I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
Rec
o
nfig
ura
ble a
nd
E
m
bedd
e
d Sy
s
t
em
s
(
I
J
RE
S)
Vo
l.
10
,
No
.
3
,
N
o
v
em
b
e
r
2
0
2
1
,
p
p
.
2
2
1
~
22
9
I
SS
N
: 2
0
8
9
-
4
8
6
4
,
DOI
: 1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/ij
r
es
.
v
10
.i
3
.
p
p
2
2
1
-
22
9
221
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//ij
r
es.ia
esco
r
e.
co
m
A low po
wer
com
pa
ra
tor utilizing
M
TSC
S
tack,
DT
TS, and
bulk
-
driv
en
t
ec
hn
iques
M
o
hd
T
a
f
ir
M
us
t
a
f
f
a
S
c
h
o
o
l
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
El
e
c
tro
n
i
c
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
Un
i
v
e
rsiti
S
a
i
n
s M
a
lay
sia
,
M
a
lay
sia
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
S
T
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
J
u
n
4
,
2
0
21
R
ev
is
ed
J
u
l
2
7
,
2
0
21
Acc
ep
ted
Au
g
1
3
,
2
0
21
Co
m
p
a
ra
to
r
is
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
m
a
in
b
l
o
c
k
s
t
h
a
t
p
lay
a
v
it
a
l
ta
sk
in
t
h
e
p
e
rfo
rm
a
n
c
e
o
f
a
n
a
lo
g
to
d
i
g
it
a
l
c
o
n
v
e
rters
(AD
C)
in
a
ll
m
o
d
e
rn
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
d
e
v
ice
s.
Hig
h
-
sp
e
e
d
d
e
v
ice
s
with
lo
w
v
o
l
tag
e
a
n
d
l
o
w
p
o
we
r
a
re
c
o
n
sid
e
re
d
e
ss
e
n
ti
a
l
fo
r
in
d
u
strial
a
p
p
l
ica
ti
o
n
s.
T
h
e
d
e
sig
n
o
f
a
l
o
w
-
p
o
we
r
c
o
m
p
a
ra
to
r
with
h
i
g
h
sp
e
e
d
is
re
q
u
ired
t
o
a
c
c
o
m
p
li
sh
th
e
re
q
u
irem
e
n
ts
m
o
stly
i
n
e
lec
tro
n
ic
d
e
v
ice
s
t
h
a
t
a
re
n
e
c
e
ss
a
ry
fo
r
h
ig
h
-
sp
e
e
d
AD
Cs.
H
o
we
v
e
r,
a
h
ig
h
-
sp
e
e
d
d
e
v
ice
t
h
a
t
lea
d
s
th
e
sc
a
li
n
g
d
o
wn
o
f
CM
OS
p
ro
c
e
ss
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
wi
ll
c
o
n
su
m
e
m
o
re
p
o
we
r.
Th
u
s,
p
o
we
r
re
d
u
c
ti
o
n
tec
h
n
i
q
u
e
s
su
c
h
a
s
m
u
lt
i
-
t
h
re
sh
o
l
d
s
u
p
e
r
c
ut
-
o
ff
s
tac
k
(M
TS
C
S
tac
k
),
d
u
a
l
-
t
h
re
sh
o
ld
t
ra
n
sisto
r
s
tac
k
in
g
(DTT
S
),
a
b
u
l
k
-
d
riv
e
n
,
a
n
d
a
b
u
l
k
-
d
r
iv
e
n
d
iffere
n
ti
a
l
p
a
ir
we
re
stu
d
ied
i
n
th
is
wo
r
k
.
Th
is
st
u
d
y
a
ims
to
fin
d
a
n
d
b
u
il
d
th
e
c
o
m
b
in
a
ti
o
n
o
f
th
e
se
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
s
to
p
ro
d
u
c
e
a
c
o
m
p
a
ra
to
r
th
a
t
c
a
n
o
p
e
ra
te
in
l
o
w
p
o
we
r
with
o
u
t
c
o
m
p
r
o
m
isin
g
e
x
isti
n
g
p
e
rfo
rm
a
n
c
e
u
sin
g
th
e
0
.
1
3
-
µ
m
CM
OS
p
ro
c
e
ss
.
A
c
o
m
p
a
ra
to
r
with
a
c
o
m
b
in
a
ti
o
n
o
f
M
TS
CS
tac
k
,
D
TT
S
,
a
n
d
NMOS
b
u
lk
-
d
ri
v
e
n
d
iffere
n
ti
a
l
p
a
ir
sh
o
ws
t
h
e
m
o
st
p
r
o
m
isin
g
re
su
lt
o
f
6
.
2
9
µW
fo
r
sta
ti
c
p
o
we
r,
1
7
.
1
5
µW
f
o
r
d
y
n
a
m
ic
p
o
we
r,
a
n
d
2
3
.
4
4
µ
W
fo
r
to
tal
p
o
we
r.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
B
u
lk
-
d
r
iv
en
B
u
lk
-
d
r
iv
en
d
if
f
er
e
n
tial p
air
DT
T
S
L
o
w
p
o
wer
MT
SC
Stack
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Mo
h
d
T
af
ir
Mu
s
taf
f
a
Sch
o
o
l o
f
E
lectr
ical
a
n
d
E
lectr
o
n
ic
E
n
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
Un
iv
er
s
iti Sain
s
Ma
lay
s
ia
1
4
3
0
0
Nib
o
n
g
T
eb
al,
Pu
lau
Pin
an
g
,
Ma
lay
s
ia
E
m
ail: ta
f
ir
@
u
s
m
.
m
y
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
Fo
r
y
ea
r
s
,
th
e
co
n
s
u
m
er
elec
tr
o
n
ics
s
u
ch
as
p
h
o
n
e
,
lap
to
p
,
o
r
an
y
o
th
e
r
I
C
-
b
ased
d
e
v
ices
h
av
e
d
r
am
atica
lly
en
jo
y
ed
a
b
etter
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
c
e
in
ter
m
s
o
f
s
p
ee
d
,
d
u
e
to
t
h
e
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
t
h
e
tr
an
s
is
to
r
s
th
at
ca
n
f
it
in
to
th
e
s
am
e
s
ize
o
f
s
u
ch
d
ev
ices.
T
h
e
h
ig
h
er
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
tr
a
n
s
is
to
r
s
p
er
u
n
it
ar
ea
th
at
r
esid
es
in
s
u
ch
d
ev
ices
w
as
m
ad
e
p
o
s
s
ib
le
d
u
e
to
th
e
s
ca
lin
g
d
o
w
n
o
f
I
C
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
n
am
ely
C
MO
S
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
is
s
m
aller
tr
an
s
is
to
r
co
m
es
with
a
p
r
o
b
lem
o
f
p
o
wer
d
is
s
ip
atio
n
k
n
o
w
n
as
leak
ag
e
p
o
we
r
[1
]
,
[
2]
.
L
ea
k
ag
e
p
o
wer
is
n
o
w
a
d
o
m
in
atin
g
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
o
f
to
tal
p
o
wer
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
in
IC
-
b
ased
d
ev
ices
.
So
,
r
esear
ch
er
s
h
av
e
s
tar
ted
in
tr
o
d
u
c
in
g
th
e
s
tate
-
of
-
th
e
-
ar
t
tec
h
n
iq
u
es
to
d
e
v
elo
p
a
lo
w
p
o
wer
cir
cu
it
in
alm
o
s
t
all
th
e
n
ew
co
n
s
u
m
e
r
elec
tr
o
n
i
cs p
r
o
d
u
cts.
Fo
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
a
h
an
d
s
et
alwa
y
s
h
as
a
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
k
n
o
wn
as
th
e
tr
an
s
ce
iv
er
ch
i
p
.
On
e
v
ital
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
t
in
th
at
ch
ip
is
an
alo
g
to
d
i
g
ital
co
n
v
er
ter
s
o
r
k
n
o
wn
as
an
al
o
g
to
d
ig
ital
co
n
v
er
ter
s
(
ADC
)
.
T
h
ey
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
tr
an
s
p
o
r
t
,
o
r
s
to
r
e
an
y
an
alo
g
s
ig
n
al
i
n
d
ig
ital
f
o
r
m
.
ADC
m
ain
ly
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
a
co
m
p
ar
ato
r
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
p
ast
wo
r
k
,
th
e
co
m
p
ar
ato
r
is
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
f
o
r
ab
o
u
t
7
0
%
o
f
th
e
ADC
s
p
ee
d
[
3
]
,
[
4
].
ADC
is
cu
r
r
en
tly
ad
o
p
ted
in
m
an
y
ap
p
licatio
n
f
ield
s
t
o
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
d
i
g
ital
s
y
s
tem
,
wh
ich
ac
h
iev
es
s
u
p
er
i
o
r
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
co
n
ce
r
n
i
n
g
an
al
o
g
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
20
89
-
4
8
6
4
I
n
t J Reco
n
f
ig
u
r
a
b
le
&
E
m
b
ed
d
ed
Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
10
,
No
.
3
,
No
v
em
b
er
2
0
2
1
:
2
2
1
–
22
9
222
A
s
r
ep
o
r
ted
b
y
[
5
]
,
[
6
]
,
t
h
e
i
m
p
ac
t
o
f
leak
a
g
e
p
o
wer
t
o
t
h
e
to
tal
p
o
wer
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
is
s
tead
il
y
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
d
u
e
t
o
th
e
s
ca
lin
g
d
o
wn
o
f
C
MO
S
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
f
u
n
d
am
e
n
tal
p
r
in
cip
le
o
f
lo
w
p
o
wer
is
to
s
tar
t
with
less
leak
ag
e
cu
r
r
en
t
.
T
o
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
d
y
n
am
ic
a
n
d
s
tatic
p
o
wer
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
,
l
o
w
p
o
wer
tech
n
iq
u
es
m
u
s
t
b
e
ap
p
lied
to
th
e
in
teg
r
ated
cir
cu
it.
T
h
e
p
o
s
s
ib
le
tech
n
iq
u
es
ar
e
m
u
lt
i
-
t
h
re
s
h
o
ld
s
u
p
e
r
c
ut
-
o
ff
s
tac
k
(
MT
SC
Stack
)
,
d
u
a
l
-
t
h
re
sh
o
ld
t
r
a
n
sisto
r
s
tac
k
i
n
g
(
DT
T
S
)
,
a
n
d
b
u
lk
-
d
r
iv
en
[
7
]
-
[
9
]
.
T
h
ese
tech
n
iq
u
es
wer
e
th
e
n
s
tu
d
ied
an
d
ap
p
lied
in
th
e
d
esi
g
n
o
f
th
e
co
m
p
ar
ato
r
cir
c
u
it
[
1
0
]
an
d
th
e
d
etails
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
s
ec
tio
n
.
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
p
r
o
v
id
es
th
e
ci
r
cu
it
s
ch
em
atic
o
f
th
e
ch
o
s
en
f
iv
e
cir
cu
its
f
o
r
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
o
u
t
o
f
eig
h
t
co
m
b
in
atio
n
s
u
s
ed
f
o
r
th
is
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
e
ei
g
h
t
c
o
m
b
in
atio
n
s
co
n
s
is
t
o
f
a
r
an
g
e
o
f
o
n
e
t
o
th
r
ee
ch
o
s
en
tech
n
iq
u
es
co
m
b
in
ed
in
to
o
n
e
cir
cu
it.
2
.
1
.
Co
nv
ent
io
na
l
c
o
m
pa
ra
t
o
r
I
n
th
is
p
r
o
ject,
a
3
-
s
tag
e
co
m
p
ar
ato
r
u
tili
zin
g
a
2
-
s
tag
e
C
MO
S
o
p
er
atio
n
al
am
p
lifie
r
(
o
p
-
a
m
p
)
with
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t in
v
er
ter
is
u
s
ed
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
s
h
o
ws a
cir
c
u
it
o
f
th
e
r
ef
er
en
ce
(
m
ain
)
co
m
p
ar
ato
r
u
s
ed
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
[
9
]
,
10
]
.
T
h
e
cir
cu
it
p
r
o
v
i
d
es
a
h
ig
h
s
p
ee
d
with
m
o
d
er
ate
p
o
wer
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
an
d
it is
eas
ier
to
b
e
o
p
tim
ize
d
d
u
e
to
its
s
im
p
le
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
s
tag
e
o
f
th
e
co
n
v
en
t
io
n
al
co
m
p
a
r
ato
r
is
th
e
NM
OS
d
if
f
er
en
tial
p
air
wh
ich
a
r
e
NM
1
an
d
NM
2
.
T
h
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
tial
p
air
is
d
r
iv
en
b
y
tail
cu
r
r
en
t
tr
an
s
is
to
r
NM
5
.
An
NM
OS
d
if
f
er
en
tial
is
ch
o
s
en
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
NM
OS
tr
an
s
is
to
r
h
as
h
ig
h
er
m
o
b
ilit
y
co
m
p
a
r
ed
to
th
e
PMOS
tr
an
s
is
to
r
.
B
esid
e
s
,
th
e
NM
OS
tr
an
s
is
to
r
also
m
o
r
e
ef
f
icien
t
as
co
n
d
u
ctiv
ity
is
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
to
m
o
b
ilit
y
.
As
th
e
m
o
b
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
ca
r
r
ier
s
in
an
NM
OS
is
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
2
to
3
tim
es
h
ig
h
er
th
an
PMOS,
th
e
PMO
S
m
u
s
t
b
e
2
to
3
tim
es
th
e
s
ize
o
f
th
e
NM
OS.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
le
n
g
th
o
f
PM3
an
d
PM4
is
0
.
2
6
-
µm
in
wh
ich
twice
th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
NM
1
an
d
NM
2
.
I
n
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
(
V
IN
)
an
d
r
e
f
er
en
ce
v
o
ltag
e
(
V
REF
)
ar
e
ap
p
lied
to
t
r
an
s
is
to
r
NM
1
an
d
NM
2
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
T
h
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
ap
p
lied
is
f
r
o
m
0
V
t
o
0
.
9
V
an
d
th
e
r
ef
e
r
en
ce
v
o
ltag
e
is
s
et
to
0
.
4
5
V
b
ased
o
n
(
1
)
.
T
h
e
b
ias
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
th
e
tr
a
n
s
is
to
r
NM
5
wh
ich
a
cts
as
th
e
tail
cu
r
r
en
t
tr
a
n
s
is
to
r
is
0
.
3
5
V
.
W
h
en
th
e
ap
p
lied
b
ias
is
s
lig
h
tly
less
th
an
V
TH
th
e
NM
OS
o
p
e
r
ates
in
a
s
u
b
th
r
esh
o
ld
r
eg
i
o
n
w
h
er
e
th
e
ch
a
n
n
el
b
en
ea
th
th
e
g
ate
i
s
wea
k
ly
in
v
e
r
ted
.
E
q
u
atio
n
(
2
)
was
u
s
ed
to
d
ete
r
m
in
e
th
e
s
ize
o
f
th
e
tail
-
cu
r
r
en
t
tr
an
s
is
to
r
NM
5
an
d
b
ias
-
c
u
r
r
en
t,
I
BIAS
was
s
et
as
3
µA
.
T
h
e
tr
a
n
s
is
to
r
len
g
th
was
1
3
0
-
n
m
an
d
th
e
ass
u
m
p
ti
o
n
was
m
a
d
e
wh
er
e
V
DSAT
is
0
.
5
V.
T
h
e
tr
a
n
s
is
to
r
is
s
et
to
b
e
in
th
e
s
atu
r
atio
n
to
ex
p
er
ien
ce
a
s
tab
le
a
n
d
h
i
g
h
er
g
ain
.
=
1
2
(
1
)
=
1
2
.
µ
.
.
.
(
−
)
2
(
2
)
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
C
o
n
v
en
tio
n
al
c
o
m
p
a
r
ato
r
cir
cu
it
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Reco
n
f
ig
u
r
a
b
le
&
E
m
b
ed
d
ed
Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2089
-
4
8
6
4
A
lo
w
p
o
w
er c
o
mp
a
r
a
to
r
u
tili
z
in
g
MT
S
C
S
ta
ck
,
DTTS
,
a
n
d
b
u
lk
-
d
r
iven
tech
n
iq
u
es (
Mo
h
d
Ta
fir
Mu
s
ta
ffa
)
223
I
n
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
s
tag
e,
a
co
m
m
o
n
s
o
u
r
c
e
am
p
lifie
r
,
PM6
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
h
ig
h
a
n
d
to
tal
v
o
ltag
e
g
ain
.
Me
an
wh
ile
,
PM3
,
PM4
,
an
d
PM1
0
ar
e
th
e
d
io
d
e
l
o
ad
s
to
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
tial p
ai
r
.
T
h
e
f
in
al
s
tag
e
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
PM8
an
d
NM
9
,
th
e
p
u
s
h
-
p
u
ll
in
v
e
r
ter
is
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
d
r
iv
er
o
f
t
h
e
co
m
p
ar
at
o
r
.
T
h
e
in
v
er
ter
is
u
s
ed
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
m
o
d
est
g
ain
an
d
in
c
r
ea
s
e
th
e
s
lew
r
ate
o
f
th
e
cir
cu
it
[
9
].
T
ab
le
1
s
h
o
ws
th
e
len
g
th
an
d
wid
th
o
f
all
th
e
tr
an
s
is
to
r
s
u
s
ed
in
th
is
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
co
m
p
ar
at
o
r
cir
c
u
it.
T
ab
le
1
.
W
/L
o
f
c
o
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
co
m
p
ar
ato
r
Tr
a
n
s
i
st
o
r
W
i
d
t
h
(
µm
)
Le
n
g
t
h
(
µm
)
N
M
1
-
N
M
2
0
.
6
7
0
.
1
3
P
M
3
-
P
M
4
1
.
3
3
0
.
2
6
N
M
5
,
N
M
7
,
N
M
9
,
N
M
1
1
2
0
.
1
3
P
M
6
,
P
M
8
,
P
M
1
0
2
0
.
1
3
2
.
2
.
Co
m
pa
ra
t
o
r
wit
h DTT
S a
nd
M
T
S
CSt
a
ck
DT
T
S
is
u
s
ed
to
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
leak
ag
e
cu
r
r
en
t
with
less
im
p
ac
t
o
n
th
e
p
r
o
p
a
g
atio
n
d
elay
.
T
h
e
leak
ag
e
cu
r
r
en
t
ca
n
b
e
r
ed
u
ce
d
wh
en
a
h
ig
h
er
th
r
esh
o
ld
v
o
ltag
e
is
ass
ig
n
ed
to
s
o
m
e
r
esis
to
r
in
t
h
e
n
o
n
-
cr
itical
p
ath
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
c
e
ca
n
b
e
s
u
s
tain
ed
d
u
e
to
th
e
lo
w
th
r
esh
o
ld
v
o
ltag
e
tr
a
n
s
is
to
r
in
th
e
cr
itical
p
ath
.
A
h
ig
h
th
r
esh
o
ld
v
o
ltag
e
is
ap
p
lied
to
th
e
s
leep
tr
an
s
is
to
r
s
b
ased
o
n
th
e
MT
C
MO
S
te
ch
n
iq
u
e
[
11
]
-
[
13
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e
th
e
s
leep
tr
an
s
is
to
r
tu
r
n
s
o
f
f
d
u
r
in
g
s
tan
d
b
y
m
o
d
e.
T
h
e
th
r
esh
o
l
d
v
o
ltag
e
ca
n
b
e
in
cr
ea
s
ed
b
y
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
th
e
V
SB
wh
ich
is
s
o
u
r
ce
d
to
t
h
e
b
u
l
k
v
o
ltag
e
b
ase
d
o
n
(
3
)
[
1
4
]
-
[
1
8
]
.
F
V
SB
F
THO
V
TH
V
−
+
+
=
2
2
(
3
)
W
h
er
e
γ
is
a
b
o
d
y
-
ef
f
ec
t
c
o
ef
f
icien
t,
F
is
Fer
m
i
p
o
ten
tial,
V
SB
is
a
s
o
u
r
ce
-
b
u
lk
p
o
te
n
tial
d
if
f
er
en
ce
an
d
V
THO
is
th
r
esh
o
ld
v
o
ltag
e
i
n
th
e
ab
s
en
ce
o
f
V
SB
.
I
n
th
e
p
o
wer
r
ed
u
ctio
n
tech
n
i
q
u
e,
t
h
r
esh
o
ld
v
o
ltag
e
a
n
d
leak
ag
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
ar
e
th
e
m
ajo
r
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
to
r
s
an
d
th
e
r
elatio
n
b
etwe
en
th
ese
two
is
s
tated
in
(
4
)
.
T
h
e
in
cr
e
asin
g
th
r
esh
o
ld
v
o
ltag
e
lead
s
t
o
th
e
r
ed
u
ctio
n
o
f
s
u
b
-
th
r
esh
o
ld
lea
k
ag
e.
)
1
(
)
(
)
(
VT
DS
V
e
nVT
TH
V
GS
V
e
L
W
K
SUB
I
−
−
−
=
(
4
)
w
h
er
e
K
is
B
o
ltzm
an
n
'
s
co
n
s
t
an
t
(
1
.
3
8
x
1
0
-
2
3
J
/K)
,
W/L
is
t
h
e
wid
th
d
iv
id
ed
b
y
len
g
th
,
n
is
th
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
p
ar
am
eter
,
V
GS
is
g
ate
-
s
o
u
r
ce
v
o
ltag
e,
V
TH
is
th
r
esh
o
l
d
v
o
ltag
e
,
a
n
d
V
DS
is
a
d
r
ain
-
s
o
u
r
ce
v
o
ltag
e.
T
h
e
s
ch
em
atic
o
f
th
e
c
o
m
p
a
r
ato
r
with
th
e
im
p
lem
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
DT
T
S
an
d
MT
SC
Stack
tech
n
iq
u
e
is
s
h
o
wn
in
F
ig
u
r
e
2
.
B
ased
o
n
Fig
u
r
e
2
,
th
e
tr
a
n
s
is
to
r
s
PM8
a,
PM8
b
,
NM
9
a
,
an
d
NM
9
b
a
r
e
th
e
s
leep
tr
an
s
is
to
r
s
.
T
r
an
s
is
to
r
s
PM8
a
an
d
NM
9
a
ar
e
th
e
ad
d
itio
n
al
tr
an
s
is
to
r
s
th
at
b
u
ild
with
h
ig
h
V
TH
b
y
ap
p
ly
in
g
d
if
f
er
e
n
t b
o
d
y
b
iasi
n
g
.
T
h
e
s
ize
o
f
PM8
a,
P
M8
b
,
NM
9
a
,
an
d
NM
9
b
is
h
a
lf
of
th
e
o
r
ig
in
al
wid
t
h
s
ize
d
u
e
to
t
h
e
f
o
r
ce
s
tack
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
T
h
e
V
BP
an
d
V
BN
a
r
e
s
et
0
.
7
5
V
an
d
0
.
5
V
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
T
h
e
s
leep
tr
a
n
s
is
to
r
is
tu
r
n
ed
o
n
d
u
r
in
g
ac
tiv
e
m
o
d
e
a
n
d
tu
r
n
o
f
f
d
u
r
in
g
s
tan
d
b
y
m
o
d
e.
T
h
e
l
ea
k
ag
e
ca
n
b
e
r
e
d
u
ce
d
m
u
ch
lo
wer
th
an
th
e
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
co
m
p
ar
ato
r
d
u
e
to
th
e
s
tack
in
g
ef
f
ec
t.
T
h
is
is
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
two
tr
a
n
s
is
to
r
s
in
s
er
ies
tu
r
n
o
f
f
to
g
eth
er
d
u
r
in
g
s
tan
d
b
y
m
o
d
e
an
d
n
o
cu
r
r
en
t f
lo
w
in
g
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
cir
cu
it
.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
tech
n
iq
u
e
wh
ich
is
MT
S
C
Stack
i
s
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
to
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
leak
ag
e
p
o
wer
in
ac
tiv
e
m
o
d
e
an
d
at
th
e
s
am
e
tim
e
r
etain
in
g
th
e
lo
g
ic
s
tate
o
f
th
e
c
o
m
p
ar
ato
r
d
u
r
i
n
g
th
e
id
le
s
tate.
C
o
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
cir
cu
it,
th
er
e
a
r
e
an
ad
d
itio
n
al
f
o
u
r
tr
a
n
s
is
to
r
s
wh
ich
co
n
s
is
t
o
f
two
PMOS
tr
an
s
is
to
r
s
(
PM1
2
an
d
PM1
5
)
an
d
two
NM
OS
tr
an
s
is
to
r
s
(
NM
1
3
a
n
d
NM
1
4
)
.
Du
r
in
g
ac
tiv
e
m
o
d
e,
th
e
s
leep
tr
an
s
is
to
r
PM1
2
is
tu
r
n
ed
o
f
f
wh
ile
s
leep
b
ar
tr
a
n
s
is
to
r
NM
1
4
is
tu
r
n
ed
o
n
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e
t
h
e
cir
cu
i
t
o
p
er
ates
as
n
o
r
m
al.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
leak
ag
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
ca
n
b
e
r
e
d
u
ce
d
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
th
e
s
tack
in
g
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
PM1
2
a
n
d
NM
1
4
.
W
h
ile
in
s
leep
o
r
s
tan
d
b
y
m
o
d
e,
th
e
s
leep
tr
a
n
s
is
to
r
is
tu
r
n
ed
o
n
wh
ile
th
e
s
leep
b
ar
tr
an
s
is
to
r
is
tu
r
n
e
d
o
f
f
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
all
s
leep
tr
an
s
i
s
to
r
s
tu
r
n
ed
o
f
f
ex
ce
p
t
PM1
5
an
d
NM
1
3
b
ec
au
s
e
it
will
g
iv
e
th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
r
eta
in
th
e
lo
g
ic
s
tate
to
th
e
cir
cu
it.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
20
89
-
4
8
6
4
I
n
t J Reco
n
f
ig
u
r
a
b
le
&
E
m
b
ed
d
ed
Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
10
,
No
.
3
,
No
v
em
b
er
2
0
2
1
:
2
2
1
–
22
9
224
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
C
o
m
p
a
r
ato
r
with
DT
T
S a
n
d
MT
SC
Stack
tech
n
iq
u
e
A
s
lig
h
tly
n
eg
ativ
e
g
ate
v
o
ltag
e
is
ap
p
lied
to
th
e
s
leep
tr
an
s
is
to
r
to
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
leak
ag
e
cu
r
r
en
t.
T
h
is
is
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
V
GS
will
af
f
ec
t
t
h
e
s
u
b
-
th
r
esh
o
ld
leak
a
g
e
b
ase
d
o
n
(
4
)
.
T
h
e
g
ate
v
o
ltag
e
f
o
r
th
e
s
leep
tr
an
s
is
to
r
an
d
s
leep
b
ar
tr
a
n
s
is
to
r
is
-
1
.
1
V
an
d
0
.
7
8
V
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
T
r
an
s
is
to
r
NM
1
3
is
d
esig
n
ed
to
p
ar
allel
with
th
e
PM1
2
s
leep
tr
an
s
is
to
r
with
its
s
o
u
r
ce
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
VDD
to
m
ain
tain
h
ig
h
v
alu
e
in
t
h
e
id
e
al
m
o
d
e.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast
,
PM1
5
is
d
esig
n
ed
to
p
ar
allel
with
th
e
NM
1
4
s
leep
b
a
r
tr
an
s
is
to
r
with
its
s
o
u
r
ce
to
GND
to
m
ain
tain
a
l
o
w
v
alu
e
in
th
e
i
d
ea
l m
o
d
e
.
T
ab
le
2
s
h
o
ws th
e
wid
th
an
d
len
g
t
h
o
f
all
th
e
tr
an
s
is
to
r
s
u
s
ed
in
th
is
cir
cu
it.
T
ab
le
2
.
W
/L
v
alu
es
o
f
th
e
co
m
p
ar
ato
r
with
DT
T
S a
n
d
MT
SC
Stack
Tr
a
n
s
i
st
o
r
W
i
d
t
h
(
µm
)
Le
n
g
t
h
(
µm
)
N
M
1
-
N
M
2
0
.
6
7
0
.
1
3
P
M
3
-
P
M
4
1
.
3
3
0
.
2
6
N
M
5
,
N
M
7
,
N
M
11
,
N
M
1
3,
N
M
1
4
2
0
.
1
3
P
M
6
,
P
M
10
,
P
M
1
2,
P
M
1
5
2
0
.
1
3
PM
8a
,
P
M
8
b
,
P
M
9a
,
P
M
9b
1
0
.
1
3
2
.
3
.
Co
m
pa
ra
t
o
r
wit
h DTT
S
a
nd
M
T
S
CSt
a
ck
a
nd
b
ulk
-
driv
en
c
urre
nt
m
irro
r
C
o
m
p
ar
ato
r
ci
r
cu
it
with
DT
T
S,
MT
SC
Stack
,
an
d
b
u
lk
-
d
r
iv
en
cu
r
r
en
t
m
ir
r
o
r
tech
n
iq
u
e
ap
p
lied
is
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
T
h
e
leak
ag
e
p
o
wer
ca
n
b
e
r
ed
u
ce
d
u
s
in
g
DT
T
S
an
d
MT
S
C
Stack
tech
n
iq
u
es
an
d
th
e
th
r
esh
o
ld
v
o
ltag
e
ca
n
b
e
co
n
tr
o
lled
u
s
in
g
th
e
b
u
lk
-
d
r
iv
e
n
cu
r
r
en
t m
ir
r
o
r
tech
n
iq
u
e.
T
h
e
d
esig
n
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
th
e
b
u
lk
-
d
r
i
v
en
PMOS
cu
r
r
en
t
m
ir
r
o
r
with
th
e
b
u
lk
s
o
f
PM1
a
n
d
PM2
ar
e
tied
to
g
eth
e
r
r
at
h
er
t
h
an
t
h
e
g
a
tes
[
19
]
-
[
22
].
B
y
u
s
in
g
(
5
)
,
th
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
MO
SF
E
T
ca
n
b
e
d
eter
m
i
n
ed
.
Pre
ca
u
tio
n
m
u
s
t
b
e
ta
k
en
th
a
t
th
e
v
al
u
e
o
f
V
BS
is
s
u
c
h
th
at
b
u
lk
-
s
o
u
r
ce
ju
n
ctio
n
eith
er
r
ev
er
s
e
b
iased
o
r
s
lig
h
tly
f
o
r
war
d
b
iased
with
V
BS
less
th
an
V
TH
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
n
eg
lig
ib
le
b
u
lk
cu
r
r
en
t
in
th
e
cir
cu
it.
T
h
e
co
n
s
tan
t
b
u
lk
s
o
u
r
ce
is
ap
p
lie
d
to
g
et
th
e
o
p
er
atio
n
cu
r
r
en
t
m
ir
r
o
r
o
f
th
e
b
u
lk
-
d
r
iv
e
n
cir
c
u
it,
PM1
,
an
d
PM2
MO
SF
E
T
s
.
T
o
en
h
an
ce
th
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
r
a
n
g
e,
th
e
tr
an
s
is
to
r
p
a
ir
m
u
s
t
b
e
in
a
s
atu
r
atio
n
r
e
g
io
n
.
I
t
is
d
o
n
e
b
y
co
n
n
ec
tin
g
th
eir
g
ates to
a
n
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
v
alu
e
o
f
i
n
p
u
t v
o
ltag
e
(
V
IN
)
an
d
r
ef
er
en
ce
v
o
ltag
e
(
V
REF
)
.
)
2
|
2
|
|
2
|
0
(
2
)
(
F
V
BS
F
V
TH
V
GS
sat
I
D
+
−
−
−
=
(
5
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Reco
n
f
ig
u
r
a
b
le
&
E
m
b
ed
d
ed
Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2089
-
4
8
6
4
A
lo
w
p
o
w
er c
o
mp
a
r
a
to
r
u
tili
z
in
g
MT
S
C
S
ta
ck
,
DTTS
,
a
n
d
b
u
lk
-
d
r
iven
tech
n
iq
u
es (
Mo
h
d
Ta
fir
Mu
s
ta
ffa
)
225
wh
er
e
β
=
µC
ox
W/L
,
μ
i
s
th
e
m
o
b
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
ca
r
r
ier
s
,
C
ox
is
g
ate
o
x
id
e
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
p
er
u
n
it
ar
ea
,
W/L
is
th
e
asp
ec
t
r
atio
o
f
MO
SF
E
T
,
F
is
a
b
s
o
lu
te
f
er
m
i
p
o
ten
tial,
V
TH0
is
ze
r
o
b
ias
th
r
esh
o
ld
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
γ
is
a
b
o
d
y
-
ef
f
ec
t c
o
ef
f
icien
t.
Hen
ce
it
is
allo
win
g
f
o
r
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
is
e
in
th
e
av
ailab
le
v
o
ltag
e
h
ea
d
r
o
o
m
an
d
r
ed
u
ce
s
th
e
to
tal
s
u
p
p
ly
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
th
e
cir
cu
it.
An
ad
d
itio
n
al
s
tag
e
o
f
an
in
v
er
ter
(
PM0
a
n
d
NM
0
)
is
ad
d
e
d
in
th
is
cir
c
u
it
to
in
v
er
t
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
s
in
ce
th
e
f
ir
s
t
s
tag
e
is
b
ased
o
n
PMOS
b
u
l
k
-
d
r
iv
e
n
cu
r
r
en
t
m
ir
r
o
r
.
T
ab
le
3
s
h
o
ws
th
e
wid
th
an
d
len
g
t
h
o
f
all
th
e
tr
an
s
is
to
r
s
u
s
ed
in
th
is
cir
cu
it.
T
ab
le
3
.
W
/L
v
alu
es
o
f
th
e
co
m
p
ar
ato
r
with
DT
T
S
,
MT
SC
Stack
an
d
b
u
lk
-
d
r
iv
en
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
m
ir
r
o
r
Tr
a
n
s
i
st
o
r
W
i
d
t
h
(
µm
)
Le
n
g
t
h
(
µm
)
P
M
1
-
P
M2
0
.
6
7
0
.
1
3
P
M
3
-
P
M
4
1
.
3
3
0
.
2
6
NM
0
,
N
M
5.
N
M
7
,
N
M
11
,
N
M
1
3,
N
M
1
4
2
0
.
1
3
PM
0
,
P
M
6
,
P
M
10
,
P
M
1
2,
P
M
1
5
2
0
.
1
3
PM
8a
,
P
M
8
b
,
P
M
9a
,
P
M
9b
1
0
.
1
3
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
C
o
m
p
a
r
ato
r
with
DT
T
S,
MT
SC
Stack
,
an
d
b
u
lk
-
d
r
i
v
en
cu
r
r
en
t m
ir
r
o
r
tech
n
iq
u
e
2
.
4
.
Co
m
pa
ra
t
o
r
wit
h DTT
S &
M
T
SCSta
ck
a
nd
NM
O
S/P
M
O
S
b
ulk
-
driv
en
d
if
f
er
ent
ia
l
p
a
ir
I
n
th
ese
cir
cu
it
s
,
a
co
m
b
in
atio
n
o
f
th
r
ee
tec
h
n
iq
u
es
of
DT
T
S,
MT
SC
Stack
,
an
d
NM
OS
/P
MO
S
b
u
lk
-
d
r
iv
en
d
if
f
e
r
en
tial
p
ai
r
is
im
p
lem
en
ted
[
23
]
-
[
25
]
.
I
n
th
e
b
u
lk
-
d
r
iv
en
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
th
e
in
p
u
t
s
ig
n
als
(
V
IN
a
n
d
r
ef
er
en
ce
v
o
ltag
e
V
REF
)
ar
e
a
p
p
lied
to
th
e
b
u
lk
ter
m
in
als
o
f
tr
an
s
is
to
r
s
NM
1
an
d
NM
2
,
wh
er
ea
s
th
e
g
ate
ter
m
in
als
o
f
th
ese
d
ev
ices
ar
e
b
iased
wi
th
a
V
G
o
f
0
.
5
V
.
T
h
e
ch
an
n
el
cu
r
r
en
t
is
m
o
d
u
lated
b
y
th
e
in
p
u
t
s
ig
n
als
ap
p
lied
to
th
e
b
u
lk
te
r
m
in
als
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
g
r
a
p
h
ically
s
h
o
ws
th
e
co
m
b
in
atio
n
o
f
th
e
t
ec
h
n
iq
u
es
u
s
ed
.
Fo
r
th
e
NM
OS
ty
p
e
cir
cu
it,
Fig
u
r
e
4
(
a)
,
n
o
te
th
at
t
h
e
s
izin
g
o
f
a
ll
th
e
tr
an
s
is
to
r
s
u
s
ed
in
th
is
co
m
p
ar
ato
r
cir
cu
it
is
th
e
s
am
e
as
in
T
ab
le
2
s
in
ce
t
h
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
u
s
ed
a
r
e
th
e
s
a
m
e.
Fo
r
th
e
PMOS
ty
p
e
cir
c
u
it,
Fig
u
r
e
4
(
b
)
,
n
o
te
th
at
t
h
e
s
izin
g
o
f
all
th
e
tr
an
s
is
to
r
s
u
s
ed
in
th
is
co
m
p
ar
ato
r
cir
cu
it
is
th
e
s
am
e
as
i
n
T
ab
le
3
s
in
c
e
th
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
u
s
ed
ar
e
th
e
s
am
e.
Als
o
,
th
e
in
v
er
ter
cir
cu
it
is
lab
eled
as
NM
1
2
an
d
PM1
8
i
n
s
tead
o
f
NM
0
an
d
PM0
(
s
ee
Fig
u
r
e
3
)
b
u
t th
e
y
ar
e
th
e
s
am
e
cir
cu
it.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
20
89
-
4
8
6
4
I
n
t J Reco
n
f
ig
u
r
a
b
le
&
E
m
b
ed
d
ed
Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
10
,
No
.
3
,
No
v
em
b
er
2
0
2
1
:
2
2
1
–
22
9
226
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
C
o
m
p
a
r
ato
r
with
DT
T
S,
MT
SC
Stack
,
an
d
NM
OS/
PMOS b
u
l
k
-
d
r
iv
en
d
if
f
er
e
n
tial p
air
tech
n
iq
u
e
s
:
(
a)
NM
OS b
u
lk
-
d
r
iv
en
,
(
b
)
PMOS b
u
lk
-
d
r
iv
e
n
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S
A
ND
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
I
n
th
is
s
ec
tio
n
,
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
r
esear
ch
ar
e
ex
p
lain
e
d
a
n
d
at
th
e
s
am
e
tim
e
,
a
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
is
g
iv
en
.
3
.
1
.
Sta
t
ic
a
nd
d
y
na
m
ic
c
ha
ra
ct
e
ristic
s
C
ad
en
ce
v
ir
tu
o
s
o
an
alo
g
d
e
s
ig
n
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
was
u
s
ed
to
r
u
n
all
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
s
.
T
h
e
s
tatic
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
o
f
co
m
p
ar
ato
r
s
ca
n
b
e
s
im
u
lat
ed
b
y
u
s
in
g
DC
an
aly
s
is
.
Du
r
in
g
th
e
DC
an
aly
s
is
,
V
IN
(
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
)
,
h
as
b
ee
n
s
wep
t
to
o
b
tain
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
th
e
co
m
p
a
r
ato
r
s
.
T
h
e
V
IH
(
u
p
p
e
r
in
p
u
t
)
,
V
IL
(
lo
w
er
in
p
u
t
),
V
OH
(
u
p
p
er
o
u
tp
u
t)
,
an
d
V
OL
(
l
o
wer
o
u
tp
u
t )
wer
e
ex
tr
ac
ted
f
r
o
m
th
e
tr
an
s
f
er
c
u
r
v
e
an
d
u
s
e
d
in
th
e
ca
lcu
lat
io
n
o
f
t
h
e
g
ain
b
y
u
s
in
g
(
6
)
.
B
esi
d
es,
th
e
r
eso
lu
tio
n
an
d
o
f
f
s
et
o
f
th
e
c
o
m
p
ar
ato
r
wer
e
also
c
alcu
lated
b
ased
o
n
(
7
)
an
d
(
8
)
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
IL
IH
OL
OH
V
V
V
V
V
A
−
−
=
(
6
)
=
−
(
7
)
Offse
t
=
V
I
H
–
in
ter
se
c
ti
o
n
c
u
rv
e
wit
h
V
R
E
F
(
8
)
T
h
e
DC
r
esp
o
n
s
e
an
d
tr
an
s
ie
n
t
r
esp
o
n
s
e
o
f
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
co
m
p
ar
ato
r
s
ar
e
s
h
o
wn
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
T
ab
le
4
s
h
o
ws
th
e
m
en
tio
n
ed
s
tatic
p
ar
am
eter
s
f
o
r
all
th
e
c
o
m
b
in
atio
n
s
o
f
th
e
c
o
m
p
a
r
ato
r
s
.
I
t
s
h
o
ws
th
at
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
all
co
m
p
ar
ato
r
s
is
co
m
p
ar
ab
le.
Fo
r
d
y
n
am
ic
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
,
tr
an
s
ien
t
an
aly
s
is
,
with
o
n
e
cy
cl
e
h
as
b
ee
n
u
s
ed
to
g
et
th
e
p
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
d
elay
.
P
u
ls
e
s
ig
n
al
h
as
b
ee
n
u
s
ed
as
th
e
in
p
u
t
s
ig
n
al.
T
h
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
o
f
in
p
u
t
a
n
d
o
u
t
p
u
t
s
ig
n
al
at
5
0
%
tr
an
s
itio
n
o
f
lo
g
ic
0
to
lo
g
ic
1
g
iv
es
th
e
ca
lcu
latio
n
o
f
th
e
d
elay
.
Fro
m
th
e
tr
an
s
ien
t
r
esp
o
n
s
e
in
Fig
u
r
e
5
(
b
)
,
th
e
d
elay
f
o
r
ea
c
h
d
esig
n
wa
s
ca
lcu
lated
.
T
ab
le
5
s
h
o
ws
th
e
p
r
o
p
a
g
atio
n
d
elay
s
o
f
all
co
m
p
ar
ato
r
s
.
I
t
is
o
b
s
er
v
ed
t
h
at
th
e
lo
west
d
ela
y
is
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
c
o
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
co
m
p
ar
ato
r
,
wh
ile
th
e
h
ig
h
est
d
elay
was
co
m
in
g
f
r
o
m
th
e
c
o
m
p
ar
ato
r
with
MT
SC
Stack
,
DT
T
S
,
an
d
PMOS
b
u
lk
-
d
r
iv
e
n
d
if
f
er
e
n
tial
p
air
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
also
s
h
o
w
th
at
th
e
co
m
p
ar
ato
r
s
with
PMOS
tr
an
s
i
s
to
r
s
ex
p
er
ien
ce
th
e
wo
r
s
t
d
elay
i.e
.
,
a
c
o
m
p
ar
ato
r
with
PMOS
b
u
lk
-
d
r
iv
e
n
d
if
f
er
e
n
tial
p
air
a
n
d
c
o
m
p
a
r
ato
r
with
MT
SC
Stack
,
DT
T
S
,
an
d
PMOS
b
u
lk
-
d
r
iv
e
n
d
if
f
er
en
tial p
air
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Reco
n
f
ig
u
r
a
b
le
&
E
m
b
ed
d
ed
Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2089
-
4
8
6
4
A
lo
w
p
o
w
er c
o
mp
a
r
a
to
r
u
tili
z
in
g
MT
S
C
S
ta
ck
,
DTTS
,
a
n
d
b
u
lk
-
d
r
iven
tech
n
iq
u
es (
Mo
h
d
Ta
fir
Mu
s
ta
ffa
)
227
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
R
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
co
m
p
a
r
ato
r
with
MT
SC
Stack
an
d
D
T
T
S
an
d
PMOS b
u
lk
-
d
r
iv
en
d
if
f
er
en
tial p
air
:
(
a
)
DC
r
esp
o
n
s
e
,
(
b
)
T
r
a
n
s
ien
t r
esp
o
n
s
e
T
ab
le
4
.
Static c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
C
o
m
p
a
r
a
t
o
r
O
f
f
set
(
mV
)
R
e
s
o
l
u
t
i
o
n
(
mV
)
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
g
a
i
n
C
o
n
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
a
l
c
o
m
p
a
r
a
t
o
r
1
0
.
3
2
0
.
0
4
0
.
1
C
o
m
p
a
r
a
t
o
r
w
i
t
h
M
TSCS
t
a
c
k
a
n
d
D
T
TS
1
1
.
2
2
1
.
2
3
7
.
8
C
o
m
p
a
r
a
t
o
r
w
i
t
h
b
u
l
k
-
d
r
i
v
e
n
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
mi
r
r
o
r
1
1
.
2
2
1
.
3
3
7
.
6
C
o
m
p
a
r
a
t
o
r
w
i
t
h
N
M
O
S
b
u
l
k
-
d
r
i
v
e
n
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
i
a
l
p
a
i
r
9
.
6
1
9
.
8
4
0
.
5
C
o
m
p
a
r
a
t
o
r
w
i
t
h
P
M
O
S
b
u
l
k
-
d
r
i
v
e
n
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
i
a
l
p
a
i
r
1
0
.
2
1
9
.
9
4
0
.
3
C
o
m
p
a
r
a
t
o
r
w
i
t
h
M
TSCS
t
a
c
k
a
n
d
D
T
TS
a
n
d
b
u
l
k
-
d
r
i
v
e
n
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
mi
r
r
o
r
1
1
.
3
2
1
.
3
3
7
.
6
C
o
m
p
a
r
a
t
o
r
w
i
t
h
M
TSCS
t
a
c
k
a
n
d
D
T
TS
a
n
d
N
M
O
S
b
u
l
k
-
d
r
i
v
e
n
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
i
a
l
p
a
i
r
1
0
.
3
2
0
.
3
3
9
.
5
C
o
m
p
a
r
a
t
o
r
w
i
t
h
M
TSCS
t
a
c
k
a
n
d
D
T
TS
a
n
d
P
M
O
S
b
u
l
k
-
d
r
i
v
e
n
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
i
a
l
p
a
i
r
1
1
.
1
1
9
.
8
4
0
.
5
T
ab
le
5
.
Pro
p
ag
atio
n
d
elay
C
o
m
p
a
r
a
t
o
r
P
r
o
p
a
g
a
t
i
o
n
d
e
l
a
y
(
n
s)
C
o
n
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
a
l
c
o
m
p
a
r
a
t
o
r
2
.
0
3
C
o
m
p
a
r
a
t
o
r
w
i
t
h
M
TSCS
t
a
c
k
a
n
d
D
T
TS
2
.
3
4
C
o
m
p
a
r
a
t
o
r
w
i
t
h
b
u
l
k
-
d
r
i
v
e
n
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
mi
r
r
o
r
4
.
5
8
C
o
m
p
a
r
a
t
o
r
w
i
t
h
N
M
O
S
b
u
l
k
-
d
r
i
v
e
n
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
i
a
l
p
a
i
r
2
.
3
7
C
o
m
p
a
r
a
t
o
r
w
i
t
h
P
M
O
S
b
u
l
k
-
d
r
i
v
e
n
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
i
a
l
p
a
i
r
2
0
.
9
8
C
o
m
p
a
r
a
t
o
r
w
i
t
h
M
TSCS
t
a
c
k
a
n
d
D
T
TS
a
n
d
b
u
l
k
-
d
r
i
v
e
n
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
mi
r
r
o
r
6
.
7
0
C
o
m
p
a
r
a
t
o
r
w
i
t
h
M
TSCS
t
a
c
k
a
n
d
D
T
TS
a
n
d
N
M
O
S
b
u
l
k
-
d
r
i
v
e
n
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
i
a
l
p
a
i
r
2
.
8
0
C
o
m
p
a
r
a
t
o
r
w
i
t
h
M
TSCS
t
a
c
k
a
n
d
D
T
TS
a
n
d
P
M
O
S
b
u
l
k
-
d
r
i
v
e
n
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
i
a
l
p
a
i
r
2
1
.
8
6
3
.
2
.
P
o
wer
c
o
ns
um
ptio
n
P
u
ls
e
in
p
u
t
s
ig
n
al
ha
s
b
ee
n
u
s
ed
a
t
th
e
in
p
u
t
wh
en
g
ett
in
g
th
e
d
y
n
am
ic
p
o
wer
,
r
ec
o
r
d
e
d
wh
en
th
er
e
was
a
s
wi
tch
in
g
ac
tiv
ity
.
T
h
e
d
y
n
am
ic
p
o
wer
o
f
a
co
m
p
ar
ato
r
is
th
e
d
if
f
e
r
en
ce
b
etwe
en
to
tal
p
o
wer
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
an
d
s
tatic
p
o
wer
.
On
th
e
o
p
p
o
s
ite
,
a
s
tatic
DC
v
o
ltag
e
h
as
b
ee
n
ap
p
lied
a
s
an
in
p
u
t
s
ig
n
al
wh
en
g
ett
in
g
a
s
tatic
p
o
wer
,
p
r
o
d
u
c
ed
b
y
t
h
e
leak
ag
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
th
at
h
ap
p
en
e
d
in
a
tr
an
s
is
to
r
.
T
h
e
s
u
p
p
ly
v
o
ltag
e
u
s
ed
was
0
.
9
V
b
ec
au
s
e
it
is
th
e
m
o
s
t
s
u
itab
le
v
alu
e
f
o
r
o
b
tai
n
in
g
s
tab
le
p
o
wer
co
n
s
u
m
p
ti
o
n
a
n
d
p
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
d
elay
.
I
f
t
h
e
s
u
p
p
ly
v
o
ltag
e
a
s
s
ig
n
ed
is
h
ig
h
er
,
th
e
p
r
o
p
ag
a
tio
n
d
ela
y
will
b
e
lo
wer
an
d
p
o
wer
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
will
b
e
h
ig
h
er
.
Sin
ce
th
e
o
b
jectiv
e
o
f
th
e
wo
r
k
is
to
d
esig
n
a
lo
w
p
o
wer
co
m
p
ar
ato
r
,
th
e
lo
w
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
ly
was c
h
o
s
en
.
Fig
u
r
e
6
s
h
o
ws
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
p
o
wer
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
f
o
r
th
e
co
m
p
ar
ato
r
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
6
(
a)
s
h
o
ws
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
co
m
p
ar
ato
r
an
d
co
m
p
ar
ato
r
with
MT
SC
Stack
an
d
DT
T
S
h
a
v
e
v
e
r
y
l
o
w
s
tatic
p
o
wer
c
o
m
p
a
r
ed
to
th
e
o
th
er
s
.
Fo
r
d
y
n
am
ic
p
o
wer
,
a
c
o
m
p
a
r
ato
r
with
MT
S
C
Stack
,
DT
T
S
an
d
PMOS
,
o
r
NM
OS
b
u
lk
-
d
r
iv
e
n
d
if
f
er
en
tial
p
air
h
av
e
s
h
o
wn
th
at
th
er
e
is
a
v
er
y
s
ig
n
if
i
ca
n
t
r
ed
u
ctio
n
o
f
d
y
n
am
ic
p
o
wer
co
m
p
ar
e
d
to
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
co
m
p
ar
ato
r
o
r
c
o
m
p
ar
ato
r
with
MT
SC
Stack
an
d
DT
T
S.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
lo
w
p
o
wer
r
e
d
u
ctio
n
ac
h
iev
ed
at
th
e
ex
p
e
n
s
e
o
f
h
ig
h
er
p
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
d
elay
c
o
m
p
ar
ed
to
c
o
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
co
m
p
ar
ato
r
as
ca
n
b
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
in
T
ab
le
5
.
Fig
u
r
e
6
(
b
)
s
h
o
ws
th
e
to
tal
p
o
wer
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
o
f
th
e
c
o
m
p
a
r
ato
r
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
20
89
-
4
8
6
4
I
n
t J Reco
n
f
ig
u
r
a
b
le
&
E
m
b
ed
d
ed
Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
10
,
No
.
3
,
No
v
em
b
er
2
0
2
1
:
2
2
1
–
22
9
228
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
Po
wer
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
o
f
th
e
co
m
p
ar
ato
r
s
:
(
a)
Static a
n
d
d
y
n
am
ic
p
o
wer
,
(
b
)
T
o
tal
p
o
wer
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
I
n
th
is
wo
r
k
,
p
o
wer
r
ed
u
ctio
n
m
eth
o
d
s
o
r
tech
n
iq
u
es
ar
e
k
n
o
wn
as
MT
SC
S
tack
,
DT
T
S,
b
u
lk
-
d
r
i
v
en
cu
r
r
en
t m
ir
r
o
r
,
NM
OS
,
an
d
P
MO
S b
u
lk
-
d
r
iv
e
n
d
if
f
er
en
tial
p
air
wer
e
s
tu
d
ied
.
T
h
o
u
g
h
MT
SC
Stack
an
d
DT
T
S
we
r
e
o
f
ten
u
s
ed
i
n
d
ig
ital
cir
cu
it
s
p
r
ev
io
u
s
ly
,
th
is
w
o
r
k
h
a
s
s
h
o
wn
th
at
th
ey
ar
e
also
f
it
in
a
n
alo
g
cir
cu
it
s
.
Ho
wev
er
,
c
o
m
p
a
r
ed
to
th
e
r
e
f
er
en
ce
co
m
p
ar
ato
r
,
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
co
m
p
ar
ato
r
s
r
elativ
ely
,
h
av
e
h
ig
h
er
p
r
o
p
a
g
atio
n
d
elay
.
T
h
ese
f
ac
to
r
s
will
s
lig
h
tly
in
f
lu
en
ce
th
e
s
p
ee
d
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
t
h
e
co
m
p
ar
ato
r
s
.
No
n
eth
eless
,
th
is
wo
r
k
h
as
p
r
o
v
ed
th
at
o
u
t
o
f
s
ev
en
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
co
m
p
ar
ato
r
s
,
th
e
co
m
b
i
n
atio
n
o
f
MTS
C
Stack
,
DT
T
S
,
an
d
NM
OS
b
u
lk
-
d
r
iv
en
d
if
f
e
r
en
tial
p
air
s
h
o
wed
t
h
e
b
est
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
lo
w
p
o
wer
an
alo
g
cir
cu
it
in
g
e
n
er
al
an
d
co
m
p
ar
ato
r
i
n
s
p
ec
if
ic
with
o
u
t
co
m
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
th
e
o
th
e
r
p
ar
am
eter
s
o
f
th
e
co
m
p
ar
ato
r
s
u
ch
as p
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
d
elay
,
o
f
f
s
et,
an
d
r
eso
lu
tio
n
.
ACK
NO
WL
E
DG
E
M
E
NT
S
T
h
is
wo
r
k
was
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
Min
is
tr
y
o
f
Hig
h
er
E
d
u
ca
ti
o
n
Ma
lay
s
ia
f
o
r
Fu
n
d
am
en
ta
l
R
esear
ch
Gr
an
t
Sch
em
e
with
Pro
ject
C
o
d
e:
FR
GS/1
/2
0
1
9
/TK
0
4
/USM/0
2
/3
.
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
also
wis
h
es
to
th
an
k
C
E
DE
C
USM
f
o
r
th
e
E
DA
to
o
ls
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
A.
F
ird
o
u
s,
M
.
A
n
a
n
d
,
a
n
d
B.
R
a
jan
,
"
De
sig
n
a
n
d
imp
lem
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
d
lea
k
a
g
e
p
o
we
r
re
d
u
c
ti
o
n
tec
h
n
i
q
u
e
in
CM
OS
VLS
I
c
ircu
i
ts
,
"
I
n
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
A
p
p
l
ied
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
Res
e
a
rc
h
,
v
o
l.
1
2
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
5
5
-
1
6
0
,
2
0
1
7
.
[2
]
K.
S
rid
h
a
ra
,
G
.
S
.
Birad
a
r
a
n
d
R.
Ya
n
a
m
sh
e
tt
i
,
"
S
u
b
th
re
sh
o
l
d
lea
k
a
g
e
p
o
we
r
re
d
u
c
ti
o
n
i
n
VLS
I
c
irc
u
it
s:
A
su
rv
e
y
,
"
2
0
1
6
I
n
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
C
o
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
a
n
d
S
ig
n
a
l
Pro
c
e
ss
in
g
(ICCS
P)
,
2
0
1
6
,
p
p
.
1
1
2
0
-
1
1
2
4
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/ICC
S
P
.
2
0
1
6
.
7
7
5
4
3
2
6
.
[3
]
W.
R.
W.
Ah
m
a
d
,
S
.
L
.
M
.
Ha
ss
a
n
,
I.
S
.
A.
Ha
li
m
,
N.
E.
Ab
d
u
l
lah
a
n
d
I.
M
a
z
lan
,
"
Hi
g
h
sp
e
e
d
with
lo
w
p
o
we
r
fo
ld
i
n
g
a
n
d
i
n
terp
o
latin
g
AD
C
u
sin
g
two
t
y
p
e
s
o
f
c
o
m
p
a
ra
t
o
r
in
C
M
OS
0
.
1
8
u
m
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
"
2
0
1
2
IEE
E
S
y
mp
o
si
u
m
o
n
Hu
ma
n
it
ies
,
S
c
ien
c
e
a
n
d
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
Res
e
a
rc
h
,
2
0
1
2
,
p
p
.
7
1
5
-
7
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
S
HU
S
ER.
2
0
1
2
.
6
2
6
8
9
0
7
.
[4
]
J.
Lu
a
n
d
J
.
Ho
ll
e
m
a
n
,
"
A
l
o
w
-
p
o
we
r
h
ig
h
-
p
re
c
isio
n
c
o
m
p
a
ra
to
r
with
ti
m
e
-
d
o
m
a
in
b
u
l
k
-
tu
n
e
d
o
ffs
e
t
c
a
n
c
e
ll
a
ti
o
n
,
"
in
I
EE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
Circ
u
it
s
a
n
d
S
y
ste
ms
I:
Reg
u
la
r
P
a
p
e
rs
,
v
o
l.
6
0
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
1
1
5
8
-
1
1
6
7
,
M
a
y
2
0
1
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
TCS
I.
2
0
1
3
.
2
2
3
9
1
7
5
.
[5
]
N.
B.
Ro
m
li
,
K.
N
.
M
in
h
a
d
,
M
.
B.
I.
Re
a
z
a
n
d
M
D.
S
.
Am
in
,
"
An
Ov
e
rv
iew
o
f
P
o
we
r
Diss
ip
a
ti
o
n
An
d
Co
n
tr
o
l
Tec
h
n
iq
u
e
s
In
CM
OS
Tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
"
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
S
c
ien
c
e
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
v
o
l
.
1
0
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
3
6
4
-
3
8
2
,
2
0
1
5
.
[6
]
G
.
K
a
rimi
a
n
d
A.
Alimo
ra
d
i,
"
M
TS
CS
tac
k
:
An
e
ffe
c
ti
v
e
tec
h
n
i
q
u
e
to
d
e
c
re
a
se
le
a
k
a
g
e
p
o
we
r
in
VLS
I
c
ircu
it
s,"
2
0
1
0
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
E
lec
tro
n
ic
De
v
ice
s,
S
y
ste
ms
a
n
d
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
,
2
0
1
0
,
p
p
.
1
1
6
-
1
2
0
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
IC
EDS
A.2
0
1
0
.
5
5
0
3
0
9
0
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Reco
n
f
ig
u
r
a
b
le
&
E
m
b
ed
d
ed
Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2089
-
4
8
6
4
A
lo
w
p
o
w
er c
o
mp
a
r
a
to
r
u
tili
z
in
g
MT
S
C
S
ta
ck
,
DTTS
,
a
n
d
b
u
lk
-
d
r
iven
tech
n
iq
u
es (
Mo
h
d
Ta
fir
Mu
s
ta
ffa
)
229
[7
]
J.
M
.
Ca
rril
l
o
,
J.
F
.
D
u
q
u
e
-
Ca
rril
lo
,
a
n
d
G
.
To
re
ll
i
,
"
De
sig
n
c
o
n
sid
e
ra
ti
o
n
s
o
n
C
M
OS
b
u
l
k
-
d
riv
e
n
d
iffere
n
ti
a
l
in
p
u
t
sta
g
e
s,"
2
0
1
2
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
n
S
y
n
th
e
sis,
M
o
d
e
li
n
g
,
A
n
a
lys
is
a
n
d
S
im
u
la
t
io
n
M
e
th
o
d
s
a
n
d
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
to
Circ
u
it
De
sig
n
(
S
M
ACD)
,
2
0
1
2
,
p
p
.
8
5
-
8
8
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/S
M
ACD
.
2
0
1
2
.
6
3
3
9
4
2
3
.
[8
]
M
.
Ku
m
n
g
e
rn
,
"
0
.
4
V
fu
ll
y
d
if
fe
re
n
ti
a
l
c
u
rre
n
t
c
o
n
v
e
y
o
r
u
si
n
g
m
u
lt
ip
le
-
in
p
u
t
b
u
lk
-
d
riv
e
n
M
O
S
T
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
,
"
M
icr
o
e
lec
tro
n
ics
J
o
u
rn
a
l
,
v
o
l.
9
0
,
p
p
.
9
6
-
1
0
4
,
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
m
e
jo
.
2
0
1
9
.
0
5
.
0
1
9
.
[9
]
P
.
M
.
Krish
n
a
n
a
n
d
M
.
T.
M
u
sta
ffa
,
"
A
lo
w
p
o
we
r
c
o
m
p
a
ra
to
r
d
e
sig
n
f
o
r
a
n
a
lo
g
-
to
-
d
i
g
it
a
l
c
o
n
v
e
rter
u
si
n
g
M
TS
CS
tac
k
a
n
d
DTTS
tec
h
n
i
q
u
e
s
,
"
9
th
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
Ro
b
o
ti
c
,
Vi
si
o
n
,
S
ig
n
a
l
Pro
c
e
ss
in
g
a
n
d
Po
we
r
Ap
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s,
L
e
c
tu
re
No
tes
i
n
El
e
c
tr
ica
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
v
o
l.
3
9
8
,
p
p
.
3
7
-
4
6
,
2
0
1
7
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
0
7
/9
7
8
-
9
8
1
-
10
-
1
7
2
1
-
6
_
5
.
[1
0
]
Y.
Ku
m
a
r,
"
An
a
ly
sis
a
n
d
d
e
sig
n
o
f
h
i
g
h
sp
e
e
d
l
o
w
p
o
we
r
c
o
m
p
a
ra
to
r
in
AD
C,
"
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Rec
e
n
t
Res
e
a
rc
h
Asp
e
c
ts
,
v
o
l.
2
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
9
-
1
5
,
2
0
1
5
.
[1
1
]
S
.
M
.
S
h
a
rro
u
sh
a
n
d
Y.
S
.
Ab
d
a
ll
a
,
"
Op
ti
m
u
m
siz
in
g
o
f
th
e
sle
e
p
tran
sisto
r
i
n
M
TC
M
OS
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
"
AE
U
-
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
E
lec
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
Co
mm
u
n
ica
t
i
o
n
s
,
v
o
l.
1
3
8
,
p
.
1
5
3
8
8
2
,
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j.
a
e
u
e
.
2
0
2
1
.
1
5
3
8
8
2
.
[1
2
]
H.
Yo
u
,
J.
Yu
a
n
,
W.
Tan
g
,
Z.
Y
u
a
n
d
S
.
Qia
o
,
"
A
l
o
w
-
p
o
we
r
h
i
g
h
-
sp
e
e
d
se
n
se
-
a
m
p
li
fier
-
b
a
se
d
fli
p
-
flo
p
in
5
5
n
m
M
TCM
OS,
"
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
,
v
o
l.
9
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
.
8
0
2
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
3
3
9
0
/el
e
c
tro
n
ics
9
0
5
0
8
0
2
.
[1
3
]
M
.
M
a
n
o
ra
n
jan
i
a
n
d
T.
Ra
v
i
,
"
M
u
lt
it
h
re
sh
o
ld
C
M
OS
sle
e
p
sta
c
k
a
n
d
l
o
g
ic
sta
c
k
tec
h
n
i
q
u
e
fo
r
d
ig
i
tal
c
ircu
i
t
d
e
sig
n
,
"
AR
P
N
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
Ap
p
li
e
d
S
c
ien
c
e
s
,
v
o
l.
1
0
,
n
o
.
1
0
,
p
p
.
4
5
5
0
-
4
5
5
6
,
2
0
1
5
.
[1
4
]
S
.
Ra
d
fa
r,
e
t
a
l
.
,
"
A
su
b
-
t
h
re
sh
o
l
d
d
iffere
n
ti
a
l
CM
OS
S
c
h
m
it
t
tr
ig
g
e
r
wit
h
a
d
ju
sta
b
le
h
y
ste
re
sis
b
a
s
e
d
o
n
b
o
d
y
b
ias
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
,
"
E
lec
tro
n
ics
,
v
o
l
.
9
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
.
8
0
6
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
3
3
9
0
/ele
c
tro
n
ics
9
0
5
0
8
0
6
.
[1
5
]
F
.
S
o
ley
m
a
n
i
,
Y.
Ba
sta
n
,
P
.
Am
iri
a
n
d
M
.
H.
M
a
g
h
a
m
i,
"
A
0
.
3
–
1
.
4
G
Hz
in
d
u
c
to
rles
s
C
M
OS
v
a
r
iab
le
g
a
i
n
LNA
b
a
se
d
o
n
t
h
e
in
v
e
rter
c
e
ll
a
n
d
s
e
lf
-
fo
rwa
rd
-
b
o
d
y
-
b
ias
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
,
"
AEU
-
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
1
3
,
p
.
1
5
2
9
7
4
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j.
a
e
u
e
.
2
0
1
9
.
1
5
2
9
7
4
.
[1
6
]
N.
Ch
e
ra
g
h
i
S
h
iraz
i,
A.
Ja
n
n
e
sa
r
i
a
n
d
P
.
To
r
k
z
a
d
e
h
,
"
S
e
lf
-
sta
rt
-
u
p
f
u
ll
y
i
n
teg
ra
ted
DC
-
DC
ste
p
-
u
p
c
o
n
v
e
rter
u
si
n
g
b
o
d
y
b
ias
in
g
tec
h
n
i
q
u
e
f
o
r
e
n
e
rg
y
h
a
r
v
e
stin
g
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
,
"
AEU
-
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
,
v
o
l
.
9
5
,
p
p
.
2
4
-
3
5
,
2
0
1
8
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/j
.
a
e
u
e
.
2
0
1
8
.
0
7
.
0
3
3
.
[1
7
]
H.
G
u
o
,
J.
F
e
n
g
a
n
d
Y.
Ly
u
,
"
Hi
g
h
l
y
-
li
n
e
a
r
wid
e
-
ra
n
g
e
v
o
lt
a
g
e
-
c
o
n
tr
o
ll
e
d
d
e
lay
e
lem
e
n
t
wit
h
b
o
d
y
b
ias
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
,
"
M
icr
o
e
lec
tro
n
ics
J
o
u
rn
a
l
,
v
o
l.
9
6
,
p
.
1
0
4
6
9
5
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j.
m
e
jo
.
2
0
1
9
.
1
0
4
6
9
5
.
[1
8
]
P
.
P
rit
t
y
,
M
.
Ku
m
a
r
a
n
d
M
.
Zu
n
a
irah
,
"
A
b
o
d
y
b
ias
tec
h
n
i
q
u
e
f
o
r
l
o
w
p
o
we
r
f
u
ll
a
d
d
e
r
u
si
n
g
XO
R
g
a
te
a
n
d
p
se
u
d
o
NMOS
tran
sisto
r,
"
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Rec
o
n
fi
g
u
r
a
b
le
a
n
d
Emb
e
d
d
e
d
S
y
ste
ms
,
v
o
l
.
8
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
1
6
2
-
1
6
8
,
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/i
jres
.
v
8
.
i
3
.
p
p
1
6
2
-
1
6
8
.
[1
9
]
N.
M
i
n
wo
n
g
,
K.
S
o
o
k
so
o
d
a
n
d
A.
Th
a
n
a
c
h
a
y
a
n
o
n
t,
"
A
lo
w
d
r
o
p
o
u
t
v
o
lt
a
g
e
re
g
u
late
d
b
u
l
k
-
d
ri
v
e
n
CM
OS
Cu
rre
n
t
M
irro
r,
"
Pro
c
e
d
i
a
C
o
mp
u
ter
S
c
ie
n
c
e
,
v
o
l.
8
6
,
p
p
.
9
5
-
9
9
,
2
0
1
6
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/j
.
p
ro
c
s.2
0
1
6
.
0
5
.
0
2
4
.
[2
0
]
S
.
Ba
n
o
,
G
.
B.
Na
re
jo
a
n
d
S
.
M
.
U.
Ali
S
h
a
h
,
"
P
o
we
r
e
fficie
n
t
f
u
ll
y
d
iffere
n
ti
a
l
b
u
lk
d
r
iv
e
n
OTA
fo
r
p
o
rtab
le
b
io
m
e
d
ica
l
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
,
"
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
,
v
o
l
.
7
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
.
4
1
,
2
0
1
8
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
3
9
0
/ele
c
tro
n
ics
7
0
3
0
0
4
1
.
[2
1
]
M
.
Ku
m
n
g
e
rn
,
F
.
Kh
a
teb
a
n
d
T.
Ku
lej,
"
E
x
trem
e
ly
l
o
w
-
v
o
lt
a
g
e
lo
w
-
p
o
we
r
d
iffere
n
t
ial
d
iffere
n
c
e
c
u
rre
n
t
c
o
n
v
e
y
o
r
u
sin
g
m
u
lt
ip
le
-
i
n
p
u
t
b
u
l
k
-
d
r
iv
e
n
tec
h
n
i
q
u
e
,
"
AEU
-
I
n
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
C
o
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
2
3
,
p
.
1
5
3
3
1
0
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/j
.
a
e
u
e
.
2
0
2
0
.
1
5
3
3
1
0
.
[2
2
]
Y.
Wan
g
,
Q.
Zh
a
n
g
,
X.
Z
h
a
o
a
n
d
L.
Do
n
g
,
"
An
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
d
b
u
lk
-
d
riv
e
n
OTA
wi
th
h
ig
h
tran
sc
o
n
d
u
c
tan
c
e
a
g
a
in
st
CM
OS
sc
a
li
n
g
,
"
A
EU
-
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
,
v
o
l.
1
3
0
,
p
.
1
5
3
5
8
1
,
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j.
a
e
u
e
.
2
0
2
0
.
1
5
3
5
8
1
.
[2
3
]
A.
Ne
jati,
S
.
Ra
d
fa
r,
P
.
Am
iri
a
n
d
M
.
H.
M
a
g
h
a
m
i,
"
A
b
u
lk
-
d
riv
e
n
d
iffere
n
ti
a
l
CM
OS
S
c
h
m
it
t
tri
g
g
e
r
wit
h
a
d
ju
sta
b
le
h
y
ste
re
sis
fo
r
u
l
tra
-
lo
w
-
v
o
lt
a
g
e
o
p
e
ra
ti
o
n
,
"
M
icr
o
e
lec
tro
n
ics
J
o
u
rn
a
l
,
v
o
l.
1
1
4
,
p
.
1
0
5
1
2
9
,
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j.
m
e
jo
.
2
0
2
1
.
1
0
5
1
2
9
.
[2
4
]
A.
Ne
jati,
Y.
Ba
sta
n
,
P
.
A
m
iri
a
n
d
M
.
M
a
g
h
a
m
i,
"
A
l
o
w
-
v
o
lt
a
g
e
b
u
l
k
-
d
r
iv
e
n
Diff
e
re
n
ti
a
l
C
M
OS
S
c
h
m
it
t
tri
g
g
e
r
with
t
u
n
a
b
le
h
y
ste
re
sis,"
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Circ
u
i
ts,
S
y
ste
ms
a
n
d
Co
m
p
u
ter
s
,
v
o
l.
2
8
,
n
o
.
7
,
p
.
1
9
2
0
0
0
4
,
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
4
2
/
S
0
2
1
8
1
2
6
6
1
9
2
0
0
0
4
4
.
[2
5
]
A.
Ka
u
r
a
n
d
E
.
P
.
S
.
Ja
ss
a
l,
"
Op
t
imiz
a
t
io
n
a
n
d
p
e
rfo
rm
a
n
c
e
a
n
a
ly
sis
o
f
b
u
lk
-
d
riv
e
n
d
iffere
n
ti
a
l
a
m
p
li
fier,"
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
Res
e
a
rc
h
a
n
d
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
,
v
o
l
.
4
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
3
5
2
-
3
5
6
,
2
0
1
4
.
B
I
O
G
RAP
H
I
E
S O
F
AUTH
O
R
Mo
h
d
Ta
f
ir
Mu
st
a
ffa
re
c
e
iv
e
d
h
is
B.
E
n
g
d
e
g
re
e
in
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
e
lec
tro
n
ic
e
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
fro
m
Un
iv
e
rsiti
S
a
i
n
s
M
a
lay
sia
(USM
)
,
P
e
n
a
n
g
i
n
2
0
0
0
.
He
wa
s
a
wa
rd
e
d
a
m
a
ste
r’s
d
e
g
re
e
(M
.
En
g
.
S
c
)
in
c
o
m
p
u
ter an
d
m
icro
e
lec
tro
n
ic en
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
fr
o
m
Vic
to
ria Un
iv
e
rsity
,
A
u
stra
li
a
in
2
0
0
5
a
n
d
wa
s
o
fficia
ll
y
c
o
m
p
lete
d
h
is
P
h
.
D.
d
e
g
re
e
i
n
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
sp
e
c
ializin
g
i
n
ra
d
io
fre
q
u
e
n
c
y
i
n
teg
ra
ted
c
ircu
it
(R
F
I
C)
in
S
e
p
tem
b
e
r
2
0
0
9
.
He
se
rv
e
d
a
s
a
sy
ste
m
e
n
g
in
e
e
r
a
t
Da
ta
Ac
q
u
isit
io
n
S
y
ste
m
(
M
)
S
d
n
.
B
h
d
.
a
n
d
tu
t
o
r
in
USM
.
He
is
n
o
w
a
se
n
io
r
lec
tu
re
r
a
t
th
e
S
c
h
o
o
l
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
E
lec
tro
n
ic
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
USM
,
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
Ca
m
p
u
s.
Dr
.
M
o
h
d
Tafir
M
u
sta
ffa
is a S
e
n
io
r
M
e
m
b
e
r
o
f
IEE
E.
He
is ac
ti
v
e
ly
in
v
o
l
v
e
d
wit
h
IEE
E
Cir
c
u
it
s a
n
d
S
y
ste
m
s S
o
c
iety
f
o
r
th
e
las
t
fe
w y
e
a
rs as
a
c
o
m
m
it
tee
m
e
m
b
e
r.
He
is t
h
e
a
u
th
o
r
a
n
d
c
o
-
a
u
th
o
r
o
f
c
lo
se
t
o
5
0
tec
h
n
ica
l
p
a
p
e
rs i
n
c
o
n
fe
re
n
c
e
s a
n
d
j
o
u
r
n
a
l
s,
b
o
o
k
s,
a
n
d
b
o
o
k
c
h
a
p
ters
.
He
wa
s a
re
c
ip
ien
t
o
f
t
h
e
IET
E
J C
Bo
se
M
e
m
o
rial
Aw
a
rd
in
2
0
1
7
.
He
is
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
in
v
o
lv
e
d
in
th
e
re
se
a
rc
h
o
f
a
n
a
lo
g
IC,
RF
IC,
a
n
d
RF
M
EM
S
d
e
si
g
n
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.