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Effec
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Ra
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p
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8
,
2
0
20
Re
d
u
c
ti
o
n
o
f
p
o
we
r
c
o
n
su
m
p
ti
o
n
is
n
e
c
e
ss
a
ry
in
a
sy
ste
m
o
n
c
h
i
p
.
T
o
a
c
h
iev
e
th
is,
p
o
we
r
a
n
d
c
lo
c
k
n
e
two
rk
s
c
a
n
b
e
i
n
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ra
ted
.
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is
lea
d
s
to
a
sig
n
ifi
c
a
n
t
re
d
u
c
ti
o
n
in
p
o
we
r
c
o
n
su
m
p
ti
o
n
i
n
a
c
ircu
it
.
T
h
is
p
a
p
e
r
e
x
p
lo
re
s
th
e
e
ffe
c
t
o
f
s
u
c
h
a
n
e
two
rk
o
n
v
a
rio
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s
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o
m
b
in
a
ti
o
n
a
l
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ircu
it
s
a
n
d
c
o
m
p
a
re
s
th
e
p
o
we
r
c
o
n
su
m
p
ti
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
se
c
ircu
it
s
with
c
o
n
v
e
n
ti
o
n
a
l
c
o
m
b
in
a
ti
o
n
a
l
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ircu
it
s.
Th
e
c
o
m
b
i
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
c
ircu
it
s
wh
ich
a
re
p
o
we
re
d
b
y
th
e
p
ro
p
o
se
d
c
ircu
it
c
o
n
su
m
e
les
se
r
p
o
we
r
a
s
c
o
m
p
a
re
d
to
c
o
n
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e
n
ti
o
n
a
l
c
o
m
b
in
a
ti
o
n
a
l
c
ircu
it
s.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
C
lo
ck
n
etwo
r
k
C
o
m
b
in
atio
n
al
cir
cu
its
Gate
s
I
n
v
er
ter
Po
wer
ef
f
icien
cy
Seq
u
en
tial c
ir
cu
its
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
R
ajesh
war
i Bh
at,
E
lectr
o
n
ics an
d
C
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
E
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
Dep
ar
tm
en
t
,
Galg
o
tias
Un
iv
er
s
ity
,
Secto
r
1
7
A,
Gr
ea
ter
N
o
id
a,
Ut
tar
Pra
d
esh
2
0
3
2
0
1
,
I
n
d
ia
.
E
m
ail:
r
ajesh
war
ib
h
at2
@
g
m
ail.
co
m
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
As
in
teg
r
ated
cir
cu
its
b
ec
o
m
e
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
lex
,
th
e
p
o
wer
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
in
cr
ea
s
es
an
d
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
also
in
cr
ea
s
es
.
T
h
e
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
s
ca
lin
g
o
f
tr
an
s
is
to
r
s
an
d
th
e
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
th
eir
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
o
f
o
p
e
r
atio
n
h
as
led
to
an
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
t
h
e
o
v
e
r
all
p
o
wer
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
o
f
th
e
c
h
ip
.
T
h
is
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
th
e
c
o
m
p
le
x
ity
o
f
th
e
ch
ip
,
i
n
ac
co
r
d
an
ce
with
th
e
M
o
o
r
e'
s
L
aw,
h
as
also
led
to
in
c
r
ea
s
ed
p
o
wer
d
e
n
s
ities
with
in
th
e
I
n
teg
r
ated
cir
c
u
it.
A
p
r
im
ar
y
c
o
n
s
u
m
er
o
f
p
o
wer
o
n
-
ch
ip
is
th
e
C
lo
ck
Dis
tr
ib
u
tio
n
Netwo
r
k
o
r
th
e
C
lo
ck
T
r
ee
.
T
r
ad
itio
n
ally
,
it
wa
co
n
s
u
m
es a
n
y
wh
e
r
e
b
etwe
en
3
0
% to
5
0
% o
f
th
e
t
o
tal
d
y
n
a
m
ic
p
o
wer
[1
-
5]
.
C
o
m
p
lex
in
teg
r
ated
ci
r
cu
its
h
av
e
h
ig
h
er
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
a
n
d
l
o
wer
p
o
wer
u
tili
s
atio
n
.
W
ith
l
im
ited
o
n
-
ch
ip
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
cir
cu
it d
esig
n
in
g
b
ec
o
m
es
a
co
m
p
lex
task
.
T
h
ese
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
ar
e
m
ajo
r
ly
u
s
ed
b
y
th
e
th
r
ee
m
ain
lin
es o
f
clo
ck
,
g
r
o
u
n
d
a
n
d
p
o
wer
in
a
I
C
.
C
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
s
o
f
a
cir
cu
it d
if
f
er
f
r
o
m
o
n
e
a
n
o
th
er
an
d
th
e
n
et
r
esu
lt
is
h
ea
v
y
u
tili
s
atio
n
o
f
e
x
is
tin
g
o
n
-
ch
i
p
r
eso
u
r
c
es
[6
-
8]
.
W
ith
lim
ited
o
n
-
ch
ip
r
eso
u
r
c
es
it
b
ec
o
m
es
n
ec
ess
ar
y
to
d
esig
n
cir
cu
its
wh
ich
r
ed
u
ce
t
h
e
p
o
wer
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
.
On
e
s
u
ch
cir
cu
it
i
s
an
in
teg
r
ated
p
o
wer
an
d
clo
ck
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
cir
cu
it
wh
ich
r
ed
u
ce
s
p
o
wer
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
b
y
ar
o
u
n
d
6
0
%
T
h
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
o
f
th
is
d
esig
n
ed
ci
r
cu
it
h
as
b
ee
n
test
ed
o
n
v
ar
io
u
s
co
m
b
in
atio
n
al
cir
c
u
its
[9
-
1
5
]
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
ar
ticles
wh
ich
h
av
e
b
ee
n
p
u
b
l
is
h
ed
o
n
GI
PAC
[
1
]
in
clu
d
e
v
ar
io
u
s
m
eth
o
d
s
f
o
r
d
ec
r
ea
s
in
g
en
e
r
g
y
u
s
ag
e
in
cir
cu
its
.
E
ar
lier
liter
atu
r
e
h
ad
t
r
ied
m
er
g
in
g
p
o
wer
an
d
clo
c
k
s
ig
n
als
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
th
e
ch
ip
.
T
h
e
co
m
b
i
n
ed
s
ig
n
a
ls
wer
e
f
ilter
ed
a
n
d
two
s
ig
n
als
wer
e
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
G
I
PAC
[
1
]
n
etwo
r
k
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Reco
n
f
ig
u
r
a
b
le
&
E
m
b
ed
d
ed
Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2089
-
4
8
6
4
E
ffect
o
f in
teg
r
a
ted
p
o
w
er a
n
d
clo
ck
n
etw
o
r
ks o
n
co
mb
in
a
tio
n
a
l c
ir
cu
its
(
R
a
jesh
w
a
r
i B
h
a
t
)
243
Hig
h
er
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
s
ig
n
al
is
th
e
clo
ck
s
ig
n
al
an
d
t
h
e
s
ig
n
al
with
a
c
o
n
s
tan
t
d
c
v
al
u
e
is
Vcc
o
r
th
e
p
o
wer
s
ig
n
al.
Hen
ce
f
ilter
in
g
th
e
s
ig
n
als in
t
o
two
s
ep
ar
ate
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
is
p
lau
s
ib
le.
An
o
th
er
liter
ar
y
wo
r
k
ex
p
lo
r
e
s
th
e
p
o
s
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
elim
in
ain
g
th
e
wh
o
le
C
DN
[
2
]
,
to
tally
b
y
m
er
g
i
n
g
th
e
two
n
etwo
r
k
s
.
New
er
liter
atu
r
e
o
n
c
o
m
b
in
at
o
r
ial
wir
e
-
w
ir
eless
clo
ck
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
n
etwo
r
k
s
[
3
]
s
u
g
g
ests
a
co
m
b
in
ed
cir
cu
it
co
n
s
is
tin
g
o
f
wir
ed
an
d
wir
eless
clo
ck
n
etwo
r
k
s
.
Her
e
cir
cu
its
we
r
e
d
esig
n
e
d
u
s
in
g
tr
an
s
m
itter
s
an
d
r
ec
ei
v
er
s
,
an
d
g
en
e
r
ated
a
clo
ck
s
ig
n
al
wh
ich
was
wir
eless
in
n
atu
r
e.
T
h
e
cir
cu
it
u
s
ed
On
-
Of
f
-
Key
in
g
(
OOK)
tr
an
s
ce
iv
er
s
[
3
]
wh
ich
wer
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
r
ed
u
ctio
n
in
p
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
d
ela
y
,
in
cr
ea
s
e
p
o
wer
ef
icien
cy
an
d
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
co
m
p
lex
ity
o
f
th
e
cir
c
u
it.
T
h
is
cir
cu
it
h
ad
a
p
r
o
p
o
g
atio
n
d
ela
y
lo
wer
th
an
a
n
o
r
m
al
clo
ck
cir
cu
it.
T
h
e
cir
cu
it a
ls
o
h
ad
a
r
e
d
u
ce
d
cl
o
ck
s
k
ew
[
1
6
-
21]
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
ar
ticles
wh
ich
h
av
e
b
ee
n
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
o
n
GI
PAC
[
1
]
in
clu
d
e
v
ar
io
u
s
m
eth
o
d
s
f
o
r
d
ec
r
ea
s
in
g
en
e
r
g
y
u
s
ag
e
in
cir
cu
its
.
E
ar
lier
liter
atu
r
e
h
ad
t
r
ied
m
er
g
in
g
p
o
wer
an
d
clo
c
k
s
ig
n
als
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
th
e
ch
ip
.
T
h
e
co
m
b
i
n
ed
s
ig
n
a
ls
wer
e
f
ilter
ed
a
n
d
two
s
ig
n
als
wer
e
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
G
I
PAC
[
1
]
n
etwo
r
k
.
Hig
h
er
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
s
ig
n
al
is
th
e
clo
ck
s
ig
n
al
an
d
t
h
e
s
ig
n
al
with
a
c
o
n
s
tan
t
d
c
v
al
u
e
is
Vcc
o
r
th
e
p
o
wer
s
ig
n
al.
Hen
ce
f
ilter
in
g
th
e
s
ig
n
als in
t
o
two
s
ep
ar
ate
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
is
p
lau
s
ib
le.
An
o
th
er
liter
ar
y
wo
r
k
ex
p
lo
r
e
s
th
e
p
o
s
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
elim
in
ain
g
th
e
wh
o
le
C
DN[
2
]
,
to
tally
b
y
m
er
g
in
g
th
e
two
n
etwo
r
k
s
.
As
th
e
clo
ck
n
etwo
r
k
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
a
clo
c
k
g
r
id
d
r
iv
e
n
b
y
a
g
lo
b
al
h
-
tr
ee
,
th
e
m
etal
lin
es
im
p
lem
en
ted
b
o
th
h
o
r
izo
n
tally
an
d
v
er
tically
wo
u
ld
r
eq
u
i
r
e
atlea
s
t
f
o
u
r
m
etal
lay
er
s
.
I
f
a
s
im
ilar
p
o
wer
n
etwo
r
k
is
co
n
s
id
er
e
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t th
e
ch
i
p
th
en
a
to
tal
o
f
6
m
etal
lay
er
s
wo
u
ld
b
e
u
s
ed
[
2
2
-
25]
.
I
f
th
e
clo
ck
an
d
p
o
wer
n
etwo
r
k
s
wer
e
to
b
e
m
er
g
ed
th
en
a
to
tal
o
f
f
o
u
r
m
etal
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e
r
s
wo
u
ld
b
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
th
u
s
s
av
in
g
two
m
et
al
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er
s
.
C
o
m
p
ar
in
g
ty
p
ical
r
eso
n
an
t
n
etwo
r
k
s
with
th
ese
cir
cu
its
,
a
s
ig
n
al
g
en
er
ated
b
y
th
is
cir
cu
it
h
as
a
s
win
g
o
f
4
0
0
m
V
ar
o
u
n
d
Vd
c.
T
h
e
u
s
u
al
r
eso
n
an
t
clo
ck
n
etwo
r
k
s
[
1
1
]
g
en
er
ate
a
f
u
ll swin
g
clo
ck
s
ig
n
al
f
r
o
m
0
to
V
DD
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
t
h
e
I
PC
DN
[
2
]
cir
cu
it
ca
n
b
e
d
ir
ec
tly
co
n
n
ec
t
ed
to
th
e
p
o
wer
lin
e
o
f
th
e
e
n
tire
cir
cu
it.
T
h
is
h
elp
s
to
elim
in
ate
lo
ca
l
clo
ck
n
etwo
r
k
s
[
9
]
an
d
also
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
f
ilter
cir
c
u
its
.
.
Als
o
,
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
s
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g
o
f
4
0
0
m
V
f
o
r
th
e
g
en
er
ated
s
ig
n
a
it
is
q
u
ite
lo
w
as
co
m
p
ar
e
d
t
o
th
e
tr
ad
itio
n
al
clo
ck
n
etwo
r
k
s
.
B
u
t
in
a
I
PC
DN
[
2
]
cir
c
u
it
n
ee
d
s
a
cl
o
ck
b
u
f
f
er
to
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
th
e
g
en
er
ated
s
ig
n
al
in
to
a
f
u
ll
s
win
g
clo
c
k
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ig
n
al,
wh
ich
is
n
ec
ess
ar
y
to
o
p
e
r
ate
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e
s
eq
u
e
n
tial c
ir
cu
its
.
New
er
liter
atu
r
e
o
n
co
m
b
in
ato
r
ial
wir
e
-
wir
eless
clo
ck
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
n
etwo
r
k
s
[
3
]
s
u
g
g
ests
a
co
m
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in
ed
cir
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it
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n
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is
tin
g
o
f
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eless
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k
s
.
Her
e
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e
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esig
n
ed
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s
i
n
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tr
an
s
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itter
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ec
eiv
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,
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g
e
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er
ated
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clo
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ig
n
al
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ich
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wir
eless
i
n
n
atu
r
e.
T
h
e
cir
cu
it
u
s
ed
On
-
Of
f
-
Key
in
g
(
OOK)
tr
an
s
ce
iv
er
s
[
3
]
wh
ich
wer
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
r
ed
u
ctio
n
i
n
p
r
o
p
a
g
atio
n
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ela
y
,
in
cr
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s
e
p
o
wer
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icie
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cy
a
n
d
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
co
m
p
lex
ity
o
f
t
h
e
cir
c
u
it.
T
h
i
s
cir
cu
it
h
ad
a
p
r
o
p
o
g
atio
n
d
e
lay
lo
wer
th
a
n
a
n
o
r
m
al
clo
c
k
cir
cu
it.
T
h
e
cir
cu
it
also
h
ad
a
r
e
d
u
ce
d
cl
o
ck
s
k
ew
.
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
is
p
ap
er
ex
p
lo
r
es
a
C
MO
S
o
s
cillato
r
cir
cu
it
wh
ich
g
en
e
r
ates
a
co
m
b
in
ed
s
ig
n
al
u
s
ed
to
r
u
n
a
co
m
b
in
atio
n
al
cir
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its
.
T
h
e
d
esig
n
ed
cir
cu
it
was
test
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o
n
a
in
v
er
ter
.
NAND
an
d
a
NOR
g
ate
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o
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its
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T
h
e
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esig
n
e
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ci
r
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it
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tr
an
s
is
to
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ased
C
MO
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o
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cillato
r
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cu
it
a
n
d
wh
en
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im
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lated
,
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e
cir
cu
it
[
1
2
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g
en
er
ates
a
4
1
5
m
V
s
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g
.
T
h
e
g
e
n
er
ated
s
ig
n
al
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th
e
p
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r
_
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ig
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d
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d
c
c
o
m
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o
n
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t
alo
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g
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s
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g
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e
g
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ated
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ig
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e
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tly
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n
n
ec
ted
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n
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I
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te
r
,
NAND
an
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a
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ate.
T
h
e
d
esig
n
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r
cu
it
ca
n
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s
ed
to
in
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r
ate
p
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wer
an
d
clo
ck
n
etwo
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k
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ig
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als
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ar
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atio
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h
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Fig
u
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ig
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ated
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ated
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d
th
is
ca
lls
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r
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k
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u
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f
er
cir
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it.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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4
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it
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im
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ate
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g
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e
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.
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e
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MO
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o
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im
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tatio
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o
n
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wn
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Fig
u
r
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3
.
Fig
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4
s
h
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m
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o
f
a
C
MO
S
o
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cir
cu
it
o
n
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NOR
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ate.
Fig
u
r
e
5
s
h
o
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e
s
im
u
latio
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o
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tp
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t
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o
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h
e
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tr
an
s
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er
ch
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is
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a
in
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im
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ted
with
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C
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r
is
s
h
o
wn
in
F
ig
u
r
e
6
.
Simu
latio
n
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u
tp
u
t
o
f
a
I
n
v
er
te
r
with
a
C
MO
S
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r
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s
h
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wn
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n
Fi
g
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r
e
7
.
Fig
u
r
e
8
s
h
o
ws
th
e
s
i
m
u
latio
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o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
a
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ate.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
C
MO
S
o
s
cillato
r
cir
cu
it with
a
NAND
g
ate
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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t J Reco
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f
ig
u
r
a
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le
&
E
m
b
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d
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Sy
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4
E
ffect
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f in
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r
a
ted
p
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w
er a
n
d
clo
ck
n
etw
o
r
ks o
n
co
mb
in
a
tio
n
a
l c
ir
cu
its
(
R
a
jesh
w
a
r
i B
h
a
t
)
245
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
C
MO
S
o
s
cillato
r
with
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in
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te
r
Fig
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r
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4
.
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S
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s
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r
with
a
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ate
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
20
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4
8
6
4
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f
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E
m
b
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d
ed
Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
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,
No
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3
,
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v
e
m
b
er
2
0
2
0
:
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–
2
4
8
246
Fig
u
r
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5
.
Simu
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o
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t f
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ate
Fig
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r
e
6
.
VT
C
ch
ar
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o
f
in
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e
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ter
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C
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S
o
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r
Fig
u
r
e
7
Simu
latio
n
o
u
tp
u
t o
f
in
v
er
ter
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I
PC
DN
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
Simu
latio
n
o
u
tp
u
t o
f
NOR g
ate
with
I
PC
DN
T
ab
le
1
s
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o
ws th
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
Vo
ltag
e
s
win
g
f
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r
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PAC
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PC
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it a
n
d
th
e
d
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n
ed
C
MO
S
o
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r
cir
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it.
T
ab
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2
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e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
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o
r
p
o
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r
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ip
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r
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d
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ab
le
3
s
h
o
ws
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m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
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n
s
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m
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n
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r
in
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ter
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cir
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it
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ty
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ical
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ter
cir
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T
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b
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4
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h
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m
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o
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ate
with
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r
an
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n
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m
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ate.
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m
p
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o
n
o
f
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wer
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n
s
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m
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t th
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cilla
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ab
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1
.
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o
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
o
f
v
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ltag
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s
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g
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o
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eth
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l
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2
2
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P
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D
N
[
2
]
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0
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1
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C
M
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O
s
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l
l
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r
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i
r
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i
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4
1
5
1
T
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2
.
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r
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p
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is
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ip
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n
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is
to
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t
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l
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M
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d
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t
r
a
n
s
i
st
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s
1
I
P
C
D
N
[
2
]
6
.
4
18
2
C
M
O
S
O
s
c
i
l
l
a
t
o
r
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
2
.
5
10
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Reco
n
f
ig
u
r
a
b
le
&
E
m
b
ed
d
ed
Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2089
-
4
8
6
4
E
ffect
o
f in
teg
r
a
ted
p
o
w
er a
n
d
clo
ck
n
etw
o
r
ks o
n
co
mb
in
a
tio
n
a
l c
ir
cu
its
(
R
a
jesh
w
a
r
i B
h
a
t
)
247
T
ab
le
3
.
C
o
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
o
f
p
o
wer
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
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o
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in
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ter
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l
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O
sci
l
l
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t
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i
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w
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o
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e
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su
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a
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o
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m
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t
e
r
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µ
w
1
7
3
.
5
1
2
0
0
T
ab
le
4
.
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o
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
o
f
p
o
wer
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
in
NAND
g
ate
S
l
.
N
o
P
o
w
e
r
c
o
n
su
me
d
b
y
N
A
N
D
g
a
t
e
w
i
t
h
C
M
O
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o
s
c
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l
l
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o
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f
W
P
o
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n
su
mp
t
i
o
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i
n
a
n
o
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m
a
l
N
A
N
D
g
a
t
e
i
n
f
W
1
5
5
0
5
0
0
0
T
ab
le
5
.
C
o
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
o
f
p
o
wer
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
in
NOR g
ate.
S
l
.
N
o
P
o
w
e
r
c
o
n
su
me
d
b
y
N
O
R
g
a
t
e
w
i
t
h
C
M
O
S
o
sci
l
l
a
t
o
r
i
n
p
W
P
o
w
e
r
c
o
n
su
mp
t
i
o
n
i
n
a
n
o
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m
a
l
N
O
R
g
a
t
e
i
n
p
W
1
3
1
7
9
0
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
I
n
th
is
p
ap
er
,
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
cir
cu
it
h
av
e
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
lly
d
esig
n
e
d
to
g
en
e
r
ate
a
co
m
b
i
n
ed
s
ig
n
al.
R
esu
lts
o
f
s
im
u
latio
n
s
h
o
w
s
ig
n
als
u
p
to
5
GHz
a
n
b
e
g
en
er
ated
.
I
m
p
lem
en
ted
cir
cu
it
h
as
b
ee
n
test
ed
o
n
co
m
b
in
atio
n
al
cir
c
u
its
lik
e
I
n
v
er
ter
,
NAND
an
d
NOR
g
ate
an
d
it
is
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
th
ese
g
ate
s
co
n
s
u
m
e
1
0
tim
es
less
er
p
o
wer
with
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
cir
cu
it a
s
co
m
p
a
r
ed
to
c
o
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
NAND
,
N
OR
an
d
NOT
g
ates.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
R.
Ja
k
u
s
h
o
k
a
s
a
n
d
E
.
G
.
F
r
ied
m
a
n
,
"
G
lo
b
a
ll
y
in
teg
ra
ted
p
o
we
r
a
n
d
c
lo
c
k
d
istri
b
u
ti
o
n
n
e
two
r
k
,
"
Pro
c
e
e
d
in
g
s
o
f
2
0
1
0
IE
EE
I
n
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
S
y
mp
o
siu
m o
n
Circ
u
it
s
a
n
d
S
y
ste
ms
,
p
p
.
1
7
5
1
–
1
7
5
4
,
2
0
1
0
.
[2
]
S
e
y
e
d
E.
Esm
a
e
il
i
a
n
d
As
im
J.
Al
-
Ka
h
li
li
,
"
I
n
teg
ra
ted
p
o
we
r
a
n
d
c
l
o
c
k
d
istri
b
u
t
io
n
n
e
two
rk
,
"
IE
EE
T
r
a
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
Ver
y
L
a
rg
e
S
c
a
le In
te
g
ra
ti
o
n
(
VL
S
I)
S
Y
S
T
E
M
S
,
v
o
l
.
2
1
,
no
.
1
0
,
p
p
.
1
9
4
1
-
1
9
4
5
,
Oc
t
2
0
1
3
,
[3
]
Qia
n
Din
g
,
Be
n
jam
in
J.
F
letc
h
e
r,
a
n
d
Terre
n
c
e
M
a
k
,
"
G
lo
b
a
ll
y
wire
les
s
lo
c
a
ll
y
wire
d
(G
lo
Wi
Lo
W)
:
A
c
lo
c
k
d
istri
b
u
ti
o
n
n
e
tw
o
rk
fo
r
m
a
n
y
-
c
o
re
sy
ste
m
s
,"
In
2
0
1
8
IEE
E
In
t
e
rn
a
ti
o
n
a
l
S
y
mp
o
si
u
m
o
n
Circ
u
i
ts
a
n
d
S
y
ste
ms
(IS
CAS
)
,
p
p
.
1
-
5
,
2
0
1
8
.
[4
]
V.
F
.
P
a
v
l
id
is,
I
.
S
a
v
i
d
is,
a
n
d
E
.
G
.
F
ried
m
a
n
,
“
Clo
c
k
d
istri
b
u
ti
o
n
n
e
two
rk
s
i
n
3
-
D
i
n
teg
ra
ted
s
y
ste
m
s,”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s.
Ver
y
L
a
rg
e
S
c
a
le I
n
teg
r.
(
VL
S
I)
S
y
st.,
v
o
l
.
1
9
,
n
o
.
1
2
,
p
p
.
2
2
5
6
–
2
2
6
6
,
De
c
.
2
0
1
1
.
[5
]
Wo
lfg
a
n
g
M
.
Ard
e
n
,
"
Th
e
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
Ro
a
d
m
a
p
fo
r
S
e
m
ico
n
d
u
c
to
rs
—
P
e
rsp
e
c
ti
v
e
s
a
n
d
c
h
a
ll
e
n
g
e
s
fo
r
th
e
n
e
x
t
1
5
y
e
a
rs,
"
C
u
rr
e
n
t
O
p
in
i
o
n
in
S
o
li
d
S
t
a
te a
n
d
M
a
ter
ia
l
s S
c
ien
c
e
,
v
o
l.
6
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
3
7
1
-
3
7
7
,
2
0
0
2
.
[6
]
S
.
M
.
Ka
n
g
a
n
d
Y.
Le
b
leb
ici,
C
M
OS
d
i
g
it
a
l
i
n
teg
ra
te
d
c
irc
u
it
s
,
3
rd
e
d
.
Ne
w
Yo
r
k
:
M
c
G
ra
w
-
Hill
,
p
p
.
2
6
0
–
2
6
3
,
2
0
0
3
.
[7
]
M
.
P
o
p
o
v
ic
h
,
A.
V.
M
e
z
h
ib
a
,
a
n
d
E.
G
.
F
ried
m
a
n
,
P
o
we
r
d
istrib
u
ti
o
n
n
e
two
rk
s
wit
h
o
n
-
c
h
ip
d
e
c
o
u
p
li
n
g
c
a
p
a
c
it
o
rs
,
Ne
w Yo
rk
:
S
p
rin
g
e
r
S
c
ien
c
e
&
Bu
sin
e
ss
M
e
d
ia
,
2
0
0
8
.
[8
]
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
R
o
a
d
m
a
p
fo
r
S
e
m
ico
n
d
u
c
to
rs,
2
0
0
7
.
[On
li
n
e
].
Av
a
il
a
b
le:
h
tt
p
:
//
ww
w.i
trs2
.
n
e
t/
[9
]
E.
G
.
F
ried
m
a
n
,
"
Cl
o
c
k
d
istri
b
u
t
i
o
n
n
e
two
rk
s
in
s
y
n
c
h
r
o
n
o
u
s
d
i
g
it
a
l
in
teg
ra
ted
c
irc
u
it
s
,
"
Pro
c
e
e
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
e
IEE
E
,
v
o
l.
8
9
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
6
6
5
–
6
9
2
,
M
a
y
2
0
0
1
.
[1
0
]
K.
L.
Wo
n
g
,
T.
Ra
h
a
l
-
Ara
b
i,
M
.
M
a
,
a
n
d
G
.
Tay
lo
r
,
"
En
h
a
n
c
in
g
m
icro
p
ro
c
e
ss
o
r
imm
u
n
it
y
to
p
o
w
e
r
su
p
p
ly
n
o
ise
with
c
lo
c
k
-
d
a
ta co
m
p
e
n
sa
ti
o
n
,
"
I
EE
E
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
S
o
li
d
-
S
t
a
te Ci
rc
u
it
s,
v
o
l
.
4
1
,
no
.
4
,
p
p
.
7
4
9
–
7
5
8
,
A
p
r
2
0
0
6
.
[1
1
]
S
.
E
.
Esm
a
e
il
i
,
A.
J.
Al
-
K
h
a
li
li
,
a
n
d
G
.
E
.
R.
C
o
wa
n
,
"
Esti
m
a
ti
n
g
re
q
u
ired
d
r
iv
e
r
stre
n
g
t
h
in
t
h
e
re
so
n
a
n
t
c
lo
c
k
g
e
n
e
ra
to
r,
"
in
Pro
c
.
I
EE
E
Asi
a
P
a
c
if
ic Co
n
f.
Circ
u
it
s S
y
st.,
p
p
.
9
2
7
–
9
3
0
,
De
c
.
2
0
1
0
[1
2
]
Ra
jes
h
wa
ri
Bh
a
t
a
n
d
Ru
q
a
iy
a
k
h
a
n
a
m
"
In
teg
ra
te
d
p
o
we
r
a
n
d
c
l
o
c
k
d
istr
ib
u
t
io
n
c
ircu
it
s
i
n
a
wir
e
d
a
n
d
wire
les
s
c
lo
c
k
n
e
two
r
k
,
"
I
n
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
In
n
o
v
a
ti
v
e
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
a
n
d
Exp
lo
ri
n
g
E
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
(IJ
IT
EE
)
,
v
o
l.
8
,
n
o
.
7
S
,
p
p
.
1
5
4
-
1
5
7
,
M
a
y
2
0
1
9
[1
3
]
M
.
S
.
S
u
p
re
e
th
,
D.
Je
n
n
ifer
Ju
d
y
,
Ko
re
S
a
g
a
r
a
n
d
V.
S
.
Ka
n
c
h
a
n
a
Bh
a
a
sk
a
ra
n
,
"
L
o
w
p
o
we
r
e
n
e
rg
y
re
c
o
v
e
ry
c
lo
c
k
,
"
I
n
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
C
o
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
a
n
d
S
ig
n
a
l
P
ro
c
e
ss
in
g
(ICCS
P)
,
p
p
.
8
7
7
-
8
8
1
,
Ap
r
2
0
1
4
.
[1
4
]
Je
n
n
ifer
Ju
d
y
Do
m
in
ic
Ja
wa
h
a
r,
S
u
p
re
e
th
M
y
s
o
re
S
h
iv
a
n
a
n
d
a
M
u
rth
y
a
n
d
Ka
n
c
h
a
n
a
Bh
a
a
sk
a
ra
n
Ve
tt
u
v
a
n
a
m
S
o
m
a
su
n
d
a
ra
m
,
"
S
e
lf
-
g
a
ted
re
s
o
n
a
n
t
-
c
lo
c
k
e
d
fl
ip
-
fl
o
p
o
p
ti
m
ize
d
fo
r
p
o
we
r
e
fficie
n
c
y
a
n
d
sig
n
a
l
in
te
g
rit
y
,
"
IET
Circ
u
it
s,
De
v
ice
s &
S
y
ste
ms
,
v
o
l.
2
,
n
o
.
1
0
,
p
p
.
9
4
-
1
0
3
,
A
p
r
2
0
1
6
.
[1
5
]
T.
E
u
d
e
s,
B.
Ra
v
e
lo
a
n
d
A.
L
o
u
is,
"
E
x
p
e
rime
n
tal
v
a
li
d
a
ti
o
n
s
o
f
a
sim
p
le
P
CB
in
terc
o
n
n
e
c
t
m
o
d
e
l
fo
r
h
i
g
h
-
r
a
te
sig
n
a
l
i
n
teg
rit
y
,
"
T
ra
n
s.
E
lec
tro
ma
g
n
.
Co
m
p
a
t
.
,
v
o
l
.
5
4
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
3
9
7
-
4
0
4
,
2
0
1
2
.
[1
6
]
T.
Hira
n
o
,
K.
Ok
a
d
a
,
J.
Hiro
k
a
wa
e
t
a
l.
,
"
El
e
c
tro
m
a
g
n
e
ti
c
sim
u
latio
n
m
o
d
e
li
n
g
o
f
sili
c
o
n
su
b
stra
te
fo
r
6
0
G
Hz
o
n
-
c
h
ip
d
iffere
n
ti
a
l
-
fe
e
d
d
ip
o
le an
ten
n
a
,
"
A
p
p
l
.
P
h
y
s.
L
e
tt
.
,
v
o
l.
1
0
3
,
n
o
.
1
2
,
p
p
.
1
2
2
1
0
1
,
2
0
1
3
.
[1
7
]
A.
Ch
a
tt
o
p
a
d
h
y
a
y
a
n
d
Z.
Zi
l
ic,
"
F
lex
ib
le
a
n
d
re
c
o
n
fig
u
ra
b
le
m
ism
a
tch
-
to
lera
n
t
se
rial
c
lo
c
k
d
istr
ib
u
t
io
n
n
e
two
r
k
s
,
"
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
Ver
y
L
a
rg
e
S
c
a
le In
te
g
ra
ti
o
n
(VL
S
I)
S
y
ste
m
s,
v
o
l
.
2
0
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
5
2
3
-
5
3
6
,
M
a
r
2
0
1
2
.
[1
8
]
H.
Zh
u
a
n
d
V.
Ku
rsu
n
,
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.