to
p
o
lo
g
ies.
Sectio
n
I
I
I
h
av
i
n
g
t
h
e
d
esi
g
n
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
s
.
I
n
s
ec
tio
n
I
V
r
ep
o
r
ted
ab
o
u
t
s
i
m
u
latio
n
r
es
u
l
ts
a
n
d
in
s
ec
tio
n
V
r
ep
o
r
ted
th
e
co
n
clu
s
io
n
.
2.
B
ASI
C
L
O
W
NO
I
S
E
AM
P
L
I
F
I
E
R
T
O
P
O
L
O
G
I
E
S
L
N
A
to
p
o
lo
g
ies
u
s
i
n
g
C
o
m
m
o
n
So
u
r
ce
an
d
C
o
m
m
o
n
Dr
ain
w
it
h
C
a
s
co
d
e
an
d
Fo
ld
ed
C
as
co
d
e.
2
.
1
.
Co
mm
o
n So
urce
(
CS)
w
it
h
I
nd
uct
iv
e
Deg
ener
a
t
io
n
T
h
e
in
d
u
ctiv
e
d
eg
e
n
er
ated
to
p
o
lo
g
y
is
n
ar
r
o
w
-
b
an
d
s
i
n
ce
th
e
in
p
u
t
m
atc
h
i
n
g
cir
c
u
it
co
n
s
i
s
ti
n
g
o
f
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
i
n
d
u
cto
r
s
an
d
t
h
e
g
ate
to
s
o
u
r
ce
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
,
C
g
s
,
r
e
s
o
n
ates
at
a
s
in
g
le
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
.
T
h
e
in
d
u
cti
v
el
y
d
eg
en
er
ated
L
N
A
is
t
h
e
d
o
m
in
ati
n
g
to
p
o
lo
g
y
f
o
r
n
ar
r
o
w
-
b
an
d
s
y
s
te
m
s
d
u
e
to
its
ad
v
an
tag
e
s
s
u
c
h
as
lo
w
No
is
e
Fig
u
r
e
o
f
in
p
u
t
m
atc
h
in
g
,
h
ig
h
g
ai
n
,
an
d
lo
w
-
p
o
w
er
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
.
C
o
m
m
o
n
S
o
u
r
ce
L
N
A
f
o
r
m
s
a
s
er
ies R
L
C
n
et
w
o
r
k
a
s
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
T
h
e
in
p
u
t i
m
p
ed
an
ce
o
f
t
h
e
s
ta
g
e
is
g
iv
e
n
b
y
t
h
e
eq
u
atio
n
i
s
Z
in
=
S (
L
S
+
L
g
)
+
1
+
(
1
)
L
S
Z
in
≈
T
L
S
(
at
r
eso
n
an
ce
)
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
C
o
m
m
o
n
s
o
u
r
ce
o
f
i
n
d
u
cti
v
e
d
eg
e
n
er
atio
n
2
.
2
.
Ca
s
co
de
T
h
e
m
o
s
t
co
m
m
o
n
l
y
u
s
ed
to
p
o
lo
g
y
f
o
r
L
N
A
d
esi
g
n
is
th
e
ca
s
co
d
e
a
m
p
lifie
r
w
it
h
i
n
d
u
ct
iv
e
s
o
u
r
ce
d
eg
en
er
atio
n
.
T
h
e
ca
s
co
d
e
to
p
o
lo
g
y
h
as
h
ig
h
er
g
ai
n
,
d
u
e
to
th
e
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
in
t
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
i
m
p
ed
a
n
ce
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
R
E
S
I
SS
N:
2089
-
4864
Desig
n
a
n
d
A
n
a
lysi
s
o
f CM
OS
Lo
w
N
o
is
e
A
mp
lifi
e
r
C
i
r
cu
it f
o
r
5
-
g
h
z
C
a
s
co
d
e
…
(
T.
K
a
n
th
i
)
151
T
h
e
ca
s
co
d
e
tr
an
s
is
to
r
s
u
p
p
r
ess
es
th
e
Miller
ca
p
ac
itan
c
e
o
f
th
e
r
ev
er
s
e
is
o
latio
n
.
T
h
e
s
u
p
p
r
ess
io
n
o
f
th
e
p
ar
asit
ic
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
o
f
t
h
e
in
p
u
t
tr
an
s
is
to
r
is
s
u
p
p
r
ess
e
d
w
h
ic
h
i
m
p
r
o
v
es
t
h
e
h
i
g
h
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
th
e
a
m
p
li
f
ier
.
Fi
g
u
r
e
3
s
h
o
w
n
s
in
g
le
e
n
d
ed
ca
s
co
d
e
lo
w
n
o
is
e
a
m
p
lifie
r
.
2
.
3
.
F
o
lded Ca
s
co
de
I
n
a
ca
s
co
d
e
s
tag
e,
r
elati
v
e
l
y
lar
g
e
b
ias
v
o
lta
g
e
i
s
r
e
q
u
ir
e
d
d
u
e
to
t
h
e
s
tack
i
n
g
d
esig
n
o
f
th
e
C
o
m
m
o
n
So
u
r
ce
an
d
C
o
m
m
o
n
g
ate
tr
an
s
is
to
r
s
.
So
f
o
r
L
o
w
v
o
ltag
e
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
a
f
o
ld
ed
ca
s
co
d
e
to
p
o
lo
g
y
i
s
u
s
ed
.
Du
e
to
ab
s
en
ce
o
f
s
tac
k
i
n
g
g
ai
n
s
ta
g
es,
t
h
e
o
p
er
atin
g
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
th
e
f
o
ld
ed
ca
s
co
d
e
L
N
A
ca
n
b
e
r
ed
u
ce
d
b
y
o
n
e
tr
an
s
i
s
to
r
o
v
er
d
r
iv
e.
T
h
e
ad
v
an
ta
g
e
s
o
f
t
h
e
ca
s
co
d
e
s
tag
e
ar
e
g
o
o
d
lin
ea
r
it
y
,
No
i
s
e
Fig
u
r
e,
an
d
b
ias
s
tab
ilit
y
.
B
u
t
th
e
lo
w
g
ai
n
is
th
e
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
d
is
ad
v
an
tag
e
s
o
f
th
e
f
o
ld
ed
ca
s
co
d
e
to
p
o
l
o
g
y
r
ef
er
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Sin
g
le
en
d
ed
ca
s
co
d
e
lo
w
n
o
i
s
e
a
m
p
li
f
ier
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Fo
ld
ed
ca
s
ca
d
e
3.
DE
S
I
G
NIN
G
Usi
n
g
v
ar
io
u
s
ap
p
licatio
n
s
i
n
th
e
5
GHz
h
a
v
e
v
ar
y
i
n
g
d
esi
g
n
co
n
s
t
r
ai
n
ts
.
Fo
r
th
e
g
a
in
an
d
No
is
e
F
ig
u
r
e
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
ex
tr
e
m
e
l
y
4
0
d
B
an
d
1
d
B
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
Desi
g
n
Sep
cif
icat
io
n
s
a
s
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
T
ab
le
1
.
T
ab
le
1
.
Desig
n
Sep
ci
f
icatio
n
s
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
V
a
l
u
e
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
5
g
h
z
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
1
8
0
n
m
N
o
i
se
f
i
g
u
r
e
(
d
b
)
2
.
0
4
4
d
b
G
a
i
n
(
d
b
)
-
3
6
.
7
5
4
d
b
S
u
p
p
l
y
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
1
.
8
v
P
o
w
e
r
c
o
n
su
mp
t
i
o
n
(
mw
)
3
5
.
5
7
3
d
b
T
h
i
r
d
o
r
d
e
r
i
n
t
e
r
c
e
p
t
p
o
i
n
t
(
d
b
m)
3
d
b
m
T
h
e
eq
u
atio
n
s
f
r
o
m
eq
u
atio
n
(
1
)
to
eq
u
atio
n
(
9
)
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
d
esig
n
t
h
e
s
o
u
r
ce
i
n
d
u
cto
r
L
S
,
g
ate
in
d
u
cto
r
L
g
,
d
r
ain
i
n
d
u
c
to
r
L
d
an
d
w
id
th
o
f
t
h
e
i
n
p
u
t d
ev
ice
W
.
W
=
1
3
(
1
)
ω
o
=
2
f
T
(
2
)
C
g
s1
=
2
3
W
m1
L
eff
C
ox
(
3
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
9
-
4
864
I
J
R
E
S
V
o
l.
7
,
No
.
3
,
N
o
v
e
m
b
er
2
0
1
8
:
1
4
9
–
15
6
152
g
m1
=
√
2
(
)
1
1
(
4
)
T
=
1
1
(
5
)
R
S
=
1
1
≅
T
L
S
(
6
)
L
S
=
(
7
)
L
g
=
1
²
1
-
L
S
(
8
)
L
d
=
1
²
(
9
)
W
h
er
e
g
m
i
s
t
h
e
tr
a
n
s
-
co
n
d
u
ctan
ce
o
f
t
h
e
d
ev
ice,
C
gs
is
t
h
e
g
ate
s
o
u
r
ce
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
a
n
d
R
S
is
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
r
esis
ta
n
ce
w
h
ich
is
eq
u
al
to
5
0
Ω
in
eq
u
atio
n
(
6
)
an
d
in
eq
u
atio
n
(
7
)
is
th
e
u
n
it
y
g
ai
n
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
o
f
th
e
MO
S
tr
an
s
is
to
r
.
ω
o
is
th
e
ce
n
tr
e
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
w
h
ic
h
is
ch
o
s
en
to
b
e
5
GHz
.
I
n
eq
u
atio
n
(
1
)
C
OX
is
t
h
e
o
x
id
e
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
an
d
L
min
is
t
h
e
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
c
h
an
n
el
le
n
g
th
w
h
ic
h
i
s
0
.
1
8
µm
i
n
th
i
s
d
esi
g
n
.
4.
SI
M
UL
AT
I
O
N
R
E
S
UL
T
S
4
.
1
.
Ca
s
co
de
–
L
NA
T
h
e
C
asco
d
e
L
N
A
co
n
s
i
s
ts
o
f
th
r
ee
NM
OS
tr
an
s
is
to
r
s
ar
e
p
lace
d
,
tr
an
s
is
to
r
M1
is
co
m
m
o
n
s
o
u
r
ce
an
d
M2
is
co
m
m
o
n
g
ate
ar
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
i
n
d
u
cti
v
e
d
eg
en
er
atio
n
o
f
L
S
,
L
d
,
L
g
a
n
d
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
L
C
ta
n
k
.
S
-
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
o
f
t
w
o
p
o
r
ts
ar
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
in
p
u
t a
n
d
o
u
t
p
u
t o
f
L
N
A
.
C
asco
d
e
L
N
A
is
u
s
ed
f
u
r
t
h
er
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
p
o
w
er
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
an
d
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
t
h
e
N
F
a
n
d
Gain
.
T
h
e
asp
ec
t
r
atio
o
f
th
e
i
n
p
u
t
d
e
v
ice
o
f
w
id
t
h
a
n
d
len
g
th
o
f
tr
a
n
s
i
s
to
r
M1
an
d
M2
an
d
is
1
4
0
µm
/1
8
0
n
m
a
n
d
M3
is
2
8
µm
/1
8
0
n
m
.
W
h
er
e
L
g
is
7
n
H,
L
s
is
1
.
7
2
n
H,
L
d
is
0
.
2
5
n
H.
C
ap
ac
it
an
c
e
C
o
a
n
d
C
1
is
1
0
n
H
an
d
C
2
is
5
0
0
f
F.
R
esi
s
tan
ce
R
ref
i
s
2
KΩ
,
R
bias
is
3
KΩ
an
d
R
2
is
3
0
0
Ω
.
T
h
e
ca
s
co
d
e
L
N
A
o
f
No
is
e
Fig
u
r
e
(
NF)
3
.
2
5
0
d
B
an
d
p
o
w
er
g
ai
n
is
-
4
1
.
3
5
5
d
B
,
I
I
P3
is
-
4
.
7
2
2
.
C
asco
d
e
–
L
NA
a
s
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
es 5
-
13
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Sch
e
m
atic
d
esi
g
n
o
f
ca
s
co
d
e
lo
w
n
o
is
e
a
m
p
li
f
ier
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
R
E
S
I
SS
N:
2089
-
4864
Desig
n
a
n
d
A
n
a
lysi
s
o
f CM
OS
Lo
w
N
o
is
e
A
mp
lifi
e
r
C
i
r
cu
it f
o
r
5
-
g
h
z
C
a
s
co
d
e
…
(
T.
K
a
n
th
i
)
153
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
S1
1
o
f
ca
s
co
d
e
lo
w
n
o
is
e
a
m
p
l
if
ier
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
S1
2
o
f
ca
s
co
d
e
lo
w
n
o
is
e
a
m
p
l
if
ier
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
S2
1
o
f
ca
s
co
d
e
lo
w
n
o
is
e
a
m
p
l
if
ier
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
S2
2
o
f
ca
s
co
d
e
lo
w
n
o
is
e
a
m
p
l
if
ier
Fig
u
r
e
10
.
No
is
e
f
ig
u
r
e
o
f
ca
s
co
d
e
lo
w
n
o
is
e
a
m
p
l
if
ier
Fig
u
r
e
11
.
Min
i
m
u
m
n
o
i
s
e
f
i
g
u
r
e
o
f
ca
s
co
d
e
lo
w
n
o
is
e
a
m
p
l
if
ier
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
9
-
4
864
I
J
R
E
S
V
o
l.
7
,
No
.
3
,
N
o
v
e
m
b
er
2
0
1
8
:
1
4
9
–
15
6
154
Fig
u
r
e
12
.
o
f
Fo
ld
ed
C
asco
d
e
L
o
w
No
is
e
Am
p
li
f
ier
Fig
u
r
e
13
.
I
P
N
C
u
r
v
es o
f
C
a
s
co
d
e
L
o
w
No
is
e
Am
p
li
f
ier
4.
2
.
F
o
lded Ca
s
co
de
L
NA
T
h
e
f
o
ld
ed
ca
s
co
d
e
to
p
o
lo
g
y
i
s
d
esi
g
n
ed
to
f
u
r
th
er
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
N
F.
I
n
f
o
ld
ed
ca
s
co
d
e
L
N
A
co
m
m
o
n
s
o
u
r
ce
i
s
NM
OS
is
M1
tr
an
s
is
to
r
an
d
co
m
m
o
n
g
ate
is
P
MO
S
i
s
M2
tr
an
s
is
t
o
r
h
av
i
n
g
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
asp
ec
t
r
atio
.
T
h
e
cir
cu
it
d
esig
n
u
s
in
g
R
C
n
et
w
o
r
k
i
s
ad
d
ed
in
p
ar
allel
w
it
h
th
e
i
n
d
u
cto
r
,
L
d
is
1
.
5
n
H,
L
g
is
5
.
7
n
H,
L
s
is
0
.
2
5
n
H,
L
o
is
6
n
H,
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
C
o
an
d
C
1
is
1
0
n
F,
C
2
is
5
0
0
f
F,
Po
r
t1
is
5
0
Ω
an
d
P
o
r
t2
is
5
0
0
Ω
.
T
r
an
s
is
to
r
s
M1
is
1
4
0
µm
/1
8
0
n
m
a
n
d
M2
is
5
6
0
µm
/1
8
0
n
m
.
R
esis
ta
n
ce
R
o
is
3
0
0
Ω
.
Fo
ld
ed
C
asco
d
e
L
NA
as
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
es
1
4
-
2
0
.
P
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
s
p
ec
i
f
icatio
n
s
b
et
w
e
en
C
asco
d
e
L
N
A
a
n
d
Fo
ld
ed
C
asco
d
e
L
N
A
as
s
h
o
w
n
in
T
ab
le
2
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
4
.
Sch
e
m
at
ic
d
esig
n
o
f
f
o
ld
ed
ca
s
co
d
e
lo
w
n
o
i
s
e
a
m
p
lif
ier
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
R
E
S
I
SS
N:
2089
-
4864
Desig
n
a
n
d
A
n
a
lysi
s
o
f CM
OS
Lo
w
N
o
is
e
A
mp
lifi
e
r
C
i
r
cu
it f
o
r
5
-
g
h
z
C
a
s
co
d
e
…
(
T.
K
a
n
th
i
)
155
Fig
u
r
e
15
.
S1
1
o
f
f
o
ld
ed
ca
s
co
d
e
lo
w
n
o
is
e
a
m
p
l
if
ier
Fig
u
r
e
16
.
S1
2
o
f
f
o
ld
ed
ca
s
co
d
e
lo
w
n
o
is
e
a
m
p
li
f
ier
Fig
u
r
e
17
.
S2
1
o
f
f
o
ld
ed
ca
s
ca
d
e
lo
w
n
o
is
e
a
m
p
li
f
ier
Fig
u
r
e
18
.
S2
2
o
f
f
o
ld
ed
ca
s
co
d
e
lo
w
n
o
is
e
a
m
p
li
f
ier
Fig
u
r
e
19
.
1
d
B
-
co
m
p
r
ess
io
n
o
f
f
o
ld
ed
ca
s
co
d
e
lo
w
n
o
is
e
a
m
p
l
if
ier
Fig
u
r
e
20
.
I
P
N
cu
r
v
es o
f
f
o
ld
ed
ca
s
ca
d
e
lo
w
n
o
is
e
a
m
p
li
f
ier
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
9
-
4
864
I
J
R
E
S
V
o
l.
7
,
No
.
3
,
N
o
v
e
m
b
er
2
0
1
8
:
1
4
9
–
15
6
156
T
ab
le
2
.
P
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
Sp
ec
if
ic
atio
n
s
C
a
sco
d
e
L
N
A
F
o
l
d
e
d
C
a
s
c
o
d
e
L
N
A
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
5
G
H
z
5
G
H
z
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
1
8
0
n
m
1
8
0
n
m
S
u
p
p
l
y
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
1
.
8
V
1
.
8
V
S
1
1
(
d
B
)
-
1
2
.
4
4
d
B
-
1
0
.
1
7
d
B
S
1
2
(
d
B
)
1
0
.
4
3
6
d
B
3
.
9
8
d
B
S
2
1
(
d
B
)
-
4
1
.
3
5
5
d
B
-
2
2
.
8
1
d
B
S
2
2
(
d
B
)
-
1
1
.
3
3
d
B
-
5
.
3
8
d
B
N
F
(
d
B
)
3
.
2
5
0
9
d
B
2
.
6
4
d
B
N
F
min
1
.
2
2
1
5
d
B
1
.
7
1
5
d
B
1
d
B
-
c
o
m
p
r
e
ssi
o
n
-
1
2
.
0
3
0
4
-
1
5
.
5
8
6
8
I
I
P
3
-
4
.
7
2
2
-
6
.
6
4
0
P
o
w
e
r
-
4
9
.
5
7
3
d
B
-
6
7
.
7
8
9
d
B
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
d
esig
n
o
f
5
GHz
C
MO
S
C
asco
d
e
an
d
Fo
ld
ed
C
asco
d
e
L
o
w
No
is
e
Am
p
li
f
ier
o
f
So
u
r
ce
I
n
d
u
ctiv
e
Deg
e
n
er
atio
n
cir
c
u
it
o
f
R
F
d
esig
n
o
f
h
ex
a
g
o
n
o
f
C
asco
d
e
L
o
w
No
is
e
Am
p
li
f
ier
o
f
No
is
e
Fi
g
u
r
e
(
NF)
i
s
3
.
2
5
d
B
an
d
Gain
i
s
-
4
1
.
3
5
d
B
,
P
o
w
er
Ga
in
is
-
1
1
.
1
2
0
,
1
d
B
-
co
m
p
r
es
s
io
n
p
o
in
t
i
s
-
1
2
.
0
3
an
d
I
I
P3
is
-
4
.
7
2
2
an
d
Fo
ld
ed
C
asco
d
e
L
o
w
No
is
e
Am
p
li
f
ier
o
f
No
is
e
Fi
g
u
r
e
is
2
.
6
4
d
B
,
Gain
is
-
2
2
.
8
1
d
B
,
1
d
B
-
co
m
p
r
ess
io
n
p
o
in
t
is
-
1
5
.
5
8
6
an
d
I
I
P
3
is
-
6
.
6
4
0
is
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
in
t
h
i
s
p
ap
er
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
B.
Ra
z
a
v
i,
RF
M
icro
e
lec
tro
n
ics
,
se
c
o
n
d
e
d
it
io
n
e
d
.
P
re
n
t
ice
Ha
ll
,
2
0
1
1
.
[2
]
D.
K.
S
h
a
e
f
f
e
r
a
n
d
T
.
H.
L
e
e
,
“
A
1
.
5
-
V
,
1
.
5
-
G
Hz
CM
OS
l
o
w
n
o
ise
a
m
p
li
f
ier,”
IEE
E
J.
S
o
l
id
-
S
tate
Circu
it
s,
v
o
l.
3
2
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
7
4
5
-
7
5
9
,
M
a
y
1
9
9
7
.
[3
]
F
.
Br
u
c
c
o
leri,
E.
A
.
M
.
Klu
m
p
e
rin
k
,
a
n
d
B.
Na
u
ta,
“
W
id
e
-
b
a
n
d
CM
OS
l
o
w
-
n
o
ise
a
m
p
li
f
ier
e
x
p
lo
it
in
g
t
h
e
rm
a
l
n
o
ise
c
a
n
c
e
ll
in
g
,
”
IE
E
E
J.
S
o
li
d
-
S
tate
Circu
it
s,
v
o
l
.
3
9
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
2
7
5
-
2
8
2
,
F
e
b
.
2
0
0
4
.
[4
]
L
o
re
n
z
o
,
M
ich
a
e
l
A
n
g
e
lo
G
.
,
a
n
d
M
a
ria
T
h
e
re
sa
G
.
De
L
e
o
n
.
”
Co
m
p
a
risio
n
o
f
L
N
A
to
p
o
l
o
g
ies
f
o
r
W
iM
AX
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
i
n
a
sta
n
d
a
rd
9
0
-
n
m
CM
OS
p
ro
c
e
ss
.
”
In
Co
m
p
u
ter
M
o
d
e
ll
i
n
g
a
n
d
S
im
u
latio
n
(UK
S
i
m
)
,
2
0
1
0
1
2
th
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
n
,
a
p
p
.
6
4
2
-
6
4
7
.
IEE
E
,
2
0
1
0
.
[5
]
Hs
ieh
,
H
-
H.,
J
-
H.
W
a
n
g
,
a
n
d
L
-
H.
L
u
.
“
G
a
in
-
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
m
e
n
t
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
s
f
o
r
CM
OS
f
o
ld
e
d
c
a
sc
o
d
e
L
N
A
s
a
t
lo
w
-
v
o
lt
a
g
e
o
p
e
ra
ti
o
n
s.”
M
icro
w
a
v
e
T
h
e
o
r
y
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
iq
u
e
s,
I
EE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s o
n
5
6
.
8
(
2
0
0
8
):
1
8
0
7
-
1
8
1
6
.
[6
]
T
.
L
e
e
,
T
h
e
d
e
sig
n
o
f
CM
OS
Ra
d
io
F
re
q
u
e
n
c
y
Circu
it
s,
se
c
o
n
d
e
d
i
ti
o
n
e
d
.
P
re
n
ti
c
e
Ha
ll
,
2
0
0
3
.
[7
]
B.
J
S
a
n
g
h
o
o
n
Jo
o
,
T
a
e
-
Yo
u
n
g
C
h
o
i,
“
A
2
.
4
-
G
Hz
Re
sistiv
e
F
e
e
d
b
a
c
k
L
N
A
in
0
.
1
3
µm
CM
OS,
”
I
E
EE
j
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
so
li
d
-
sta
te circ
u
it
s,
v
o
l.
4
4
,
No
v
e
m
b
e
r
2
0
0
9
.
[8
]
Kim
,
C.
W
.
,
M
.
S
Ka
n
g
,
P
.
T
.
An
h
,
a
n
d
S
.
G
.
L
e
e
,
“
A
n
u
lt
ra
w
id
e
b
a
n
d
C
M
OS
l
o
w
n
o
ise
a
m
p
li
f
ie
r
f
o
r
3
-
5
G
Hz
UW
B
s
y
ste
m
,
”
IEE
E
jo
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
so
li
d
sta
te circ
u
it
s,
v
o
l.
4
0
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
5
4
4
-
5
4
7
,
F
e
b
.
2
0
0
5
.
[9
]
A.
Be
v
il
a
c
q
u
,
C.
S
a
n
d
n
e
r,
A
.
Ge
ro
sa
,
a
n
d
A
.
Ne
v
ian
i,
“
A
f
u
ll
y
i
n
teg
ra
ted
d
iff
e
re
n
ti
a
l
CM
OS
L
N
A
f
o
r
3
-
5
G
Hz
u
lt
ra
w
id
e
b
a
n
d
w
irele
ss
re
c
e
iv
e
rs
,
”
IEE
E
M
icr
o
w
,
W
irele
ss
Co
m
p
o
n
.
L
e
tt
.
,
v
o
l.
1
6
,
n
o
.
3
,
a
p
p
.
1
3
4
-
1
3
6
,
M
a
r.
2
0
0
6
.
[1
0
]
S
.
C.
Blaa
k
m
e
e
r,
E.
A
.
Klu
m
p
e
ri
n
k
,
D.
M
.
L
e
e
n
a
e
rts,
a
n
d
B.
Na
u
t
a
,
“
A
w
id
e
b
a
n
d
n
o
ise
-
c
a
n
c
e
li
n
g
CM
O
S
L
N
A
e
x
p
lo
it
in
g
a
tran
sf
o
rm
e
r,
”
in
P
ro
c
.
IEE
E
Ra
d
io
F
re
q
u
e
n
c
y
In
teg
ra
t
e
d
Circu
it
s S
y
m
p
.
,
ju
n
.
2
0
0
6
.
[1
1
]
X
.
F
a
n
,
H.
Z
h
a
n
g
,
a
n
d
E
.
S
a
n
c
h
e
z
-
S
in
e
n
c
io
,
“
A
n
o
ise
re
d
u
c
ti
o
n
a
n
d
l
in
e
a
rit
y
i
m
p
ro
v
e
m
e
n
t
tec
h
n
i
q
u
e
f
o
r
a
d
if
f
e
re
n
ti
a
l
c
a
sc
o
d
e
L
N
A
,
”
IEE
E
J.
S
o
li
d
-
S
tate
Circ
u
it
s,
v
o
l
.
4
3
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
5
8
8
-
5
9
9
,
M
a
r.
2
0
0
8
.
[1
2
]
X
.
L
i,
T
.
Bro
g
a
n
,
M
.
Es
p
o
sit
o
,
B.
M
y
e
rs,
a
n
d
K.
K.
O,
“
A
c
o
m
p
a
riso
n
o
f
CM
OS
a
n
d
S
iG
e
L
N
A’s
a
n
d
m
ix
e
rs
f
o
r
w
irele
ss
LN
A
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
,
”
in
P
ro
c
.
IEE
E
Cu
st
o
m
In
teg
ra
ted
Circu
i
ts Co
n
f
.
(CICC),
2
0
0
1
,
p
p
.
5
3
1
-
5
3
4
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.