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k
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ir
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m
en
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p
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p
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s
e
a
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m
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ical
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ap
p
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ab
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ately
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th
at
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th
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ca
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ab
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r
f
o
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in
g
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te
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ch
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n
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len
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th
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with
o
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t a
f
f
ec
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g
am
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ip
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lar
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ap
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e
is
an
ex
ce
llen
t
o
p
ti
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b
ey
o
n
d
Sil
ico
n
[
2
-
4
]
f
o
r
h
ig
h
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
elec
tr
o
n
ic
d
ev
i
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s
wh
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tu
r
n
in
g
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f
f
th
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d
ev
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o
t
a
p
r
im
e
c
o
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ce
r
n
.
T
h
e
p
o
te
n
tial
o
f
g
r
ap
h
e
n
e
f
o
r
r
ad
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f
r
eq
u
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cy
d
e
v
ices
is
well
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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f
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&
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Mo
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V
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-
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(
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.
)
57
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
at
s
h
o
r
ter
c
h
a
n
n
el
len
g
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th
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in
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s
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to
f
f
f
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eq
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as
h
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g
h
as
Gig
a
h
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tz
is
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
[
5
-
7
]
.
C
ap
ab
ilit
y
o
f
g
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ap
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f
ield
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f
ec
t tr
an
s
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f
o
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d
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ital a
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also
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asized
[8
,
9
]
.
T
h
e
r
e
ar
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h
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s
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r
o
m
d
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v
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p
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f
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GFET
s
[
10
,
11
]
.
T
h
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f
ir
s
t
Ph
y
s
ics
b
ased
m
o
d
el
[
1
2
]
p
r
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q
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alitat
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in
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m
atio
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ab
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th
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s
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t
in
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s
.
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h
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Dr
if
t
-
Dif
f
u
s
io
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m
o
d
el
p
r
esen
ted
in
[
1
3
,
1
4
]
s
h
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k
in
k
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ec
t
in
th
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ch
ar
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ter
is
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o
f
GFET
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asi
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tical
ap
p
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h
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ed
f
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r
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s
wh
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h
as
a
lar
g
e
ar
ea
[
1
5
].
Vir
tu
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r
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m
o
d
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is
also
d
ev
elo
p
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o
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r
ap
h
e
n
e
f
ie
ld
ef
f
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t
tr
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s
is
to
r
s
[1
6
]
,
L
ar
g
e
s
ig
n
al
m
o
d
el
is
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
lly
im
p
lem
en
ted
in
[
1
7
,
18]
.
T
h
e
m
ain
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
f
o
r
th
is
wo
r
k
is
f
r
o
m
p
a
p
er
[1
9
],
wh
er
e
a
co
m
p
ac
t
m
o
d
el
b
ased
o
n
p
h
y
s
ics
is
d
ev
elo
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s
in
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th
e
co
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ce
p
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ir
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m
eth
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.
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ier
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p
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t
in
b
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d
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if
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d
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allis
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o
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Ve
r
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A
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f
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im
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latio
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T
h
i
s
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d
o
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e
f
o
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a
m
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o
lay
er
g
r
ap
h
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f
ield
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W
e
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h
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v
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th
e
m
ain
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
is
f
r
o
m
p
ap
e
r
[
20
]
.
An
ac
cu
r
ate
co
m
p
ac
t
m
o
d
el
is
d
ev
elo
p
ed
f
o
r
a
b
ilay
er
g
r
ap
h
en
e
FET
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
el
is
b
ased
u
p
o
n
2
D
d
en
s
ity
o
f
s
tates
an
d
is
im
p
lem
en
ted
in
Ver
ilo
g
-
A
.
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h
is
p
ap
er
is
o
r
g
an
ize
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as
f
o
llo
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R
esear
ch
m
eth
o
d
is
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
in
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n
I
I
f
o
llo
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b
y
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esu
lts
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d
d
i
s
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s
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io
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n
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I
I
.
C
o
n
cl
u
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io
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r
o
v
id
ed
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n
Sectio
n
I
V.
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
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h
e
m
eth
o
d
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l
o
g
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o
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o
r
d
r
ain
cu
r
r
e
n
t
m
o
d
elin
g
is
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
e
s
tep
s
f
o
llo
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e
ex
tr
ac
t
io
n
o
f
p
ar
am
ete
r
s
u
s
in
g
ato
m
is
tic
m
o
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g
[
2
1
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u
s
in
g
MA
T
L
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an
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ice
m
o
d
elin
g
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er
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r
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ed
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s
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g
ca
r
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n
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p
o
r
t
m
ec
h
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is
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s
.
Fin
ally
d
r
a
in
cu
r
r
e
n
t
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o
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el
f
o
r
m
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Fig
u
r
e
1
.
B
o
tto
m
u
p
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
m
eth
o
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o
l
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g
y
f
o
r
m
o
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g
r
a
p
h
en
e
f
ield
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t tr
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is
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r
2
.
1
.
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o
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m
o
delin
g
2
.
1
.
1
.
B
a
nd
s
t
ruct
ure
a
nd
de
ns
it
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o
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s
t
a
t
es
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h
e
s
tr
u
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r
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g
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b
an
d
o
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ico
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ar
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.
I
t
ca
n
also
b
e
s
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en
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o
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
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em
ico
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s
th
at
th
er
e
is
a
b
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d
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g
a
p
o
f
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ize
E
g
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d
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e
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as
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z
er
o
b
a
n
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g
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as
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wn
in
t
h
e
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Ho
wev
er
,
b
an
d
-
g
ap
ca
n
b
e
i
n
d
u
ce
d
in
m
an
y
ty
p
es
o
f
g
r
ap
h
en
e
b
ase
d
d
ev
ices
s
u
ch
as
B
i
-
lay
er
G
FET
an
d
g
r
ap
h
e
n
e
Nan
o
-
R
ib
b
o
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
B
an
d
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
g
r
a
p
h
en
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
20
89
-
4
8
6
4
I
n
t J Reco
n
f
ig
u
r
a
b
le
&
E
m
b
ed
d
ed
Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
10
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
c
h
202
1
:
5
6
–
64
58
D
en
s
ity
o
f
States
(
Do
S)
f
o
r
g
r
a
p
h
en
e
is
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
as it a
two
d
im
en
s
io
n
al
m
ater
ial
an
d
it is
g
iv
en
b
y
2
)
(
|
|
2
)
(
vf
E
c
v
E
E
D
−
=
(
1
)
W
h
er
e
D(
E
)
is
Den
s
ity
o
f
States
,
ħ
is
r
ed
u
ce
d
p
lan
ck
s
co
n
s
tan
t a
n
d
v
f
is
Fer
m
i
Velo
city
.
2
.
1
.
2
.
Q
ua
ntum
c
a
pa
cit
a
nce
Qu
an
tu
m
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
C
q
is
th
e
in
tr
in
s
ic
ch
ar
g
e
s
to
r
ag
e
wh
e
n
a
p
o
ten
tial
is
ap
p
lie
d
m
o
s
t
c
o
m
m
o
n
l
y
s
m
all
s
ig
n
al.
Qu
an
tu
m
ca
p
ac
i
tan
ce
is
d
ep
en
d
en
t
o
n
th
e
ch
a
n
n
el
p
o
ten
tial
wh
ich
is
n
u
m
e
r
ically
m
o
d
eled
an
d
p
lo
tted
u
s
in
g
MA
T
L
AB
.
E
x
ac
t e
q
u
atio
n
o
f
Qu
an
t
u
m
ca
p
ac
it
an
ce
[
2
2
-
2
3
]
is
g
iv
en
b
y
(
2
)
Ap
p
r
o
x
im
atio
n
eq
u
atio
n
f
o
r
g
r
ap
h
en
e
[
1
6
]
u
s
ed
is
as sh
o
wn
in
(
3
)
W
h
er
e
q
is
th
e
elec
tr
o
n
ic
c
h
ar
g
e,
KT
B
o
ltzm
an
n
c
o
n
s
tan
t,
V
ch
is
th
e
ch
an
n
el
p
o
ten
tial.
2
.
1
.
3
.
Cha
rg
e
dens
it
y
C
h
ar
g
e
d
e
n
s
ity
is
an
im
p
o
r
tan
t
p
ar
am
eter
f
o
r
a
s
em
ico
n
d
u
ct
o
r
.
C
h
ar
g
e
d
en
s
ity
is
r
elate
d
t
o
Den
s
ity
o
f
States
an
d
Fer
m
i D
ir
ac
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
an
d
is
ex
p
lain
ed
in
:
E
lectr
o
n
d
e
n
s
ity
n
is
g
iv
en
b
y
(
4
)
W
h
er
e
D(
E
)
is
Den
s
ity
o
f
States
an
d
f
(
E
)
is
a
Fer
m
i D
ir
ac
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
.
E
x
p
r
ess
io
n
f
o
r
elec
tr
o
n
(
n
)
a
n
d
h
o
le
d
e
n
s
ity
(
p
)
is
ap
p
r
o
x
im
at
ed
as
(
5
)
(
6
)
So
th
e
m
o
s
t im
p
o
r
tan
t p
ar
am
e
ter
m
o
d
eled
f
o
r
a
d
r
ain
ch
ar
g
e
tr
an
s
p
o
r
t
[
2
4
]
is
)
(
n
p
q
Qt
+
=
(
7
)
2
.
1
.
4
.
M
o
bil
it
y
ca
lcula
t
io
n
T
h
e
m
o
s
t
f
ascin
atin
g
p
r
o
p
er
t
y
o
f
g
r
ap
h
en
e
is
its
m
o
b
ilit
y
.
T
h
e
m
o
b
ilit
y
o
f
h
o
les
is
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ated
with
th
at
o
f
elec
tr
o
n
s
in
m
a
n
y
wo
r
k
s
.
As
it
is
f
o
u
n
d
ex
p
er
i
m
en
tally
th
at
m
o
b
ilit
y
o
f
elec
tr
o
n
s
is
n
o
t
eq
u
al
to
m
o
b
ilit
y
o
f
h
o
les,
we
ar
e
c
o
n
s
id
er
in
g
d
is
tin
ct
m
o
b
ilit
y
.
T
h
e
m
o
b
ilit
y
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
µ
eff
is
g
iv
en
b
y
.
+
=
KT
q
V
c
h
C
o
s
h
vf
KT
q
Cq
(
1
2
ln
)
(
2
2
2
2
2
)
)
4
l
n
(
(
1
)
(
)
4
l
n
(
2
KT
q
V
c
h
vf
KT
q
Cq
+
=
=
E
c
v
dE
E
f
E
D
n
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
2
1
2
2
KT
q
Vc
h
vf
KT
n
−
=
)
(
)
(
)
(
2
1
2
2
KT
q
V
c
h
vf
KT
p
=
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Reco
n
f
ig
u
r
a
b
le
&
E
m
b
ed
d
ed
Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2089
-
4
8
6
4
Mo
n
o
la
ye
r
a
n
d
b
ila
ye
r
g
r
a
p
h
en
e
field
effec
t tra
n
s
is
to
r
u
s
in
g
V
eril
o
g
-
A
(
N
a
ya
n
a
G
.
H
.
)
59
(
8
)
W
h
er
e
µ
n
is
th
e
m
o
b
ilit
y
o
f
elec
tr
o
n
s
,
µ
p
is
th
e
m
o
b
ilit
y
o
f
h
o
les.
2
.
1
.
5
.
Velo
cit
y
s
a
t
ura
t
io
n
W
h
en
a
h
ig
h
elec
tr
ic
f
ield
is
ap
p
lied
to
a
g
r
a
p
h
en
e
c
h
an
n
el
,
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
d
r
if
t
v
elo
city
th
e
ch
ar
g
e
ca
r
r
ier
s
ca
n
attain
is
v
elo
city
s
atu
r
atio
n
[
2
5
]
.
Velo
city
s
atu
r
a
tio
n
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
to
b
e
in
v
er
s
ely
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
to
ch
an
n
el
p
o
te
n
tial a
n
d
h
as p
r
o
v
ed
to
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
ac
cu
r
ate
r
esu
lts
b
u
t a
t lo
w
ch
an
n
el
p
o
ten
tial v
elo
city
s
atu
r
atio
n
is
fo
u
n
d
to
b
e
ex
tr
em
ely
h
ig
h
.
2
.
2
.
Dev
ice
m
o
delin
g
a
nd
dev
elo
pin
g
dra
in curr
ent
m
o
del
T
h
er
e
ar
e
v
ar
io
u
s
ca
teg
o
r
ies
to
wh
ich
we
ca
n
clas
s
if
y
g
r
ap
h
en
e
f
ield
ef
f
ec
t
tr
an
s
is
to
r
s
(
GFET
)
,
s
tar
tin
g
f
r
o
m
h
o
w
g
r
a
p
h
en
e
is
p
r
ep
ar
e
d
as
eith
er
b
y
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
ex
f
o
liatio
n
,
C
VD
g
r
o
wth
o
r
ep
itax
ial.
W
e
ca
n
also
ch
o
o
s
e
th
e
ty
p
e
o
f
GFET
b
ased
o
n
th
e
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
it
i
s
u
s
ed
f
o
r
.
L
ar
g
e
ar
ea
m
o
n
o
lay
er
g
r
ap
h
e
n
e
FET
h
av
in
g
ze
r
o
b
an
d
g
ap
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
R
F
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
L
o
g
ical
ap
p
licati
o
n
s
r
eq
u
ir
e
a
m
in
im
u
m
b
an
d
g
ap
to
o
p
er
ate;
h
en
ce
it
is
d
if
f
icu
lt
to
m
ak
e
u
s
e
o
f
m
o
n
o
lay
er
GFET
.
So
,
e
f
f
o
r
ts
h
av
e
b
ee
n
m
ad
e
to
in
d
u
ce
a
b
an
d
g
a
p
b
etwe
en
co
n
d
u
ctio
n
b
an
d
a
n
d
v
alen
ce
b
an
d
lead
in
g
to
o
th
er
t
y
p
es
o
f
GFET
n
a
m
ely
B
ilay
er
GFET
an
d
Gr
ap
h
en
e
n
a
n
o
r
i
b
b
o
n
s
wh
ich
ca
n
b
e
a
g
ain
class
if
ied
as a
r
m
ch
air
o
r
zig
za
g
b
ased
o
n
its
p
atter
n
.
2
.
2
.
1
.
M
o
no
la
y
er
g
r
a
ph
ene
f
ield e
f
f
ec
t
t
ra
ns
is
t
o
r
C
ar
r
ier
tr
an
s
p
o
r
t
m
o
d
elin
g
is
m
o
s
t
o
f
th
e
tim
es
b
ased
o
n
Dr
if
t
Dif
f
u
s
io
n
co
n
ce
p
t,
b
u
t
o
n
e
o
f
its
p
r
im
e
lim
itatio
n
s
is
th
at
it
i
s
n
o
t
v
alid
f
o
r
a
s
h
o
r
t
c
h
an
n
el.
At
MI
T
,
an
alter
n
ate
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
i
s
d
ev
elo
p
ed
ca
lled
as
v
ir
tu
al
s
o
u
r
ce
co
n
ce
p
t
f
o
r
GFET
s
[
1
9
]
.
T
h
is
ty
p
e
o
f
m
o
d
el
h
o
ld
s
g
o
o
d
f
o
r
all
r
eg
i
o
n
s
o
f
o
p
e
r
atio
n
,
b
o
t
h
f
o
r
u
n
ip
o
lar
an
d
b
ip
o
lar
[
1
9
]
.
As
we
k
n
o
w
th
at
m
o
s
t
o
f
t
h
e
tim
es
g
r
ad
u
al
ch
a
n
n
el
a
p
p
r
o
x
im
a
tio
n
is
co
n
s
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r
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o
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two
d
im
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s
io
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al
m
ater
ials
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RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
A.
K.
G
e
im a
n
d
K.
S
.
N
o
v
o
se
lo
v
,
“
Th
e
rise
o
f
g
ra
p
h
e
n
e
,
”
Na
t
u
re
M
a
ter
ia
ls
,
v
o
l.
6
,
p
p
.
1
8
3
–
1
9
1
,
2
0
0
7
.
[2
]
F
.
S
c
h
wie
rz
,
“
G
ra
p
h
e
n
e
tran
sisto
rs:
S
tatu
s,
p
ro
s
p
e
c
ts,
a
n
d
p
ro
b
lem
s,”
Pro
c
e
e
d
in
g
s
o
f
t
h
e
IEE
E
,
v
o
l.
1
0
1
,
n
o
.
7
,
p
p
.
1
5
6
7
–
1
5
8
4
,
2
0
1
3
.
[3
]
H.
Wan
g
,
H.
Wan
g
,
A.
Hs
u
,
J.
Wu
,
J.
Ko
n
g
,
a
n
d
T.
P
a
lac
io
s,
“
G
r
a
p
h
e
n
e
-
b
a
se
d
a
m
b
ip
o
lar
RF
m
ix
e
rs,”
IEE
E
El
e
c
tro
n
De
v
ice
L
e
tt
.
,
v
o
l
.
3
1
,
n
o
.
9
,
p
p
.
9
0
6
–
9
0
8
,
2
0
1
0
.
[4
]
H.
-
Y.
Ch
e
n
,
J
.
Ap
p
e
n
z
e
ll
e
r
,
“
G
ra
p
h
e
n
e
-
b
a
se
d
fre
q
u
e
n
c
y
tri
p
ler,”
N
a
n
o
letter
s
,
v
o
l.
1
2
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
2
0
6
7
–
2
0
7
0
,
2
0
1
2
.
[5
]
Y
.
Wu
,
Yu
-
m
in
g
Li
n
,
A
.
A.
Bo
l,
K
.
A.
Je
n
k
in
s,
F
.
Xia
,
D
.
B.
F
a
r
m
e
r,
Y
.
Zh
u
a
n
d
P
.
A
v
o
u
ris
.
,
“
H
ig
h
-
fre
q
u
e
n
c
y
,
sc
a
led
g
ra
p
h
e
n
e
tra
n
sisto
rs
o
n
d
ia
m
o
n
d
li
k
e
c
a
rb
o
n
,
”
N
a
tu
re
,
v
o
l.
4
7
2
,
p
p
.
7
4
–
7
8
,
2
0
1
1
.
[6
]
Y.
Q.
Wu
,
Y.
-
M
.
Li
n
;
K.
A.
J
e
n
k
in
s
,
J.
A.
Ott
,
C
.
Dim
it
ra
k
o
p
o
u
lo
s
,
D.
B.
F
a
rm
e
r
,
F
.
Xia
,
A.
G
ril
l
,
D.
A.
An
to
n
iad
is
,
P
h
.
Av
o
u
ris
,
“
RF
p
e
rfo
rm
a
n
c
e
o
f
sh
o
rt
c
h
a
n
n
e
l
g
ra
p
h
e
n
e
field
-
e
ffe
c
t
tran
sist
o
r,
”
2
0
1
0
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
El
e
c
tro
n
De
v
ice
s M
e
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ti
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g
,
2
0
1
0
,
p
p
.
9
.
6
.
1
–
9
.
6
.
3
.
[7
]
Y
.
-
M
.
Li
n
,
D
.
B.
F
a
rm
e
r
,
K
.
A.
Je
n
k
in
s
,
Y
.
Wu
,
J
.
L.
Ted
e
sc
o
,
R
.
L.
M
.
-
War
d
,
C
.
R
.
M
y
e
rs
-
Ward
,
D.
K
.
G
a
sk
il
l,
C
.
Dim
it
ra
k
o
p
o
u
lo
s
,
a
n
d
P
.
Av
o
u
ris
,
“
E
n
h
a
n
c
e
d
p
e
rfo
rm
a
n
c
e
i
n
e
p
it
a
x
ial
g
ra
p
h
e
n
e
F
ET
s
with
o
p
ti
m
ize
d
c
h
a
n
n
e
l
m
o
rp
h
o
lo
g
y
,
”
IEE
E
El
e
c
tro
n
.
De
v
ice
L
e
tt
,
v
o
l.
3
2
,
n
o
.
1
0
,
p
p
.
1
3
4
3
–
1
3
4
5
,
2
0
1
1
.
[8
]
S
.
K.
Ti
wa
ria,
S
.
S
a
h
o
o
b
,
N.
Wan
g
a
a
n
d
A.
Hu
c
z
k
o
,
“
G
ra
p
h
e
n
e
r
e
se
a
rc
h
a
n
d
t
h
e
ir
o
u
t
p
u
ts:
S
tat
u
s
a
n
d
p
ro
s
p
e
c
t,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
S
c
ien
c
e
:
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
M
a
ter
ia
ls a
n
d
De
v
ice
s
,
v
o
l.
5
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
10
-
29
,
2
0
2
0
.
[9
]
H.
Ab
d
o
ll
a
h
i,
R
.
Ho
o
s
h
m
a
n
d
,
H
.
Ow
li
a
,
”
G
r
a
p
h
e
n
e
-
b
a
se
d
c
u
rre
n
t
m
o
d
e
lo
g
ic
c
ircu
it
s:
a
sim
u
latio
n
stu
d
y
f
o
r
a
n
e
m
e
rg
in
g
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
E
lec
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
T
e
lec
o
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
,
v
o
l.
6
5
,
p
p
.
3
8
1
-
3
8
8
,
2
0
1
9
.
[1
0
]
M
.
Ch
e
li
,
G
.
F
io
r
i,
a
n
d
G
.
Ia
n
n
a
c
c
o
n
e
,
“
A
se
m
ian
a
ly
ti
c
a
l
m
o
d
e
l
o
f
b
il
a
y
e
r
g
ra
p
h
e
n
e
field
e
ffe
c
t
tr
a
n
sisto
r,
”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
El
e
c
tro
n
De
v
ice
s
,
v
o
l.
5
6
,
n
o
.
12
,
p
p
.
2
9
7
9
–
2
9
8
6
,
2
0
0
9
.
[1
1
]
S
.
Th
iele
a
n
d
F
.
S
c
h
wie
rz
,
“
M
o
d
e
li
n
g
o
f
th
e
ste
a
d
y
sta
te
c
h
a
ra
c
teristics
o
f
larg
e
-
a
re
a
g
ra
p
h
e
n
e
field
-
e
ffe
c
t
tran
sisto
rs,”
J
.
A
p
p
l
.
P
h
y
s
,
v
o
l.
1
1
0
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
0
3
4
5
0
6
-
1
–
0
3
4
5
0
6
-
7
,
2
0
1
1
.
[1
2
]
V.
Ry
z
h
ii
,
M
.
Ry
z
h
i
i,
a
n
d
T.
O
tsu
ji
,
“
Th
e
rm
io
n
ic
a
n
d
t
u
n
n
e
li
n
g
tran
sp
o
rt
m
e
c
h
a
n
ism
s
in
g
ra
p
h
e
n
e
field
-
e
ffe
c
t
tran
sisto
rs,”
P
h
y
sic
a
S
t
a
tu
s
S
o
li
d
i
(a
),
v
o
l
.
2
0
5
,
n
o
.
7
,
p
p
.
1
5
2
7
–
1
5
3
3
,
2
0
0
8
.
[1
3
]
I.
M
e
ric,
M
.
Y.
Ha
n
,
B.
Oz
y
il
m
a
z
,
P
.
Kim
,
a
n
d
K.
L.
S
h
e
p
a
rd
,
“
Cu
rre
n
t
sa
tu
ra
ti
o
n
in
z
e
ro
-
b
a
n
d
g
a
p
,
to
p
-
g
a
ted
g
ra
p
h
e
n
e
f
ield
-
e
ffe
c
t
tran
sisto
rs,”
Na
tu
re
N
a
n
o
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
v
o
l.
3
,
n
o
.
1
1
,
p
p
.
6
5
4
–
6
5
9
,
2
0
0
8
.
[1
4
]
I.
M
e
ric
,
C
.
R.
De
a
n
,
A
.
F
.
Yo
u
n
g
,
N
.
Ba
k
li
tsk
a
y
a
,
N
.
J.
Trem
b
lay
,
C
.
Nu
c
k
o
ll
s,
P
.
Kim
,
a
n
d
K
.
L.
S
h
e
p
a
rd
,
“
Ch
a
n
n
e
l
len
g
th
sc
a
li
n
g
in
g
ra
p
h
e
n
e
field
-
e
ffe
c
t
tran
sisto
rs
stu
d
i
e
d
with
p
u
lse
d
c
u
rre
n
t
-
v
o
lt
a
g
e
m
e
a
su
re
m
e
n
ts,”
Na
n
o
L
e
tt
e
rs
,
v
o
l.
1
1
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
1
0
9
3
–
1
0
9
7
,
2
0
1
1
.
[1
5
]
S
.
A.
T
h
iele
,
J.
A.
S
c
h
a
e
fe
r,
a
n
d
F
.
S
c
h
wie
rz
,
“
M
o
d
e
li
n
g
o
f
g
r
a
p
h
e
n
e
m
e
tal
–
o
x
id
e
–
se
m
ico
n
d
u
c
to
r
field
-
e
ffe
c
t
tran
sisto
rs wit
h
g
a
p
les
s larg
e
a
re
a
g
ra
p
h
e
n
e
c
h
a
n
n
e
ls,”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
A
p
p
li
e
d
Ph
y
sic
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
0
7
,
n
o
.
9
,
2
0
1
0
.
[1
6
]
H.
Wan
g
,
A
.
Hsu
,
J
.
Ko
n
g
,
D
.
A
.
An
t
o
n
iad
is
a
n
d
T
.
P
a
lac
io
s
,
“
C
o
m
p
a
c
t
v
irt
u
a
l
-
so
u
rc
e
c
u
rre
n
t
-
v
o
l
tag
e
m
o
d
e
l
f
o
r
to
p
-
a
n
d
b
a
c
k
-
g
a
ted
g
ra
p
h
e
m
e
field
-
e
ffe
c
t
tran
sisto
rs,”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
El
e
c
tro
n
De
v
ice
s
,
v
o
l.
5
8
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
1
5
2
3
–
1
5
3
3
,
2
0
1
1
.
[1
7
]
O.
Ha
b
ib
p
o
u
r,
J.
V
u
k
u
sic
,
a
n
d
J
.
S
tak
e
,
“
A
larg
e
-
sig
n
a
l
g
ra
p
h
e
n
e
F
ET
m
o
d
e
l,
”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
El
e
c
tro
n
De
v
ice
s
,
v
o
l.
59
,
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o
.
4
,
p
p
.
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6
8
-
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7
5
,
2
0
1
2
.
[1
8
]
S
.
F
ré
g
o
n
è
se
,
N.
M
e
n
g
,
H.
-
N.
Ng
u
y
e
n
,
C.
M
a
jek
,
C.
M
a
n
e
u
x
,
H.
Ha
p
p
y
,
a
n
d
T.
Zi
m
m
e
r,
“
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
c
o
m
p
a
c
t
m
o
d
e
ll
in
g
o
f
g
ra
p
h
e
n
e
tra
n
sisto
rs
,
”
S
o
l
id
-
S
ta
te E
lec
tro
n
ics
,
v
o
l
.
7
3
,
p
p
.
2
7
–
3
1
,
2
0
1
2
.
[1
9
]
S
h
a
lo
o
Ra
k
h
e
ja,
Ya
n
q
i
n
g
W
u
,
Ha
n
Wan
g
,
To
m
á
s
P
a
lac
io
s,
P
h
a
e
d
o
n
Av
o
u
ris
a
n
d
Dim
it
ri
A.
An
to
n
iad
is
.
,
”
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n
a
m
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ip
o
lar
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irt
u
a
l
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se
d
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h
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rg
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t
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o
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p
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t
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e
l
fo
r
n
a
n
o
sc
a
le
g
ra
p
h
e
n
e
tra
n
si
sto
rs,”
IE
EE
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s O
n
N
a
n
o
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
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o
l.
1
3
,
n
o
.
5
,
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p
.
1
0
0
5
-
1
0
1
3
,
2
0
1
4
.
[2
0
]
Jo
rg
e
-
Da
n
iel
Ag
u
irre
-
M
o
ra
les
,
S
é
b
a
stien
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ré
g
o
n
è
se
,
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h
h
a
n
d
a
k
M
u
k
h
e
rjee
,
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a
n
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u
x
a
n
d
T
h
o
m
a
s
Zi
m
m
e
r
,
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a
c
c
u
ra
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h
y
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se
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o
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c
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l
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te
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e
r
g
ra
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h
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n
e
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ET
s
,
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E
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ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
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lec
tro
n
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v
ice
s
,
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o
l.
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2
,
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o
.
1
2
,
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p
.
4
3
3
3
-
4
3
3
9
,
2
0
1
5
.
[2
1
]
Biswa
p
riy
o
Da
s
a
n
d
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a
n
tan
u
M
a
h
a
p
a
tra,
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to
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ircu
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-
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in
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–
se
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ico
n
d
u
c
to
r
field
-
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ffe
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t
tran
sis
to
rs,”
2
D
M
a
ter
i
a
ls a
n
d
Ap
p
li
c
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t
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o
n
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l
.
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o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
-
1
0
,
2
0
1
8
.
[2
2
]
T.
F
a
n
g
,
A.
Ko
n
a
r,
H.
Xin
g
,
a
n
d
D.
Je
n
a
,
“
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rrier
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ti
stics
a
n
d
q
u
a
n
tu
m
c
a
p
a
c
it
a
n
c
e
o
f
g
ra
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h
e
n
e
sh
e
e
ts
a
n
d
rib
b
o
n
s,”
A
p
p
li
e
d
P
h
y
sic
s L
e
tt
e
rs
.,
v
o
l.
9
1
,
n
o
.
9
,
2
0
0
7
.
[2
3
]
J
.
Ti
a
n
,
A
.
Ka
tso
u
n
a
r
o
s
D
.
S
m
it
h
a
n
d
Y
.
Ha
o
“
G
ra
p
h
e
n
e
fiel
d
-
e
ffe
c
t
tran
sisto
r
m
o
d
e
l
with
i
m
p
ro
v
e
d
c
a
r
rier
m
o
b
il
it
y
a
n
a
l
y
sis,”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
El
e
c
tro
n
De
v
ice
s
,
v
o
l.
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2
,
n
o
.
1
0
,
p
p
.
3
4
3
3
-
3
4
4
0
,
2
0
1
5
.
[2
4
]
K.
N.
P
a
rris
h
,
M
.
E
.
Ra
m
ó
n
,
S
.
K
.
Ba
n
e
rjee
a
n
d
Ak
i
n
wa
n
d
e
,
D.
,
“
A
c
o
m
p
a
c
t
m
o
d
e
l
fo
r
g
ra
p
h
e
n
e
fe
ts
fo
r
li
n
e
a
r
a
n
d
non
-
li
n
e
a
r
c
ircu
it
s,”
IEE
E
1
7
t
h
I
n
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
S
imu
la
ti
o
n
o
f
S
e
mic
o
n
d
u
c
t
o
r
Pro
c
e
ss
e
s
a
n
d
De
v
ice
s,
De
n
v
e
r
,
2
0
1
2
,
p
p
.
7
5
–
78
.
[2
5
]
D.
Jim
e
n
e
z
a
n
d
O.
M
o
ld
o
v
a
n
,
“
Ex
p
li
c
i
t
d
ra
i
n
-
c
u
rre
n
t
m
o
d
e
l
o
f
g
ra
p
h
e
n
e
fiel
d
-
e
ffe
c
t
tran
sisto
rs
t
a
rg
e
ti
n
g
a
n
a
lo
g
a
n
d
ra
d
i
o
-
fre
q
u
e
n
c
y
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s,
”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
El
e
c
tro
n
De
v
ice
s
,
v
o
l.
5
8
,
n
o
.
1
1
,
p
p
.
4
0
4
9
-
4
0
5
2
,
2
0
1
1
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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202
1
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B
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