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n
s
o
v
e
r
lo
n
g
d
is
ta
n
ce
s
a
n
d
th
e
n
b
e
r
ec
eiv
ed
b
y
r
ad
io
r
ec
eiv
er
s
.
R
ad
io
tr
an
s
m
its
w
it
h
elec
tr
o
m
a
g
n
et
ic
w
a
v
es,
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
a
m
o
d
u
lat
io
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
w
h
er
e
th
e
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
s
ig
n
al
is
co
m
b
i
n
ed
w
ith
t
h
e
ca
r
r
ier
s
ig
n
al.
R
ad
io
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
to
s
to
r
e
an
d
tr
an
s
m
it
d
ig
ital
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
r
d
ata,
b
r
o
ad
ca
s
t
r
ad
io
t
r
an
s
m
itter
s
o
n
l
y
tr
a
n
s
m
it
i
n
o
n
e
d
ir
ec
tio
n
,
th
e
L
o
R
a
s
y
s
te
m
it
s
el
f
h
a
s
a
tr
an
s
m
i
tter
an
d
r
ec
eiv
er
.
L
o
R
a
is
a
r
ad
io
s
y
s
t
e
m
th
at
is
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
m
o
d
u
lat
ed
,
w
it
h
a
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
b
an
d
o
f
4
3
3
-
868
MH
z
,
9
1
5
-
9
2
3
MH
z,
f
o
r
th
e
A
s
ian
ar
ea
th
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
u
s
ed
is
ar
o
u
n
d
9
2
3
-
9
2
5
MH
z.
L
o
R
a
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
u
s
e
s
lo
w
p
o
w
er
,
its
r
an
g
e
r
ea
ch
es
1
5
k
m
i
n
r
em
o
te
ar
ea
s
,
th
i
s
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
i
s
g
o
o
d
f
o
r
tr
an
s
m
itti
n
g
s
m
all
d
ata,
n
a
m
e
l
y
ar
o
u
n
d
10
-
2
0
b
y
tes
.
T
h
e
b
r
id
g
e
s
lo
p
e
ch
an
g
e
d
etec
tio
n
s
y
s
te
m
w
as
b
u
ilt u
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
L
o
R
a
r
ad
io
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
T
h
e
b
r
id
g
e
tilt
d
etec
tio
n
s
y
s
te
m
w
a
s
cr
ea
ted
u
s
in
g
a
n
I
o
T
-
co
n
n
ec
ted
ac
ce
ler
o
m
ete
r
s
en
s
o
r
.
I
o
T
is
th
e
in
ter
n
e
t
o
f
ev
er
y
th
i
n
g
,
an
in
te
r
n
et
n
et
w
o
r
k
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
a
s
en
s
o
r
s
y
s
te
m
,
w
h
ic
h
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
to
tr
an
s
m
it
s
en
s
o
r
d
etec
tio
n
d
ata.
I
o
T
is
th
e
m
o
s
t
ad
v
an
ce
d
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
a
n
d
it
s
i
m
p
le
m
en
tatio
n
co
n
ti
n
u
e
s
to
d
ev
elo
p
in
v
ar
io
u
s
f
ield
s
.
I
o
T
h
as
a
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
t
im
p
ac
t
o
n
ev
er
y
f
ac
et
o
f
co
n
t
e
m
p
o
r
ar
y
cu
ltu
r
e
[
3
]
,
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
w
ea
r
ab
le
I
o
T
d
ev
ices
is
b
ec
o
m
i
n
g
m
o
r
e
ad
v
a
n
ce
d
,
in
cr
ea
s
i
n
g
l
y
w
id
esp
r
ea
d
,
s
tar
tin
g
f
r
o
m
s
o
cial
n
et
w
o
r
k
i
n
g
,
p
ay
m
e
n
ts
,
an
d
n
a
v
i
g
atio
n
,
to
h
ea
lt
h
m
o
n
i
to
r
in
g
[
4
]
,
a
p
p
ly
i
n
g
ac
ce
ler
o
m
eter
s
w
it
h
I
o
T
d
e
v
ices
to
ea
r
th
q
u
a
k
e
d
etec
tio
n
[
5
]
,
r
ea
d
in
g
s
e
n
s
o
r
s
an
d
s
en
d
in
g
d
ata
f
o
r
w
ar
n
i
n
g
s
b
ef
o
r
e
a
d
is
aster
o
cc
u
r
s
[
6
]
.
T
h
e
s
lo
p
e
o
f
th
e
b
u
ild
in
g
a
n
d
p
h
y
s
ical
s
tr
u
c
t
u
r
e
w
as
o
b
s
er
v
ed
u
s
in
g
a
d
ata
ac
q
u
is
i
tio
n
s
y
s
te
m
u
tili
zi
n
g
th
e
A
DX
L
3
3
5
ac
ce
ler
o
m
et
er
s
e
n
s
o
r
[
7
]
.
A
c
ce
ler
o
m
e
ter
s
en
s
o
r
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
atio
n
s
y
s
te
m
,
s
i
g
n
al
co
n
d
itio
n
in
g
,
w
it
h
A
T
m
e
g
a
3
2
m
icr
o
co
n
tr
o
ller
[
8
]
.
T
o
a
n
al
y
ze
t
h
e
s
tr
e
n
g
th
o
f
t
h
e
b
r
id
g
e
u
s
i
n
g
an
ac
ce
ler
o
m
eter
(
A
DX
L
3
4
5
)
as
a
v
ib
r
atio
n
s
e
n
s
o
r
[
9
]
.
A
cc
eler
o
m
e
ter
s
ar
e
d
ev
ices
t
h
at
ar
e
w
id
el
y
u
s
ed
to
d
eter
m
i
n
e
b
r
id
g
e
v
ib
r
atio
n
s
[
1
0
]
,
[
1
1
]
.
C
o
n
tr
o
l
all
n
o
d
es
v
ia
th
e
I
E
E
E
8
0
2
.
1
1
w
ir
eles
s
n
et
w
o
r
k
,
ea
s
i
l
y
an
d
s
a
m
p
le
d
ev
iatio
n
s
,
v
ib
r
atio
n
s
d
u
e
to
lo
ad
an
d
w
ater
lev
el
[
1
2
]
.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
a
s
i
n
g
le
m
icr
o
elec
tr
o
m
ec
h
a
n
ical
s
y
s
te
m
s
(
MEMS
)
ac
ce
ler
o
m
e
ter
,
na
m
e
l
y
t
h
e
MM
A
7
3
6
1
L
,
f
o
r
t
h
e
tilt
s
en
s
o
r
[
1
3
]
.
W
ir
eless
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
a
n
d
I
o
T
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
ar
e
p
o
w
er
f
u
l
ex
ten
s
i
v
e
co
g
n
iti
v
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
an
d
h
ig
h
l
y
e
f
f
ec
t
iv
e
ca
p
ab
ilit
i
es in
t
h
e
f
ie
ld
o
f
b
r
id
g
e
in
s
p
ec
tio
n
[
1
4
]
.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
w
il
l
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
e
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t,
d
ela
y
,
p
ac
k
et
lo
s
s
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
,
w
h
ic
h
p
r
ev
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
u
s
ed
th
e
MM
A
7
3
6
1
L
a
cc
eler
o
m
eter
s
en
s
o
r
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
Z
ig
b
ee
8
0
2
.
1
5
[
1
5
]
.
A
u
to
m
a
tic
d
is
tan
ce
an
d
s
lo
p
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
s
y
s
te
m
u
s
i
n
g
an
I
o
T
-
b
ased
m
icr
o
co
n
tr
o
ller
[
1
6
]
,
[
1
7
]
.
I
o
T
ME
MS
ac
ce
ler
o
m
eter
f
o
r
tr
an
s
latio
n
al
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
s
o
f
m
o
tio
n
li
n
e
ac
tu
a
to
r
s
an
d
v
ib
r
atio
n
s
o
f
Gr
ea
t
r
o
tatin
g
m
ac
h
i
n
es
[
1
8
]
.
A
cc
eler
o
m
eter
to
d
etec
t
j
er
k
s
o
n
th
e
b
r
id
g
e,
v
ib
r
atio
n
s
en
s
o
r
to
d
etec
t
v
ib
r
atio
n
s
th
at
o
cc
u
r
o
n
th
e
b
r
id
g
e
[
1
9
]
.
I
o
T
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
an
d
s
en
s
o
r
s
i
n
id
en
ti
f
y
i
n
g
cr
ac
k
s
i
n
b
r
id
g
e
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
es
an
d
b
u
ild
in
g
a
b
r
id
g
e
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
h
ea
lt
h
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
s
y
s
te
m
[
2
0
]
.
T
h
e
r
ad
io
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
id
en
ti
f
icatio
n
(
R
FID
)
,
r
ea
l
ti
m
e
co
n
tr
o
l
(
R
T
C
)
an
d
liq
u
id
cr
y
s
ta
l
d
is
p
la
y
(
L
C
D
)
i
n
ter
f
ac
i
n
g
m
o
d
u
les
ar
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
t
h
e
E
SP
3
2
m
icr
o
co
n
tr
o
ller
,
an
d
th
e
I
o
T
[
2
1
]
.
W
i
-
Fi
m
o
d
u
le,
E
SP
8
2
6
6
-
1
2
f
o
r
co
n
n
ec
tin
g
to
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
in
ter
n
et.
T
h
e
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
p
u
b
lis
h
er
an
d
s
u
b
s
cr
ib
er
is
u
s
ed
f
o
r
co
m
m
u
n
ica
tio
n
[
2
2
]
.
I
o
T
u
s
in
g
W
i
Fi
an
d
MQ
T
T
ca
n
d
is
p
lay
b
l
o
o
d
p
r
ess
u
r
e,
b
lo
o
d
f
lo
w
,
d
ial
y
s
ate
te
m
p
er
at
u
r
e,
an
d
co
n
d
u
ct
iv
i
t
y
o
f
d
ia
l
y
s
ate
f
l
u
id
[
2
3
]
.
L
o
R
a
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
is
s
u
i
tab
le
f
o
r
I
o
T
ap
p
licatio
n
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
to
tr
a
n
s
m
it
s
m
all
a
m
o
u
n
t
s
o
f
d
ata
o
v
er
lo
n
g
d
i
s
ta
n
ce
s
a
n
d
to
tr
a
n
s
m
it
d
ata
w
it
h
lo
w
p
o
w
er
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
[
2
4
]
,
[
2
5
]
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
r
ef
er
en
ce
,
it
is
v
er
y
i
n
ter
est
in
g
to
r
ea
lize
th
e
ac
c
eler
o
m
eter
,
L
o
R
a
a
n
d
I
o
T
s
en
s
o
r
s
y
s
te
m
b
y
b
u
ild
i
n
g
a
L
o
R
a
a
n
d
I
o
T
b
as
ed
b
r
id
g
e
tilt
d
etec
tio
n
s
y
s
te
m
.
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
an
ea
r
l
y
s
lo
p
e
d
etec
tio
n
s
y
s
te
m
ca
n
ai
d
in
b
r
id
g
e
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
an
d
m
ain
te
n
an
ce
,
p
r
ev
en
ti
n
g
f
u
r
th
er
d
a
m
a
g
e
an
d
ex
ten
d
in
g
t
h
e
b
r
id
g
e's
li
f
e.
T
h
e
g
ad
g
ets
ar
e
d
iv
id
ed
in
to
tw
o
g
r
o
u
p
s
:
h
ar
d
w
ar
e
(
w
h
ich
in
c
lu
d
es
a
n
E
SP
3
2
m
icr
o
co
n
tr
o
ller
,
an
ac
ce
l
er
o
m
e
ter
s
en
s
o
r
,
an
i
n
ter
n
et
n
et
w
o
r
k
,
a
lap
to
p
,
an
d
a
s
m
ar
tp
h
o
n
e)
a
n
d
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
(
wh
ich
i
n
clu
d
es
t
h
e
A
r
d
u
i
n
o
i
n
te
g
r
ated
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
(
I
DE
)
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
,
w
i
n
d
o
w
s
1
0
6
4
-
b
it).
E
m
p
lo
y
ee
s
th
at
c
h
ec
k
b
r
id
g
e
s
u
t
ilize
a
lap
to
p
o
r
s
m
ar
tp
h
o
n
e
w
it
h
a
w
eb
b
r
o
w
s
er
to
ac
ce
s
s
r
ea
l
-
ti
m
e
d
ata
o
n
b
r
id
g
e
s
lo
p
e
ea
r
l
y
d
etec
tio
n
.
T
h
e
a
cc
eler
o
m
e
ter
s
en
s
o
r
s
e
n
d
s
a
d
ig
ital
s
i
g
n
al
to
th
e
E
SP
3
2
m
icr
o
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
r
,
w
h
ic
h
in
ter
p
r
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icate
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to
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ilter
m
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ag
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s
an
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m
[
2
3
]
.
I
o
T
tech
n
o
lo
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y
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s
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ce
p
t
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(
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m
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s
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r
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s
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s
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Xte
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L
X1
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[
6
]
in
s
tr
u
ctio
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s
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u
ild
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if
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r
d
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eq
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ir
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e
n
t
s
ar
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o
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s
:
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a
p
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p
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en
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o
r
,
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m
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tr
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p
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ly
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t
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1
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te
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A
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h
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ler
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ter
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d
th
e
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GO
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o
T
s
tr
ap
w
h
ich
is
eq
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ip
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ed
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ith
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s
y
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te
m
.
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g
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ter
n
et
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w
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k
p
er
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o
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m
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n
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t
h
e
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
m
ea
s
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r
ed
ar
e
th
r
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u
g
h
p
u
t
(
b
p
s
)
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d
elay
(
s
ec
o
n
d
s
)
,
p
ac
k
et
lo
s
s
.
T
h
e
q
u
alit
y
o
f
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
e
n
t
w
il
l
b
e
m
ea
s
u
r
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f
o
r
th
e
d
ata
s
e
n
t,
to
d
eter
m
i
n
e
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
's
ab
ilit
y
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
b
etter
s
er
v
ices,
g
u
ar
an
tee
in
g
th
e
lev
el
o
f
n
et
w
o
r
k
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
;
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
p
ar
am
eter
s
ar
e
th
e
ef
f
ec
ti
v
e
d
ata
tr
an
s
f
er
s
p
ee
d
,
th
e
t
o
tal
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
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k
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t
ar
r
iv
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u
r
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th
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ti
m
e
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ter
v
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eg
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n
d
n
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w
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ela
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s
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h
r
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h
p
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t,
Qo
S,
an
d
n
et
w
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k
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tr
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s
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s
s
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ep
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t
h
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d
is
tan
ce
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
d
ata
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ig
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to
th
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d
ata
d
esti
n
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t
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h
is
s
y
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te
m
m
ea
s
u
r
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o
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th
e
s
lo
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e
o
f
th
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b
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id
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m
e
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r
es
t
h
at
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ali
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m
n
et
w
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s
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n
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w
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m
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n
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m
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n
t
f
o
r
d
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m
i
n
in
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th
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u
alit
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ter
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er
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ices,
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s
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et
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f
f
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Fig
u
r
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2
s
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o
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s
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rtm
e
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
E
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
F
a
c
u
lt
y
,
Ha
sa
n
u
d
d
in
Un
iv
e
rsity
,
In
d
o
n
e
sia
i
n
2
0
1
3
.
He
is
a
p
ro
f
e
ss
o
r
c
o
m
p
u
ter
o
p
e
ra
ti
o
n
sy
ste
m
a
t
th
e
De
p
a
rtm
e
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
Ha
s
a
n
u
d
d
in
Un
iv
e
rsity
.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
sy
a
f
ru
d
d
in
.
s@
e
n
g
.
u
n
h
a
s.a
c
.
id
.
De
w
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n
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re
c
e
iv
e
d
th
e
B.
S
.
i
n
tele
c
o
m
m
u
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ica
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rin
g
f
ro
m
Ha
sa
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u
d
d
i
n
Un
iv
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rsit
y
,
M
a
k
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ss
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r,
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o
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sia
in
1
9
9
3
,
M
.
S
.
in
sy
ste
m
in
fo
rm
a
ti
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tec
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f
ro
m
In
stit
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te
o
f
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
B
a
n
d
u
n
g
(IT
B),
Ba
n
d
u
n
g
,
W
e
st
Ja
v
a
,
In
d
o
n
e
sia
in
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0
0
0
a
n
d
P
h
.
D.
d
e
g
re
e
in
th
e
De
p
a
rtm
e
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
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rin
g
a
n
d
C
o
m
p
u
ter
S
c
ien
c
e
a
t
th
e
G
ra
d
u
a
te
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c
h
o
o
l
o
f
S
c
ien
c
e
a
n
d
E
n
g
in
e
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rin
g
o
f
Eh
im
e
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
,
Ja
p
a
n
in
2
0
1
3
.
S
h
e
is
w
o
rk
in
g
a
s
a
m
e
m
b
e
r
o
f
sta
ff
De
p
a
rt
m
e
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
Ha
sa
n
u
d
d
i
n
Un
iv
e
rsity
,
S
o
u
th
-
S
u
law
e
si,
M
a
k
a
ss
a
r,
In
d
o
n
e
sia
f
ro
m
1
9
9
5
.
He
r
re
se
a
rc
h
i
n
tere
sts
in
c
l
u
d
e
c
o
m
p
u
ter
a
n
d
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
n
e
tw
o
rk
s,
w
irele
ss
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
a
n
d
o
p
ti
c
a
l
n
e
tw
o
rk
s.
S
h
e
is
a
m
e
m
b
e
r
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f
IEE
E.
S
h
e
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
d
e
w
ian
i@u
n
h
a
s.a
c
.
i
d
.
M
e
r
n
a
B
a
h
a
r
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d
d
i
n
re
c
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d
h
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E
.
d
e
g
re
e
in
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lec
tri
c
a
l
e
n
g
in
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rin
g
sp
e
c
ializin
g
in
tele
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
f
ro
m
Ha
s
a
n
u
d
d
in
Un
iv
e
rsity
,
I
n
d
o
n
e
sia
,
in
1
9
9
9
,
re
c
e
iv
e
d
h
e
r
M
.
E.
d
e
g
re
e
in
tele
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
f
ro
m
M
o
n
a
sh
Un
iv
e
rsity
,
A
u
stra
li
a
,
in
2
0
0
2
,
a
n
d
P
h
.
D.
d
e
g
re
e
f
ro
m
G
ra
d
u
a
te
S
c
h
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o
l
o
f
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
In
teg
ra
ti
o
n
S
c
ien
c
e
,
Ch
ib
a
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
,
Ja
p
a
n
,
in
2
0
1
0
.
S
h
e
is
a
lec
tu
re
r
in
De
p
a
rtm
e
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
F
a
c
u
lt
y
,
Ha
s
a
n
u
d
d
i
n
Un
iv
e
rsity
,
In
d
o
n
e
sia
,
f
ro
m
2
0
0
5
.
He
r
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
in
c
lu
d
e
m
icro
strip
a
n
ten
n
a
s,
ra
d
a
rs.
a
n
d
e
lec
tro
m
a
g
n
e
ti
c
se
n
so
rs,
a
n
d
tele
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
.
S
h
e
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
m
e
rn
a
@u
n
h
a
s.a
c
.
i
d
.
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