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s
u
s
ed
f
o
r
r
ed
u
cin
g
t
h
e
s
u
p
p
l
y
n
o
is
e
in
P
C
b
o
ar
d
s
[
8
]
.
T
h
e
s
in
g
le
-
tr
an
s
is
to
r
c
u
r
r
en
t
s
o
u
r
ce
s
i
n
t
h
e
cir
c
u
it
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
lo
w
v
o
lta
g
e
d
es
ig
n
s
.
T
h
e
n
e
g
ati
v
e
tr
an
s
co
n
d
u
ctan
ce
i
s
r
ea
lized
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
M2
w
h
ich
i
s
NM
OS
b
ased
co
m
m
o
n
s
o
u
r
ce
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
.
T
r
an
s
is
t
o
r
s
M1
,
M3
an
d
M4
f
o
r
m
th
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
tr
an
s
co
n
d
u
ctan
ce
w
h
er
e
t
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t
m
ir
r
o
r
co
n
tain
ed
o
f
M3
-
M4
is
u
s
ed
to
in
v
er
t
t
h
e
n
e
g
ati
v
e
tr
an
s
co
n
d
u
ctan
ce
o
f
M1
,
also
co
n
f
ig
u
r
ed
in
co
m
m
o
n
s
o
u
r
ce
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
.
M2
co
n
v
er
ts
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
ac
r
o
s
s
C
1
to
a
cu
r
r
en
t
an
d
m
a
k
es it
to
f
lo
w
at
t
h
e
i
n
p
u
t p
o
r
t.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
L
o
w
v
o
lta
g
e
ac
tiv
e
i
n
d
u
cto
r
[
8
]
T
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t
r
eu
s
e
m
et
h
o
d
h
as
b
ee
n
u
s
ed
i
n
m
o
d
i
f
ied
lo
w
v
o
l
tag
e
ac
ti
v
e
in
d
u
cto
r
as
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
2
.
T
h
e
n
eg
ati
v
e
tr
an
s
co
n
d
u
ctan
ce
is
r
ea
lized
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
M
2
w
h
ic
h
is
P
MO
S
b
ase
d
co
m
m
o
n
s
o
u
r
ce
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
.
T
h
e
g
ate
ter
m
in
als o
f
tr
an
s
is
to
r
s
M
5
a
n
d
M
6
ar
e
tied
to
g
eth
er
at
n
o
d
e
V
o
.
2
.
1
.
S
m
a
ll si
g
na
l a
na
ly
s
is
T
h
e
in
d
u
ctiv
e
b
eh
a
v
io
u
r
o
f
t
h
e
m
o
d
i
f
ied
ac
tiv
e
in
d
u
cto
r
cir
cu
it
h
a
s
b
ee
n
v
er
if
ied
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
s
m
al
l
s
ig
n
al
a
n
al
y
s
is
.
F
ig
u
r
e
2
s
h
o
ws th
e
s
m
all
s
i
g
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al
m
o
d
el
o
f
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
cir
cu
it sh
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
S
m
all
s
ig
n
al
eq
u
i
v
al
en
t c
ir
cu
i
t o
f
Fi
g
u
r
e
2
T
h
e
in
p
u
t a
d
m
it
tan
ce
at
t
h
e
in
p
u
t p
o
r
t c
an
b
e
ex
p
r
ess
ed
as,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
R
E
S
I
SS
N:
2089
-
4864
C
MOS
A
ctive
I
n
d
u
cto
r
B
a
s
ed
V
o
lta
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lled
Oscill
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to
r
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a
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a
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99
=
[
(
2
4
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3
5
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+
1
4
5
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1
2
3
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2
4
+
3
5
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+
4
5
(
1
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Fro
m
th
e
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atio
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a
l f
u
n
ctio
n
as
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
eq
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atio
n
1
,
th
e
eq
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i
v
alen
t c
o
m
p
o
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n
t
s
as in
d
u
cta
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(
L
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,
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esis
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ce
(
R
s
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ca
p
ac
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ce
(
C
p
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d
p
ar
allel
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esis
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n
c
e
(
R
p
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ca
n
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e
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p
r
ess
ed
as,
=
2
4
+
3
5
1
2
3
(
2
)
=
4
5
1
2
3
(
3
)
=
1
(
4
)
=
1
6
(
5
)
T
h
e
b
o
d
e
p
lo
t
o
f
th
e
m
o
d
i
f
ied
ac
tiv
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i
n
d
u
cto
r
ex
h
ib
its
a
n
in
d
u
cti
v
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
t
ics i
n
th
e
f
r
e
q
u
en
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y
r
an
g
e
ω
z
<
ω
<
ω
p
.
=
1
2
3
(
2
4
+
3
5
)
6
+
1
4
5
(
6
)
=
4
5
2
4
+
3
5
(
7
)
w
h
er
e
=
i
(
i =
1
,
2
,
3
)
an
d
=
(
j
=4
,
5
,
6
)
.
E
q
u
atio
n
2
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
at
t
h
e
eq
u
iv
ale
n
t
in
d
u
ctan
ce
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
th
e
cir
cu
it
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
i
n
cl
u
d
in
g
C
2
,
C
3
,
g
4
,
g
5
,
g
m
1
,
g
m2
an
d
g
m3
.
I
t
is
also
o
b
s
er
v
ed
th
at
th
e
eq
u
iv
a
le
n
t
in
d
u
ctan
ce
i
s
s
tr
o
n
g
l
y
d
ep
en
d
en
t
o
n
g
m
1
,
g
m
2
,
an
d
g
m
3
.
A
s
t
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
V
0
in
cr
ea
s
es
tr
an
s
co
n
d
u
cta
n
ce
o
f
M
1
,
M
2
an
d
M3
in
cr
ea
s
es
an
d
eq
u
iv
ale
n
t
in
d
u
cta
n
ce
d
ec
r
ea
s
es.
I
n
p
r
esen
ted
cir
c
u
it,
s
in
g
le
t
u
n
i
n
g
is
p
r
o
v
id
ed
to
tu
n
e
t
h
e
i
n
d
u
ctan
ce
.
T
o
tu
n
e
in
d
u
cta
n
ce
an
d
q
u
al
it
y
f
ac
to
r
s
ep
ar
ately
,
ca
p
ac
ito
r
C
1
at
n
o
d
e
1
ca
n
b
e
r
ep
lace
d
w
it
h
v
ar
ac
t
o
r
.
3.
VARIAB
L
E
CUR
RE
N
T
SO
URCE
On
e
k
e
y
ad
v
a
n
ta
g
e
o
f
ac
ti
v
e
in
d
u
c
to
r
s
o
v
er
t
h
eir
s
p
ir
al
c
o
u
n
ter
p
ar
ts
i
s
t
h
e
lar
g
e
t
u
n
in
g
o
f
t
h
eir
in
d
u
cta
n
ce
.
T
h
e
g
y
r
ato
r
-
C
b
as
ed
ac
tiv
e
in
d
u
cto
r
s
ca
n
b
e
t
u
n
ed
eith
er
b
y
ch
a
n
g
in
g
t
h
e
lo
ad
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
o
r
b
y
v
ar
y
i
n
g
th
e
tr
a
n
s
co
n
d
u
cta
n
ce
s
o
f
t
h
e
tr
an
co
n
d
u
cto
r
s
[
1
0
]
.
A
n
o
v
el
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
u
s
e
a
s
u
p
p
l
y
i
n
d
ep
en
d
en
t
cu
r
r
en
t
s
o
u
r
ce
to
t
u
n
e
t
h
e
ac
t
iv
e
i
n
d
u
cto
r
cir
c
u
it
i
s
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
h
er
e.
Fi
g
u
r
e
3
p
r
ese
n
ts
a
s
u
p
p
l
y
in
d
ep
en
d
e
n
t
cu
r
r
en
t
g
en
er
ato
r
w
it
h
d
eg
e
n
e
r
atio
n
s
o
u
r
ce
r
esi
s
to
r
R
d
.
T
h
e
s
elf
b
ia
s
ed
cir
cu
it
i
s
s
u
p
p
l
y
in
d
e
p
en
d
en
t
b
u
t
s
t
ill
d
ep
en
d
en
t
o
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
an
d
tem
p
er
at
u
r
e
v
ar
iatio
n
.
T
o
m
in
i
m
ize
t
h
e
ch
a
n
n
el
le
n
g
th
m
o
d
u
latio
n
,
t
h
e
ch
a
n
n
e
l
len
g
th
o
f
all
t
h
e
tr
an
s
is
to
r
s
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
4
h
as
b
ee
n
co
n
s
id
e
r
ed
h
ig
h
er
.
T
h
e
d
eg
en
er
ated
r
esis
to
r
o
f
v
ar
iab
le
cu
r
r
en
t so
u
r
ce
ca
n
b
e
d
ef
in
e
d
as,
=
1
(
)
(
−
ℎ
)
(
9
)
=
2
(
)
9
1
2
(
1
−
1
√
)
2
(
1
0
)
W
h
er
e
K
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
s
ize
r
atio
n
o
f
tr
an
s
is
to
r
s
M
9
a
n
d
M
10
.
T
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t
w
i
ll
f
lo
w
a
s
lo
n
g
as
th
e
K
is
n
o
t
eq
u
al
to
ze
r
o
.
I
n
p
r
esen
ted
w
o
r
k
,
K
is
ch
o
s
e
n
as
1
.
5
.
Ov
er
th
e
en
tire
co
n
tr
o
lled
v
o
ltag
e
(
V
ctrl
)
r
a
n
g
e,
M
c
r
e
m
ai
n
s
i
n
tr
io
d
e
r
eg
io
n
an
d
tr
an
s
is
to
r
s
o
f
NM
O
S
a
n
d
P
MO
S
c
u
r
r
en
t
m
ir
r
o
r
s
in
s
at
u
r
atio
n
r
eg
io
n
.
W
ith
i
n
cr
ea
s
ed
v
a
lu
e
o
f
V
ctrl
,
v
o
lta
g
e
at
V
o
in
cr
ea
s
e
s
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
es th
e
v
ar
iab
le
v
o
l
tag
e
at
g
ate
ter
m
i
n
als o
f
M
5
an
d
M
6
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
9
-
4
864
I
J
R
E
S
V
o
l.
6
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
l
y
2
0
1
7
:
97
–
10
4
100
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Var
iab
le
cu
r
r
en
t so
u
r
ce
[
9
]
4.
P
RO
P
O
SE
D
VCO
CIR
CUI
T
T
h
e
d
is
tin
ct
illu
s
tr
atio
n
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
d
if
f
er
en
t
ial
m
o
d
e
ac
tiv
e
in
d
u
cto
r
b
ased
VC
O
is
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
if
ied
ac
tiv
e
in
d
u
cto
r
as
p
r
esen
ted
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
2
h
a
s
b
ee
n
u
s
ed
in
V
C
O
cir
cu
it.
A
v
ar
iab
le
cu
r
r
en
t
s
o
u
r
ce
co
n
tr
o
ls
th
e
V
C
O
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
.
A
t
ze
r
o
d
if
f
er
en
tial
v
o
lta
g
e,
b
o
th
s
w
itch
in
g
MO
SF
E
T
s
o
f
cr
o
s
s
co
u
p
led
p
air
r
em
ain
i
n
s
at
u
r
atio
n
.
Fu
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
cr
o
s
s
co
u
p
led
p
air
s
h
o
w
s
a
s
m
all
s
ig
n
al
n
e
g
ati
v
e
co
n
d
u
ctan
ce
th
at
in
itiates
th
e
o
s
cillatio
n
s
.
A
s
t
h
e
co
n
tr
o
l
v
o
ltag
e
(
Vctr
l)
g
r
ad
u
all
y
in
cr
ea
s
es,
th
e
d
i
f
f
er
en
tial
v
o
ltag
e
d
r
iv
es
o
n
e
MO
SF
E
T
o
f
cr
o
s
s
co
u
p
led
p
air
i
n
to
tr
io
d
e
an
d
tu
n
s
o
f
f
t
h
e
o
th
er
o
n
e.
T
h
e
FET
in
tr
io
d
e
r
eg
io
n
lo
ad
s
th
e
ac
ti
v
e
i
n
d
u
cto
r
/r
es
o
n
ato
r
cir
cu
it.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
P
r
o
p
o
s
ed
tu
n
ab
le
ac
tiv
e
in
d
u
cto
r
b
ased
v
o
ltag
e
co
n
tr
o
lled
o
s
cillato
r
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
R
E
S
I
SS
N:
2089
-
4864
C
MOS
A
ctive
I
n
d
u
cto
r
B
a
s
ed
V
o
lta
g
e
C
o
n
tr
o
lled
Oscill
a
to
r
(
Dh
a
r
a
P
P
a
tel
)
101
4
.
1
.
VCO
Sta
r
t
-
up
Co
nd
it
io
ns
A
s
i
m
p
li
f
ied
eq
u
i
v
alen
t
cir
cu
it
o
f
t
h
e
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O
i
s
il
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s
tr
ated
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n
Fi
g
u
r
e
5
.
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o
s
tar
t
th
e
o
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cil
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n
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t
h
e
n
eg
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iv
e
co
n
d
u
cta
n
ce
p
r
o
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id
e
d
b
y
cr
o
s
s
co
u
p
led
tr
an
s
i
s
to
r
p
air
(
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11
an
d
M
12
)
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
s
u
f
f
icie
n
tl
y
lar
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e
to
co
m
p
e
n
s
ate
t
h
e
lo
s
s
o
f
ac
ti
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e
in
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u
cto
r
/
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r
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ato
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cir
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it.
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o
en
s
u
r
e
ab
o
u
t
th
e
o
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iv
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n
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ctan
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o
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o
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s
co
u
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led
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air
is
s
et
th
r
ee
ti
m
es lar
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er
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th
e
r
eq
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ir
ed
o
n
e.
1
11
≈
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1
(
1
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)
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Si
m
p
li
f
ed
VC
O
cir
c
u
it
4
.
2
.
VCO
F
re
qu
ency
T
un
ing
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n
VC
O
d
esig
n
,
v
ar
iab
le
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r
r
en
t
s
o
u
r
ce
is
u
s
ed
to
tu
n
e
th
e
co
ar
s
e
f
r
eq
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en
c
y
.
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s
V
ctrl
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n
cr
ea
s
es,
it
in
cr
ea
s
es
t
h
e
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ate
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lta
g
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o
f
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d
M
10
a
n
d
h
e
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ce
p
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o
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to
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d
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I
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.
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e
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n
ce
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ed
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n
d
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iab
le
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p
ac
ito
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at
n
o
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e
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d
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ca
n
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e
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s
ed
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o
r
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n
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g
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T
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e
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er
atin
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e
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lcu
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=
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+
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3
.
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s
e
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e
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ase
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t
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en
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t
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ta
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d
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n
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ar
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m
eter
o
f
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O
f
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r
R
F a
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licatio
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s
.
Fro
m
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it
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en
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et
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s
h
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ase
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in
cr
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in
g
t
h
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g
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al
p
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.
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DC
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to
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f
f
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ncy
T
h
e
R
F to
DC
p
o
w
er
r
atio
o
f
VC
O
is
e
x
p
r
ess
ed
as,
η
=
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o
w
p
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ip
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u
c
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d
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ce
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ip
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b
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e
n
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,
h
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h
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C
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er
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y
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as lo
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le
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el
o
f
p
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d
is
s
ip
atio
n
.
5.
SI
M
UL
AT
I
O
N
R
E
S
UL
T
S
T
h
e
la
y
o
u
t
o
f
p
r
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p
o
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r
e
VC
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cir
cu
it
i
s
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
6
.
VC
O
tr
an
s
is
to
r
d
i
m
e
n
s
io
n
s
ar
e
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
T
ab
le
1
.
T
h
e
p
o
s
t
la
y
o
u
t
s
i
m
u
latio
n
s
o
f
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
VC
O
c
ir
cu
it
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
.
Fi
g
u
r
e
7
an
d
Fi
g
u
r
e
8
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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N
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0
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864
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J
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l
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:
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102
d
ep
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th
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v
ar
iatio
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o
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VC
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tp
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t
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ase
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en
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t p
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le
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ar
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eter
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f
VC
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T
r
a
n
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st
o
r
s
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/
L
(
µ
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m)
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u
r
e
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r
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p
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to
r
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Dh
a
r
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P
a
tel
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u
r
e
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VC
O
o
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tp
u
t
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
as a
f
u
n
ctio
n
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f
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u
r
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ase
n
o
is
e
(
at
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z
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f
f
s
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f
r
eq
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n
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h
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p
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ted
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b
ased
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as
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as t
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f
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2
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d
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NCLU
SI
O
N
A
co
n
v
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t
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al
lo
w
v
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ltag
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ac
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in
d
u
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r
cir
cu
it
h
as
b
ee
n
m
o
d
if
ied
to
u
s
e
t
h
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cu
r
r
en
t
r
eu
s
e
tech
n
iq
u
e.
A
n
e
w
m
ec
h
a
n
i
s
m
to
tu
n
e
t
h
e
ac
ti
v
e
in
d
u
cto
r
is
u
s
ed
.
L
o
w
v
o
lta
g
e
ac
tiv
e
in
d
u
cto
r
an
d
less
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
tr
a
n
s
i
s
to
r
s
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n
s
u
m
e
less
p
o
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er
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d
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n
h
a
n
ce
t
h
e
o
u
tp
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t
R
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p
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.
Su
b
s
eq
u
e
n
tl
y
,
p
h
a
s
e
n
o
i
s
e
o
f
VC
O
is
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
tl
y
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
p
ass
iv
e
i
n
d
u
cto
r
b
ased
VC
O.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
9
-
4
864
I
J
R
E
S
V
o
l.
6
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
l
y
2
0
1
7
:
97
–
10
4
104
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
R.
M
u
k
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o
p
a
d
h
y
a
y
,
Y.
P
a
rk
,
P
.
S
e
n
,
“
Re
c
o
n
f
ig
u
ra
b
le
RF
ICs
in
S
i
-
b
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se
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
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ies
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o
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Co
m
p
a
c
t
In
telli
g
e
n
t
RF
f
ro
n
t
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e
n
d
"
,
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
M
icr
o
wa
v
e
T
h
e
o
ry
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
s
,
p
p
.
8
8
-
9
3
,
v
o
l.
5
3
.
1
,
Ja
n
u
a
ry
-
2
0
0
5
.
[2
]
A
D.
B
e
rn
y
,
A
M
.
Nik
n
e
jad
a
n
d
R
G
.
M
e
y
e
r,
“
W
id
e
b
a
n
d
Lo
w
-
Ph
a
se
-
No
ise
CM
OS
V
CO
"
,
IEE
E
Cu
sto
m
In
teg
ra
te
d
Circ
u
it
s c
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
,
p
p
5
5
5
-
5
5
8
,
S
e
p
tem
b
e
r
2
0
0
3
.
[3
]
F
.
He
rz
e
l,
H.E
rz
g
ra
b
e
r
n
a
d
N.
Ilk
o
v
,
“
Ne
w
A
p
p
ro
a
c
h
to
f
u
ll
y
In
teg
ra
ted
CM
OS
L
C
Os
c
il
lato
rs
w
it
h
a
v
e
r
y
lar
g
e
tu
n
i
n
g
ra
n
g
e
"
,
IEE
E
Cu
st
o
m In
teg
ra
ted
C
irc
u
it
s Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
,
p
p
5
7
3
-
5
7
6
,
M
a
y
2
0
0
0
.
[4
]
Z.
L
i
a
n
d
K.K
O,
“
1
-
V
lo
w
p
h
a
se
n
o
ise
m
u
lt
i
-
b
a
n
d
CM
OS
v
o
lt
a
g
e
c
o
n
tro
ll
e
d
o
sc
il
lato
r
w
it
h
sw
it
c
h
e
d
in
d
u
c
to
rs
a
n
d
c
a
p
a
c
it
o
rs "
,
IEE
E
R
a
d
i
o
Fre
q
u
e
n
c
y
In
teg
ra
ted
Circ
u
it
s
S
y
mp
.
Di
g
.
,
p
p
4
6
7
-
4
7
0
,
Ju
n
e
2
0
0
4
.
[5
]
S
a
f
a
rian
,
Zah
ra
a
n
d
Ho
ss
e
in
Ha
sh
e
m
i,
“
W
id
e
b
a
n
d
M
u
lt
i
-
M
o
d
e
CM
OS
V
CO
De
sig
n
Us
in
g
Co
u
p
led
In
d
u
c
to
rs"
,
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
c
irc
u
it
s a
n
d
sy
ste
ms
,
p
p
.
1
8
3
0
-
1
8
4
3
,
v
o
l.
5
6
,
A
u
g
u
st
-
2
0
0
9
.
[6
]
L
.
H.
L
u
,
H.
H.
Hs
ieh
a
n
d
Y.
T
.
L
iao
,
“
W
id
e
T
u
n
in
g
-
Ra
n
g
e
CM
OS
V
CO
w
it
h
a
Dif
f
e
r
e
n
ti
a
l
T
u
n
a
b
le
A
c
ti
v
e
In
d
u
c
to
r"
,
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
M
icr
o
wa
v
e
T
h
e
o
ry
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
s
,
p
p
.
3
4
6
2
-
3
4
6
8
,
v
o
l.
5
4
,
S
e
p
te
m
b
e
r
-
2006.
[7
]
X
u
,
Jia
n
g
tao
,
Ca
rlo
s
E.
S
a
a
v
e
d
ra
a
n
d
G
u
ica
n
Ch
e
n
,
“
A
n
A
c
ti
v
e
In
d
u
c
to
r
Ba
se
d
V
CO
w
it
h
w
id
e
T
u
n
in
g
Ra
n
g
e
a
n
d
Hig
h
DC
-
to
-
RF
p
o
w
e
r
Eff
icie
n
c
y
"
,
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
c
irc
u
i
ts
a
n
d
sy
ste
ms
,
p
p
4
6
2
-
4
6
6
,
v
o
l.
5
8
,
A
u
g
u
st,
2
0
1
1
.
[8
]
T
a
p
a
ria,
A
ja
y
,
Bh
a
sk
a
r
Ba
n
e
rjee
,
a
n
d
T
h
a
y
a
m
k
u
-
lan
g
a
ra
R.
V
iswa
n
a
th
a
n
,
“
P
o
w
e
r
S
u
p
p
ly
No
ise
R
e
d
u
c
ti
o
n
Us
in
g
A
c
ti
v
e
In
d
u
c
to
rs
in
M
ix
e
d
-
S
ig
n
a
l
S
y
ste
m
s
"
,
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
Ver
y
L
a
rg
e
S
c
a
le
In
teg
ra
ti
o
n
(
VL
S
I)
S
y
ste
ms
,
p
p
.
1
9
6
0
-
1
9
6
8
,
v
o
l
.
1
9
,
N
o
v
e
m
b
e
r
-
2
0
1
1
.
[9
]
S
w
e
i,
Yu
we
n
,
“
S
u
p
p
ly
In
d
e
p
e
n
d
e
n
t
Bias
in
g
Circu
i
t"
,
U.S
.
P
a
ten
t
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
N
o
.
1
3
/
2
3
7
,
1
7
7
,
S
e
p
tem
b
e
r
2
0
1
1
.
[1
0
]
F
e
i
Yu
a
n
,
C
M
OS
A
c
ti
v
e
In
d
u
c
to
r
s an
d
T
ra
n
sf
o
r
m
e
rs P
rin
c
i
p
le,
Im
p
lem
e
n
tatio
n
a
n
d
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
,
[1
1
]
S
p
rin
g
e
r,
2
0
0
8
,
p
p
2
1
-
9
9
.
[1
2
]
A
.
T
h
a
n
a
c
h
a
y
a
n
o
n
t
a
n
d
A
.
P
a
y
n
e
,
“
CM
OS
F
lo
a
ti
n
g
A
c
ti
v
e
In
d
u
c
to
r
a
n
d
it
s
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
to
B
a
n
d
p
a
ss
F
il
ter
a
n
d
Os
c
il
lato
r
De
sig
n
s "
,
IEE
E
Pro
c
.
-
Circ
u
it
s De
v
ice
s S
y
st.
,
p
p
.
4
2
-
4
8
,
v
o
l.
1
4
7
,
F
e
b
r
u
a
ry
2
0
0
0
.
[1
3
]
P
a
las
h
ro
y
,
De
b
a
sis
d
a
w
n
,
“
Hi
g
h
P
o
w
e
r
a
n
d
Hig
h
E
ff
icie
n
c
y
C
M
OS
V
CO"
,
M
icr
o
wa
v
e
a
n
d
o
p
ti
c
a
l
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
letter
s
,
p
p
2
4
3
7
-
2
4
4
1
,
v
o
l.
5
7
,
Oc
to
b
e
r
2
0
1
5
.
[1
4
]
Kia
Ho
jj
a
t
b
a
b
a
e
i,
A
'
a
in
,
A
b
u
Kh
a
ri,
“
W
id
e
T
u
n
in
g
-
Ra
n
g
e
CM
OS
V
CO
Ba
se
d
o
n
a
T
u
n
a
b
le
Ac
ti
v
e
In
d
u
c
to
r"
,
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
E
lec
tro
n
i
c
s
,
p
p
8
8
-
9
7
,
v
o
l.
1
0
1
,
F
e
b
ru
a
ry
2
0
1
4
.
[1
5
]
B.
M
in
a
n
d
H
.
Je
o
n
g
,
“
5
G
Hz
CM
OS
L
C
V
COs
w
it
h
W
id
e
T
u
n
in
g
Ra
n
g
e
s
"
,
IEE
E
M
icr
o
wa
v
e
W
ire
les
s
Co
mp
o
n
e
n
ts
L
e
tt
e
rs
,
p
p
3
3
6
-
3
3
8
,
v
o
l.
1
5
,
M
a
y
2
0
0
5
.
[1
6
]
R.
S
Ra
n
a
,
X
.
D
Z
h
o
u
a
n
d
Y
L
ian
,
“
A
n
Op
ti
m
ize
d
2
.
4
G
Hz
CM
OS
L
C
tan
k
V
CO
w
it
h
0
.
5
5
%
V
F
re
q
u
e
n
c
y
P
u
sh
i
n
g
a
n
d
5
1
6
M
Hz
T
u
n
i
n
g
Ra
n
g
e
"
,
IEE
E
In
t
.
Circ
u
it
s
S
y
st.
S
y
m
p
,
p
p
4
8
1
1
-
4
8
1
4
,
M
a
y
2
0
0
5
.
[1
7
]
B.
De
M
u
e
r,
N
Ito
h
,
M
.
Bo
rre
m
a
n
s
a
n
d
M
.
S
tey
a
e
rt,
“
1
.
8
G
Hz
Hig
h
ly
T
u
n
a
b
le
L
o
w
P
h
a
se
No
ise
CM
OS
V
CO
"
,
IEE
E
Cu
st
o
m In
teg
r.
Circ
u
i
ts
C
o
n
f
.
,
p
p
5
8
5
-
5
8
8
,
M
a
y
2
0
0
0
.
[1
8
]
Em
a
d
He
g
a
z
i,
“
A
F
il
terin
g
T
e
c
h
n
iq
u
e
to
L
o
w
e
r
L
C
Os
c
il
lato
r
P
h
a
s
e
No
ise
"
,
IEE
E
jo
u
rn
a
l
o
f
so
li
d
st
a
te
c
irc
u
it
s
,
p
p
.
1
9
2
1
-
1
9
3
0
,
Vo
l.
3
6
,
De
c
e
m
b
e
r
2
0
0
1
.
[1
9
]
Ba
b
a
k
so
lt
a
n
ian
,
“
T
a
il
c
u
rre
n
t
S
h
a
p
i
n
g
to
Im
p
ro
v
e
P
h
a
se
No
ise
in
L
C
V
o
lt
a
g
e
Co
n
tro
ll
e
d
Os
c
il
lato
r"
,
IEE
E
tra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
so
li
d
sta
te circ
u
it
s
,
p
p
.
1
7
9
2
-
1
8
0
2
,
v
o
l
.
4
1
,
A
u
g
u
st
2
0
0
6
.
[2
0
]
L
e
r,
Ch
u
n
-
L
e
e
,
A
b
u
Kh
a
ri
Bin
A'
a
in
a
n
d
A
lb
e
rt
V
icto
r
Ko
rd
e
sc
h
,
“
CM
OS
Ac
ti
v
e
In
d
u
c
to
r
L
in
e
a
rit
y
I
m
p
ro
v
e
m
e
n
t
Us
in
g
F
e
e
d
-
F
o
rw
a
rd
Cu
rre
n
t
S
o
u
rc
e
Tec
h
n
iq
u
e
"
,
IE
EE
tra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
mic
ro
w
a
v
e
th
e
o
ry
a
n
d
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
s
,
p
p
1
9
1
5
-
1
9
2
4
,
v
o
l.
5
7
,
A
u
g
u
st
-
2
0
0
9
.
[2
1
]
Ro
y
,
P
a
las
h
,
a
n
d
De
b
a
sis
Da
w
n
.
"
A
Hig
h
P
o
w
e
r
a
n
d
Hig
h
Ef
ficie
n
c
y
CM
OS
V
CO."
M
icr
o
wa
v
e
a
n
d
Op
t
ica
l
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
L
e
tt
e
rs
5
7
.
1
0
(2
0
1
5
):
2
4
3
7
-
2
4
4
1
.
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