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I
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u
lts
.
L
i
et.
al
[
1
0
]
h
av
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
T
r
u
s
ted
AODV
(
T
A
OD
V)
s
teer
in
g
co
n
v
en
t
io
n
.
I
t
u
tili
ze
s
tr
u
s
t
s
u
g
g
e
s
tio
n
an
d
later
o
n
co
n
s
o
lid
atin
g
th
e
s
e
to
d
eter
m
i
n
e
a
l
eg
iti
m
ate
co
n
cl
u
s
io
n
.
I
t
tr
ad
es
,
tr
u
s
t
b
y
m
ea
n
s
o
f
t
w
o
b
u
n
d
les
ca
lled
T
R
E
Q
an
d
T
R
E
P
,
w
h
ich
is
a
n
ad
d
itio
n
al
o
v
er
h
ea
d
.
T
h
e
co
m
p
u
tat
io
n
al
o
v
er
h
ea
d
o
f
ev
er
y
v
alid
atio
n
o
p
er
atio
n
is
h
ig
h
,
a
n
d
it
m
i
g
h
t
ev
e
n
p
r
o
m
p
t
h
i
g
h
ac
tiv
it
y
w
h
e
n
t
h
er
e
ar
e
n
u
m
e
r
o
u
s
n
o
x
io
u
s
h
u
b
s
.
Sah
a
et.
al
[
1
1
]
h
av
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
d
ir
ec
tin
g
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
,
w
h
i
ch
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
th
e
id
ea
o
f
lo
y
alt
y
.
Dev
o
tio
n
is
a
w
h
o
le
n
u
m
b
er
th
a
t
is
co
n
n
ec
t
ed
w
ith
e
v
er
y
h
u
b
.
T
h
e
m
e
th
o
d
o
lo
g
y
les
s
e
n
s
th
e
co
m
p
u
tat
io
n
al
o
v
er
h
ea
d
to
a
g
r
ea
t
d
ea
l
d
eg
r
ee
.
B
e
th
at
as
it
m
a
y
,
th
e
co
n
v
en
tio
n
ca
n
'
t
m
a
n
ag
e
s
h
a
k
ed
o
w
n
ass
a
u
lt
s
,
n
o
r
w
o
u
ld
it
b
e
ab
le
t
o
m
an
a
g
e
g
r
e
y
h
o
le
as
s
a
u
lt
s
u
c
ce
s
s
f
u
l
l
y
.
I
t
r
eq
u
ir
es
i
n
v
e
s
t
m
e
n
t
to
id
en
ti
f
y
a
n
d
d
is
p
en
s
e
w
i
th
a
v
i
n
d
icti
v
e
h
u
b
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
.
D
h
u
r
a
n
d
h
er
et.
al
h
a
v
e
i
n
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
a
co
n
v
en
tio
n
(
F
A
C
E
S
-
Frie
n
d
-
B
ased
R
o
u
ti
n
g
P
r
o
to
co
l)
w
h
ic
h
d
ec
id
es
tr
u
s
t
o
f
th
e
h
u
b
s
b
y
s
e
n
d
in
g
d
if
f
icu
lties
a
n
d
s
h
ar
in
g
co
m
p
an
io
n
s
'
r
u
n
d
o
w
n
s
.
Di
f
f
ic
u
lt
ies
ar
e
s
en
t
to
v
alid
ate
t
h
e
h
u
b
s
,
a
n
d
as
n
ee
d
s
b
e
t
h
e
y
ar
e
s
e
t
in
co
m
p
a
n
io
n
r
u
n
d
o
w
n
o
r
q
u
esti
o
n
m
ar
k
lis
t.
C
o
m
p
an
io
n
s
ar
e
ap
p
r
aised
o
n
th
e
p
r
em
is
e
o
f
t
h
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
th
e
y
tr
an
s
m
i
t
an
d
r
atin
g
g
o
t
f
r
o
m
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
co
m
p
a
n
io
n
s
.
I
n
a
n
y
ca
s
e,
it
n
e
g
lect
s
to
b
attle
w
o
r
m
h
o
le
o
r
h
u
r
r
y
i
n
g
as
s
au
lts
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
o
v
er
h
ea
d
is
ex
p
a
n
d
ed
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
o
cc
asio
n
al
f
lo
o
d
in
g
o
f
te
s
t
p
ar
ce
l,
an
d
i
n
ter
m
itte
n
t
s
h
a
r
in
g
o
f
co
m
p
a
n
io
n
r
u
n
d
o
w
n
.
3.
DE
S
I
G
N
AND
D
E
VE
L
O
P
M
E
NT
Ou
r
ai
m
is
to
g
i
v
e
a
p
r
o
tecte
d
,
d
ep
en
d
ab
le
an
d
ea
s
e
eq
u
ip
m
en
t
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
f
o
r
M
A
NE
T
s
.
T
h
is
g
et
s
ex
ec
u
ted
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
d
ev
o
tio
n
.
A
s
ec
o
n
d
lev
el
o
f
d
ep
en
d
ab
ilit
y
is
g
o
tte
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
u
g
g
e
s
tio
n
s
an
d
r
ep
o
r
t
b
u
n
d
les.
T
h
is
r
ec
o
g
n
izes
t
h
e
n
o
x
io
u
s
n
o
d
es
,
as
w
ell
as
d
is
p
o
s
e
o
f
t
h
e
m
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
.
S
u
b
s
eq
u
en
tl
y
,
k
ee
p
in
g
u
p
a
d
ec
en
t
Qo
S
f
o
r
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
.
Ou
r
f
u
n
d
a
m
en
ta
l
o
b
j
ec
tiv
e
o
f
th
e
co
n
v
en
t
io
n
is
to
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
an
ea
s
e
M
A
NE
T
,
w
h
ic
h
is
u
tili
ze
d
v
iab
l
y
a
n
d
in
ex
p
en
s
iv
el
y
,
i
n
a
s
ec
u
r
ed
w
a
y
;
b
o
th
in
f
ie
ld
s
s
u
ch
a
s
s
a
f
eg
u
a
r
d
an
d
r
esid
en
tial.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
B
lo
ck
Diag
r
a
m
T
h
e
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
u
s
ed
i
n
m
a
k
in
g
th
e
s
er
v
er
an
d
n
o
d
es
ar
e
liq
u
id
cr
y
s
tal
d
i
s
p
la
y
(
L
C
D
)
,
k
e
y
p
ad
,
m
icr
o
co
n
tr
o
ller
,
Z
I
GB
E
E
,
AR
M
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
r
an
d
An
alo
g
t
o
d
ig
ital
co
n
v
er
ter
(
A
D
C
)
.
T
h
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
is
tr
an
s
f
er
r
ed
f
r
o
m
s
er
v
er
to
th
e
n
o
d
es.
W
h
er
e
th
e
attac
k
er
n
o
d
e
o
r
h
ac
k
er
n
o
d
e
af
f
ec
ts
t
h
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
s
en
t.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
er
e
is
a
r
ed
u
ctio
n
in
t
h
e
p
ac
k
et
d
eli
v
er
y
r
atio
(
P
DR
)
an
d
in
cr
ea
s
e
i
n
a
v
er
ag
e
d
elay
ti
m
e.
I
n
ca
s
e
o
f
ab
s
en
ce
o
f
attac
k
er
n
o
d
e
w
e
f
i
n
d
th
at
t
h
er
e
is
a
n
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
in
p
ac
k
et
d
eli
v
er
y
r
atio
(
P
DR
)
an
d
also
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
in
a
v
er
ag
e
d
ela
y
ti
m
e.
U
n
icas
t
r
o
u
ti
n
g
p
r
o
to
co
ls
is
i
m
p
le
m
en
ted
i
n
r
o
u
ti
n
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
Fi
v
e
n
o
d
es
alo
n
g
w
it
h
s
er
v
er
an
d
attac
k
er
is
in
c
lu
d
ed
in
th
i
s
r
o
u
ti
n
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
Ser
v
er
No
d
e
1
No
d
e
2
No
d
e
3
A
ttack
er
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
R
E
S
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8708
Ha
r
d
w
a
r
e
I
mp
leme
n
ta
tio
n
o
f I
n
tr
u
s
io
n
d
etec
tio
n
s
ystem
fo
r
A
d
-
Ho
c
N
etw
o
r
k
(
M.
R
eji
)
155
A
l
g
o
r
ith
m
1.
No
d
e
3
n
ee
d
s
a
r
o
u
te
to
s
er
v
er
.
2.
C
r
ea
tes a
r
o
u
te
r
eq
u
est
R
R
E
Q
,
th
en
i
n
cl
u
d
e
n
o
d
e
s
er
v
er
I
P
ad
d
r
ess
,
s
eq
u
en
ce
,
en
ter
n
o
d
e
I
P
ad
d
r
ess
s
eq
u
en
tial h
o
p
co
u
n
t=0
3.
No
d
e
3
b
r
o
ad
ca
s
ts
R
R
E
Q
to
n
eig
h
b
o
u
r
s
4.
No
d
e
2
r
ec
eiv
es R
R
E
Q
m
ak
e
a
s
ev
er
e
r
o
u
te
en
tr
y
f
o
r
s
er
v
er
.
n
ex
t
n
o
d
e
4
,
n
ex
t h
o
p
,
h
o
p
co
u
n
t 1
.
5.
No
d
e
2
r
ec
eiv
er
s
R
R
E
Q.
6.
No
d
e
4
r
ec
eiv
er
s
R
R
E
Q
it d
r
o
p
s
all
p
ac
k
ets
7.
Ma
k
es a
r
ev
er
s
e
r
o
u
te
en
tr
y
f
o
r
n
o
d
e
4
n
ex
t h
o
p
n
o
d
e
2
h
o
p
co
u
n
t 1
,
n
o
d
e
2
r
ec
eiv
es R
R
E
Q.
8.
T
o
d
eter
m
i
n
e
w
h
et
h
er
t
h
e
p
ath
k
n
o
w
n
to
an
i
n
ter
m
ed
iate
n
o
d
e
in
m
o
r
e
r
ec
en
t d
esti
n
atio
n
s
e
q
u
en
ce
s
n
u
m
b
er
ar
e
u
s
ed
.
9.
No
d
e
1
r
ec
eiv
es R
R
E
P
.
10.
No
d
e
1
r
ec
eiv
es R
R
E
P
.
11.
Ma
k
es a
f
o
r
w
ar
d
r
o
u
te
en
tr
y
f
o
r
s
er
v
er
u
n
ica
s
t R
R
E
P
f
r
o
m
n
o
d
e
1
[
R
R
E
P
co
n
tain
s
So
u
r
c
e
an
d
d
esti
n
atio
n
]
if
n
o
t n
o
d
e
is
tr
ea
t
ed
as a
ttack
er
n
o
d
e
12.
No
d
e
1
cr
ea
tes a
r
o
u
te
r
ep
ly
13.
Un
icas
t R
R
E
P
to
n
o
d
e
1
.
14.
A
n
o
d
e
m
a
y
r
ec
ei
v
e
m
u
lt
ip
le
R
R
E
P
f
o
r
a
g
i
v
en
d
esti
n
atio
n
f
r
o
m
m
o
r
e
t
h
an
o
n
e
n
ei
g
h
b
o
u
r
.
15.
T
h
e
n
o
d
e
o
n
ly
f
o
r
w
ar
d
s
th
e
f
ir
s
t R
R
E
P
to
r
ec
eiv
er
s
.
4.
E
XP
E
R
I
M
E
NT
A
L
RE
SUL
T
S
W
e
h
av
e
r
ec
r
ea
ted
th
e
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
o
n
t
h
e
eq
u
ip
m
e
n
t,
w
it
h
ev
er
y
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
tr
a
n
s
m
it
ter
s
f
i
t
ti
n
g
in
w
it
h
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
P
A
N
I
D.
W
h
il
e
s
etti
n
g
u
p
t
h
e
Z
i
g
B
ee
m
o
d
u
les
it
i
s
to
b
e
r
e
m
e
m
b
er
ed
th
at
ev
er
y
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
h
u
b
s
m
u
s
t
f
it
i
n
w
it
h
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
s
y
s
te
m
I
D,
g
e
n
er
all
y
t
h
e
h
a
n
d
s
et
w
o
n
'
t
id
e
n
ti
f
y
a
n
y
s
i
g
n
s
f
r
o
m
al
ter
n
ate
h
u
b
s
.
W
e
h
av
e
tak
e
n
t
h
e
id
o
f
th
e
n
o
d
e
as
1
,
2
an
d
s
o
o
n
,
y
e
t it
ca
n
b
e
tak
en
as t
h
e
I
P
lo
ca
tio
n
o
f
th
e
h
u
b
s
.
I
n
o
u
r
r
e
-
en
ac
t
m
e
n
t,
w
e
h
a
v
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
th
at
o
n
e
an
d
o
n
l
y
h
u
b
is
s
en
d
i
n
g
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
an
d
o
n
e
h
u
b
is
g
ett
in
g
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
alter
n
at
e
h
u
b
s
g
o
ab
o
u
t
as
a
s
teer
i
n
g
h
u
b
.
B
asic
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e
h
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b
s
2
,
3
,
4
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ad
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f
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ch
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tio
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s
.
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h
e
s
a
m
e
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it
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e
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til
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f
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4
6
Har
d
w
ar
e
I
m
p
le
m
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
Fid
elit
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lig
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m
a
n
d
R
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u
t
in
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to
co
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t’
s
ass
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s
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e
n
t
o
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s
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r
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n
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AN,
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T
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tio
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.
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ate
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at
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e
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ates
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v
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ates
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
9
-
4864
IJ
R
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S
Vo
l.
5
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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8708
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M.
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159
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
S
.
Co
rso
n
a
n
d
z
J.
M
a
c
k
e
r,
"
M
o
b
il
e
a
d
h
o
c
n
e
tw
o
rk
in
g
(M
A
N
ET
):
Ro
u
ti
n
g
p
ro
to
c
o
l
p
e
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o
rm
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n
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two
rk
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o
rk
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g
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ro
u
p
,
RF
C:
2
5
0
1
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Ja
n
u
a
ry
1
9
9
9
.
[2
]
M
.
F
ro
d
ig
h
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P
.
Jo
h
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n
ss
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n
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t
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n
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rk
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,
Erics
so
n
Rev
iew
,
No
.
4
,
p
p
.
2
4
8
-
2
6
3
,
2
0
0
0
.
[3
]
K.
Ko
m
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li
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.
M
a
h
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n
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R.
Y.
Ku
m
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r,
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n
o
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,
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ter
n
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ti
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l
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o
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rn
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ter
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d
In
f
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rm
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ti
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n
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e
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h
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CS
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)
,
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l
.
5
(5
),
p
p
.
6
5
6
7
-
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2
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4
.
[4
]
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.
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h
a
rm
il
a
1
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.
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k
sh
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rd
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[5
]
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.
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[6
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m
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7
.
[7
]
K.
S
a
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g
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Da
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l
,
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N.
L
e
v
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e
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h
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s
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.
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ld
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se
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p
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In
:
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h
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tern
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[8
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M
.
Zap
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ta
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As
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,
"
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:
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M
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),
p
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1
-
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.
[9
]
R.
K.
G
u
h
a
,
F
.
Zee
sh
a
n
a
n
d
M
.
S
h
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in
,
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m
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s Co
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p
p
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to
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0
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.
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0
]
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Ne
k
k
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.
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,
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:
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4
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st Reg
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e
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–
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,
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0
4
.
[1
1
]
H.N.
S
a
h
a
,
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Bh
a
tt
a
c
h
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ry
y
a
,
P
.
K.
Ba
n
e
rjee
,
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id
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ty
b
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s
e
d
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n
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e
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se
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re
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ti
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o
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A
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1
5
-
6
2
7
,
2
0
1
1
.
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