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co
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1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
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(
1
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P
T
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Se
m
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
Op
tical
Am
p
li
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ier
s
(
SO
As)
ar
e
ex
p
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m
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k
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m
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ated
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d
f
ib
e
r
tr
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s
m
i
s
s
io
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s
y
s
te
m
s
[
1
-
3
]
.
T
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e
h
as
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n
co
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s
id
er
ab
le
p
r
o
g
r
ess
i
n
ex
p
lo
itatio
n
o
f
o
p
tical
n
o
n
l
in
ea
r
i
ties
i
n
SO
As
[
4
-
7
]
.
Mu
ch
atten
tio
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h
a
s
b
ee
n
p
aid
to
th
e
n
o
n
lin
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t
o
f
b
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r
in
g
e
n
ce
in
d
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ce
d
i
n
S
O
A
[
4
]
.
T
h
e
ef
f
ec
ti
v
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r
ac
ti
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in
d
ices
f
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m
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d
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d
b
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r
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g
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ce
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n
SO
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,
t
h
u
s
t
h
e
p
o
lar
izatio
n
ch
a
n
g
e
s
i
n
S
OA
f
o
r
T
E
an
d
T
M
m
o
d
es
[
4
]
.
T
h
is
ch
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n
g
e
o
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o
n
li
n
ea
r
p
o
lar
izatio
n
in
t
h
e
S
OA
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
w
ill
r
es
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lt
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n
t
h
e
ap
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r
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ce
o
f
o
p
tical
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g
ate
ch
ar
ac
ter
ized
b
y
h
i
g
h
s
p
ee
d
o
f
r
esp
o
n
s
e
[
8
-
1
2
]
.
T
h
e
d
esig
n
o
f
a
s
e
m
ico
n
d
u
c
to
r
o
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tical
am
p
li
f
ier
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p
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n
e
n
t
m
u
s
t
n
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es
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ar
il
y
p
ass
th
e
m
o
d
eli
n
g
p
h
a
s
e
w
h
ic
h
allo
w
s
s
tu
d
y
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g
a
th
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r
etica
l c
h
ar
ac
te
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izatio
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o
f
th
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a
n
d
a
n
tici
p
atin
g
its
r
ea
ct
io
n
s
o
n
th
e
b
asis
o
f
t
h
e
o
p
er
atin
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
[
1
]
.
Ma
th
e
m
at
ical
m
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d
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s
ar
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r
eq
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ir
ed
to
aid
in
th
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d
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to
p
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ict
th
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o
p
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al
ch
ar
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ter
is
tics
.
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e
th
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f
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n
d
atio
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o
f
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m
o
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g
w
a
s
estab
lis
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in
1
9
8
0
s
[
1
,
1
3
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.
Sin
ce
th
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aj
o
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p
r
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ce
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n
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ai
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w
a
v
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p
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.
So
m
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m
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ical
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latio
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w
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w
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eq
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k
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lar
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y
i
n
j
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n
to
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n
t
t
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a
n
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p
r
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e
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ig
n
al
s
o
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if
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er
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t
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o
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d
s
tate
o
f
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lar
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th
e
en
ter
in
g
o
f
th
e
SO
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.
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h
er
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o
r
e,
th
is
p
ap
er
is
d
ed
icate
d
t
o
th
e
s
t
u
d
y
o
f
th
e
m
o
d
i
f
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io
n
s
o
f
o
u
r
s
ta
tic
n
u
m
er
ical
m
o
d
el
to
tak
e
in
to
ac
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n
t
t
h
e
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o
n
lin
ea
r
e
f
f
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t
o
f
b
ir
ef
r
in
g
en
ce
o
v
er
ti
m
e
i
n
th
e
SO
A
[
4
]
.
Ou
r
d
etailed
d
y
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m
ic
n
u
m
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ical
m
o
d
el
o
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s
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cp
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p
r
o
p
er
ties
o
f
o
p
tical
lo
g
ic
g
ates
an
d
w
ill b
e
also
b
en
ef
ic
ial
f
o
r
all
o
th
er
d
ig
ital c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
d
esig
n
an
d
o
p
ti
m
izatio
n
.
2.
DYNA
M
I
C
NUM
E
RICAL
M
O
DE
L
O
F
SO
A
2
.
1
.
Sy
s
t
e
m
e
qu
a
t
io
ns
o
f
SO
A.
T
h
e
p
o
la
r
izatio
n
is
a
v
er
y
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
co
n
ce
p
t
w
h
e
n
s
t
u
d
y
i
n
g
th
e
SO
A
co
m
p
o
n
en
t.
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
is
d
ed
icate
d
to
th
e
s
tu
d
y
o
f
t
h
e
m
o
d
if
icatio
n
s
to
b
e
ad
d
ed
t
o
o
u
r
s
tatic
m
o
d
el
[
4
]
to
ta
k
e
in
to
ac
co
u
n
t
t
h
is
p
o
lar
izatio
n
ef
f
ec
t.
T
h
e
ex
p
r
e
s
s
io
n
s
o
f
t
h
e
co
u
p
led
m
o
d
e
eq
u
atio
n
s
m
u
s
t
b
e
m
o
d
if
ied
.
Fo
r
th
is
,
w
e
h
a
v
e
d
ev
elo
p
ed
a
m
o
r
e
d
etailed
m
o
d
el
b
ased
o
n
th
e
co
u
p
led
m
o
d
e
eq
u
atio
n
s
d
ep
en
d
en
t
o
n
b
o
th
ti
m
e
an
d
p
o
lar
izatio
n
.
An
d
t
h
u
s
,
w
e
ca
n
s
tu
d
y
t
h
e
n
o
n
li
n
ea
r
e
f
f
ec
t
o
f
t
h
e
i
n
d
u
ce
d
b
ir
ef
r
i
n
g
en
ce
a
n
d
th
e
s
tab
ili
t
y
o
f
SO
A
to
u
s
e
it
w
ell
as
a
m
u
lti
f
u
n
ct
io
n
al
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
i
n
o
p
tical
telec
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
s
y
s
te
m
s
.
T
h
is
m
o
d
el
tr
ea
ts
s
ep
ar
atel
y
t
h
e
T
E
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
an
d
T
M
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
o
f
t
h
e
o
p
tical
f
ield
,
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
co
n
f
i
n
e
m
e
n
t
f
ac
to
r
s
f
o
r
th
e
t
w
o
p
o
lar
izat
i
o
n
s
tate
s
an
d
ta
k
es
in
to
ac
co
u
n
t
th
e
p
h
en
o
m
e
n
o
n
o
f
th
e
T
E
an
d
T
M
m
o
d
es
en
er
g
y
co
u
p
li
n
g
[
4
]
.
T
h
e
d
ev
elo
p
ed
m
o
d
el
b
ased
o
n
th
e
ass
u
m
p
t
io
n
o
f
q
u
asi
-
s
tatio
n
ar
y
,
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
in
F
g
u
r
e
1
.
a
is
s
u
m
m
ed
u
p
i
n
a
s
e
v
er
al
s
ec
ti
o
n
d
iv
i
s
io
n
o
f
t
h
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
g
ai
n
r
eg
io
n
s
o
a
s
to
ta
k
e
i
n
t
o
ac
co
u
n
t
t
h
e
n
o
n
u
n
i
f
o
r
m
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
ca
r
r
ie
r
d
en
s
it
y
a
n
d
r
ef
r
ac
ti
v
e
i
n
d
ex
.
T
h
is
allo
w
s
d
e
s
cr
ib
in
g
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
o
f
t
h
e
f
ield
o
f
t
h
e
in
c
id
en
t
s
ig
n
al
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
u
n
til
t
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
i
n
ter
f
ac
e.
T
h
e
SO
A
o
f
len
g
t
h
ca
n
b
e
d
ec
o
m
p
o
s
ed
in
to
s
ec
tio
n
s
b
et
w
ee
n
its
t
w
o
f
ac
ets.
Fig
u
r
e
1
also
r
ep
r
esen
ts
t
h
e
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
to
an
al
y
ze
t
h
e
d
y
n
a
m
ic
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
s
o
f
th
e
s
h
o
r
t
o
p
tical
p
u
ls
e
a
m
p
lific
atio
n
o
f
w
av
e
len
g
t
d
u
r
in
g
it
s
p
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
SO
A
w
i
th
th
e
in
j
ec
tio
n
o
f
a
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
w
a
v
e
(
C
W
)
o
f
w
a
v
elen
g
t
h
th
is
ca
n
b
e
ca
lled
a
n
as
s
is
t
b
ea
m
.
T
h
e
ass
i
s
t
b
ea
m
ca
n
b
e
in
j
ec
ted
eith
er
i
n
co
p
r
o
p
ag
ativ
e
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
o
r
in
co
u
n
ter
p
r
o
p
ag
ativ
e
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
p
u
ls
e
o
f
th
e
e
n
ter
i
n
g
o
p
tical
s
ig
n
al.
(
a
)
(
b)
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Sch
e
m
a
o
f
th
e
o
p
tica
l sig
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als tr
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n
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m
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io
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O
A
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w
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ield
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1
4
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1
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ith
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e
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13]
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s
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in
ed
i
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1
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4
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.
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d
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d
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ac
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7
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m
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t si
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T
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o
n
d
itio
n
s
to
s
o
lv
e
th
e
a
m
p
li
f
ied
s
p
o
n
ta
n
eo
u
s
e
m
i
s
s
io
n
n
o
is
e
eq
u
at
io
n
s
s
y
s
te
m
.
/
±
(
=
0
,
)
=
1
,
/
∓
(
=
0
,
)
(
9
)
T
h
e
ca
r
r
ier
d
en
s
it
y
i
n
s
ec
t
io
n
i
in
s
id
e
t
h
e
SO
A
o
b
e
y
t
h
e
r
ate
eq
u
atio
n
[
1
,
4
,
1
2
]
:
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2089
-
4864
I
n
t J
R
ec
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
ab
le
&
E
m
b
ed
d
ed
Sy
s
t,
Vo
l.
9
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
ly
2
0
2
0
:
9
3
–
1
0
1
96
(
,
)
=
−
(
)
−
(
,
(
)
−
2
,
(
)
)
−
(
,
(
)
−
2
,
(
)
)
(
1
0
)
W
h
er
ea
s
I
is
th
e
a
m
p
li
f
ier
b
ias
cu
r
r
en
t,
d
an
d
w
ar
e
th
e
ac
tiv
e
r
eg
io
n
th
ic
k
n
es
s
an
d
w
id
t
h
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
T
h
e
r
ec
o
m
b
in
atio
n
r
ate
ter
m
(
)
is
g
i
v
en
b
y
:
(
)
=
1
×
+
2
×
2
+
3
×
3
(
11
)
W
h
er
ea
s
1
,
2
an
d
3
ar
e
r
ec
o
m
b
in
a
tio
n
co
ef
f
icie
n
ts
.
,
,
,
,
,
an
d
,
ar
e
d
ef
in
ed
b
y
eq
u
at
io
n
s
[
4
]
:
,
/
(
)
=
∑
,
/
(
,
)
=
1
[
|
/
+
|
2
+
|
/
−
|
2
]
(
1
2
)
,
/
(
)
=
∑
,
/
(
,
)
−
1
=
0
[
,
/
+
+
,
/
−
]
(
1
3
)
W
ith
,
n
u
m
b
er
s
o
f
s
i
g
n
als
i
n
j
ec
ted
w
it
h
o
p
tical
f
r
eq
u
en
c
ies
(
=
1
to
)
an
d
is
an
in
te
g
e
r
th
at
d
eter
m
i
n
e
s
th
e
s
a
m
p
l
in
g
s
tep
o
f
th
e
s
p
o
n
ta
n
eo
u
s
e
m
i
s
s
io
n
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cie
s
.
T
h
e
p
h
y
s
ica
l
m
ea
n
in
g
o
f
ea
c
h
o
f
th
e
ter
m
s
in
eq
u
atio
n
(
1
0
)
is
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
T
ab
le
1
.
T
ab
le
1
.
P
h
y
s
ical
s
ig
n
i
f
icatio
n
o
f
th
e
ter
m
s
o
f
t
h
e
ca
r
r
ier
d
en
s
it
y
e
v
o
lu
tio
n
eq
u
at
io
n
.
T
e
r
m
s
Phy
si
c
a
l
m
e
a
n
i
n
g
(
,
)
⁄
V
a
r
i
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
c
a
r
r
i
e
r
d
e
n
si
t
y
a
s a
f
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
i
me
a
n
d
s
p
a
c
e
.
⁄
C
a
r
r
i
e
r
d
e
n
s
i
t
y
i
n
j
e
c
t
e
d
b
y
t
h
e
b
i
a
s c
u
r
r
e
n
t
.
(
)
,
/
,
/
D
e
c
r
e
a
si
n
g
o
f
c
a
r
r
i
e
r
d
e
n
s
i
t
y
b
y
t
h
e
s
p
o
n
t
a
n
e
o
u
s re
c
o
mb
i
n
a
t
i
o
n
.
D
e
c
r
e
a
se
d
c
a
r
r
i
e
r
d
e
n
si
t
y
c
a
u
se
d
b
y
a
mp
l
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
s
i
g
n
a
l
s.
F
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
d
e
scri
b
i
n
g
t
h
e
i
n
f
l
u
e
n
c
e
o
f
A
S
E
o
n
c
a
r
r
i
e
r
d
e
n
s
i
t
y
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
s
o
f
eq
u
atio
n
s
(
3)
an
d
(
4
)
ar
e
s
y
s
te
m
s
o
f
f
iv
e
p
ar
tial,
n
o
n
li
n
ea
r
an
d
co
u
p
led
eq
u
atio
n
s
th
at
d
o
n
o
t
h
av
e
a
n
a
n
al
y
tic
s
o
lu
tio
n
.
A
n
u
m
er
ical
r
eso
lu
tio
n
is
th
e
n
n
ec
ess
ar
y
.
P
ar
tial
d
er
iv
ati
v
es
ap
p
ea
r
in
g
in
th
e
s
e
last
eq
u
atio
n
s
ar
e
ap
p
r
o
x
i
m
ated
b
y
t
h
e
f
i
n
ite
d
i
f
f
er
en
ce
s
i
n
th
e
f
ir
s
t o
r
d
er
an
d
ca
n
b
e
r
ep
lace
d
b
y
:
{
/
+
−
(
,
)
=
±
/
+
−
(
,
±
∆
)
−
/
+
−
(
,
)
∆
/
+
−
(
)
=
±
/
+
−
(
±
∆
,
)
−
/
+
−
(
,
)
∆
/
+
−
(
)
=
±
/
+
−
(
±
∆
,
)
−
/
+
−
(
,
)
∆
(
1
4
)
Si
m
i
lar
l
y
,
t
h
e
ev
o
l
u
tio
n
eq
u
a
ti
o
n
o
f
ca
r
r
ier
d
en
s
it
y
(
,
)
is
ap
p
r
o
x
i
m
ated
b
y
:
dn
(
z
,
t
)
dt
=
n
(
z
,
t
+
∆
t
)
−
n
(
z
,
t
)
∆
t
(
1
5
)
2
.
2
.
Dy
na
m
ic
o
f
nu
m
er
ica
l a
lg
o
rit
h
m
I
n
d
y
n
a
m
ic
r
eg
i
m
e,
w
e
esti
m
ated
th
e
ev
o
lu
tio
n
o
f
th
e
ca
r
r
ier
d
en
s
it
y
(
,
)
b
y
th
e
m
e
th
o
d
o
f
FDM
(
1
5
)
.
T
h
e
f
o
llo
w
in
g
al
g
o
r
ith
m
,
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
2
s
u
m
m
ar
izes t
h
e
m
ain
s
tep
s
u
s
ed
d
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
s
i
m
u
latio
n
:
Ste
p1
:
I
n
itialize
to
tr
an
s
p
ar
en
c
y
,
th
e
i
n
itial
co
n
d
itio
n
s
at
t =
0
.
Ste
p2
:
B
eg
in
iter
atio
n
o
f
ti
m
e,
th
en
w
e
esti
m
ate
th
e
s
i
g
n
a
l
f
ield
s
an
d
s
p
o
n
tan
eo
u
s
e
m
i
s
s
io
n
p
h
o
to
n
r
ates
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
m
et
h
o
d
o
f
FDM
eq
u
atio
n
s
:
(
16
)
,
(
17
)
,
(
18
)
an
d
(
19
).
Ste
p3
:
T
h
e
r
esu
lt
s
f
o
u
n
d
i
n
th
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tep
f
o
r
ea
ch
it
er
atio
n
o
f
t
h
e
ti
m
e
ar
e
i
n
j
ec
ted
in
to
th
e
ca
r
r
ier
ev
o
lu
tio
n
eq
u
atio
n
(
20
)
,
an
d
t
h
en
t
h
e
r
esu
lt
s
f
o
u
n
d
ar
e
s
av
ed
f
o
r
a
c
o
m
p
lete
s
t
u
d
y
o
f
t
h
e
SOA
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
o
v
er
ti
m
e.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
R
ec
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
ab
le
&
E
m
b
ed
d
ed
Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2089
-
4864
Dyn
a
mic
mo
d
elin
g
o
f th
e
b
ir
ef
r
in
g
en
ce
effec
ts
in
d
u
ce
d
in
s
emic
o
n
d
u
cto
r
o
p
tica
l a
mp
lifi
er fo
r
…
(
E
lya
ma
n
i
)
97
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Flo
w
c
h
ar
t o
f
t
h
e
SO
A
d
y
n
a
m
ic
m
o
d
el
T
h
e
SOA
g
eo
m
etr
ical
a
n
d
m
ater
ial
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
u
s
ed
i
n
t
h
e
m
o
d
el
ar
e
g
i
v
e
n
in
[
4
]
,
an
d
th
e
ti
m
e
s
i
m
u
lat
io
n
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
ar
e
lis
te
d
in
th
e
T
ab
le
2
ab
o
v
e.
T
ab
le
2
.
Su
m
m
ar
y
o
f
ti
m
e
s
i
m
u
latio
n
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
S
y
m
b
o
l
Pa
r
a
m
e
t
e
r
V
a
l
u
e
P
e
a
k
i
n
p
u
t
o
p
t
i
c
a
l
p
o
w
e
r
.
80
N
u
mb
e
r
o
f
S
O
A
se
c
t
i
o
n
.
2
6
0
mA
0
Δt
×
Δt
A
mp
l
i
f
i
e
r
b
i
a
s
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
.
N
u
mb
e
r
o
f
i
t
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
i
me
.
N
o
t
t
e
mp
o
r
a
l
.
T
i
me
w
i
n
d
o
w
.
0
d
B
m
3
8
7
0
0
.
1
6
7
p
s
6
4
6
p
s
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S
A
ND
D
I
SCU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
p
ar
t
w
ill
m
a
k
e
t
h
e
s
u
b
j
ec
t
o
f
th
e
p
r
esen
tatio
n
an
d
th
e
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
o
f
t
h
e
r
esu
lt
s
o
b
tain
ed
b
y
n
u
m
er
ical
s
i
m
u
lat
io
n
o
f
o
u
r
m
o
d
el.
T
h
e
Si
m
u
latio
n
r
es
u
lt
s
s
h
o
w
ed
t
h
at
th
e
s
t
u
d
y
o
f
d
y
n
a
m
ic
p
r
o
p
er
ties
o
f
b
ir
ef
r
in
g
en
ce
e
f
f
ec
ts
in
SO
A
ca
n
h
e
lp
u
s
to
o
v
er
co
m
e
m
a
n
y
o
f
t
h
e
i
n
co
n
v
e
n
ien
ce
s
t
h
at
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
e
f
f
icie
n
c
y
o
f
t
h
e
SO
A
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
f
o
r
it
s
ap
p
licatio
n
i
n
m
o
d
er
n
o
p
t
ic
al
telec
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
s
y
s
te
m
s
s
u
ch
as
th
e
lo
n
g
r
ec
o
v
er
y
ti
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
g
a
in
a
n
d
th
e
d
e
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
th
e
o
u
t
g
o
in
g
o
p
tical
p
u
l
s
e.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
w
t
h
at
w
e
ca
n
o
v
er
co
m
e
th
e
s
e
d
is
ad
v
a
n
ta
g
es
b
y
i
n
j
ec
tin
g
an
as
s
is
t b
ea
m
o
f
d
if
f
er
e
n
t p
o
w
er
an
d
p
o
lar
izati
o
n
s
tate.
3
.
1
.
Study
o
f
t
he
g
a
in re
co
v
er
y
t
i
m
e
I
n
t
h
is
s
u
b
s
ec
tio
n
,
w
e
w
ill
s
t
u
d
y
t
h
e
g
ai
n
r
ec
o
v
er
y
d
y
n
a
m
ic
s
o
f
t
h
e
S
O
A
i
n
cl
u
d
in
g
th
e
ef
f
ec
t o
f
ASE
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
p
as
s
a
g
e
o
f
a
s
h
o
r
t
o
p
tical
p
u
l
s
e
,
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
3
a
.
T
h
e
F
ig
u
r
e
3
b
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
e
v
o
lu
t
io
n
o
f
th
e
f
ib
er
-
to
-
f
ib
er
g
ai
n
as
a
f
u
n
ct
io
n
o
f
ti
m
e.
Fro
m
th
i
s
f
i
g
u
r
e,
w
e
ca
n
n
o
tice
3
s
tates
o
f
g
ain
:
th
e
s
t
a
t
e
0
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
to
a
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
g
ain
w
h
ich
is
also
ca
lled
t
h
e
s
t
ate
o
f
g
ai
n
co
m
p
r
es
s
io
n
;
s
t
a
t
e
1
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
to
a
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
g
ai
n
,
th
is
i
s
t
h
e
s
t
ate
o
f
t
h
e
s
m
all
-
s
ig
n
al
g
ai
n
o
f
th
e
S
O
A
a
n
d
th
e
la
s
t
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2089
-
4864
I
n
t J
R
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o
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f
i
g
u
r
ab
le
&
E
m
b
ed
d
ed
Sy
s
t,
Vo
l.
9
,
No
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2
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u
ly
2
0
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0
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3
–
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98
(
a
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Fig
u
r
e
3
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an
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Fig
u
r
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4
ill
u
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ate
s
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h
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lo
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d
in
al
d
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n
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ier
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n
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iu
m
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u
r
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4
.
Sp
atial
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al
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f
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ig
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n
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ter
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p
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w
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r
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ier
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to
av
o
id
g
ai
n
s
a
tu
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atio
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.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
R
ec
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
ab
le
&
E
m
b
ed
d
ed
Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2089
-
4864
Dyn
a
mic
mo
d
elin
g
o
f th
e
b
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b)
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Co
un
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Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Gain
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o
v
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f
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d
if
f
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w
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p
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t p
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6
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o
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i
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(
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:
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po
la
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:
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M
po
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Fig
u
r
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6
.
Gain
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a
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if
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t p
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2
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Fig
u
r
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7
s
h
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f
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w
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w
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in
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as
s
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ig
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m
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b):
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po
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Fig
u
r
e
7
.
Sp
atial
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tr
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n
s
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f
th
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tg
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i
n
g
o
p
tical
p
u
ls
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2089
-
4864
I
n
t J
R
ec
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
ab
le
&
E
m
b
ed
d
ed
Sy
s
t,
Vo
l.
9
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
ly
2
0
2
0
:
9
3
–
1
0
1
100
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b
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eq
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Fig
u
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8
s
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nfig
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b):
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un
t
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nfig
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t
io
n
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
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im
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tio
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o
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t
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p
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f
o
r
d
if
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n
t p
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f
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W
Fig
u
r
e
9
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
e
f
f
ec
t
o
f
p
o
lar
izatio
n
o
f
a
n
ass
is
t
b
ea
m
i
n
j
ec
ted
in
co
-
p
r
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p
ag
atin
g
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r
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n
ter
-
p
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p
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f
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r
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n
o
n
th
e
S
O
A
co
m
p
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en
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to
w
h
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n
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ted
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tical
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ized
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a
T
E
.
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f
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u
t
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p
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s
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th
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lar
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o
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is
t
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m
.
Fo
r
th
e
t
w
o
ca
s
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o
f
f
i
g
u
r
e.
9
,
w
e
o
b
s
er
v
e
th
at
w
h
e
n
th
e
ass
is
t
b
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m
i
s
p
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lar
ize
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T
E
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th
e
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m
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ll
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ce
d
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at
p
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lar
ized
T
M
.
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h
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th
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ai
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b):
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Fig
u
r
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.
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im
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p
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f
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W
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
Af
ter
ex
p
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p
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T
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d
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f
a
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ig
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p
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.
RE
F
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R
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NC
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S
[1
]
A
.
El
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A
.
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sin
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in
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,”
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o
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T
h
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ti
c
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n
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Ap
p
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In
f
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p
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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t J
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&
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N:
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4864
Dyn
a
mic
mo
d
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g
o
f th
e
b
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r
in
g
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ce
effec
ts
in
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p
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mp
lifi
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(
E
lya
ma
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i
)
101
[2
]
Ag
ra
w
a
l,
G
.
P
,
Fi
b
e
r
-
Op
ti
c
C
o
m
mu
n
ica
t
io
n
S
y
ste
ms
,
V
o
lu
me
1
.
3
rd
E
d
n
,
W
il
e
y
In
ters
c
i
e
n
c
e
,
Ne
w
Yo
rk
,
USA
,
2
0
0
2
.
[3
]
Ro
n
a
ld
W
.
W
a
y
n
a
n
t
(
A
u
th
o
r),
M
a
rw
o
o
d
N.
Ed
ig
e
r
(Ed
it
o
r),
Ro
n
a
ld
W
a
y
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a
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t
(
A
u
th
o
r),
El
e
c
tro
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o
p
t
ics
Ha
n
d
b
o
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k
,
Op
ti
c
a
l
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El
e
c
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p
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En
g
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rin
g
S
e
rie
s,
1
st
e
d
it
i
o
n
,
1
9
9
4
.
[4
]
A
.
El
y
a
m
a
n
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a
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d
A
.
Zatn
i,
"
S
tatic
c
h
a
ra
c
teriz
a
ti
o
n
o
f
th
e
b
iref
rin
g
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n
c
e
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ff
e
c
t
in
th
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S
e
m
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n
d
u
c
to
r
Op
ti
c
a
l
Am
p
li
fi
e
r
Us
in
g
th
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F
in
it
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Diff
e
re
n
c
e
M
e
th
o
d
,
"
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
lo
f
El
e
c
trica
l
a
n
d
Co
mp
u
ter
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
S
c
o
p
u
s
, v
o
l.
5
,
no
.
1
,
p
p
.
3
8
-
45
,
F
e
b
2
0
1
5
.
[5
]
H.
L
iro
n
g
a
n
d
H.
De
x
iu
,
"
S
p
e
c
t
ra
l
b
ro
a
d
e
n
in
g
o
f
u
lt
ra
sh
o
rt
o
p
ti
c
a
l
p
u
lse
d
u
e
to
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iref
rin
g
e
n
c
e
in
se
m
ico
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d
u
c
t
o
r
o
p
ti
c
a
l
a
m
p
li
f
iers
,
"
o
p
ti
c
s c
o
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
,
v
o
l.
2
2
3
,
p
p
.
2
9
5
-
3
0
0
,
2
0
0
3
.
[6
]
L
.
Q.
G
u
o
a
n
d
M
.
J.
Co
n
n
e
ll
y
,
"
A
M
u
e
ll
e
r
-
M
a
tri
x
F
o
rm
a
li
s
m
f
o
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m
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d
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li
n
g
P
o
la
riza
ti
o
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A
z
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m
u
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a
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d
El
li
p
ti
c
it
y
A
n
g
le
in
S
e
m
ico
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d
u
c
t
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Op
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m
p
li
f
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in
P
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p
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P
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b
e
S
c
h
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m
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,
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o
u
rn
a
l
o
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ig
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tw
a
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T
e
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v
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l.
2
5
,
p
p
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[7
]
De
n
g
,
Ye
,
Li
,
M
in
g
,
a
n
d
S
h
u
q
ia
n
S
u
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,
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u
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ly
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ra
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riza
ti
o
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OA
b
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d
a
c
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v
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o
p
ti
c
a
l
fi
lt
e
r
,"
IEE
E
Op
to
-
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
C
o
mm
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ica
ti
o
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s
,
p
p
.
1
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3
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2
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1
5
.
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A
n
k
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a
h
a
ria
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n
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Rit
u
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a
rm
a
,
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n
A
p
p
ro
a
c
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f
o
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th
e
Re
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l
isa
ti
o
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f
NA
ND
,
NO
R
&
A
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G
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Us
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p
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&
Ba
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P
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F
il
ter,"
2
0
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4
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In
ter
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mm
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two
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2
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.
[9
]
S
a
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m
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S
a
x
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a
,
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ll
Op
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r
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t
in
S
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m
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o
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d
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c
to
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Op
ti
c
a
l
Am
p
li
f
ier
(S
O
A
),
"
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In
ter
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a
ti
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Co
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fer
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c
e
o
n
Po
we
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Co
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tro
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S
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ls
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d
In
stru
me
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on
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,
IC
P
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-
2
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1
7
.
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0
]
M
.
A
.
Esm
a
il
,
A
.
Ra
g
h
e
b
,
a
n
d
H.
F
a
th
a
ll
a
h
,
"
De
m
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o
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o
f
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to
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se
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ig
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rid
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Ne
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Ph
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e
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2
0
1
8
.
[1
1
]
Dh
o
u
m
e
n
d
ra
M
a
n
d
a
l,
S
u
m
a
n
a
M
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l
,
a
n
d
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Ku
m
a
r
Ga
ra
i,
"
De
sig
n
o
f
a
ll
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it
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ry
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p
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ra
to
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sin
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re
v
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le
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tes
,
"
1
st
In
tern
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l
Co
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teria
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c
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lo
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(IE
M
ENTec
h
),
2
0
1
7
.
[1
2
]
S
.
P
i
tri
s,
C.
V
a
g
io
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s,
S
tu
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e
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