I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
Rec
o
nfig
ura
ble a
nd
E
m
be
dd
e
d Sy
s
t
e
m
s
(
I
J
R
E
S)
Vo
l.
6
,
No
.
3
,
No
v
em
b
er
201
7
,
p
p
.
179
~
185
I
SS
N:
2
089
-
4
864
,
DOI
:
1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/
i
j
r
es
.
v6
.
i3
.
p
p
179
-
1
8
5
179
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//ia
e
s
co
r
e.
co
m/jo
u
r
n
a
ls
/in
d
ex
.
p
h
p
/
I
JR
E
S
/in
d
ex
FP
G
A
Im
pl
e
m
ent
a
tion o
f
DS
-
CDM
A Tra
ns
m
itt
er an
d Receiver
H
a
rina
t
h
M
a
nd
a
la
pu
,
B
.
M
ura
li K
rish
na
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
ECE
,
K L
Un
iv
e
rsity
,
In
d
ia
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
ST
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
J
u
l
y
22
,
2
0
1
7
R
ev
i
s
ed
Sep
23
,
2
0
1
7
A
cc
ep
ted
Oct
0
7
,
2
0
1
7
Dire
c
t
se
q
u
e
n
c
e
sp
re
a
d
S
p
e
c
tru
m
(DSS
S
)
is
a
lso
k
n
o
w
n
a
s
d
irec
t
se
q
u
e
n
c
e
c
o
d
e
d
iv
isio
n
m
u
lt
ip
lex
in
g
.
In
d
ir
e
c
t
se
q
u
e
n
c
e
sp
re
a
d
sp
e
c
tru
m
th
e
stre
a
m
o
f
in
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
to
b
e
tran
sm
it
ted
is
d
iv
id
e
d
i
n
to
sm
a
ll
p
iec
e
s
e
a
c
h
o
f
w
h
ich
is
a
ll
o
c
a
ted
a
c
ro
ss
to
a
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
c
h
a
n
n
e
l
a
c
ro
ss
th
e
sp
e
c
tru
m
.
D
a
t
a
sig
n
a
l
a
t
th
e
p
o
in
t
o
f
tran
sm
issio
n
is
c
o
ll
a
b
o
ra
ted
w
it
h
a
h
ig
h
e
r
d
a
ta
-
ra
te
b
i
t
se
q
u
e
n
c
e
(a
lso
c
a
ll
e
d
c
h
ip
p
i
n
g
c
o
d
e
)
th
a
t
d
iv
id
e
s
th
e
d
a
ta
a
c
c
o
rd
in
g
to
a
sp
re
a
d
in
g
ra
ti
o
.
A
re
d
u
n
d
a
n
t
c
h
ip
p
i
n
g
c
o
d
e
h
e
lp
s
th
e
sig
n
a
l
re
sist
in
terf
e
re
n
c
e
a
n
d
a
lso
e
n
a
b
les
th
e
o
rig
in
a
l
d
a
ta
to
b
e
re
c
o
v
e
re
d
i
f
d
a
ta
b
it
s
a
re
d
a
m
a
g
e
d
d
u
ri
n
g
th
e
tran
sm
it
ti
n
g
.
In
th
is
p
ro
jec
t
d
i
re
c
t
se
q
u
e
n
c
e
sp
re
a
d
sp
e
c
tru
m
p
rin
c
ip
le
b
a
se
d
c
o
d
e
d
iv
is
io
n
m
u
lt
ip
le
a
c
c
e
ss
(CDMA
)
tran
s
m
it
ter
a
n
d
re
c
e
iv
e
r
is
im
p
le
m
e
n
ted
o
n
S
P
A
RTAN
3
E
F
P
G
A
.
T
h
e
X
il
in
x
sy
n
th
e
sis
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
(X
S
T
)
o
f
X
i
li
n
x
IS
E
to
o
l
u
se
d
f
o
r
sy
n
th
e
sis
o
f
tran
sm
it
ter
a
n
d
re
c
e
iv
e
r
o
n
F
P
GA
S
p
a
rtan
3
E
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
B
P
SK
C
DM
A
DDFS
DSSS
P
N
co
d
e
Co
p
y
rig
h
t
©
2
0
1
7
In
stit
u
te o
f
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
S
c
ien
c
e
.
Al
l
rig
h
ts
re
se
rv
e
d
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Har
in
at
h
Ma
n
d
alap
u
,
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
ECE
,
K L
Un
iv
e
rsity
,
In
d
ia
.
E
m
ail:
cp
1
1
.
iaes@
g
m
ail.
co
m
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
I
n
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
y
s
te
m
s
a
n
attr
ac
ti
v
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
f
o
r
h
i
g
h
q
u
a
lit
y
d
i
g
ital
ce
llu
lar
a
n
d
p
er
s
o
n
al
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
er
v
ices
t
h
e
t
ec
h
n
iq
u
e
u
s
ed
i
s
Dir
ec
t
s
eq
u
en
ce
co
d
e
d
iv
is
io
n
m
u
ltip
le
a
cc
ess
(
DS
-
C
DM
A
)
.
B
ec
au
s
e
o
f
it
s
i
m
p
r
o
v
ed
p
r
iv
a
c
y
a
n
d
s
ec
u
r
it
y
.
VHD
L
i
m
p
le
m
en
tatio
n
o
f
DS
-
C
DM
A
tr
a
n
s
m
itter
a
n
d
r
ec
ei
v
er
h
as
b
ee
n
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
t
h
is
p
ap
er
.
E
v
er
y
m
o
b
ile
h
a
n
d
s
et
an
d
ev
er
y
w
ir
e
less
b
ase
s
tatio
n
o
p
er
ates
o
n
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
.
T
o
d
is
cr
i
m
i
n
ate
o
n
e
co
n
v
er
s
a
tio
n
f
r
o
m
th
e
o
th
er
e
v
er
y
h
a
n
d
s
et
b
r
o
ad
ca
s
t
a
u
n
iq
u
e
co
d
e
s
eq
u
en
ce
is
ca
lled
a
s
p
s
e
u
d
o
n
o
is
e
co
d
e
.
T
h
e
p
s
eu
d
o
n
o
is
e
c
o
d
e
is
g
en
er
ated
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
t
w
o
s
ix
b
it
L
F
SR
s
.
T
h
e
co
d
e
s
ig
n
al
i
s
ca
lled
as
c
h
ip
s
ig
n
al.
T
h
ese
ch
ip
s
ar
e
m
o
d
u
lated
b
y
t
h
e
ca
r
r
ier
u
s
i
n
g
a
d
ig
ital
m
o
d
u
latio
n
tech
n
iq
u
e
B
P
SK.
A
ca
r
r
ier
is
g
en
er
ated
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
ca
lled
d
is
cr
ete
d
ig
ital
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
s
y
n
t
h
esizer
.
T
h
e
C
DM
A
b
ase
s
ta
tio
n
s
m
u
s
t
b
e
ab
le
to
d
is
cr
i
m
i
n
ate
t
h
is
d
if
f
er
en
t
co
d
e
s
eq
u
e
n
ce
s
in
o
r
d
er
to
d
is
tin
g
u
is
h
o
n
e
tr
a
n
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
f
r
o
m
o
t
h
er
.
T
h
u
s
it
is
ac
co
m
p
li
s
h
ed
b
y
m
ea
n
s
o
f
a
m
atc
h
ed
f
i
lter
.
Ma
tch
ed
f
i
lter
is
a
f
ilter
w
h
o
s
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
is
e
x
ac
tl
y
d
esi
g
n
ed
to
m
atc
h
t
h
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
o
f
th
e
in
p
u
t
s
i
g
n
al.
P
s
eu
d
o
n
o
is
e
co
d
e
is
g
e
n
er
at
ed
b
y
m
atc
h
ed
f
il
ter
,
th
e
g
en
er
ated
n
o
is
e
co
d
e
is
co
r
r
elate
d
w
it
h
t
h
e
r
ec
eiv
ed
co
d
e
an
d
d
etec
tin
g
o
r
ig
i
n
al
d
ata.
I
n
r
ec
en
t
y
ea
r
s
t
h
e
C
DM
A
o
n
FP
G
A
p
lat
f
o
r
m
h
as
a
ttra
ct
ed
atten
tio
n
o
f
ac
ad
e
m
ic
r
es
ea
r
ch
an
d
in
d
u
s
tr
y
.
Sp
ar
tan
3
E
f
a
m
il
y
o
f
Field
-
P
r
o
g
r
a
m
m
ab
le
Gate
A
r
r
ay
s
(
FP
GAs)
is
s
p
ec
if
ica
ll
y
b
r
o
ad
b
an
d
d
esig
n
ed
to
m
ee
t
t
h
e
n
ee
d
s
o
f
h
i
g
h
v
o
lu
m
e
a
n
d
co
s
t
-
s
e
n
s
i
tiv
e
co
n
s
u
m
er
elec
tr
o
n
ic
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
Du
e
to
lo
w
co
s
t
Sp
ar
tan
-
3
E
FP
GAs
ar
e
id
ea
ll
y
s
u
i
ted
to
a
w
id
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
co
n
s
u
m
er
elec
tr
o
n
ics
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
h
o
m
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
i
n
g
,
in
cl
u
d
in
g
ac
ce
s
s
,
d
is
p
la
y
/p
r
o
j
ec
tio
n
an
d
d
ig
ital t
elev
is
io
n
eq
u
ip
m
en
t.
2.
L
I
T
E
R
AT
U
RE
SU
RVE
Y
I
n
1
9
4
7
th
e
ce
llu
lar
co
n
ce
p
t
o
r
ig
in
ated
at
B
ell
L
ab
s
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
au
to
m
atic
an
a
lo
g
ce
ll
u
lar
s
y
s
te
m
s
tar
ted
o
p
er
atio
n
in
1
9
7
9
in
J
a
p
an
an
d
in
1
9
8
1
in
th
e
No
r
d
ic
co
u
n
tr
ies.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
co
m
m
er
ci
al
A
MP
S
w
ir
ele
s
s
ce
llu
lar
s
y
s
te
m
in
t
h
e
Un
ited
States
s
tar
ted
in
Octo
b
er
1
9
8
3
in
C
h
ica
g
o
.
An
alo
g
ce
ll
u
lar
s
er
v
ic
e
o
p
er
ates
o
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
9
-
4
864
I
J
R
E
S
V
o
l.
6
,
No
.
3
,
N
o
v
e
m
b
er
2
0
1
7
:
1
7
9
–
1
8
5
180
th
e
8
0
0
MH
z
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
b
an
d
an
d
is
b
ased
o
n
FDM
A
(
Fre
q
u
en
c
y
D
iv
i
s
io
n
M
u
lt
ip
le
A
cc
e
s
s
)
.
A
p
er
io
d
o
f
f
e
w
y
ea
r
s
a
f
ter
an
alo
g
ce
ll
u
lar
s
y
s
te
m
s
w
er
e
i
n
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
w
h
ic
h
b
ec
am
e
ap
p
ar
en
t,
m
o
r
e
r
eliab
le
an
d
lo
w
er
co
s
t
w
ir
ele
s
s
s
y
s
te
m
s
w
er
e.
T
h
e
p
r
ed
ictio
n
s
w
er
e
m
ad
e
t
h
at
s
y
s
t
e
m
ca
p
ac
it
y
w
o
u
ld
b
e
s
at
u
r
ate
d
b
y
t
h
e
1
9
9
0
s
,
b
y
f
ir
s
t
in
th
e
lar
g
es
t
citie
s
a
n
d
th
en
i
n
o
th
er
r
e
g
io
n
s
.
He
n
ce
,
wh
en
co
n
s
u
m
er
d
e
m
a
n
d
s
at
u
r
at
es
th
e
ca
p
ac
it
y
o
f
a
ce
llu
lar
s
y
s
te
m
,
t
h
e
t
h
er
e
ar
e
th
r
ee
w
a
y
s
to
e
x
p
an
d
it:
m
o
v
e
in
to
n
e
w
s
p
ec
t
r
u
m
b
a
n
d
s
a
n
d
s
p
litt
i
n
g
ex
is
ti
n
g
ce
lls
i
n
to
s
m
aller
ce
lls
o
r
i
n
tr
o
d
u
ce
n
e
w
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
to
m
a
k
e
m
o
r
e
e
f
f
icie
n
t
u
s
e
o
f
e
x
i
s
t
in
g
b
an
d
w
id
t
h
.
So
,
s
in
ce
n
o
n
e
w
r
ad
io
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
w
o
u
ld
b
e
av
ailab
le
an
d
th
e
s
p
litt
i
n
g
ce
lls
r
eq
u
ir
es
v
er
y
e
x
p
en
s
iv
e
ad
d
itio
n
al
n
et
w
o
r
k
i
n
f
r
astru
ct
u
r
e,
h
e
n
ce
n
e
w
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
s
ee
m
ed
to
b
e
th
e
b
est r
o
u
te.
3.
M
UL
T
I
P
L
E
ACC
E
SS
T
E
C
H
NIQ
U
E
S
Mu
ltip
le
ac
ce
s
s
s
c
h
e
m
es
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
allo
w
m
an
y
s
i
m
u
ltan
eo
u
s
u
s
er
s
to
u
s
e
th
e
s
a
m
e
r
ad
io
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
w
it
h
co
n
s
ta
n
t
b
an
d
w
id
t
h
.
T
h
e
b
an
d
w
id
t
h
allo
ca
ted
in
a
n
y
r
ad
io
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
is
al
w
a
y
s
li
m
ited
.
An
d
th
e
to
tal
b
an
d
w
id
t
h
allo
ca
ted
m
o
b
ile
p
h
o
n
e
s
y
s
te
m
s
is
t
y
p
ica
ll
y
5
0
MH
z
an
d
w
h
ich
i
s
s
p
lit
in
h
alf
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
th
e
f
o
r
w
ar
d
an
d
r
ev
er
s
e
li
n
k
s
o
f
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
.
T
h
e
s
h
ar
in
g
o
f
s
a
m
e
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
is
r
eq
u
ir
ed
in
o
r
d
er
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
u
s
er
ca
p
a
cit
y
o
f
a
n
y
w
ir
eles
s
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
T
DM
A
,
FDM
A
a
n
d
C
DM
A
ar
e
t
h
e
t
h
r
ee
m
aj
o
r
m
et
h
o
d
s
o
f
s
h
ar
i
n
g
th
e
av
ailab
le
b
an
d
w
id
t
h
to
m
u
ltip
le
u
s
er
s
in
w
ir
eles
s
s
y
s
te
m
.
C
DM
A
p
r
o
v
id
es
less
i
n
ter
f
er
ed
an
d
m
o
r
e
s
ec
u
r
ed
t
y
p
e
co
m
m
u
n
ica
tio
n
a
m
o
n
g
th
e
s
e
m
u
l
tip
le
ac
ce
s
s
te
ch
n
iq
u
es.
3
.
1
.
F
re
qu
ency
Div
is
io
n M
ul
t
ipl
e
Acc
ess
I
n
Fre
q
u
e
n
c
y
Di
v
is
io
n
M
u
ltip
le
A
cc
ess
(
FDM
A
)
t
h
e
o
v
er
all
b
an
d
w
id
th
is
d
i
v
id
ed
in
to
a
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
n
ar
r
o
w
er
b
an
d
ch
a
n
n
e
ls
.
An
d
ea
ch
u
s
er
is
al
lo
ca
ted
w
it
h
a
u
n
iq
u
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
b
an
d
f
o
r
tr
an
s
m
it
tin
g
a
n
d
r
ec
eiv
in
g
.
D
u
r
in
g
a
ca
ll,
o
t
h
er
u
s
er
ca
n
n
o
t
u
s
e
th
e
s
a
m
e
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
b
an
d
.
I
n
w
h
ic
h
ea
c
h
u
s
er
is
allo
ca
ted
w
ith
a
f
o
r
w
ar
d
lin
k
ch
an
n
el
(
f
r
o
m
th
e
b
ase
s
tatio
n
to
th
e
m
o
b
ile
p
h
o
n
e)
an
d
a
r
ev
er
s
e
ch
an
n
e
l
(
b
ac
k
to
th
e
b
ase
s
tatio
n
)
.
T
h
e
tr
an
s
m
itted
s
i
g
n
a
l
o
n
ea
ch
o
f
t
h
e
c
h
a
n
n
el
s
i
s
co
n
ti
n
u
o
u
s
al
lo
w
in
g
a
n
alo
g
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
s
.
I
n
m
o
s
t
FDM
A
s
y
s
te
m
s
t
h
e
ch
a
n
n
el
b
an
d
w
id
th
u
s
ed
is
t
y
p
icall
y
lo
w
(
3
0
k
Hz)
as
ea
c
h
c
h
an
n
el
o
n
l
y
n
ee
d
s
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
a
s
in
g
le
u
s
er
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
s
h
o
w
s
FDM
A
s
y
s
te
m
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
FDM
A
s
y
s
te
m
s
3
.
2
.
T
i
m
e
Div
is
io
n
M
ultiple A
cc
ess
T
im
e
Di
v
i
s
io
n
M
u
ltip
le
A
cc
e
s
s
(
T
DM
A
)
d
iv
id
es
t
h
e
av
ai
l
ab
le
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
in
to
m
u
ltip
le
t
i
m
e
s
lo
ts
,
ea
ch
u
s
er
is
allo
ca
ted
w
ith
a
s
ep
ar
ate
ti
m
e
s
lo
t
in
w
h
ic
h
t
h
e
y
ca
n
tr
a
n
s
m
it
o
r
r
ec
eiv
e
T
DM
A
s
y
s
te
m
s
.
Fi
g
u
r
e
2
s
h
o
w
s
T
DM
A
s
c
h
e
m
es
w
h
e
r
e
ea
ch
u
s
er
i
s
allo
ca
ted
w
it
h
a
s
m
all
t
i
m
e
s
lo
t.
Fig
u
r
e
2.
T
DM
A
s
ch
e
m
es
w
h
er
e
ea
ch
u
s
er
is
allo
ca
ted
w
it
h
a
s
m
all
t
i
m
e
s
lo
t
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
R
E
S
I
SS
N:
2089
-
4864
F
P
GA
I
mp
leme
n
ta
tio
n
o
f D
S
-
C
DMA
T
r
a
n
s
mitte
r
a
n
d
R
ec
ei
ve
r
(
Ha
r
in
a
th
Ma
n
d
a
la
p
u
)
181
T
h
e
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
o
f
ea
ch
ch
an
n
el
i
s
n
o
n
-
co
n
t
in
u
o
u
s
.
T
h
u
s
t
h
e
in
p
u
t
d
ata
to
b
e
tr
an
s
m
i
tted
is
b
u
f
f
er
ed
o
v
er
t
h
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
f
r
a
m
e
a
n
d
b
u
r
s
t
tr
an
s
m
itted
at
a
h
ig
h
er
r
ate
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
ti
m
e
s
lo
t
f
o
r
t
h
e
c
h
an
n
el.
A
T
DM
A
ca
n
n
o
t sen
d
an
a
n
alo
g
s
ig
n
al
d
ir
ec
tl
y
d
u
e
to
t
h
e
b
u
f
f
er
in
g
r
eq
u
ir
ed
s
o
it is
o
n
l
y
u
s
e
d
f
o
r
tr
an
s
m
i
tti
n
g
.
3
.3
.
Co
de
Div
is
io
n
M
ultiple A
cc
ess
C
o
d
e
Div
is
io
n
M
u
ltip
le
A
cc
es
s
(
C
DM
A
)
is
a
s
p
r
ea
d
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
th
a
t
u
s
es
n
eit
h
er
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
ch
an
n
el
s
n
o
r
ti
m
e
s
lo
t
s
.
Us
in
g
C
DM
A
t
h
e
n
ar
r
o
w
b
a
n
d
m
e
s
s
ag
e
(
t
y
p
icall
y
d
i
g
itized
v
o
ice
d
ata)
is
m
u
ltip
lied
b
y
a
lar
g
e
b
an
d
w
id
t
h
s
i
g
n
al
th
at
is
a
p
s
eu
d
o
r
a
n
d
o
m
n
o
i
s
e
co
d
e
(
P
N
co
d
e)
.
I
n
C
DM
A
s
y
s
te
m
a
ll
u
s
er
s
tr
an
s
m
it
w
it
h
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
b
an
d
.
T
h
e
tr
a
n
s
m
itted
s
i
g
n
al
i
s
r
ec
o
v
er
ed
b
y
co
r
r
elatin
g
th
e
r
ec
eiv
ed
s
i
g
n
al
w
it
h
t
h
e
P
N
s
eq
u
en
ce
co
d
e
u
s
ed
b
y
th
e
tr
a
n
s
m
it
ter
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
s
h
o
w
s
co
d
e
d
iv
is
io
n
m
u
lt
ip
le
ac
ce
s
s
(
C
DM
A
)
.
Fig
u
r
e
3.
C
o
d
e
d
iv
is
io
n
m
u
lti
p
le
ac
ce
s
s
(
C
DM
A
)
C
DM
A
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
w
a
s
f
ir
s
t
d
ev
elo
p
ed
b
y
t
h
e
m
ili
tar
y
d
u
r
in
g
W
o
r
ld
W
ar
I
I
.
T
h
ey
w
er
e
lo
o
k
in
g
f
o
r
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
w
a
y
s
o
f
co
m
m
u
n
ica
tio
n
w
it
h
s
ec
u
r
e
an
d
w
ith
o
u
t
j
am
m
i
n
g
w
h
ile
i
n
w
o
r
k
.
So
m
e
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
er
ties
th
at
h
a
v
e
m
ad
e
C
DM
A
u
s
e
f
u
l
ar
e:
An
ti
-
j
a
m
an
d
i
n
ter
f
er
e
n
ce
r
ej
e
ctio
n
I
n
f
o
r
m
a
tio
n
s
ec
u
r
it
y
A
cc
u
r
ate
R
a
n
g
in
g
4.
RE
SU
L
T
S
A
ND
AN
AL
Y
SI
S
4
.1
.
Dire
ct
Sequ
ence
CDM
A
G
ener
a
t
io
n
DS
-
C
DM
A
is
ac
h
iev
ed
b
y
s
p
r
ea
d
in
g
th
e
d
ata
s
ig
n
al
b
y
a
p
s
eu
d
o
r
an
d
o
m
n
o
is
e
s
eq
u
en
ce
(
P
N
co
d
e)
w
h
ic
h
h
a
s
a
ch
ip
r
ate
h
i
g
h
er
th
an
t
h
e
b
it
r
ate
o
f
th
e
d
ata.
P
s
eu
d
o
No
is
e
co
d
e
s
eq
u
en
ce
is
a
s
eq
u
en
ce
o
f
o
n
es
an
d
ze
r
o
s
(
ca
lled
ch
ip
s
)
.
P
N
co
d
e
u
s
ed
to
s
p
r
ea
d
th
e
d
ata
ca
n
b
e
o
f
tw
o
m
ain
t
y
p
es.
A
s
h
o
r
t
P
N
c
o
d
e
(
t
y
p
icall
y
1
0
-
1
2
8
ch
ip
s
i
n
le
n
g
t
h
)
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
to
m
o
d
u
la
te
ea
ch
d
ata
b
it.
Fo
r
th
e
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
izatio
n
o
f
t
h
e
r
ec
eiv
er
a
s
h
o
r
t
P
N
co
d
e
is
th
en
r
ep
ea
ted
f
o
r
ev
er
y
d
ata
b
it.
A
lter
n
ati
v
el
y
a
lo
n
g
P
N
co
d
e
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
.
F
ig
u
r
e
4
s
h
o
w
s
d
ir
ec
t seq
u
e
n
ce
s
i
g
n
a
ls
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Dir
ec
t seq
u
en
ce
s
ig
n
als
I
n
DS
-
C
DM
A
,
t
h
e
s
p
r
ea
d
ed
s
i
g
n
al
i
s
m
o
d
u
lated
b
y
a
R
F c
ar
r
ier
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
9
-
4
864
I
J
R
E
S
V
o
l.
6
,
No
.
3
,
N
o
v
e
m
b
er
2
0
1
7
:
1
7
9
–
1
8
5
182
4
.
1
.
1
.
CD
M
A
T
ra
ns
m
it
t
er
I
n
C
DM
A
tr
a
n
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
u
s
er
d
ata
is
co
m
b
in
ed
w
it
h
a
P
N
s
eq
u
en
ce
an
d
t
h
en
m
o
d
u
lated
u
s
in
g
B
P
SK
m
o
d
u
latio
n
w
h
er
e
i
n
t
h
e
ca
r
r
ier
is
g
en
er
ated
u
s
i
n
g
d
i
g
ital
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
s
y
n
t
h
e
s
izer
p
r
in
cip
le.
T
h
en
th
e
mo
d
u
lated
s
i
g
n
als
f
r
o
m
d
i
f
f
e
r
en
t
u
s
er
s
ar
e
co
m
b
in
ed
a
n
d
tr
an
s
m
itted
.
Fi
g
u
r
e
5
s
h
o
w
s
b
lo
ck
d
iag
r
a
m
o
f
m
u
ltip
le
u
s
er
C
DM
A
tr
a
n
s
m
it
ter
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
B
lo
ck
d
iag
r
a
m
o
f
m
u
ltip
le
u
s
er
C
DM
A
tr
an
s
m
it
te
r
s
4
.
1
.
2
.
P
N
Sequ
ence
G
e
nera
t
io
n
T
h
e
P
N
s
eq
u
en
ce
g
en
er
ato
r
is
th
e
m
o
s
t
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
b
lo
ck
o
f
DS
-
C
DM
A
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
y
s
te
m
.
I
t
is
i
m
p
le
m
en
ted
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
L
i
n
ea
r
Feed
b
ac
k
Sh
i
f
t
R
e
g
i
s
ter
s
to
g
en
er
ate
s
ev
er
al
t
y
p
e
s
o
f
P
N
s
eq
u
en
ce
s
.
Fi
g
u
r
e
6
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
f
lo
w
c
h
ar
t o
f
t
h
e
P
N
g
en
er
ato
r
.
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
T
h
e
f
lo
w
ch
ar
t o
f
th
e
P
N
g
en
e
r
ato
r
\
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
R
E
S
I
SS
N:
2089
-
4864
F
P
GA
I
mp
leme
n
ta
tio
n
o
f D
S
-
C
DMA
T
r
a
n
s
mitte
r
a
n
d
R
ec
ei
ve
r
(
Ha
r
in
a
th
Ma
n
d
a
la
p
u
)
183
4
.
1
.
3
.
Sig
na
l
Sp
re
a
der
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
s
ig
n
al
s
p
r
ea
d
er
is
to
g
en
er
ate
P
N
s
eq
u
en
ce
w
h
e
n
th
e
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
b
it
is
‘
1
’
a
n
d
g
en
er
ate
th
e
co
m
p
le
m
e
n
t
o
f
t
h
e
P
N
s
eq
u
en
ce
i
f
t
h
e
in
f
o
r
m
a
tio
n
b
it
is
‘
0
’
.
T
h
e
d
ig
ital
i
m
p
le
m
en
tatio
n
o
f
s
i
g
n
al
s
p
r
ea
d
er
is
ac
h
iev
ed
b
y
u
s
in
g
XOR
g
ate
co
n
tr
o
lled
in
v
er
ter
ac
tio
n
.
An
d
th
e
s
p
r
ea
d
ed
ch
i
p
s
ig
n
a
l
is
u
s
ed
f
o
r
m
o
d
u
latio
n
b
y
B
P
SK
m
o
d
u
lat
o
r
.
4
.
1
.
4
.
B
P
SK
M
o
du
la
t
o
r
T
h
e
B
P
SK
m
o
d
u
lato
r
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
th
e
b
an
d
p
ass
s
p
r
ea
d
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
s
ig
n
al
w
h
ic
h
is
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
s
p
r
ea
d
ed
s
ig
n
al.
I
t
i
s
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
te
d
u
s
i
n
g
p
u
r
e
d
i
g
ital
ar
c
h
itec
tu
r
e.
Dir
ec
t
D
ig
i
tal
Fre
q
u
en
c
y
S
y
n
t
h
e
s
is
(
DDF
S)
tech
n
iq
u
e
w
it
h
p
h
a
s
e
s
h
if
tin
g
p
r
o
v
is
io
n
is
u
s
ed
f
o
r
t
h
e
s
i
g
n
a
l g
en
er
atio
n
.
4
.
1
.
5
.
DS
-
CDM
A
Rec
eiv
er
T
h
e
C
DM
A
r
ec
ei
v
er
r
ec
eiv
e
s
th
e
tr
a
n
s
m
itted
d
ata
a
n
d
u
s
i
n
g
m
atc
h
ed
f
ilter
it
co
r
r
elate
s
t
h
e
r
ec
eiv
ed
d
ata
w
it
h
P
N
co
d
e.
T
h
e
m
at
ch
ed
f
ilter
ca
n
d
is
t
in
g
u
is
h
th
e
P
N
s
eq
u
en
ce
an
d
th
e
p
ass
es
th
e
d
ata
to
th
e
r
esp
ec
tiv
e
u
s
er
.
Fig
u
r
e
7
s
h
o
ws b
lo
ck
d
iag
r
a
m
o
f
m
u
ltip
le
u
s
er
C
DM
A
r
ec
eiv
er
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
B
lo
ck
d
iag
r
a
m
o
f
m
u
ltip
le
u
s
er
C
DM
A
r
ec
ei
v
er
s
.
5.
RE
SU
L
T
S
5
.
1
.
Sim
ula
t
io
n
Resul
t
s
T
h
e
ab
o
v
e
s
i
m
u
latio
n
r
esu
lt
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
DS
C
DM
A
to
p
lev
e
l
m
o
d
u
le
tr
an
s
m
itter
a
n
d
r
ec
e
iv
er
.
An
d
o
b
s
er
v
ed
th
at
th
e
r
ec
ei
v
ed
d
ata
is
s
a
m
e
as
th
e
u
s
er
d
ata
w
ith
s
o
m
e
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
d
ela
y
.
Fi
g
u
r
e
8
s
h
o
w
s
s
i
m
u
lat
io
n
r
es
u
lt
f
o
r
DS
C
D
MA
to
p
lev
el
m
o
d
u
le.
Fi
g
u
r
e
9
s
h
o
w
s
s
i
m
u
latio
n
r
esu
l
t
f
o
r
DS
C
DM
A
to
p
lev
e
l
m
o
d
u
le
f
o
r
s
ec
o
n
d
d
ata
.
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
Si
m
u
latio
n
r
esu
l
t f
o
r
DS CDM
A
to
p
lev
el
m
o
d
u
le
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
9
-
4
864
I
J
R
E
S
V
o
l.
6
,
No
.
3
,
N
o
v
e
m
b
er
2
0
1
7
:
1
7
9
–
1
8
5
184
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
Si
m
u
latio
n
r
esu
l
t f
o
r
DS CDM
A
to
p
lev
el
m
o
d
u
le
f
o
r
s
ec
o
n
d
d
ata
5
.
2
.
Sy
nthesis
R
esu
lt
s
T
h
e
s
y
n
t
h
esi
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
d
o
n
e
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
XI
L
I
NX
XST
to
o
l
an
d
tar
g
eted
f
o
r
SP
AR
T
A
N
3
E
FP
GA
d
ev
ice.
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
s
h
o
w
s
DS
C
DM
A
to
p
lev
e
l RT
L
s
c
h
e
m
ati
c
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
1
s
h
o
w
s
DS C
DM
A
p
o
w
er
r
ep
o
r
t
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
.
DS CDM
A
to
p
lev
el
R
T
L
s
ch
e
m
atic
Fig
u
r
e
1
1
.
DS CDM
A
p
o
w
er
r
ep
o
r
t
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
R
E
S
I
SS
N:
2089
-
4864
F
P
GA
I
mp
leme
n
ta
tio
n
o
f D
S
-
C
DMA
T
r
a
n
s
mitte
r
a
n
d
R
ec
ei
ve
r
(
Ha
r
in
a
th
Ma
n
d
a
la
p
u
)
185
6.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
I
n
th
i
s
p
ap
er
,
w
e
h
av
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
th
e
s
i
m
u
latio
n
r
es
u
lt
s
o
f
D
S
C
DM
A
u
s
in
g
Mo
d
elsi
m
s
i
m
u
lato
r
an
d
s
y
n
t
h
esized
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
XI
L
I
N
X
XST
to
o
l
an
d
also
i
m
p
le
m
en
ted
o
n
SP
A
R
T
A
N
3
E
F
P
GA
d
e
v
ice.
T
h
e
i
m
p
le
m
en
ted
ar
ch
itec
tu
r
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
f
o
r
4
u
s
er
s
co
m
m
u
n
icat
io
n
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
DS
C
DM
A
s
y
s
te
m
p
r
o
v
id
e
s
ef
f
icien
t
ar
ea
u
tili
za
tio
n
o
n
FP
GA
.
F
u
r
th
er
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
p
r
o
j
ec
t
ca
n
b
e
ex
ten
d
ed
b
y
i
m
p
le
m
en
t
in
g
w
it
h
m
u
ltip
le
tr
an
s
m
itter
s
a
n
d
r
ec
eiv
er
s
.
A
n
d
v
ar
io
u
s
tec
h
n
i
q
u
es
ca
n
al
s
o
b
e
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
t
ed
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
m
u
ltip
ath
i
n
ter
f
er
en
ce
e
f
f
ec
t.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
Je
ff
r
e
y
G
.
A
n
d
re
w
s,
“
In
terfe
re
n
c
e
Ca
n
c
e
ll
a
ti
o
n
f
o
r
Ce
ll
u
lar
S
y
ste
m
s:
A
Co
n
te
m
p
o
ra
r
y
O
v
e
rv
i
e
w
”
,
IEE
E
W
irele
s
s
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s M
a
g
a
z
in
e
,
A
p
r.
2
0
0
5
.
[2
]
S
h
a
h
ra
k
i,
A
.
S
.
;
Na
b
a
v
i,
A
,
“
I
m
p
lem
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
G
S
M
a
n
d
IS
-
9
5
e
q
u
a
li
z
e
rs
o
n
a
re
c
o
n
f
ig
u
ra
b
le
a
rc
h
it
e
c
tu
re
f
o
r
so
f
t
w
a
re
r
a
d
io
sy
ste
m
s,
Circu
it
s
a
n
d
S
y
ste
m
s
f
o
r
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
2
0
0
8
,
P
u
b
li
c
a
ti
o
n
Ye
a
r:
2
0
0
8
,
P
a
g
e
(s):
3
3
6
–
3
3
9
.
[3
]
M
.
Ha
b
ib
Ulla
h
,
A
k
h
m
a
d
Un
g
g
u
l
P
ria
n
to
r
o
,
M
.
Ja
sim
Ud
d
in
,
“
De
sig
n
a
n
d
Co
n
stru
c
ti
o
n
o
f
Dire
c
t
S
e
q
u
e
n
c
e
S
p
re
a
d
S
p
e
c
tru
m
CDMA
T
ra
n
s
m
it
ter
a
n
d
Re
c
e
iv
e
r”
P
r
o
c
e
e
d
in
g
s
o
f
1
1
th
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
n
Co
m
p
u
ter
a
n
d
In
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
(ICCI
T
2
0
0
8
).
[4
]
B.
S
re
e
d
e
v
i,
V
.
V
ij
a
y
a
,
CH.
Kr
a
n
th
i
Re
k
h
,
Ra
m
a
V
a
lu
p
a
d
a
su
,
B.
Ra
m
a
R
a
o
Ch
u
n
d
u
ri,
“
F
P
G
A
i
m
p
lem
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
DSS
S
-
CDMA
tran
sm
it
ter
a
n
d
re
c
e
iv
e
r
f
o
r
A
d
h
o
c
Ne
tw
o
rk
s.”
IEE
E
S
y
m
p
o
siu
m
o
n
c
o
m
p
u
ters
a
n
d
in
f
o
rm
a
ti
c
s
2
0
1
1
.
[5
]
A
sh
w
in
S
a
m
p
a
th
,
Jo
se
p
h
S
.
Ka
u
fm
a
n
,
,
M
u
ra
li
d
h
a
ra
n
S
.
Ko
d
i
a
la
m
,
,
a
n
d
Ke
n
n
e
th
C.
Bu
d
k
a
,
,
“
P
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
A
n
a
l
y
si
s
o
f
Ca
ll
A
s
sig
n
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
Ca
rrier
P
a
c
k
in
g
S
c
h
e
m
e
s
f
o
r
TD
M
A
S
y
ste
m
s”
,
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
On
V
e
h
icu
la
r
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
v
o
l.
5
2
,
n
o
.
6
,
No
v
e
m
b
e
r
2
0
0
3
[6
]
R.
De
rry
b
e
rr
y
,
S
.
G
r
a
y
,
“
T
ra
n
s
m
it
Div
e
rsity
in
3
G
CDM
A
S
y
ste
m
s”
.
IEE
E
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
M
a
g
a
z
in
e
,
p
p
6
8
-
7
5
,
A
p
ril
2
0
0
2
.
[7
]
Da
v
id
T
se
,
“
M
u
lt
iu
se
r
Div
e
rsity
in
W
irele
ss
Ne
t
w
o
rk
s.”,
S
tan
f
o
rd
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
,
A
p
ril
,
2
0
0
1
.
[8
]
S
.
Bisa
d
a
H.
Ba
ra
k
a
A
.
A
b
d
e
lwa
h
a
b
a
n
d
M
.
El
S
h
e
rif
“
A
S
o
f
t
wa
re
Ra
d
io
A
r
c
h
it
e
c
tu
re
f
o
r
CDM
A
IS
-
95
-
b
a
se
d
Du
a
l
M
o
d
e
M
o
b
il
e
T
e
rm
in
a
ls”
,
4
3
rd
IE
EE
M
d
w
e
st S
y
m
p
.
o
n
Cm
u
ts
a
n
d
S
y
ste
m
s,
Lan
sin
g
M
I,
A
u
g
8
-
1
1
,
2
0
0
0
[9
]
G
in
a
Ho
o
p
e
r
a
n
d
A
lan
S
ich
e
r,
“
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
TDM
A
Dig
it
a
l
AM
P
S
M
o
b
il
e
Da
ta
a
n
d
M
e
ss
a
g
in
g
Ca
p
a
b
il
it
ies
”
Eri
c
ss
o
n
In
c
.
,
1
9
9
6
IE
EE
[1
0
]
S
.
M
o
s
h
a
v
i,
“
M
u
lt
i
-
u
se
r
De
tec
ti
o
n
f
o
r
DS
-
CDMA
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s”
,
IEE
E
C
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
M
a
g
a
z
in
e
,
V
o
l.
3
4
No
.
1
0
,
p
p
.
1
2
4
-
3
6
,
Oc
t.
1
9
9
6
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.