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n
b
u
ild
th
ic
k
w
i
n
d
in
g
s
a
n
d
th
e
y
ca
n
b
e
b
u
ilt
d
ir
ec
tl
y
o
n
p
o
w
er
I
C
s
.
Ho
w
ev
er
,
th
er
e
w
a
s
s
till
a
p
r
o
b
le
m
o
f
d
if
f
er
en
t
th
er
m
al
e
x
p
an
s
io
n
co
ef
f
i
cien
t
v
a
lu
e
s
b
et
w
ee
n
co
p
p
er
an
d
s
ilico
n
w
h
en
p
ass
i
n
g
te
m
p
er
at
u
r
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
a
f
f
ec
t
i
n
g
th
e
cr
ac
k
s
o
f
w
o
r
k
.
T
h
is
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
[
2
]
h
as
u
s
ed
SU
-
8
p
h
o
to
r
esis
t to
f
ab
r
icate
p
o
ly
m
er
w
all
w
i
th
s
ilico
n
m
o
ld
m
ak
in
g
t
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
licated
d
u
e
to
th
e
t
w
o
ti
m
es
o
f
m
o
ld
in
g
.
T
h
e
r
es
ea
r
ch
[
9
]
,
[
1
2
]
h
av
e
p
r
ese
n
ted
p
h
o
to
r
esis
t
p
o
l
y
m
er
m
o
ld
ed
b
y
UV
lit
h
o
g
r
ap
h
y
p
r
o
ce
s
s
w
h
ic
h
h
as
b
u
ilt
a
1
0
0
u
m
–
t
h
ick
m
o
ld
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
t
h
e
li
m
ita
tio
n
o
f
t
h
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
w
a
s
t
h
at
t
h
e
a
s
p
ec
t
-
r
atio
v
alu
e
o
f
s
tr
u
c
tu
r
e
w
as
m
ad
e
o
f
u
ltra
v
io
let
w
h
ic
h
was
n
o
t
b
e
ab
le
to
f
ab
r
icate
th
e
h
i
g
h
asp
ec
t
-
r
atio
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e.
Gen
er
all
y
,
a
s
p
ec
t
r
atio
ca
n
b
e
b
u
ilt
o
n
l
y
1
-
2
[
1
2
]
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
is
f
ab
r
icatio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
s
till
r
eq
u
ir
es
lar
g
e
ar
ea
s
f
o
r
m
ak
in
g
lo
w
-
r
e
s
is
ta
n
ce
w
i
n
d
in
g
.
Un
d
er
th
e
m
e
n
tio
n
ed
li
m
itati
o
n
,
th
is
r
esear
ch
h
as
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
x
-
r
a
y
lit
h
o
g
r
ap
h
y
p
r
o
ce
s
s
to
estab
lis
h
h
ig
h
asp
e
ct
r
atio
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
w
it
h
x
-
r
a
y
l
ith
o
g
r
ap
h
y
a
n
d
it
w
a
s
t
h
e
f
ir
s
t
ti
m
e
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th
i
s
p
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ce
s
s
to
f
ab
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icr
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p
o
w
er
-
i
n
d
u
cto
r
f
o
r
DC
-
D
C
co
n
v
er
ter
cir
cu
it
b
y
f
ab
r
icati
n
g
th
e
in
d
u
cto
r
’
s
w
i
n
d
i
n
g
w
it
h
asp
ec
t
r
atio
o
f
1
0
.
T
h
is
f
ab
r
icatio
n
m
a
n
a
g
ed
to
h
elp
e
s
tab
lis
h
v
er
y
lo
w
r
e
s
is
ta
n
ce
b
u
t
p
r
eser
v
ed
s
m
al
l
f
o
r
m
f
ac
to
r
an
d
lo
w
p
r
o
f
ile.
B
esid
es,
th
i
s
n
e
w
p
r
o
ce
s
s
w
as
t
ak
en
to
f
ab
r
icate
th
e
i
n
d
u
cto
r
b
y
e
m
b
ed
d
in
g
th
e
in
d
u
cto
r
in
S
U
-
8
s
lab
i
n
f
o
r
m
o
f
s
u
b
s
tr
ate
-
les
s
.
T
h
e
ac
q
u
ir
ed
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
s
u
b
s
tr
ate
-
less
ca
n
b
e
ap
p
lied
to
ad
d
itio
n
all
y
estab
li
s
h
s
tr
u
c
tu
r
e
o
f
b
o
th
s
id
es.
T
h
is
ad
v
an
ta
g
e
w
ill
b
e
ta
k
en
to
ap
p
l
y
f
o
r
f
a
b
r
icatin
g
m
ag
n
etic
’
s
co
r
e
o
f
th
e
p
o
t
co
r
e
in
d
u
c
to
r
b
y
e
lectr
o
p
latin
g
m
ag
n
etic
co
r
e
f
o
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m
i
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g
ar
o
u
n
d
w
i
n
d
i
n
g
a
t
o
n
ce
.
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n
ad
d
itio
n
to
co
m
p
lica
ted
r
ed
u
ctio
n
,
it
w
as
also
a
b
atch
p
r
o
ce
s
s
r
esu
lted
i
n
lo
w
co
s
t
estab
lis
h
m
e
n
t
p
r
o
ce
s
s
an
d
at
t
h
e
en
d
,
th
e
d
c
r
esis
ta
n
ce
,
ac
r
esis
ta
n
ce
,
in
d
u
cta
n
ce
an
d
s
at
u
r
ated
cu
r
r
en
t o
f
t
h
e
in
d
u
cto
r
s
h
a
s
b
ee
n
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ated
.
2.
I
NDUC
T
O
R
DE
SI
G
N
A
lo
w
r
es
is
ta
n
ce
in
d
u
c
to
r
b
u
t
s
m
all
f
o
r
m
f
ac
to
r
w
a
s
th
e
g
o
al
in
f
ab
r
icati
n
g
t
h
e
in
d
u
ct
o
r
.
I
n
th
is
r
esear
ch
,
h
ig
h
-
asp
ec
t
r
atio
s
t
r
u
ctu
r
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
w
as
ta
k
e
n
to
ap
p
ly
f
o
r
x
-
r
a
y
lit
h
o
g
r
a
p
h
y
w
h
ich
w
as
t
h
e
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
p
r
o
ce
s
s
m
a
k
i
n
g
t
h
e
in
d
u
cto
r
w
in
d
i
n
g
s
f
o
r
DC
-
D
C
co
n
v
er
ter
cir
cu
i
t.
Af
ter
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
o
n
th
r
ee
m
ai
n
p
r
o
p
er
ties
in
clu
d
in
g
D
C
r
esis
ta
n
ce
,
in
d
u
c
tan
ce
,
an
d
s
atu
r
ated
cu
r
r
en
t,
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
d
esig
n
w
as
d
ev
id
ed
in
to
t
w
o
ite
m
s
in
cl
u
d
i
n
g
t
h
e
d
esi
g
n
o
f
in
d
u
cto
r
w
i
n
d
in
g
s
an
d
m
ag
n
etic
co
r
e
as t
h
e
f
o
llo
w
in
g
d
etails
;
2
.
1
.
Co
pp
er
Wind
ing
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
h
as
c
h
o
s
e
n
p
o
t
-
co
r
e
s
tr
u
c
tu
r
e
d
u
e
to
its
s
m
all
f
o
r
m
f
ac
to
r
a
n
d
lo
w
p
r
o
f
ile.
T
h
is
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
h
a
s
r
eg
ta
n
g
u
lar
s
p
ir
al
w
in
d
i
n
g
a
s
F
ig
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
e
in
d
u
cto
r
w
i
n
d
in
g
w
h
ic
h
w
a
s
d
esig
n
ed
eq
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al
2
5
µ
m
w
id
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co
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ld
p
r
in
t
U
V
-
m
a
s
k
w
it
h
t
h
e
laser
p
r
in
ter
.
R
e
g
ar
d
in
g
t
h
e
h
e
ig
h
t
o
f
w
i
n
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i
n
g
,
i
t
w
a
s
d
esig
n
ed
w
it
h
asp
ec
t
-
r
atio
o
f
1
0
w
h
ich
w
a
s
th
e
h
i
g
h
e
s
t
r
atio
p
o
ten
tial
l
y
f
ab
r
icate
d
i
n
Mic
r
o
-
f
ab
r
icatio
n
lab
o
r
ato
r
y
o
f
s
y
n
ch
r
o
tr
o
n
li
g
h
t
r
esear
ch
in
s
titu
te,
T
h
aila
n
d
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
2
5
0
µ
m
-
t
h
ic
k
w
i
n
d
in
g
s
w
er
e
d
esig
n
ed
.
Fro
m
t
h
is
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e,
t
h
e
w
i
n
d
i
n
g
len
g
t
h
c
o
u
ld
b
e
ca
lcu
lated
b
y
E
q
u
ati
o
n
1
a
n
d
th
e
v
alu
e
w
as
s
eq
u
e
n
tiall
y
r
ep
lace
d
i
n
2
to
ca
lcu
late
t
h
e
w
i
n
d
in
g
r
e
s
is
tan
ce
.
W
it
h
t
h
e
s
ize
o
f
m
en
ti
o
n
ed
s
tr
u
c
tu
r
e,
t
h
e
r
e
s
is
ta
n
ce
an
d
t
h
e
ar
ea
o
f
t
h
e
in
d
u
cto
r
t
y
p
e
3
-
1
6
tu
r
n
s
co
u
ld
b
e
ca
lcu
lated
as
s
h
o
w
n
in
T
a
b
le
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in
d
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g
th
e
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esis
t
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f
ab
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in
d
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r
in
t
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e
r
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Ω
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ar
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8
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5
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m
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w
h
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r
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v
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w
co
m
p
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r
ed
w
ith
l
iter
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r
e
s
[
1
]
-
[
1
5
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
C
o
p
p
er
w
i
n
d
in
g
d
i
m
en
s
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n
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d
ca
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lated
DC
r
esi
s
tan
ce
o
f
3
-
1
6
tu
r
n
s
in
d
u
cto
r
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
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2
0
8
9
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I
J
R
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6
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2
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J
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:
88
–
96
90
(
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nw
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d
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t
R
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H
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Cu
Cu
DC
4
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(
)
2
(
2
)
(
)
2
(
2
2
2
(
2
)
W
h
er
e
:
Cu
l
: T
h
e
co
p
p
er
w
in
d
in
g
len
g
th
.
DC
R
: T
h
e
w
in
d
in
g
r
esis
tan
ce
.
n
: T
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
tu
r
n
s
.
inV
d
: T
h
e
in
n
er
s
p
ac
e
w
id
th
.
i
n
H
d
: T
h
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er
s
p
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s
: T
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e
s
p
ac
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ee
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.
w
: T
h
e
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id
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t
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u
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r
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Cu
: T
h
e
r
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tiv
ity
o
f
m
ater
ial.
T
ab
le
1
.
C
alcu
lated
R
esi
s
tan
c
e
an
d
A
r
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n
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s
W
in
d
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g
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mb
e
r
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r
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t
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r
n
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C
o
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T
h
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c
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e
ss (
μ
m
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C
o
i
l
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(
μ
m
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R
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si
st
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O
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m)
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(
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3
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5
0
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7
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0
1
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5
2
5
0
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5
1
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1
2
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3
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2
5
0
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3
2
.
3
5
.
3
16
2
5
0
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2
6
9
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4
9
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5
2
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2
.
M
a
g
net
ic
Co
re
P
er
m
allo
y
(
Ni8
0
Fe2
0
)
w
as
c
h
o
s
en
to
b
e
a
m
ater
ial
f
o
r
b
u
il
d
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g
m
a
g
n
e
tic
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e
o
f
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n
d
u
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r
s
.
O
w
in
g
to
its
h
i
g
h
p
er
m
ea
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ilit
y
,
h
ig
h
s
at
u
r
atio
n
f
l
u
x
d
en
s
it
y
[
6
]
,
an
d
f
o
r
m
in
g
b
y
elec
tr
o
p
lati
n
g
,
it
is
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
m
icr
o
f
ab
r
icatio
n
.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
t
o
th
e
ex
p
er
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m
en
t
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n
d
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t
cu
r
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en
t
s
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itab
le
f
o
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tr
o
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latin
g
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it
w
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n
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at
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h
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t d
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s
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5
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A
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2
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u
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u
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3
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[1
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N.
W
a
n
g
,
e
t
a
l.
,
"
Hig
h
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re
q
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e
n
c
y
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in
2
0
1
3
El
e
c
tro
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o
m
p
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ts
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e
,
2
0
1
3
.
,
p
p
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1
9
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6
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9
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2
[2
]
M
.
W
a
n
g
,
e
t
a
l.
,
"
S
il
ico
n
m
o
ld
in
g
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
s
f
o
r
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teg
ra
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w
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EM
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in
d
u
c
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e
n
s
o
rs
a
n
d
A
c
tu
a
to
rs
A
:
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h
y
sic
a
l,
2
0
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1
,
v
o
l.
1
6
6
,
p
p
.
1
5
7
-
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6
3
.
[3
]
T
.
O’D
o
n
n
e
ll
,
e
t
a
l.
,
"
M
icro
f
a
b
rica
ted
In
d
u
c
to
rs
f
o
r
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0
M
Hz
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n
v
e
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,
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in
A
p
p
li
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r
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e
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tro
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8
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y
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IEE
E,
2
0
0
8
,
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p
.
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8
9
-
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9
3
.
[4
]
N.
W
a
n
g
,
e
t
a
l.
,
"
M
icro
-
in
d
u
c
to
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s
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ra
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o
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o
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p
ly
o
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h
ip
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u
rn
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o
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a
g
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g
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a
teria
ls,
2
0
0
7
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p
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2
3
3
-
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3
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.
[5
]
B.
Orla
n
d
o
,
e
t
a
l.
,
"
L
o
w
-
Re
sista
n
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e
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teg
ra
ted
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o
ro
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l
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u
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n
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g
e
m
e
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E
T
ra
n
sa
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ti
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o
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g
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e
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4
2
,
p
p
.
3
3
7
4
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3
3
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6
,
2
0
0
6
.
[6
]
N.
W
a
n
g
,
e
t
a
l.
,
"
Hig
h
-
f
re
q
u
e
n
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icro
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r
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d
u
c
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rn
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o
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p
l
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[7
]
F
.
S
a
t
o
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e
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,
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A
ll
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e
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c
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o
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T
ra
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g
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l
2
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[8
]
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u
k
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e
t
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l.
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lan
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r
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d
u
c
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it
h
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e
rrit
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y
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rter,"
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ra
n
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ti
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9
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p
.
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0
5
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1
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[9
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E.
Bra
n
d
o
n
,
e
t
a
l.
,
"
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a
b
rica
ti
o
n
a
n
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a
ra
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teriz
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ti
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o
f
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d
u
c
to
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r
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u
ted
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w
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r
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n
v
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,
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T
ra
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ti
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g
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9
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p
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0
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9
-
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0
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6
,
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l
2
0
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.
[1
0
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J.
W
.
P
a
rk
a
n
d
M
a
rk
G
.
A
ll
e
n
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"
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w
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ro
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il
e
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icro
m
a
c
h
in
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u
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rs
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h
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ly
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m
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ted
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e
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re
s:
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p
p
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w
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g
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h
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rtz
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n
v
e
rters
,
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sa
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ti
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g
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[1
1
]
K.
H.
Kim
,
e
t
a
l.
,
"
A
M
e
g
a
h
e
rtz
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w
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EE
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g
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s,
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l.
3
8
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p
p
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3
1
6
2
-
3
1
6
4
,
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e
p
2
0
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2
.
[1
2
]
D.
S
a
d
ler,
e
t
a
l.
,
"
M
icro
m
a
c
h
in
e
d
S
p
iral
In
d
u
c
to
rs
Us
in
g
U
V
-
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IGA
T
e
c
h
n
iq
u
e
s,"
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E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
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s
o
n
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a
g
n
e
ti
c
s,
v
o
l.
3
7
,
p
p
.
2
8
9
7
-
2
8
9
9
,
Ju
l2
0
0
1
.
[1
3
]
H.
Na
k
a
z
a
wa
,
e
t
a
l.
,
"
M
icro
-
DC/
DC
Co
n
v
e
rter
th
a
t
In
teg
ra
t
e
s
P
lan
a
rIn
d
u
c
to
r
o
n
P
o
w
e
r
IC,
"
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
t
io
n
s
o
n
M
a
g
n
e
ti
c
s,
v
o
l.
3
6
,
p
p
.
3
5
1
8
-
3
5
2
0
,
S
e
p
2
0
0
0
.
[1
4
]
C.
H.
A
h
h
a
n
d
M
.
G
.
A
ll
e
n
,
"
M
ic
ro
m
a
c
h
in
e
d
P
lan
a
r
I
n
d
u
c
to
rs
o
n
S
il
ico
n
W
a
fe
rs
f
o
r
M
EM
S
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s,"
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s o
n
I
n
d
u
strial
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
,
v
o
l.
4
5
,
p
p
.
8
6
6
-
8
7
6
,
De
c
1
9
9
8
.
[1
5
]
[1
5
]
M
.
S
a
id
a
n
a
i
a
n
d
M
.
A
.
G
ij
s,"
Cu
b
ic
M
il
li
m
e
ter
P
o
w
e
r
In
d
u
c
t
o
r
F
a
b
r
ica
ted
in
Ba
tch
-
T
y
p
e
W
a
f
e
r
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
"
Jo
u
rn
a
l
Of
M
icro
e
lec
tro
m
e
c
h
a
n
ica
l
S
y
ste
m
s,
V
OL
.
1
2
,
NO
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
7
2
-
1
7
8
,
A
P
RIL
2
0
0
3
[1
6
]
G
.
S
c
h
ro
m
,
e
t
a
l.
,
"
A
1
0
0
M
Hz
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g
h
t
-
P
h
a
se
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c
k
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n
v
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li
v
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rin
g
1
2
A
in
2
5
m
m
2
Us
in
g
A
ir
-
Co
re
In
d
u
c
to
rs,"
A
p
p
li
e
d
P
o
w
e
r
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
C
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
,
A
P
EC
2
0
0
7
-
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w
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n
t
y
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e
c
o
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l
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,
p
p
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7
2
7
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3
0
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e
b
2
0
0
7
.
[1
7
]
P
.
De
e
k
la,
e
t
a
l.
,
"
A
l
M
icro
h
e
a
ter
a
n
d
Ni
T
e
m
p
e
ra
tu
re
S
e
n
so
r
S
e
t
b
a
se
d
-
o
n
P
h
o
to
li
th
o
g
ra
p
h
y
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th
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se
d
-
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o
o
p
Co
n
tr
o
l,
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ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Jo
u
rn
a
l
o
f
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e
c
tri
c
a
l
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n
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m
p
u
ter E
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rin
g
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v
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l.
5
,
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o
4
,
p
p
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8
4
9
-
8
5
8
,
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u
g
2
0
1
5
.
[1
8
]
M
.
W
a
n
g
,
e
t
a
l.
,
"
S
U8
E
n
h
a
n
c
e
d
Hig
h
P
o
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r
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n
sit
y
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EM
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d
u
c
to
rs,"
i
n
2
0
0
8
P
r
o
c
.
o
f
t
h
e
3
4
th
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n
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u
a
l
Co
n
f
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re
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c
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o
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th
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l
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o
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2
0
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8
.
,
p
p
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1
9
4
6
-
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2
[1
9
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lt
u
n
,
e
t
a
l.
,
"
In
it
ial
p
e
rm
e
a
b
il
it
y
,
h
y
st
e
re
sis
a
n
d
to
tal
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ss
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s
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e
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su
re
m
e
n
ts,
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in
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n
a
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e
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sa
te 2
0
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p
p
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6
-
6
0
.
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0
]
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Be
n
h
a
d
d
a
,
e
t
a
l.
,
"
T
h
e
rm
a
l
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h
a
v
io
r
o
f
a
n
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n
teg
ra
ted
S
q
u
a
re
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p
iral
M
icr
o
Co
il
,
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d
o
n
e
sia
n
Jo
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
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e
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tri
c
a
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g
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ter S
c
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c
e
,
v
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l.
1
4
,
No
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p
.
2
5
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-
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6
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a
y
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1
5
.
[2
1
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S
.
L
in
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e
r,
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a
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f
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m
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ra
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iv
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o
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k
h
o
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a
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n
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ti
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it
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in
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ial
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stit
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w
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in
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to
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d
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re
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ra
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s an
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m
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e
d
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o
n
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l
sy
ste
m
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
9
-
4
864
I
J
R
E
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V
o
l.
6
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2
,
J
u
l
y
2
0
1
7
:
88
–
96
96
P
ra
p
o
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g
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y
su
b
u
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re
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iv
e
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h
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c
.
(Ho
n
s)
d
e
g
re
e
in
p
h
y
sic
s
f
r
o
m
Ch
u
lalo
n
g
k
o
rn
Un
iv
e
rsity
,
Ba
n
g
k
o
k
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T
h
a
il
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n
d
,
in
1
9
9
6
,
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n
d
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is
M
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S
c
.
a
n
d
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h
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d
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ro
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tate
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n
d
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ti
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ter
g
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w
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g
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s
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se
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r
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t
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y
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o
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s
e
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tch
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lw
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g
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ro
m
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ra
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re
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f
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n
g
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ro
m
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h
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.
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ro
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a
m
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g
lan
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2
0
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4
.
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e
m
p
lo
y
m
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n
t
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x
p
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rien
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sta
rted
w
it
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h
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g
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t
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ra
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rsit
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f
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c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
.
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2
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0
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,
h
e
w
a
s
p
ro
m
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f
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ti
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g
a
in
,
h
e
w
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s
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ro
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iate
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ro
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u
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b
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a
m
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m
b
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v
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ra
l
w
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ll
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k
n
o
w
n
a
c
a
d
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m
i
c
so
c
ieties
,
su
c
h
a
s,
W
S
EA
S
,
IEE
E,
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,
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J
,
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ET
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S
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tc.
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lso
h
e
h
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s
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w
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g
su
b
m
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p
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p
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th
e
ir
jo
u
r
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a
ls.
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sp
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ial
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ield
s
o
f
i
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tere
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lu
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a
l
m
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c
h
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s,
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o
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tro
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ic
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o
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tr
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l
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n
d
d
ri
v
e
s,
so
f
t
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o
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p
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g
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m
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li
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d
sim
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h
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d
v
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n
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n
u
m
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rica
l
tec
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n
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e
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n
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lec
tri
c
a
l
p
o
w
e
r
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y
ste
m
a
n
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sis.
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it
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o
m
n
a
wa
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g
re
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v
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d
th
e
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g
.
d
e
g
re
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in
in
stru
m
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n
tatio
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e
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g
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ri
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g
f
ro
m
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g
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o
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g
k
u
t’s
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sti
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f
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c
h
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lo
g
y
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a
d
k
r
a
b
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n
g
,
T
h
a
il
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n
d
,
in
1
9
9
3
,
th
e
M
S
d
e
g
re
e
in
b
i
o
m
e
d
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l
e
n
g
in
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rin
g
f
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m
V
irg
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ia
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m
m
o
n
w
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a
lt
h
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
in
1
9
9
9
,
a
n
d
M
S
a
n
d
P
h
D
d
e
g
re
e
s
in
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
e
n
g
in
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rin
g
f
ro
m
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o
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isian
a
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tate
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e
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in
2
0
0
1
a
n
d
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0
0
2
,
re
sp
e
c
ti
v
e
ly
.
S
in
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e
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,
h
e
h
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s
b
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c
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c
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l
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g
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g
,
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ra
n
a
re
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Un
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e
rsit
y
o
f
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
T
h
a
il
a
n
d
.
His
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
in
c
lu
d
e
m
icro
f
a
b
rica
ti
o
n
,
M
EM
S
,
b
io
m
e
d
ica
l
in
stru
m
e
n
tatio
n
,
a
n
d
e
m
b
e
d
d
e
d
a
u
to
m
a
ti
o
n
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.