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[
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W
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[
4
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T
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4
-
s
ta
g
e
p
ip
eli
n
i
n
g
i
n
cl
u
d
in
g
d
o
u
b
le
p
r
ec
is
io
n
f
lo
ati
n
g
p
o
in
t
u
n
it.
T
h
e
4
s
tag
es
ar
e
Fetch
,
Dec
o
d
e,
E
x
ec
u
te
,
Me
m
o
r
y
R
ea
d
/
W
r
ite
B
ac
k
.
I
n
th
is
d
esig
n
,
all
th
e
ar
it
h
m
etic,
b
r
an
c
h
,
lo
g
ical
an
d
f
lo
atin
g
p
o
i
n
t
o
p
er
atio
n
s
(
ad
d
,
s
u
b
,
mul
a
n
d
d
iv
)
ar
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
a
n
d
t
h
e
r
esu
lta
n
t v
a
lu
e
i
s
s
to
r
ed
in
t
h
e
m
e
m
o
r
y
/r
eg
i
s
ter
an
d
r
etr
iev
ed
b
ac
k
f
r
o
m
m
e
m
o
r
y
w
h
e
n
r
eq
u
ir
ed
.
T
h
is
is
a
g
e
n
er
al
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
6
4
-
b
it
R
I
S
C
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
r
w
it
h
p
ip
eli
n
in
g
ar
c
h
itect
u
r
e
w
h
ic
h
g
ets
i
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
s
o
n
a
r
eg
u
lar
b
asis
u
s
i
n
g
d
ed
icate
d
b
u
s
es
to
its
m
e
m
o
r
y
e
x
ec
u
te
s
all
it
s
n
ati
v
e
i
n
s
tr
u
ct
io
n
s
i
n
s
ta
g
es
w
it
h
p
ip
elin
in
g
.
I
t
w
ill
h
av
e
s
h
o
r
t
(
8
-
b
it)
an
d
lo
n
g
(
1
6
-
b
it)
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
s
.
Fo
r
all
A
r
ith
m
etic
a
n
d
lo
g
ical
o
p
er
atio
n
s
8
-
b
it
in
s
tr
u
ct
io
n
s
ar
e
u
s
ed
a
n
d
f
o
r
all
m
e
m
o
r
y
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
s
a
n
d
j
u
m
p
i
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
s
1
6
-
b
it
i
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
s
ar
e
u
s
ed
an
d
also
h
av
e
s
p
ec
ial
i
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
s
to
ac
ce
s
s
ex
ter
n
al
p
o
r
ts
.
Fo
r
all
th
e
j
u
m
p
in
s
tr
u
ct
io
n
,
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
r
ar
ch
itect
u
r
e
w
i
ll a
u
to
m
atica
ll
y
f
lu
s
h
th
e
d
ata
in
t
h
e
p
ip
elin
e,
s
o
as to
av
o
id
an
y
m
is
b
e
h
av
io
r
[
6
]
.
2.
ARCH
I
T
E
C
T
UR
E
O
F
T
H
E
DE
SI
G
N
T
h
e
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
o
f
lo
w
p
o
w
e
r
p
ip
elin
ed
6
4
-
b
it
R
I
SC
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
r
w
it
h
Flo
atin
g
P
o
in
t
U
n
it
is
a
s
i
n
g
l
e
c
y
cle
p
ip
eli
n
ed
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
r
as
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
is
s
ec
ti
o
n
p
r
esen
t
s
t
h
e
d
esi
g
n
o
f
d
if
f
er
en
t
m
o
d
u
les
lik
e
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
f
etch
,
in
s
tr
u
ct
io
n
d
ec
o
d
e,
r
eg
is
ter
f
ile,
ex
ec
u
ti
o
n
u
n
it,
f
lo
ati
n
g
p
o
in
t
u
n
it,
m
e
m
o
r
y
r
ea
d
/
w
r
ite
b
ac
k
,
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
s
et
an
d
lo
w
p
o
w
er
u
n
i
t
alo
n
g
w
i
th
f
o
u
r
g
e
n
er
al
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
r
eg
is
ter
s
n
a
m
el
y
R
e
g
i
s
ter
0
,
R
eg
i
s
ter
1
,
R
eg
i
s
ter
2
,
an
d
R
e
g
i
s
ter
3
[
7
]
.
2
.
1
.
I
ns
t
ruct
io
n F
et
ch
T
h
is
s
tag
e
co
n
s
is
t
s
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
co
u
n
ter
an
d
b
r
an
ch
p
r
ed
ictio
n
.
I
t
m
ea
n
s
th
e
i
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
p
r
esen
t
i
n
th
e
m
e
m
o
r
y
is
f
e
tch
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
P
r
o
g
r
a
m
C
o
u
n
ter
(
P
C
)
an
d
s
to
r
ed
in
t
h
e
i
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
r
eg
is
ter
.
T
h
e
b
r
an
c
h
p
r
ed
ictio
n
p
ar
t
to
b
e
th
e
m
o
s
t
lik
el
y
i
s
t
h
en
f
etc
h
ed
an
d
s
p
ec
u
lati
v
el
y
ex
ec
u
ted
.
T
h
i
s
w
i
l
l
i
n
c
r
e
a
s
e
f
l
o
w
i
n
i
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
i
o
n
p
i
p
e
l
i
n
e
a
n
d
a
c
h
i
e
v
e
h
i
g
h
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
.
2
.
2
.
I
ns
t
ruct
io
n De
co
der
T
h
is
s
tag
e
co
n
s
i
s
t
s
o
f
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
u
n
i
t,
r
eg
is
ter
f
ile.
T
h
e
o
p
co
d
e
f
etch
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
m
e
m
o
r
y
i
s
b
ein
g
d
ec
o
d
ed
f
o
r
th
e
n
ex
t
s
tep
s
a
n
d
m
o
v
ed
to
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
r
eg
is
ter
s
.
T
h
is
is
a
t
w
o
-
p
o
r
t
r
eg
is
ter
f
ile
w
h
ic
h
ca
n
p
er
f
o
r
m
t
w
o
s
i
m
u
lta
n
eo
u
s
r
e
ad
an
d
o
n
e
w
r
ite
o
p
er
atio
n
.
I
t
co
n
tai
n
s
f
o
u
r
6
4
-
b
it
g
e
n
er
al
-
pu
r
p
o
s
e
r
eg
i
s
ter
s
.
W
h
en
t
h
e
R
e
g
_
W
r
ite
s
ig
n
al
is
h
ig
h
,
a
w
r
ite
o
p
er
atio
n
is
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
to
th
e
r
eg
is
ter
.
2
.
3
.
I
ns
t
ruct
io
n E
x
ec
utio
n
T
h
is
s
tag
e
co
n
s
i
s
ts
o
f
t
h
e
ar
i
th
m
etic
lo
g
ic
u
n
it
(
AL
U)
a
n
d
th
e
AL
U
co
n
tr
o
l
u
n
it.
I
t
p
er
f
o
r
m
s
th
e
ar
ith
m
etic
&
lo
g
ica
l
o
p
er
atio
n
s
a
n
d
also
j
u
m
p
o
r
b
r
an
ch
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
s
.
T
h
e
co
n
tr
o
l
u
n
it
is
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
f
o
r
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
s
ig
n
als to
t
h
e
AL
U
t
h
at
in
d
icate
s
t
h
e
o
p
er
atio
n
th
at
th
e
AL
U
w
ill p
er
f
o
r
m
.
T
h
is
u
n
it
also
p
r
o
v
id
es
d
o
u
b
le
p
r
ec
is
io
n
f
lo
ati
n
g
p
o
in
t
o
p
er
atio
n
s
lik
e
ad
d
itio
n
,
s
u
b
tr
ac
tio
n
,
m
u
ltip
licatio
n
,
an
d
d
iv
is
io
n
ar
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
.
2
.
4
.
M
e
m
o
ry
Unit
I
t
m
ea
n
s
t
h
e
r
es
u
lt o
f
th
e
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
e
x
ec
u
tio
n
(
r
e
g
is
ter
-
r
eg
i
s
ter
o
r
lo
ad
in
s
tr
u
ct
io
n
)
is
s
to
r
ed
in
to
th
e
r
eg
is
ter
f
ile.
T
h
e
lo
ad
an
d
s
to
r
e
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
s
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
ac
ce
s
s
t
h
is
m
o
d
u
le.
2
.
5
.
L
o
w
P
o
w
er
Unit
T
h
e
in
p
u
t
to
lo
w
p
o
w
er
u
n
it
is
a
g
lo
b
al
clo
ck
an
d
g
ated
c
lo
ck
is
its
o
u
tp
u
t
[
8
]
.
T
h
e
in
p
u
t
to
lo
w
p
o
w
er
u
n
i
t
is
a
g
lo
b
al
clo
ck
an
d
its
o
u
tp
u
t
i
s
g
ated
clo
ck
s
i
n
ce
th
e
m
o
d
u
le
w
ill
b
lo
ck
t
h
e
m
ain
clo
c
k
in
t
h
e
f
o
llo
w
in
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
(
i)
W
h
en
an
i
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
i
s
a
h
alt.
(
ii)
W
h
en
t
h
er
e
is
a
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
No
p
o
p
e
r
atio
n
.
(
iii)
W
h
en
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
co
u
n
ter
f
a
ils
to
in
cr
e
m
e
n
t.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
9
-
4864
IJ
R
E
S
Vo
l.
5
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
l
y
201
6
:
1
1
8
–
123
117
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
A
r
ch
itectu
r
e
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
d
esig
n
3.
H
ARDWA
R
E
AND
SO
F
T
WARE D
E
T
AI
L
S
C
P
L
Ds
ar
e
in
te
g
r
ated
cir
cu
i
t
s
(
I
C
s
)
o
r
ch
ip
s
th
at
ap
p
lica
tio
n
d
esi
g
n
er
s
co
n
f
ig
u
r
e
to
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
t
d
ig
ital
h
ar
d
w
ar
e
s
u
c
h
as
m
o
b
ile
p
h
o
n
es.
C
P
L
D
s
ar
e
an
o
t
h
e
r
w
a
y
to
ex
te
n
d
th
e
d
e
n
s
it
y
o
f
t
h
e
s
i
m
p
le
P
L
D
s
.
T
h
e
co
n
ce
p
t
is
to
h
av
e
a
f
e
w
f
u
n
ct
io
n
al
b
lo
ck
s
o
r
P
L
D
b
lo
ck
s
o
r
m
ac
r
o
ce
lls
o
n
a
s
in
g
le
d
ev
ice
w
i
th
g
en
er
al
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
in
t
er
co
n
n
ec
t
i
n
b
etw
ee
n
.
T
h
e
b
u
ild
in
g
b
lo
ck
o
f
a
C
P
L
D
is
t
h
e
m
ac
r
o
ce
ll
,
w
h
ich
co
n
tai
n
s
lo
g
i
c
i
m
p
le
m
en
t
in
g
d
is
j
u
n
ctiv
e
n
o
r
m
al
f
o
r
m
ex
p
r
ess
io
n
s
a
n
d
m
o
r
e
s
p
ec
ialized
lo
g
ic
o
p
er
atio
n
s
.
C
P
L
D
’
s
p
r
ed
ictab
le
tim
in
g
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
m
ak
e
t
h
e
m
id
ea
l
f
o
r
cr
itical,
h
i
g
h
-
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
co
n
tr
o
l
ap
p
licatio
n
s
[
9
]
.
T
y
p
icall
y
,
C
P
L
D
s
h
a
v
e
a
s
h
o
r
ter
an
d
m
o
r
e
p
r
ed
ictab
le
d
ela
y
t
h
an
FP
GAs
an
d
o
th
er
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
ab
le
lo
g
ic
d
ev
ices.
B
ec
au
s
e
t
h
e
y
ar
e
in
e
x
p
en
s
iv
e
an
d
r
eq
u
ir
e
r
elati
v
el
y
s
m
a
ll
a
m
o
u
n
t
s
o
f
p
o
w
er
,
C
P
L
Ds
ar
e
o
f
te
n
u
s
ed
in
co
s
t
-
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e,
b
atter
y
-
o
p
er
ated
p
o
r
tab
le
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
T
h
e
C
P
L
D
d
e
v
ice
u
s
ed
i
n
t
h
e
p
r
esen
t
w
o
r
k
is
M
A
X
V
(
5
M
2
2
1
0
Z
)
m
an
u
f
ac
t
u
r
ed
b
y
A
lter
a.
A
lter
a
M
A
X
V
C
P
L
D
s
d
eli
v
er
th
e
in
d
u
s
tr
y
's
b
est
v
al
u
e
i
n
lo
w
co
s
t,
lo
w
p
o
w
er
C
P
L
Ds,
o
f
f
er
i
n
g
r
o
b
u
s
t
n
e
w
f
ea
t
u
r
es
at
u
p
to
5
0
%
lo
w
er
to
tal
p
o
w
er
w
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[1
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.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.