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an
a
lo
g
i
n
p
u
t
s
ig
n
al
ca
n
b
e
s
a
m
p
led
d
ir
ec
tl
y
u
s
i
n
g
o
v
er
s
a
m
p
lin
g
c
lo
ck
[
6
]
,
[
7
]
.
Hen
ce
,
an
i
m
p
r
o
v
ed
an
d
ac
c
u
r
ate
u
ltr
a
lo
w
p
o
w
er
s
ig
m
a
d
elta
(
ΣΔ)
A
D
C
m
o
d
u
lato
r
h
a
s
b
ee
n
d
esi
g
n
ed
a
n
d
ar
g
u
e
d
in
th
is
p
ap
er
.
T
h
e
r
est
o
f
t
h
e
ar
t
icle
is
p
atter
n
ed
as
f
o
llo
w
s
.
Sectio
n
I
I
en
lig
h
te
n
s
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
cir
cu
it’
s
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
w
it
h
t
h
e
d
etailed
d
ep
ictio
n
o
f
ea
ch
u
n
it.
Sectio
n
I
I
I
is
d
ed
icate
d
to
th
e
r
esu
lts
an
d
d
is
c
u
s
s
io
n
.
Fi
n
all
y
,
s
ec
tio
n
IV
w
r
ap
s
u
p
th
e
w
o
r
k
an
d
th
e
ar
ticle
en
d
s
w
i
th
co
n
cl
u
s
io
n
s
a
n
d
ac
k
n
o
w
led
g
es
to
th
e
f
u
n
d
in
g
a
g
en
c
y
I
n
d
ian
Sp
ac
e
R
esear
ch
Or
g
an
iza
tio
n
(
I
S
R
O)
(
I
n
d
ia)
.
T
h
e
s
ig
m
a
d
elta
(
Σ
Δ
)
A
D
C
m
o
d
u
lato
r
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
.
1
co
n
s
is
t
s
o
f
a
d
i
f
f
er
en
ce
a
m
p
li
f
ier
,
an
i
n
te
g
r
ato
r
,
a
co
m
p
ar
ato
r
,
a
D
f
l
ip
f
lo
p
an
d
a
D
A
C
i
n
t
h
e
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
lo
o
p
o
f
t
h
e
m
o
d
u
la
to
r
.
T
h
e
in
p
u
t
an
alo
g
s
ig
n
al
h
a
s
b
ee
n
p
ass
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
ev
er
al
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
li
k
e
o
v
er
s
a
m
p
lin
g
,
q
u
atiza
t
io
n
an
d
n
o
is
e
s
h
ap
in
g
b
ef
o
r
e
it
co
m
e
s
in
to
p
u
ls
e
tr
ai
n
at
o
u
tp
u
t.
B
o
th
t
h
e
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
s
i.e
.
a
n
alo
g
to
d
i
g
ital
(
ADC)
a
n
d
d
ig
i
tal
to
an
alo
g
(
D
AC
)
co
n
s
er
v
e
s
a
v
i
t
al
s
p
ac
e
in
m
o
d
er
n
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
[
8
]
,
[
9
].
2.
P
RO
P
O
SE
D
CIR
CUI
T
CO
NF
I
G
URAT
I
O
N
2
.
1
.
O
pera
t
io
na
l A
m
pli
f
ier
T
h
e
w
id
e
ap
p
licatio
n
s
o
f
o
p
er
atio
n
al
a
m
p
lifie
r
m
ak
e
it
a
k
e
y
i
n
g
r
ed
ien
t
to
m
a
n
y
a
n
alo
g
s
y
s
te
m
s
.
B
asicall
y
it
co
n
s
is
t
s
o
f
a
d
i
f
f
er
en
tial
a
m
p
li
f
ier
w
h
ic
h
a
m
p
lif
ie
s
t
h
e
d
i
f
f
er
e
n
ce
b
et
w
ee
n
t
w
o
i
n
p
u
t
s
i
g
n
als.
T
h
e
d
if
f
er
en
tial
a
m
p
li
f
ier
als
o
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
r
eq
u
ir
ed
g
ain
.
T
o
f
u
r
th
er
i
m
p
r
o
v
is
e
t
h
e
g
ai
n
o
f
an
o
p
er
atio
n
al
a
m
p
li
f
ier
,
a
s
ec
o
n
d
s
tag
e
o
f
co
m
m
o
n
s
o
u
r
ce
s
ta
g
e
is
att
ac
h
ed
.
Miller
co
m
p
e
n
s
at
io
n
t
ec
h
n
iq
u
e
h
a
s
b
ee
n
i
m
p
le
m
en
ted
h
er
e
f
o
r
th
e
s
tab
ilit
y
o
f
s
y
s
te
m
.
On
t
h
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
,
co
u
p
lin
g
ca
p
ac
ito
r
f
o
u
n
d
it
p
lace
i
n
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
co
m
m
o
n
s
o
u
r
ce
a
m
p
li
f
ier
’
s
i
n
p
u
t
a
n
d
f
i
n
al
s
ta
g
e
o
f
d
if
f
er
en
tia
l
a
m
p
li
f
ier
.
Fi
g
u
r
e
2
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
s
ch
e
m
atic
o
f
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
o
p
er
atio
n
al
am
p
lif
ier
.
Mo
s
tl
y
t
h
e
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
in
o
p
er
atio
n
al
am
p
li
f
ier
is
i
m
p
o
s
ed
to
m
ak
e
th
e
tr
an
s
f
er
f
u
n
c
tio
n
o
f
s
y
s
te
m
i
n
d
ep
en
d
ed
n
t
o
f
g
ai
n
.
B
u
t
in
h
ig
h
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
as
th
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
in
cr
ea
s
es,
g
ai
n
s
li
g
h
tl
y
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
a
n
d
m
a
k
in
g
tr
a
n
s
f
er
f
u
n
ct
io
n
u
n
s
tab
le.
T
o
av
o
id
th
is
u
n
s
tab
lil
t
y
,
o
p
-
a
m
p
s
m
u
s
t
b
e
ch
o
s
e
n
o
f
b
r
o
ad
b
an
d
f
o
r
h
i
g
h
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
ap
p
lic
atio
n
s
.
T
h
e
s
izes
o
f
d
if
f
er
en
t
tr
an
s
is
to
r
s
u
s
ed
in
Fii
g
u
r
e
2
ar
e
tab
u
lated
in
T
ab
l
e
1
.
T
h
e
t
w
o
s
ta
g
e
ar
ch
itec
tu
r
e
h
as
th
e
d
is
ad
v
a
n
ta
g
e
o
f
h
av
in
g
t
w
o
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m
p
ed
a
n
ce
n
o
d
es
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
in
d
icate
d
b
y
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an
d
B
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u
e
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h
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h
t
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e
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i
n
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n
t
w
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ic
h
w
il
l
d
eter
io
r
ate
th
e
p
h
a
s
e
m
ar
g
in
o
f
t
h
e
o
p
a
m
p
.
Hen
ce
,
a
Miller
ca
p
ac
ita
n
ce
(
)
h
as
b
ee
n
i
n
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
b
et
w
ee
n
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a
n
d
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to
r
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e
it.
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h
e
ch
o
s
en
v
a
lu
e
m
u
s
t
s
atis
f
y
th
e
f
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llo
w
in
g
eq
u
at
io
n
[
1
0
]
.
⁄
(
1
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h
er
e,
co
u
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p
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ito
r
is
d
en
o
ted
b
y
C
c
w
h
ile
lo
ad
ca
p
ac
ito
r
n
is
ex
p
r
ess
ed
as
C
L
.
Si
m
i
lar
l
y
,
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e
u
n
it
y
g
a
in
b
an
d
w
id
t
h
p
r
o
d
u
ct
(
GB
)
is
ter
m
ed
as
,
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ld
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u
r
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ch
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tic
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Var
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d
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e
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ad
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u
s
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g
f
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llo
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in
g
E
q
u
a
tio
n
(
3
)
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√
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(
3
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w
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ate
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h
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r
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n
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tr
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n
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eter
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ed
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en
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h
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it 2
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I
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4864
A
n
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a
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w
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A
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d
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De
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k
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r
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2
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2
.
Dif
f
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ence
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p
m
lifie
r
a
n
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t
o
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Dif
f
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en
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a
m
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ier
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m
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u
n
d
er
th
e
li
s
t
o
f
ap
p
licatio
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s
o
f
o
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atio
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a
m
p
li
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ier
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T
h
e
d
esig
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d
if
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e
n
ce
a
m
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li
f
ier
u
s
e
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t
w
o
s
tag
e
o
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al
a
m
p
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r
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ce
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ier
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t te
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als i.e
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2
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d
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out
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h
e
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t
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i
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ce
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te
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atica
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u
ce
s
an
o
u
tp
u
t
w
h
ic
h
i
s
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
to
th
e
in
teg
r
al
o
f
t
h
e
in
p
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e.
Fig
u
r
e
s
3
an
d
4
s
h
o
w
th
e
s
ch
e
m
atic
o
f
d
i
f
f
er
e
n
ce
a
m
p
li
f
ier
an
d
in
te
g
r
ato
r
.
I
n
teg
r
ato
r
i
s
t
h
e
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
b
u
ild
in
g
b
lo
ck
u
s
ed
i
n
t
h
e
d
e
si
g
n
o
f
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
t
i
m
e
f
ilter
s
[
1
1
].
T
h
e
ch
a
n
g
e
i
n
th
e
co
m
b
in
a
tio
n
o
f
r
esis
tan
ce
an
d
ca
p
ac
ito
r
v
alu
es
ch
an
g
e
s
th
e
v
al
u
e
o
f
R
C
ti
m
e
co
n
s
tan
t
w
h
ich
f
u
r
t
h
er
af
f
ec
ts
t
h
e
r
ate
o
f
ch
a
n
g
e
o
f
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Sch
e
m
atic
o
f
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
ce
a
m
p
li
f
ier
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Sch
e
m
atic
o
f
i
n
te
g
r
ato
r
I
d
ea
lly
t
h
e
s
u
m
m
a
tio
n
o
f
p
r
ev
io
u
s
o
u
tp
u
t
an
d
p
r
ev
io
u
s
in
p
u
t
g
iv
e
s
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
th
e
i
n
te
g
r
ato
r
.
(
6
)
T
h
e
co
n
s
tan
t
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
g
ain
p
r
ec
ed
in
g
th
e
i
n
p
u
t
to
in
te
g
r
ato
r
.
E
q
u
atio
n
(
6
)
is
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
to
th
e
tr
an
s
f
er
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
an
i
d
ea
l in
teg
r
ato
r
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
E
q
u
at
io
n
(
7
)
.
(
7
)
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I
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r
et
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16
2
.
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m
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ra
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r
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m
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ar
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o
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a
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elta
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o
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u
l
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m
p
ar
ato
r
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th
e
m
o
s
t
f
u
n
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a
m
e
n
ta
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m
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as
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h
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m
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ar
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er
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t
a
n
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g
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n
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ts
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ig
n
al
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d
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ak
e
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u
t
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s
in
g
le
d
ig
ital
o
u
tp
u
t
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ig
n
al
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
d
o
n
e
i
n
th
is
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n
it.
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t
h
a
s
a
v
ita
l
i
m
p
ac
t
o
n
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
a
n
d
r
eliab
ili
t
y
o
f
t
h
e
d
es
ig
n
ed
ci
r
cu
it.
T
h
e
s
ch
e
m
at
io
c
o
f
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
co
m
p
ar
ato
r
is
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
5
.
T
h
e
in
p
u
t
o
f
f
s
et
v
o
ltag
e,
d
ela
y
an
d
th
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
th
e
i
n
p
u
t
s
i
g
n
al
d
ec
id
es
th
e
s
p
ee
d
an
d
r
eso
l
u
t
io
n
o
f
a
n
alo
g
to
d
i
g
ital
co
n
v
e
r
ter
[
12
].
T
h
e
b
asic
p
r
o
p
er
ty
o
f
t
h
e
co
m
p
ar
ato
r
is
to
ta
k
e
t
h
e
a
n
alo
g
i
n
p
u
t
a
n
d
g
iv
e
s
a
b
i
n
ar
y
o
r
d
ig
ital
o
u
tp
u
t.
C
lo
ck
ed
co
m
p
ar
ato
r
s
ar
e
o
f
te
n
ca
lled
d
y
n
a
m
ic
co
m
p
ar
ato
r
.
R
e
g
en
er
ati
v
e
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
i
s
o
f
t
en
u
s
ed
i
n
d
y
n
a
m
ic
co
m
p
ar
ato
r
an
d
o
cc
asio
n
all
y
i
n
n
o
n
clo
c
k
ed
co
m
p
a
r
ato
r
.
D
y
n
a
m
ic
co
m
p
ar
ato
r
is
u
s
ed
in
th
e
d
esig
n
o
f
h
ig
h
s
p
ee
d
A
D
C
s
.
2
.
4
.
D
f
li
p f
lo
p
T
h
e
u
s
ed
D
f
lip
f
lo
p
h
a
s
t
h
r
ee
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
ted
R
S
latc
h
cir
c
u
its
.
I
n
d
esi
g
n
in
g
,
a
n
y
o
f
N
A
N
D
o
r
NOR
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n
b
e
u
s
ed
.
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h
e
n
clo
ck
g
e
ts
lo
g
ic
1
,
t
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
la
tch
g
et
s
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lated
f
r
o
m
an
y
i
n
p
u
t
c
h
an
g
es
as
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
th
e
t
w
o
m
id
d
le
in
p
u
t
g
ates
is
f
o
r
ce
d
to
g
et
lo
g
ic
0
.
On
th
e
o
th
er
h
a
n
d
,
t
h
e
i
n
p
u
t
lat
y
ch
w
it
h
an
ille
g
al
s
tate
w
il
l
a
u
to
m
at
ic
r
es
u
m
e
it
s
latc
h
in
g
ac
tio
n
,
w
h
e
n
l
o
g
ic
0
i
s
tr
ig
g
er
ed
b
y
clo
ck
.
Fi
g
u
r
e
6
d
ep
icts
t
h
e
s
c
h
e
m
ati
c
o
f
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
D
f
lip
-
f
lo
p
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
P
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
ch
e
m
atic
o
f
co
m
p
ar
ato
r
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
P
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
ch
e
m
atic
o
f
D
f
lip
-
f
lo
p
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
R
E
S
I
SS
N:
2089
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4864
A
n
Ultr
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ystem
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ip
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o
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DAC
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asicall
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ig
i
tal
s
i
g
n
al
o
r
co
d
e
is
co
n
v
er
ted
in
to
an
alo
g
v
o
lt
ag
e
o
r
cu
r
r
en
t
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
d
ig
ital
to
an
alo
g
co
n
v
er
ter
(
DAC).
T
h
e
DAC
is
co
m
p
r
is
ed
o
f
r
ef
er
en
ce
v
o
ltag
e
(
,
s
u
p
p
l
y
v
o
lta
g
e
(
an
d
an
alo
g
o
u
tp
u
t.
T
r
u
e
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alo
g
q
u
an
ti
t
y
h
as
n
o
t
b
ee
n
o
b
s
er
v
ed
at
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
th
e
d
i
g
ital
to
an
alo
g
co
n
v
er
ter
(
D
A
C
)
.
T
h
e
s
ch
e
m
at
ic
o
f
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
1
b
it
DAC
is
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
is
f
o
u
n
d
in
p
s
e
u
d
o
an
alo
g
q
u
an
ti
t
y
.
T
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
i
n
p
u
t
b
it
s
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
in
cr
ea
s
ed
,
s
i
n
ce
th
e
o
b
tain
ed
an
alo
g
o
u
tp
u
t
is
p
r
o
p
o
tio
n
al
to
its
d
ig
italp
u
l
s
e
i
n
p
u
t.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e
t
h
e
s
tep
s
ize
g
e
ts
r
ed
u
ce
d
an
d
d
u
e
to
h
i
g
h
er
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
b
it
s
,
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
s
ee
m
s
to
b
an
alo
g
s
i
g
n
a
l.
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
P
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
ch
e
m
atic
o
f
1
b
it DA
C
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S
A
ND
AN
AL
Y
SI
S
T
h
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
s
a
n
d
t
h
e
f
i
n
a
l
d
esi
g
n
ed
s
i
g
m
a
d
elta
m
o
d
u
lato
r
ar
e
s
i
m
u
lated
u
s
i
n
g
U
MC
9
0
n
m
.
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
g
ain
o
f
o
p
er
atio
n
al
a
m
p
lif
ier
is
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ep
icted
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
8
.
W
h
ile
t
h
e
s
i
m
u
lated
r
esu
lt
s
o
f
d
if
f
er
en
ce
a
m
p
li
f
ier
as
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
9
,
in
teg
r
ato
r
as
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
,
C
o
m
p
ar
ato
r
as
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
1
,
D
f
lip
-
f
lo
p
as
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
2
,
1
b
it
DA
C
as
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
1
3
an
d
s
ig
m
a
d
elta
m
o
d
u
lato
r
as
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
4
.
C
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
w
o
r
k
d
o
n
e
in
t
h
is
p
ap
er
h
as b
ee
n
co
m
p
ar
ed
in
T
ab
le
2
.
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
Ou
tp
u
t
g
ai
n
o
f
o
p
er
atio
n
al
a
m
p
li
f
ier
Fig
u
r
e
9.
Ou
tp
u
t r
es
u
lt o
f
d
if
f
er
en
ce
a
m
p
li
f
ier
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r
et
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u
r
e
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tp
u
t r
es
u
lt
o
f
i
n
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eg
r
ato
r
Fig
u
r
e
11
.
Ou
tp
u
t r
es
u
lt o
f
clo
ck
ed
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m
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ar
ato
r
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u
r
e
12
.
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tp
u
t r
es
u
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lip
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u
r
e
13
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t r
es
u
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1
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it D
A
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I
J
R
E
S
I
SS
N:
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4864
A
n
Ultr
a
Lo
w
P
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ma
Delta
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DC
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d
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la
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fo
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ystem
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ip
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o
C
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ep
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k
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r
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o
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u
r
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.
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t r
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ig
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o
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1
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1
6
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1
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T
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---
7
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--
6
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4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
I
n
th
e
p
r
esen
t
p
ap
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an
u
ltra
lo
w
p
o
w
er
s
i
g
m
a
d
elta
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Δ
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m
o
d
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la
to
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w
h
ich
is
h
i
g
h
l
y
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s
e
f
u
l
i
n
s
y
s
te
m
o
n
ch
ip
(
SO
C
)
te
m
p
e
r
atu
r
e
s
e
n
s
o
r
f
o
r
ae
r
o
s
p
ac
e
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
h
as
b
ee
n
d
escr
ib
ed
.
C
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
w
o
r
k
d
o
n
e
in
th
is
p
ap
er
h
a
s
b
ee
n
co
m
p
ar
ed
in
T
ab
le
2
.
T
h
e
ea
ch
u
n
it
o
f
s
ig
m
a
d
el
ta
d
elta
(
Σ
Δ
)
ADC
m
o
d
u
lato
r
is
e
x
a
m
in
ed
an
d
m
o
d
eled
h
er
e.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
ig
m
a
d
elta
d
elta
(
Σ
Δ
)
A
D
C
m
o
d
u
la
to
r
w
o
r
k
s
u
tili
zi
n
g
m
in
i
m
a
l
p
o
w
er
s
u
p
p
ly
o
f
+1
.
3
V
to
-
1
.
3
V.
T
h
e
av
er
ag
e
p
o
w
er
o
f
5
4
µW
is
d
is
s
ip
ated
w
it
h
th
e
s
m
ap
li
n
g
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
o
f
5
0
MH
z.
ACK
NO
WL
E
D
G
E
M
E
NT
S
W
e
ar
e
th
an
k
f
u
l
to
R
E
SP
O
ND
I
SR
O,
B
an
g
alo
r
e
f
o
r
f
u
n
d
in
g
th
i
s
r
esear
ch
w
o
r
k
.
T
h
e
s
an
c
tio
n
n
u
m
b
er
is
I
SR
O
/R
E
S
/3
/6
7
9
/1
5
-
16
.
W
e
also
th
an
k
f
u
l
to
P
r
o
f
.
S.
P
al
,
HOD
E
C
E
,
P
r
o
f
.
S.
Ko
n
ar
,
Dea
n
(
SR
&
F
A
)
an
d
P
r
o
f
.
M.
K.
Mish
r
a,
Vice
-
ch
a
n
ce
llo
r
,
B
I
T
Me
s
r
a
R
an
c
h
i
f
o
r
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
i
n
f
r
astru
ct
u
r
e
f
ac
il
it
y
to
ca
r
r
y
o
u
t t
h
i
s
r
esear
ch
w
o
r
k
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
J.
C.
Ca
n
d
y
,
“
De
c
i
m
a
ti
o
n
f
o
r
sig
m
a
d
e
lt
a
m
o
d
u
latio
n
,
”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s.
Co
m
m
u
n
.,
v
o
l.
COM
-
3
4
,
p
p
.
7
2
-
7
6
,
Ja
n
.
1
9
8
6
.
[2
]
S.
A
rd
a
lan
a
n
d
J.
P
a
u
lo
s,
“
A
n
a
n
a
ly
sis
o
f
n
o
n
l
in
e
a
r
b
e
h
a
v
io
r
in
d
e
lt
a
-
sig
m
a
m
o
d
u
lato
rs,”
IE
EE
T
ra
n
s.
Circu
it
s
S
y
st.,
v
o
l.
CA
S
-
3
,
p
p
.
5
9
3
-
6
0
3
,
J
u
n
e
1
9
8
7
.
[3
]
S
.
R.
No
rsw
o
rth
y
,
R.
S
c
h
re
ier
a
n
d
G
.
C.
T
e
m
e
s,
“
D
e
lt
a
S
ig
m
a
d
a
ta
c
o
n
v
e
rters
:
T
h
e
o
r
y
,
De
si
g
n
a
n
d
S
im
u
latio
n
,
”
Ne
w
Yo
rk
,
IEE
E
p
re
ss
,
1
9
9
6
.
[4
]
N
.
M
u
k
a
h
a
r
a
n
d
S
.
H.
Ru
sla
n
,
“
A
9
3
.
3
6
d
B,
1
6
1
M
Hz
CM
OS
Op
e
ra
ti
o
n
a
l
T
ra
n
sc
o
n
d
u
c
tan
c
e
Am
p
li
f
ier
(O
TA
)
f
o
r
a
1
6
Bit
P
ip
e
li
n
e
A
n
a
lo
g
to
Dig
it
a
l
Co
n
v
e
rter
(A
DC),”
In
te
rn
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Jo
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
Co
m
p
u
ter
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
(IJECE),
v
o
l.
2
,
p
p
.
1
0
6
-
1
1
1
,
F
e
b
2
0
1
2
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
9
-
4
864
I
J
R
E
S
V
o
l.
7
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
et
2
0
1
8
:
1
2
–
20
20
[5
]
M
.
M
a
ru
f
u
z
z
a
m
a
n
,
S
Z.
A
b
id
in
,
M
.
B.
I.
Re
a
z
,
L
.
F
.
Ra
h
m
a
n
,
“
De
sig
n
o
f
3
b
it
A
DC
in
0
.
1
8
µm
CM
OS
P
ro
c
e
ss
”
,
T
e
lk
o
m
n
ik
a
In
d
o
n
e
sia
n
Jo
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
v
o
l.
1
2
,
p
p
.
5
1
9
7
-
5
2
0
3
,
Ju
ly
2
0
1
4
.
[6
]
Y.
F
a
n
,
Y.
Hu
ij
in
g
,
L
.
Ga
n
g
,
“
A
Hig
h
P
e
rf
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
S
ig
m
a
-
D
e
l
ta
A
DC
f
o
r
A
u
d
io
De
c
o
d
e
r
Ch
ip
,
”
T
e
l
k
o
m
n
ik
a
,
v
o
l.
1
1
.
P
p
.
6
5
7
0
-
6
5
7
6
,
No
v
.
2
0
1
3
.
[7
]
S
.
H.
A
rd
a
lan
a
n
d
J.
J.
P
a
u
l
o
s,
“
A
n
a
n
a
ly
sis o
f
n
o
n
li
n
e
a
r
b
e
h
a
v
io
u
r
in
d
e
l
ta sig
m
a
m
o
d
u
lato
r,
”
IE
EE
T
ra
n
s.
c
ircu
it
s
a
n
d
sy
s.
V
o
l.
3
4
,
pp
-
5
9
3
-
6
0
3
,
Ju
n
e
1
9
8
7
.
[8
]
R.
T
h
a
n
k
a
c
h
a
n
,
K.
R
Ja
y
a
k
rish
n
a
n
a
n
d
T
.
K
S
h
a
h
a
n
a
,
“
De
si
g
n
o
f
1
b
it
D
A
C
f
o
r
d
e
lt
a
sig
m
a
m
o
d
u
lato
r,
”
in
I
n
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
n
Em
e
r
g
in
g
T
re
n
d
s in
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
a
n
d
A
p
p
li
e
d
S
c
ien
c
e
s
,
2
0
1
5
,
p
p
-
19
-
2
2
.
[9
]
B.
Ra
z
a
v
i,
“
De
si
g
n
o
f
CM
OS
A
n
a
lo
g
In
teg
ra
ted
Circu
it
s”
,
M
c
G
ra
w
Hill
,
Ca
li
f
o
rn
ia,
1
9
9
8
.
[1
0
]
P
.
E.
A
ll
e
n
a
n
d
D.R.
Ho
l
b
e
rg
,
“
CM
OS
c
ircu
it
d
e
sig
n
,
”
Ox
f
o
rd
In
d
ian
Ed
it
i
o
n
,
2
0
0
9
.
[1
1
]
V
.
D.
Ka
m
a
th
,
“
Ov
e
r
v
ie
w
o
f
OP
-
A
M
P
a
n
d
OT
A
b
a
se
d
in
teg
ra
to
rs”
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Jo
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
in
n
o
v
a
ti
v
e
re
se
a
r
c
h
in
e
lec
tri
c
a
l,
e
l
e
c
tro
n
ics
,
in
stru
m
e
n
t
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
c
o
n
tr
o
l
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
Vo
l
-
3
,
p
p
-
74
-
8
1
,
S
e
p
tem
b
e
r
2
0
1
5
.
[1
2
]
S
.
R.
No
rsw
o
rth
y
,
R.
S
c
h
re
ier
&
G
.
C.
T
e
m
e
s,
“
De
lt
a
S
ig
m
a
Da
t
a
Co
n
v
e
rters
:
T
h
e
o
ry
,
De
sig
n
a
n
d
S
im
u
latio
n
,
”
Ne
w
Yo
rk
,
IEE
E
p
re
ss
,
1
9
9
8
[1
3
]
K.
L
.
Krish
n
a
,
T
.
Ra
m
a
sh
ri,
D.
Re
e
n
a
,
“
A
1
V
se
c
o
n
d
o
r
d
e
r
d
e
lt
a
sig
m
a
A
DC
in
1
3
0
n
m
CM
OS,
”
in
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
n
In
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
Co
m
m
u
n
ictio
n
s an
d
Em
b
e
d
e
d
S
y
ste
m
s,
F
e
b
.
2
0
1
4
.
[1
4
]
H.
Do
si,
R.
A
g
ra
w
a
l,
“
L
o
w
p
o
w
e
r
8
b
it
a
n
a
lo
g
to
d
ig
it
a
l
c
o
n
v
e
rter
in
1
8
0
n
m
CM
OS
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
”
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Jo
u
rn
a
l
o
f
S
c
ien
c
e
a
n
d
Re
se
a
rc
h
(
IJSR)
Vo
l
-
2
,
p
p
.
4
1
7
-
4
1
8
,
Ju
ly
2
0
1
3
.
[1
5
]
W
.
Ya
n
g
,
D.
Ke
ll
y
,
I.
M
e
h
r,
M
.
T
.
S
a
y
u
k
a
n
d
L
.
S
in
g
e
r,
“
A
3
V
3
4
0
m
W
1
4
b
7
5
M
sa
m
p
le/s
C
M
OS
A
DC
w
it
h
8
5
d
B
S
F
DR a
t
Ny
q
u
ist
I
n
p
u
t”,
IE
EE
Jo
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
S
o
li
d
S
tate
Circu
i
ts,
v
o
l.
3
6
.
,
p
p
.
1
9
3
1
-
1
9
3
6
,
De
c
.
2
0
0
1
.
[1
6
]
Y.
S
h
a
o
ju
n
,
T
.
Zi
q
u
a
n
,
J.
Yu
e
m
i
n
g
a
n
d
D.
Na
i
y
in
g
,
“
T
h
e
d
e
sig
n
o
f
m
u
lt
i
b
it
sig
m
a
d
e
lt
a
A
DC
m
o
d
u
lat
o
r,
”
in
2
nd
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
n
m
e
a
s
u
re
m
e
n
t
in
f
o
r
m
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
c
o
n
tr
o
l,
Ch
in
a
,
2
0
1
3
.
[1
7
]
M
.
A
.
S
o
h
e
l,
K.
C.
K.
Re
d
d
y
,
S
.
A
.
S
a
tt
a
r
“
D
e
sig
n
o
f
lo
w
p
o
w
e
r
sig
m
a
d
e
lt
a
A
DC
”
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
V
L
S
I
d
e
sig
n
a
n
d
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
sy
ste
m
s,
v
o
l
-
3
,
p
p
.
6
7
-
8
0
,
A
u
g
u
st 2
0
1
2
.
[1
8
]
J.
C.
M
o
rizio
,
M
.
Ho
k
e
,
T
.
K
o
c
a
k
,
C.
Hu
g
h
e
s,
J.
P
e
rry
,
S
.
M
a
d
h
a
v
a
p
e
d
d
i,
M
.
H.
Ho
o
d
,
G
.
L
.
H.
Ko
n
d
o
h
,
T
.
Ku
m
a
m
o
to
,
T
.
O
k
u
d
a
,
H.
No
d
a
,
M
.
Ish
iw
a
k
i,
T
.
M
ik
i
a
n
d
M
.
Na
k
a
y
a
“
A
1
4
b
it
2
.
2
M
S
/s
sig
m
a
d
e
lt
a
AD
C”
IEE
E
Jo
u
rn
a
l
o
f
so
li
d
sta
te circ
u
it
,
Vo
l
-
3
5
,
p
p
.
9
6
8
-
9
7
6
,
J
u
ly
2
0
0
0
.
[1
9
]
S
a
n
d
n
e
r
C,
Clara
M
,
S
a
n
tn
e
r
A
,
Ha
rti
g
T
,
Ku
tt
n
e
r
F
.
A
6
-
b
it
1
.
2
-
G
S
/s
lo
w
p
o
we
r
f
las
h
A
DC
in
0
.
1
3
µm
d
ig
it
a
l
CM
OS.
IEE
E
Jo
u
rn
a
l
o
f
S
o
li
d
-
S
t
a
te Ci
rc
u
it
s.
2
0
0
5
;
v
o
l
.
4
0
,
p
p
.
1
4
9
9
-
1
5
0
5
.
Ju
ly
2
0
0
5
.
B
I
B
L
I
O
G
R
AP
H
Y
O
F
AUT
H
O
RS
De
e
p
a
k
P
ra
sa
d
w
a
s
b
o
rn
in
D
h
a
n
b
a
d
(Jh
a
rk
h
a
n
d
)
I
n
d
ia
in
1
9
9
0
.
H
e
re
c
e
iv
e
d
h
is
Ba
c
h
e
lo
r
d
e
g
re
e
in
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
f
ro
m
R
G
P
V
B
h
o
p
a
l
in
2
0
1
2
a
n
d
M
a
ste
r
d
e
g
re
e
in
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
I
n
stru
m
e
n
tatio
n
f
ro
m
T
h
e
Bu
rd
w
a
n
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
in
2
0
1
5
.
He
h
a
s
c
o
m
p
lete
d
h
is
M
T
e
c
h
p
ro
jec
t
w
o
rk
f
ro
m
CS
IR
-
Ce
n
tral
In
stit
u
te
o
f
M
in
i
n
g
&
F
u
e
l
Re
se
a
rc
h
(CIM
F
R)
Dh
a
n
b
a
d
o
n
th
e
to
p
ic
o
f
“
De
sig
n
stra
ta
d
e
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
i
n
d
ica
to
r
f
o
r
u
n
d
e
rg
ro
u
n
d
c
o
a
l
m
in
e
s”
u
n
d
e
r
t
h
e
g
u
id
a
n
c
e
o
f
S
e
n
io
r
S
c
ien
ti
st
Dr.
P
.
K.
M
is
h
ra
.
He
h
a
s
q
u
a
li
f
ied
GA
T
E
2
0
1
3
a
n
d
G
AT
E
2
0
1
5
su
c
c
e
ss
f
u
ll
y
.
P
re
se
n
tl
y
h
e
is
w
o
rk
in
g
a
s
Ju
n
io
r
Re
se
a
rc
h
F
e
ll
o
w
in
IS
RO
P
r
o
je
c
t
e
n
ti
tl
e
d
“
De
sig
n
o
f
u
lt
ra
lo
w
p
o
w
e
r
CM
OS
(Co
m
p
lem
e
n
tar
y
M
e
tal
Ox
id
e
S
e
m
ico
n
d
u
c
to
r)
tem
p
e
ra
tu
re
se
n
so
r
f
o
r
a
e
ro
sp
a
c
e
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
”
.
He
is
a
lso
p
u
rsu
i
n
g
P
h
D
o
n
th
e
sa
m
e
to
p
ic
u
n
d
e
r
t
h
e
g
u
id
a
n
c
e
o
f
Dr.
V
i
jay
N
a
th
,
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
C
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
E
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
Birl
a
In
stit
u
te
o
f
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
M
e
sra
Ra
n
c
h
i,
Jh
a
rk
h
a
n
d
.
His
re
se
a
rc
h
a
re
a
in
c
lu
d
e
s
a
n
a
lo
g
,
d
ig
it
a
l,
m
ix
e
d
CM
OS
V
L
S
I
c
ircu
it
s,
lo
w
p
o
w
e
r
V
L
S
I
c
ircu
it
s,
A
DC,
D
A
C
,
P
T
AT
c
ir
c
u
it
s.
His d
e
sig
n
is
se
l
e
c
ted
in
T
o
p
6
a
ll
In
d
ia Ca
d
e
n
c
e
De
sig
n
Co
n
tes
t
-
2
0
1
6
o
rg
a
n
ize
d
b
y
Ca
d
e
n
c
e
Co
m
p
a
n
y
Ire
lan
d
.
He
h
a
s
a
ro
u
n
d
8
p
u
b
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
i
n
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
a
n
d
in
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
c
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
s.
Dr.
V
ij
a
y
Na
th
re
c
e
iv
e
d
h
is
b
a
c
h
e
lo
r'
s
d
e
g
re
e
in
P
h
y
sic
s
a
n
d
m
a
s
ter'
s
d
e
g
re
e
in
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
f
ro
m
DD
U
G
o
ra
k
h
p
u
r
Un
iv
e
rsity
,
In
d
ia
in
1
9
9
8
a
n
d
2
0
0
1
.
He
re
c
e
iv
e
d
a
P
G
DCN
f
ro
m
M
M
M
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
Co
ll
e
g
e
G
o
ra
k
h
p
u
r
(G
o
ld
M
e
d
a
li
st)
in
1
9
9
9
.
He
re
c
e
i
v
e
d
h
is
P
h
.
D.
i
n
V
L
S
I
De
sig
n
&
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
f
ro
m
Dr.
RM
L
A
v
a
d
h
Un
iv
e
rsity
,
F
a
i
z
a
b
a
d
in
a
ss
o
c
iatio
n
w
it
h
CEE
RI
-
P
il
a
n
i
in
2
0
0
8
.
He
w
a
s
a
m
e
m
b
e
r
o
f
th
e
f
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
th
e
De
p
a
rtm
e
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
,
DD
U
G
o
ra
k
h
p
u
r
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
,
G
o
ra
k
h
p
u
r
(2
0
0
2
-
2
0
0
6
).
In
2
0
0
6
,
h
e
jo
in
e
d
a
s
a
f
a
c
u
lt
y
m
e
m
b
e
r
in
th
e
De
p
a
rt
m
e
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
C
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
Birl
a
In
stit
u
te
o
f
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
M
e
sr
a
,
Ra
n
c
h
i,
In
d
ia.
Cu
rre
n
tl
y
h
e
is
P
r
o
f
e
ss
o
r
In
-
c
h
a
rg
e
o
f
V
L
S
I
De
sig
n
L
a
b
&
E
m
b
e
d
d
e
d
S
y
ste
m
De
sig
n
Lab
,
De
p
t.
o
f
ECE
,
BIT
M
e
sra
,
Ra
n
c
h
i.
Hi
s
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
in
c
lu
d
e
a
n
a
l
o
g
,
d
ig
it
a
l,
m
ix
e
d
CM
OS
V
L
S
I
c
ircu
it
s,
l
o
w
p
o
w
e
r
V
L
S
I
c
ircu
it
s,
A
DC,
DA
C,
P
T
AT
,
CM
OS
b
a
n
d
g
a
p
v
o
lt
a
g
e
re
f
e
re
n
c
e
,
p
iez
o
re
sistiv
e
p
re
ss
u
re
se
n
so
rs,
d
o
u
b
le
ri
n
g
c
a
p
a
c
it
iv
e
p
re
ss
u
re
se
n
so
rs,
M
E
M
S
se
n
so
rs
,
sig
n
a
l
-
p
ro
c
e
ss
in
g
c
ircu
it
s,
A
S
ICs,
e
m
b
e
d
d
e
d
sy
ste
m
s
d
e
si
g
n
s,
sm
a
rt
c
a
rd
iac
p
a
c
e
m
a
k
e
r,
a
n
d
e
a
rl
y
sta
g
e
c
a
n
c
e
r
d
e
tec
ti
o
n
.
He
h
a
s
to
h
i
s
c
re
d
it
a
ro
u
n
d
1
0
0
p
u
b
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
in
in
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
j
o
u
r
n
a
ls
a
n
d
c
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
s.
He
is
a
m
e
m
b
e
r
o
f
s
e
v
e
ra
l
re
p
u
ted
p
ro
f
e
ss
io
n
a
l
a
n
d
a
c
a
d
e
m
ic
b
o
d
ies
in
c
l
u
d
i
n
g
IET
E,
IS
V
E
,
a
n
d
IEE
E
.
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