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er
20
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p
.
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4
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7
8
5
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SS
N:
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DOI
:
1
0
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5
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j
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es
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v
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.
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-
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J
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Energ
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T
h
e
w
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ss
se
n
so
r
n
e
tw
o
rk
(W
S
N)
is
a
v
it
a
l
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
o
f
in
f
ra
stru
c
tu
re
th
a
t
is
se
e
in
g
trem
e
n
d
o
u
s
d
e
m
a
n
d
a
n
d
q
u
ick
e
x
p
a
n
sio
n
i
n
a
v
a
riet
y
o
f
in
d
u
stries
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in
c
l
u
d
i
n
g
f
o
re
str
y
,
a
irp
o
rts,
h
e
a
lt
h
c
a
re
,
a
n
d
th
e
m
il
it
a
r
y
.
In
c
re
a
sin
g
n
e
tw
o
rk
li
f
e
ti
m
e
a
n
d
re
d
u
c
in
g
p
o
w
e
r
c
o
n
su
m
p
ti
o
n
(
PC
)
a
re
n
o
w
m
a
jo
r
g
o
a
ls
i
n
W
S
N
re
se
a
rc
h
.
T
h
is
re
se
a
rc
h
p
ro
p
o
se
s
a
u
n
iq
u
e
e
n
e
rg
y
-
e
ff
ici
e
n
t
c
ro
ss
-
la
y
e
r
W
S
N
d
e
sig
n
th
a
t
a
im
s
to
m
a
x
i
m
i
z
e
n
e
t
w
o
rk
li
f
e
ti
m
e
w
h
il
e
m
a
in
tain
in
g
q
u
a
li
ty
o
f
se
rv
ice
(Qo
S
)
c
rit
e
ria
to
a
d
d
r
e
ss
th
e
se
c
h
a
ll
e
n
g
e
s.
T
h
e
re
se
a
r
c
h
in
it
iall
y
u
ti
li
z
e
s
th
e
f
u
z
z
y
k
-
m
e
d
o
id
s
(F
KMed
s)
c
lu
ste
rin
g
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
to
g
ro
u
p
se
n
so
r
n
o
d
e
s
(S
N)
to
im
p
ro
v
e
re
sili
e
n
c
e
,
sc
a
lab
il
it
y
,
a
n
d
m
in
im
ize
n
e
t
wo
rk
traff
ic.
F
o
ll
o
w
in
g
th
a
t,
th
e
h
y
b
rid
im
p
ro
v
e
d
g
re
y
w
o
lf
a
n
d
a
n
t
c
o
l
o
n
y
(HIG
WA
C)
o
p
ti
m
iza
ti
o
n
a
p
p
ro
a
c
h
is
a
p
p
li
e
d
t
o
c
h
o
o
se
c
lu
ste
r
h
e
a
d
s
(CH),
m
in
i
m
izin
g
d
istan
c
e
s,
re
d
u
c
in
g
late
n
c
y
,
a
n
d
o
p
ti
m
izin
g
e
n
e
rg
y
st
a
b
il
it
y
.
F
in
a
ll
y
,
d
a
ta
is
tran
s
m
it
ted
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
sh
o
rtes
t
p
a
th
w
a
y
s
u
sin
g
th
e
a
d
a
p
ti
v
e
ra
n
k
in
g
-
b
a
se
d
e
n
e
rg
y
-
e
ff
icie
n
t
o
p
p
o
rt
u
n
isti
c
ro
u
ti
n
g
(A
Ra
n
EOR)
p
r
o
to
c
o
l,
w
h
ich
e
n
s
u
re
s
e
f
fe
c
ti
v
e
a
n
d
e
n
e
rg
y
-
c
o
n
se
rv
in
g
ro
u
ti
n
g
in
W
S
N
w
h
il
e
d
y
n
a
m
i
c
a
ll
y
lo
we
rin
g
n
e
tw
o
r
k
o
v
e
rh
e
a
d
.
Co
m
p
a
re
d
t
o
e
x
isti
n
g
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
e
s,
t
h
e
p
ro
p
o
se
d
m
e
th
o
d
in
t
h
is
stu
d
y
o
u
tp
e
rf
o
rm
s
th
e
m
in
term
s
o
f
e
n
e
rg
y
e
ff
i
c
ien
c
y
,
late
n
c
y
,
a
n
d
n
e
tw
o
rk
lo
n
g
e
v
it
y
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
AR
an
E
OR
C
lu
s
ter
h
ea
d
E
n
er
g
y
Fu
zz
y
k
-
m
ed
o
id
s
R
o
u
ti
n
g
W
ir
eless
s
en
s
o
r
n
et
w
o
r
k
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Har
ith
a
K
Si
v
ar
a
m
a
n
Dep
ar
t
m
en
t o
f
E
lectr
o
n
ics a
n
d
C
o
m
m
u
n
icat
io
n
E
n
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
,
R
aj
aRaj
es
w
ar
i Co
lle
g
e
o
f
E
n
g
in
ee
r
i
n
g
R
a
m
o
h
alli
C
r
o
s
s
,
M
y
s
o
r
e
R
d
,
Ku
m
b
al
g
o
d
u
,
B
an
g
alo
r
e
,
Kar
n
atak
a
,
I
n
d
ia
E
m
ail:
h
ar
ith
ar
e
s
ea
r
ch
s
c
h
o
lar
@
g
m
ai
l.c
o
m
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
T
h
e
en
er
g
y
ef
f
ic
ien
t
clu
s
ter
i
n
g
p
r
o
to
co
l
ad
d
r
ess
es
th
e
cr
i
tic
al
p
r
o
b
lem
o
f
e
n
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
(
E
C
)
in
w
ir
ele
s
s
s
en
s
o
r
n
et
w
o
r
k
(
W
SN
)
,
w
h
er
e
r
eso
u
r
ce
-
co
n
s
tr
ain
ed
s
e
n
s
o
r
n
o
d
es
(
SN
)
ar
e
cr
itical.
I
t
is
w
id
el
y
e
m
p
lo
y
ed
i
n
s
e
v
er
al
ap
p
licati
o
n
s
,
W
SN
s
n
ee
d
e
n
er
g
y
-
s
a
v
i
n
g
m
et
h
o
d
s
to
ex
ten
d
t
h
e
l
if
e
o
f
t
h
eir
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
[
1
]
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
to
c
o
l
atte
m
p
ts
to
clu
s
t
er
SN
an
d
o
p
ti
m
ize
t
h
e
s
elec
ti
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
c
lu
s
ter
h
ea
d
(
CH
)
b
y
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
n
o
d
e
d
en
s
it
y
,
r
esid
u
al
en
er
g
y
,
an
d
d
is
tan
ce
,
a
m
o
n
g
o
th
er
v
ar
iab
les.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
ef
f
icien
t
clu
s
ter
in
g
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
to
en
ab
le
d
ata
ag
g
r
eg
atio
n
at
th
e
cl
u
s
ter
lev
e
l,
th
e
p
r
o
to
co
l
r
ed
u
ce
s
th
e
en
er
g
y
n
ee
d
ed
f
o
r
d
ata
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
to
a
ce
n
tr
al
b
ase
s
tatio
n
(
B
S)
[
2
]
–
[
4
]
.
R
ed
u
cin
g
EC
a
n
d
ex
ten
d
i
n
g
n
e
t
wo
r
k
lif
eti
m
e
ar
e
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
g
o
al
s
,
an
d
th
e
y
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
a
n
d
d
ep
en
d
ab
le
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
W
SNs
[
5
]
.
T
h
e
CH
-
b
ased
cr
o
s
s
-
la
y
er
r
o
u
ti
n
g
p
r
o
to
co
l
is
a
s
m
ar
t
s
o
l
u
tio
n
f
o
r
m
aj
o
r
is
s
u
e
s
i
n
W
SNs
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
to
co
l
o
f
f
er
s
a
n
o
v
el
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
r
o
u
ti
n
g
b
y
u
tili
zi
n
g
CH
as
t
h
e
m
ai
n
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
e
r
s
an
d
i
n
te
g
r
atin
g
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
p
h
y
s
ica
l,
d
ata
lin
k
,
a
n
d
n
et
w
o
r
k
le
v
els
f
o
r
ef
f
ec
ti
v
e
r
o
u
ti
n
g
.
CH
ar
e
cr
itical
to
d
ata
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
b
ec
a
u
s
e
t
h
e
y
m
ak
e
s
m
ar
t
d
ec
is
io
n
s
t
h
at
o
p
ti
m
ize
e
n
er
g
y
e
f
f
icien
c
y
a
n
d
m
i
n
i
m
ize
co
n
g
est
io
n
[
6
]
.
T
h
e
cr
o
s
s
-
la
y
er
i
n
te
g
r
atio
n
en
s
u
r
e
s
th
e
d
ata
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
io
n
p
ath
s
th
at
u
s
e
th
e
lea
s
t
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
en
er
g
y
.
CH
-
b
ased
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
a
k
i
n
g
at
v
a
r
io
u
s
n
et
w
o
r
k
la
y
er
s
,
w
h
ic
h
is
t
h
e
p
r
o
to
co
l'
s
m
ain
f
o
c
u
s
,
is
a
n
tic
ip
ated
to
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
R
ec
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
ab
le
&
E
m
b
ed
d
ed
Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2089
-
4864
E
n
erg
y
-
efficien
t c
lu
s
teri
n
g
a
n
d
r
o
u
tin
g
u
s
in
g
fu
z
z
y
k
-
med
o
i
d
s
…
(
Ha
r
ith
a
K
.
S
iva
r
a
ma
n
)
775
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
tl
y
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
W
SN
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
T
h
e
in
te
g
r
atio
n
o
f
en
er
g
y
ef
f
icie
n
t
cl
u
s
ter
i
n
g
a
n
d
CH
-
b
a
s
ed
cr
o
s
s
-
la
y
er
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
h
o
lis
tic
s
o
lu
tio
n
to
th
e
ch
alle
n
g
e
s
in
h
er
e
n
t
i
n
W
SNs
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
t
o
co
l
aim
s
to
s
tr
ik
e
a
b
alan
ce
b
et
w
ee
n
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
er
v
atio
n
a
n
d
e
f
f
ec
t
iv
e
d
ata
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
.
T
h
is
p
ap
er
p
r
esen
ts
a
n
in
n
o
v
ati
v
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
f
o
r
en
er
g
y
-
e
f
f
icien
t
cr
o
s
s
-
la
y
er
W
SN
d
esig
n
i
n
r
esp
o
n
s
e
to
th
ese
d
e
m
an
d
s
,
to
m
ax
i
m
ize
n
et
w
o
r
k
lif
eti
m
e
a
n
d
en
s
u
r
e
r
ig
o
r
o
u
s
q
u
alit
y
o
f
s
er
v
ice
(
Qo
S)
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
s
i
m
u
lta
n
eo
u
s
l
y
[
7
]
–
[
9
]
.
2.
L
I
T
E
R
AT
U
RE
R
E
VI
E
W
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
ex
a
m
in
ed
s
o
m
e
r
ec
en
t
s
tu
d
ies
o
n
en
er
g
y
-
ef
f
icien
t
clu
s
ter
i
n
g
an
d
clu
s
ter
CH
-
b
ased
cr
o
s
s
-
la
y
er
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
ls
i
n
W
SNs
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
b
ein
g
co
n
d
u
cted
o
n
en
er
g
y
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
a
n
d
ca
r
b
o
n
r
e
d
u
ctio
n
(
E
E
C
R
)
in
W
SNs
u
til
izin
g
f
u
zz
y
k
-
m
ed
o
id
s
(
FKMe
d
s
)
an
d
an
ad
ap
tiv
e
r
an
k
i
n
g
-
b
ased
cr
o
s
s
-
la
y
er
r
o
u
ti
n
g
p
r
o
to
co
l
w
o
u
ld
b
en
ef
i
t
g
r
ea
t
l
y
f
r
o
m
t
h
is
r
ev
ie
w
,
w
h
ic
h
w
il
l
also
s
et
th
eo
r
etica
l
g
r
o
u
n
d
w
o
r
k
f
o
r
f
u
t
u
r
e
r
esear
ch
in
t
h
i
s
ar
ea
.
I
n
2
0
2
0
,
Dee
p
a
an
d
Su
g
u
n
a
[
1
0
]
ex
a
m
i
n
ed
th
e
r
o
u
ti
n
g
p
r
o
to
co
l d
if
f
ic
u
ltie
s
an
d
s
o
l
u
tio
n
s
in
W
SN.
I
t
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
an
o
p
tim
ized
Qo
S
-
b
ased
cl
u
s
ter
i
n
g
w
it
h
m
u
ltip
at
h
r
o
u
t
in
g
p
r
o
to
co
l
(
OQo
S
-
C
MRP
)
to
en
h
a
n
ce
n
et
w
o
r
k
li
f
esp
a
n
,
d
ata
d
ep
en
d
ab
ilit
y
,
a
n
d
e
n
er
g
y
p
r
eser
v
at
io
n
.
I
t
h
i
g
h
lig
h
t
s
th
e
i
m
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
b
alan
cin
g
e
n
er
g
y
u
s
ag
e
a
n
d
d
ata
q
u
alit
y
i
n
Qo
S
-
b
ased
r
o
u
ti
n
g
p
r
o
to
co
ls
.
OQo
S
-
C
M
R
P
is
co
m
p
ar
ed
w
it
h
ex
is
t
in
g
p
r
o
to
co
ls
.
I
t
m
a
x
i
m
i
ze
s
n
et
w
o
r
k
r
o
u
ti
n
g
an
d
clu
s
ter
in
g
e
f
f
icie
n
c
y
i
n
W
SNs
[
1
1
]
,
[
1
2
]
.
I
n
2
0
2
0
,
Do
o
s
tali
an
d
B
ab
am
ir
[
1
3
]
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
th
e
W
SN
EC
is
s
u
es
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
ed
an
en
er
g
y
-
e
f
f
i
cien
t
CH
s
elec
tio
n
tech
n
iq
u
e.
I
t
f
o
cu
s
es a
tte
n
tio
n
o
n
th
e
s
h
o
r
tco
m
i
n
g
s
o
f
c
u
r
r
en
t
m
et
h
o
d
s
a
n
d
p
r
esen
t
s
cl
u
s
ter
in
g
as a
d
i
s
tr
ib
u
ted
en
er
g
y
m
a
n
ag
e
m
e
n
t
s
tr
ateg
y
.
T
h
e
tech
n
iq
u
e,
b
ased
o
n
lear
n
in
g
au
to
m
ata
an
d
s
leep
-
a
w
a
k
e
m
ec
h
an
is
m
,
en
h
a
n
ce
s
n
et
w
o
r
k
en
d
u
r
an
ce
an
d
en
er
g
y
u
s
a
g
e
co
m
p
ar
ed
t
o
p
r
ev
io
u
s
m
et
h
o
d
s
.
Me
h
b
o
d
n
i
y
a
et
a
l
.
[
1
4
]
in
2
0
2
2
,
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
th
e
en
er
g
y
-
a
w
ar
e
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
f
air
n
ess
m
u
lti
-
u
s
er
r
o
u
tin
g
(
E
P
FMR
)
ar
ch
itect
u
r
e
in
W
SN,
an
en
er
g
y
-
e
f
f
icien
t
r
o
u
ti
n
g
s
y
s
te
m
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
p
h
ase
i
n
E
P
F
MR
f
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
k
's
d
esig
n
to
lo
w
er
t
h
e
r
ate
o
f
E
C
i
s
th
e
r
eq
u
est
ti
m
e
s
u
b
m
itted
f
o
r
r
o
u
te
f
in
d
i
n
g
.
T
h
e
g
r
ee
d
y
i
n
s
tan
ce
f
air
m
et
h
o
d
(
GI
FM)
w
as
u
s
ed
to
q
u
an
tify
en
er
g
y
o
n
m
u
lti
-
u
s
er
r
o
u
te
p
ath
s
w
h
en
a
r
o
u
te
p
ath
f
o
r
p
ac
k
et
f
lo
w
w
a
s
f
o
u
n
d
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
is
in
cr
ea
s
ed
b
y
GI
FM
in
E
P
FMR
,
w
h
ic
h
cr
ea
tes n
o
d
e
-
d
ep
en
d
en
t,
e
n
er
g
y
-
ef
f
icien
t lo
ca
lized
r
o
u
te
p
ath
s
.
3.
SYST
E
M
M
O
DE
L
An
ad
v
a
n
ce
d
n
et
w
o
r
k
ar
ch
ite
ctu
r
e
k
n
o
w
n
as
W
SN
s
is
i
n
te
n
d
ed
to
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
l
y
o
b
s
er
v
e
an
d
co
llect
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
n
t
h
e
p
h
y
s
ical
co
n
d
itio
n
o
f
th
e
ar
ea
in
w
h
ic
h
th
e
y
ar
e
lo
ca
ted
.
T
h
e
B
S
an
d
m
an
y
SN
s
ar
e
t
w
o
m
ai
n
p
ar
ts
o
f
th
is
in
f
r
astru
ct
u
r
e
th
at
ar
e
u
s
u
all
y
a
v
ailab
le.
T
h
e
BS
ac
ts
as
th
e
h
u
b
o
r
m
ai
n
co
n
tr
o
l
u
n
it
f
o
r
th
e
W
SN.
I
t
s
er
v
e
s
as
an
i
n
ter
f
ac
e
b
et
w
ee
n
e
n
d
u
s
er
s
o
r
d
ata
an
al
y
s
i
s
s
y
s
te
m
s
a
n
d
th
e
f
ield
-
d
ep
lo
y
ed
SN
[
1
5
]
,
[
16]
.
3
.
1
.
Net
wo
rk
m
o
del
W
SN
clu
s
ter
i
n
g
s
p
lits
s
e
n
s
o
r
s
in
to
clu
s
ter
s
to
u
s
e
a
s
litt
l
e
en
er
g
y
a
s
p
o
s
s
ib
le.
T
h
e
CH
r
ec
eiv
es
s
en
s
o
r
y
i
n
p
u
t
f
r
o
m
co
m
m
o
n
n
o
d
es
th
at
r
e
g
u
lar
l
y
s
ca
n
t
h
e
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
i
n
g
s
.
Am
o
n
g
t
h
e
co
m
m
o
n
n
o
d
es,
t
h
e
C
H
n
o
d
e
is
p
er
p
etu
all
y
s
elec
ted
.
An
ess
e
n
tial
r
o
le
o
f
C
H
is
to
co
llect
d
ata
f
r
o
m
ea
ch
cl
u
s
ter
n
o
d
e
an
d
f
o
r
w
ar
d
it
to
B
S.
Gr
o
u
p
in
g
h
elp
s
to
p
r
ev
en
t
d
ir
ec
t
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
b
et
w
ee
n
s
en
s
o
r
s
an
d
r
ec
eiv
er
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
is
an
illu
s
tr
atio
n
o
f
W
SN s
y
s
te
m
m
o
d
el.
3
.
2
.
Co
ncept
o
f
ener
g
y
I
f
th
e
t
h
r
es
h
o
ld
d
is
tan
ce
′
ℎ
′
is
lar
g
er
th
a
n
th
e
v
al
u
e
o
f
‘
′
,
th
en
n
o
d
e's
en
er
g
y
is
p
r
ec
is
el
y
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
ate
to
p
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
d
is
tan
ce
,
'
′
.
T
h
e
(
1
)
r
ep
r
esen
t
s
th
e
to
tal
e
n
er
g
y
r
eq
u
ir
ed
b
y
ea
c
h
n
o
d
e
to
tr
an
s
p
o
r
t
-
b
it d
ata
p
ac
k
et.
(
,
)
=
(
)
+
×
(
1
)
W
h
er
e,
in
d
icate
s
en
er
g
y
r
eq
u
ir
ed
f
o
r
d
ata
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
;
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
e
n
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
ed
f
o
r
r
ec
eiv
in
g
d
at
a;
d
en
o
tes en
er
g
y
u
s
ed
f
o
r
a
m
p
li
f
icatio
n
;
is
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
b
i
ts
.
T
h
e
EC
in
r
ec
eiv
er
en
d
is
g
i
v
e
n
in
(
2
)
.
(
)
=
×
(
2
)
W
h
er
e,
in
d
icate
s
en
er
g
y
d
is
s
i
p
atio
n
p
er
b
it.
T
h
e
am
p
li
f
icatio
n
en
er
g
y
ca
n
b
e
ex
p
r
ess
ed
as (
3
)
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2089
-
4
8
6
4
I
n
t J
R
ec
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
ab
le
&
E
m
b
ed
d
ed
Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
13
,
No
.
3
,
No
v
e
m
b
er
20
24
:
774
-
78
5
776
=
{
×
2
,
ℎ
≤
ℎ
×
2
,
ℎ
>
ℎ
(
3
)
W
h
er
e,
r
ep
r
esen
ts
e
n
er
g
y
u
til
ized
f
o
r
a
m
p
li
f
icatio
n
in
f
r
ee
s
p
ac
e;
in
d
icate
s
a
m
p
li
f
icatio
n
en
er
g
y
u
s
ed
in
m
u
lt
i p
ath
[
1
7
]
-
[
19]
.
T
h
e
o
v
er
all
lo
s
s
o
f
e
n
er
g
y
f
o
r
W
SN
is
r
ep
r
e
s
en
ted
as
an
d
th
e
e
x
p
r
ess
io
n
o
f
to
tal
en
er
g
y
is
g
iv
e
n
i
n
(
4
)
.
=
+
(
4
)
B
as
e
S
t
at
i
on
S
e
n
s
or
N
ode
C
l
u
s
t
e
r
H
e
ad
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Gen
er
al
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
o
f
W
SN
4.
P
RO
P
O
SE
D
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
d
is
cu
s
s
es
i
n
d
etail
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
E
E
C
R
u
s
in
g
F
KM
ed
s
an
d
ad
ap
tiv
e
r
an
k
in
g
-
b
ased
cr
o
s
s
la
y
er
r
o
u
ti
n
g
p
r
o
to
co
l
f
o
r
W
SN.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
et
h
o
d
h
as
th
r
ee
m
e
th
o
d
s
:
i
n
itia
ll
y
,
FKM
ed
s
m
et
h
o
d
is
u
s
ed
f
o
r
clu
s
ter
in
g
to
ac
h
iev
e
r
o
b
u
s
tn
e
s
s
,
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
,
a
n
d
r
ed
u
ce
d
n
et
w
o
r
k
tr
a
f
f
ic
SN
a
n
d
it
is
b
r
ief
l
y
d
is
c
u
s
s
ed
i
n
s
ec
tio
n
4
.
1
.
Seco
n
d
l
y
,
h
y
b
r
id
i
m
p
r
o
v
ed
g
r
e
y
w
o
l
f
a
n
d
an
t
co
lo
n
y
(
HI
GW
AC
)
o
p
ti
m
iz
atio
n
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
i
s
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
to
s
elec
t
C
H
th
r
o
u
g
h
d
is
tan
ce
r
ed
u
ctio
n
,
en
er
g
y
s
tab
ilizatio
n
,
a
n
d
laten
c
y
m
i
n
i
m
izatio
n
b
e
t
w
ee
n
n
o
d
es
an
d
t
h
i
s
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
is
co
v
er
ed
in
s
ec
tio
n
4
.
2
.
Fi
n
all
y
,
ad
ap
tiv
e
r
a
n
k
i
n
g
-
b
a
s
e
d
en
er
g
y
-
e
f
f
icie
n
t
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
i
s
tic
r
o
u
tin
g
(
AR
a
n
E
OR
)
p
r
o
to
c
o
l
is
ap
p
lied
to
tr
an
s
m
i
t
d
ata
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
s
h
o
r
test
ch
an
n
els
f
o
r
ef
f
icien
t
a
n
d
en
er
g
y
-
p
r
eser
v
i
n
g
r
o
u
ti
n
g
in
W
SN
a
n
d
d
y
n
a
m
icall
y
lo
w
er
in
g
n
et
w
o
r
k
o
v
er
h
ea
d
a
n
d
th
i
s
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
is
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
i
n
s
ec
tio
n
4
.
3
.
4
.
1
.
Clus
t
er
ing
us
ing
F
K
M
e
ds
I
n
th
i
s
s
t
u
d
y
,
th
e
SN
ar
e
g
r
o
u
p
ed
u
s
in
g
clu
s
ter
in
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
ca
lled
FKMe
d
s
m
et
h
o
d
,
w
h
ic
h
ca
lcu
late
s
t
h
e
d
is
ta
n
ce
cr
iter
i
a
b
y
co
m
p
u
ti
n
g
th
e
v
al
u
es
o
f
clu
s
ter
ce
n
ter
o
f
d
ata.
T
h
e
u
p
d
ated
m
e
m
b
er
s
h
ip
m
atr
i
x
is
f
ir
s
t
d
eter
m
i
n
ed
u
s
i
n
g
th
e
f
u
zz
y
c
m
ea
n
s
(
FC
M)
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
in
t
h
e
F
KM
ed
s
i
n
o
r
d
er
to
o
b
tain
th
e
m
ed
o
id
v
alu
e
[
2
0
]
-
[
23]
.
T
h
e
i
n
d
ex
d
ata
f
r
o
m
ea
ch
cl
u
s
ter
with
t
h
e
g
r
ea
tes
t
m
e
m
b
er
s
h
ip
v
alu
e
i
s
t
h
e
n
u
s
ed
to
ch
o
o
s
e
th
e
m
ed
o
id
.
T
h
e
FKM
ed
s
o
b
j
ec
tiv
e
f
u
n
ct
io
n
is
r
ep
r
esen
ted
i
n
(
5
)
.
=
∑
∑
(
2
(
,
)
(
)
)
=
1
=
1
(
5
)
W
h
er
e
,
is
o
b
j
ec
tiv
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
i
n
-
th
iter
at
io
n
;
r
ep
r
esen
ts
d
e
g
r
ee
in
m
e
m
b
er
s
h
ip
m
a
tr
ix
;
d
en
o
te
s
f
u
zz
y
r
an
k
(
≥
2
)
;
(
,
)
in
d
icate
s
d
is
ta
n
c
e
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
d
ata
v
alu
e
a
n
d
th
e
th
clu
s
ter
ce
n
ter
.
T
h
e
in
itial
m
e
m
b
er
s
h
ip
d
eg
r
ee
v
alu
e
‘
′
in
m
e
m
b
er
s
h
ip
m
atr
ix
is
cr
ea
ted
u
s
i
n
g
th
e
(
6
)
an
d
(
7
)
w
h
e
n
u
s
in
g
FKMe
d
s
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
f
o
r
clu
s
ter
ce
n
ter
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
s
.
=
[
]
×
,
∑
=
1
,
1
≤
≤
=
1
(
6
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
R
ec
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
ab
le
&
E
m
b
ed
d
ed
Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2089
-
4864
E
n
erg
y
-
efficien
t c
lu
s
teri
n
g
a
n
d
r
o
u
tin
g
u
s
in
g
fu
z
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y
k
-
med
o
i
d
s
…
(
Ha
r
ith
a
K
.
S
iva
r
a
ma
n
)
777
=
[
0
,
1
]
,
=
1
,
2
,
…
,
;
=
1
,
2
,
3
,
4
,
…
,
(
7
)
E
ac
h
iter
atio
n
u
p
d
ated
th
e
m
e
m
b
er
s
h
ip
m
atr
i
x
,
r
ep
r
esen
ted
b
y
,
w
h
ic
h
is
ca
lc
u
lated
u
s
in
g
(
8
)
.
=
[
2
(
,
)
]
−
1
−
1
∑
[
2
(
,
)
]
−
1
−
1
=
1
(
8
)
T
h
e
clu
s
ter
ce
n
ter
is
co
m
p
u
ted
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
(
9
)
o
n
ce
th
e
m
e
m
b
er
s
h
ip
m
atr
i
x
h
as b
ee
n
o
b
tain
e
d
.
=
∑
(
)
=
1
∑
(
)
=
1
(
9
)
4
.
2
.
Clus
t
er
hea
d
s
elec
t
io
n us
ing
hy
brid i
m
pro
v
ed
g
re
y
w
o
lf
a
nd
a
nt
co
lo
ny
I
n
W
SN,
C
H
is
a
n
o
d
e
th
at
s
er
v
es
as
co
o
r
d
in
ato
r
f
o
r
o
t
h
er
clu
s
ter
n
o
d
es.
I
t
is
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
f
o
r
co
llectin
g
d
ata
f
r
o
m
ea
ch
cl
u
s
ter
n
o
d
e
an
d
f
o
r
w
ar
d
i
n
g
it
to
B
S.
Data
f
r
o
m
o
th
er
n
o
d
es
w
it
h
i
n
th
e
clu
s
ter
is
g
ath
er
ed
b
y
t
h
e
C
H.
T
h
e
d
ata
m
a
y
i
n
cl
u
d
e
o
f
a
n
y
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
t
m
ad
e
b
y
t
h
e
s
en
s
o
r
s
.
T
h
e
C
H
m
a
y
c
o
m
p
i
le
an
d
an
al
y
ze
t
h
e
g
at
h
er
ed
d
at
a
b
ef
o
r
e
f
o
r
w
ar
d
in
g
it
to
m
i
n
i
m
ize
th
e
v
o
l
u
m
e
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
s
en
t.
T
h
e
CH
s
en
d
s
t
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ed
d
ata
to
B
S,
th
e
W
SN
's ce
n
tr
al
h
u
b
.
T
h
is
m
i
g
h
t b
e
ac
co
m
p
li
s
h
ed
d
ir
ec
tl
y
o
r
in
a
m
u
lti
-
h
o
p
m
an
n
er
v
ia
o
th
er
CH
.
A
cr
u
cial
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
o
f
W
SNs
i
s
C
H
s
elec
tio
n
,
w
h
ic
h
h
as
a
n
i
m
p
ac
t
o
n
en
er
g
y
ef
f
icien
c
y
a
n
d
th
e
l
if
e
s
p
an
o
f
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
A
lt
h
o
u
g
h
ex
is
ti
n
g
CH
s
elec
t
io
n
m
et
h
o
d
s
h
a
v
e
a
g
r
ea
t
d
ea
l
to
o
f
f
er
W
SNs
,
th
e
y
f
r
eq
u
e
n
tl
y
h
av
e
i
s
s
u
es
w
it
h
n
o
d
e
d
ela
y
,
en
er
g
y
s
tab
ilit
y
,
an
d
d
is
ta
n
ce
r
ed
u
ctio
n
.
T
o
o
v
er
co
m
e
th
ese
li
m
itat
io
n
s
,
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
i
n
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
HI
GW
AC
o
p
ti
m
izati
o
n
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
w
h
ic
h
is
a
co
m
b
in
atio
n
o
f
i
m
p
r
o
v
ed
g
r
e
y
w
o
l
f
o
p
ti
m
izatio
n
(
I
GW
O)
an
d
an
t c
o
lo
n
y
o
p
ti
m
izatio
n
(
AC
O)
al
g
o
r
ith
m
[
2
4
]
,
[
2
5
]
.
4
.
2
.
1
.
I
m
pro
v
ed
g
re
y
w
o
lf
o
pti
m
iza
t
io
n
T
h
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
n
o
p
ti
m
izi
n
g
C
H
ch
o
ice
p
r
o
ce
s
s
to
m
a
x
i
m
ize
n
et
w
o
r
k
lif
et
i
m
e
i
s
o
f
f
er
ed
to
I
GW
O
alg
o
r
ith
m
.
C
H
s
elec
tio
n
is
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
b
y
B
S
u
s
i
n
g
I
GW
O
alg
o
r
ith
m
to
eli
m
in
ate
u
n
p
r
e
d
ictab
ilit
y
in
h
er
en
t.
B
ased
o
n
f
itn
e
s
s
v
al
u
es,
all
S
Ns ar
e
s
ep
ar
ated
in
to
f
o
u
r
s
u
b
g
r
o
u
p
s
,
r
o
u
g
h
l
y
,
o
f
w
h
ich
s
i
x
t
ee
n
SN lo
ca
tio
n
s
ar
e
d
esig
n
ated
as f
ix
ed
to
ac
co
m
m
o
d
ate
m
u
lti p
at
h
w
a
y
s
.
T
h
e
m
et
h
o
d
is
s
tated
i
n
ter
m
s
o
f
r
o
u
n
d
s
.
An
S
N
'
s
f
it
n
es
s
v
alu
e
i
s
ca
lc
u
lated
u
s
in
g
its
d
i
s
tan
ce
f
r
o
m
B
S a
n
d
le
f
to
v
er
e
n
er
g
y
.
=
{
0
.
8
×
(
)
+
0
.
2
×
(
−
−
)
,
<
0
0
.
2
×
(
)
+
0
.
8
×
(
−
−
)
,
<
ℎ
(
1
0
)
W
h
er
e,
r
ep
r
esen
ts
r
esid
u
al
e
n
er
g
y
at
SN
a
f
ter
ev
er
y
c
y
c
l
e,
in
d
icate
s
i
n
itial
e
n
er
g
y
o
f
SN,
is
d
is
tan
ce
b
et
w
ee
n
SN
an
d
B
S
,
an
d
ar
e
m
in
i
m
u
m
an
d
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
d
is
ta
n
ce
b
et
w
ee
n
B
S
an
d
SN
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
T
h
e
in
itial p
o
s
itio
n
o
f
B
S is
ca
lcu
lated
u
s
i
n
g
(
1
1
)
.
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
=
|
⃗
⃗
⃗
+
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
+
⃗
⃗
⃗
|
(
1
1
)
W
h
er
e
,
,
,
ar
e
in
itial
w
ei
g
h
ts
a
n
d
it c
an
b
e
ex
p
r
ess
ed
as
(
1
2
)
.
=
∝
∝
+
+
,
=
∝
+
+
,
=
∝
+
+
(
1
2
)
W
h
er
e,
∝
,
,
an
d
in
d
icate
s
f
ir
s
t
th
r
ee
o
p
ti
m
al
v
al
u
es
o
f
SNs
.
T
h
e
I
GW
O
tech
n
iq
u
e
i
s
u
tili
ze
d
to
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
g
lo
b
al
s
ea
r
c
h
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies.
T
h
e
w
ei
g
h
ts
,
,
an
d
ar
e
d
y
n
a
m
ical
l
y
u
p
d
ated
w
it
h
t
h
e
h
elp
o
f
th
e
v
ec
to
r
s
,
⃗
⃗
⃗
at
t
h
iter
atio
n
,
th
e
w
ei
g
h
t
s
ar
e
co
m
p
u
ted
as
(
1
3
)
to
(
1
5
)
.
+
1
=
+
1
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
×
+
1
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
+
1
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
×
+
1
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
+
+
1
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
×
+
1
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
+
+
1
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
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⃗
×
+
1
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
(
1
3
)
+
1
=
+
1
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
×
+
1
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
+
1
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
×
+
1
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
+
+
1
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
×
+
1
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
+
+
1
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
×
+
1
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
(1
4
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2089
-
4
8
6
4
I
n
t J
R
ec
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
ab
le
&
E
m
b
ed
d
ed
Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
13
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e
m
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er
20
24
:
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5
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+
1
=
+
1
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
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⃗
⃗
⃗
×
+
1
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
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⃗
+
1
⃗
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⃗
×
+
1
⃗
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+
+
1
⃗
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+
1
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+
1
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+
1
⃗
⃗
⃗
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⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
(1
5
)
Du
r
in
g
C
H
s
elec
tio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
α
,
β,
an
d
w
o
lv
e
s
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
id
en
tify
t
h
e
p
o
s
itio
n
o
f
C
H
w
h
ile
o
th
er
SN
s
co
m
p
u
te
th
e
ir
d
is
tan
ce
s
i
n
r
elatio
n
to
B
S.
I
n
(
+
1
)
th
iter
atio
n
,
th
e
r
ev
is
ed
lo
ca
tio
n
o
f
SN
is
ca
lcu
lated
a
s
(1
6
)
.
+
1
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
=
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
−
⃗
⃗
×
(1
6
)
W
h
er
e,
i
n
d
icate
s
co
n
v
er
g
e
n
c
e
v
ec
to
r
an
d
it
i
s
ca
lc
u
lated
a
s
=
2
∝
⃗
⃗
×
1
⃗
⃗
⃗
−
∝
⃗
⃗
,
T
h
e
C
H
lo
ca
tio
n
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
iter
atio
n
,
o
r
t
h
iter
atio
n
is
r
ep
r
esen
ted
b
y
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
.
4
.
2
.
2
.
Ant
co
lo
ny
o
pti
m
iza
t
io
n
T
h
e
p
r
o
b
a
b
ilit
y
alg
o
r
ith
m
f
o
r
id
en
ti
f
y
i
n
g
o
p
ti
m
izatio
n
p
ath
w
a
y
s
is
ca
lled
AC
O.
T
h
e
an
t
s
y
s
te
m
h
a
s
th
r
ee
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
s
:
I
n
itia
lizati
o
n
is
th
e
b
eg
in
n
i
n
g
p
h
ase.
E
v
er
y
a
n
t
n
ee
d
s
a
tab
o
o
ta
b
le
to
k
ee
p
tr
ac
k
o
f
n
o
tes
th
at
ar
e
tr
an
s
f
er
r
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
th
e
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e.
R
ed
u
ce
th
e
s
tar
tin
g
v
a
lu
e
o
f
th
e
p
h
er
o
m
o
n
e
o
n
eith
er
s
id
e.
Set
th
e
i
n
itial
v
al
u
e
o
f
tab
o
o
tab
le
to
th
e
a
n
t
'
s
n
o
tice
t
h
at
i
t
is
l
i
n
le
n
g
t
h
.
Se
t
th
e
in
itial
v
al
u
e
o
f
p
h
er
o
m
o
n
e
th
a
t
th
e
a
n
t
r
elea
s
e
s
at
ea
ch
s
id
e
t
o
ze
r
o
.
Step
t
w
o
i
s
b
u
ild
in
g
t
h
e
r
o
u
te.
An
t
s
u
s
e
a
s
p
ec
i
f
ic
p
r
o
b
a
b
ilit
y
to
d
ec
id
e
th
e
C
H
’
s
f
u
t
u
r
e
lo
c
atio
n
.
P
r
o
b
ab
ilit
ies ar
e
co
m
p
u
ted
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
(1
7
)
.
(
)
=
{
[
(
)
]
[
]
∑
[
(
)
]
[
]
0
ℎ
(1
7
)
I
n
t
h
e
(1
7
)
m
e
n
tio
n
ed
ab
o
v
e
is
a
w
ei
g
h
t
ca
lc
u
latio
n
o
f
p
h
er
o
m
o
n
e
an
d
i
n
d
icate
s
t
h
e
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
o
f
s
elec
ti
n
g
n
o
d
es
at
t
i
m
e
t
f
r
o
m
C
H
to
C
H
.
T
h
e
p
h
er
o
m
o
n
e
t
h
at
h
elp
s
a
n
ts
c
h
o
o
s
e
w
h
ic
h
n
o
d
e
to
tar
g
et
n
e
x
t
is
m
o
r
e
e
f
f
icie
n
t
th
e
h
i
g
h
er
.
T
h
e
in
s
p
ir
atio
n
f
ac
to
r
,
d
en
o
ted
b
y
,
p
la
y
s
a
cr
u
cial
r
o
le
i
n
th
e
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
ca
lcu
latio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
A
h
i
g
h
er
v
al
u
e
o
f
in
d
icate
s
t
h
at
t
h
e
a
n
ts
w
ill
h
a
v
e
an
ea
s
ier
ti
m
e
s
elec
tin
g
t
h
e
n
ex
t
tar
g
et
C
H.
A
li
s
t
o
f
C
H
s
n
o
t
o
n
th
e
a
n
t
's
f
o
r
b
id
d
en
tab
le
is
p
er
m
i
tted
.
T
h
e
p
h
er
o
m
o
n
e
'
s
r
o
le
co
m
e
s
in
th
ir
d
.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
AC
O
m
o
d
el,
th
e
p
h
er
o
m
o
n
e
is
u
p
d
ated
as (
1
8
)
af
ter
ev
er
y
a
n
t d
is
co
v
er
s
.
(
+
1
)
=
∙
(
)
+
∆
(
,
+
1
)
(1
8
)
W
h
er
e,
(
)
in
d
icate
s
th
e
p
h
er
o
m
o
n
e
o
f
ed
g
e
at
ti
m
e
.
d
ef
in
es
m
ai
n
ten
a
n
ce
f
ac
to
r
.
I
n
(1
8
)
,
,
an
d
ar
e
th
e
o
p
ti
m
al
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
.
T
h
ese
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
en
h
a
n
ce
t
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
m
o
d
el
b
y
tu
n
i
n
g
th
e
p
ar
am
eter
s
.
T
h
e
ρ
a
n
d
ar
e
r
o
b
u
s
t
at
0
.
6
an
d
0
.
2
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
W
h
e
n
m
o
r
e
p
r
ec
is
e
s
o
l
u
t
io
n
s
ar
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
,
lo
w
er
v
al
u
es o
f
p
ar
a
m
eter
β ar
e
m
o
r
e
s
u
itab
le.
I
t r
an
g
es
f
r
o
m
6
to
1
2
.
4
.
2
.
3
.
H
y
brid i
m
pro
v
ed
g
re
y
w
o
lf
a
nd
a
nt
co
lo
ny
o
pti
m
iz
a
t
io
n
A
h
y
b
r
id
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
th
a
t
co
m
b
in
es
t
h
e
ad
v
a
n
ta
g
es
o
f
I
GW
O
an
d
AC
O
ca
n
b
e
v
er
y
b
e
n
e
f
ici
al
f
o
r
C
H
s
elec
tio
n
in
W
S
Ns,
esp
ec
iall
y
w
h
e
n
it
co
m
es
to
s
tab
ilit
y
,
l
aten
c
y
m
in
i
m
iza
tio
n
,
a
n
d
d
is
t
an
ce
r
ed
u
ctio
n
.
T
o
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
t
h
e
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
o
f
C
H
s
elec
tio
n
i
n
W
SN,
t
h
e
AC
O
is
f
u
s
ed
w
it
h
I
GW
O.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
ad
ap
tab
ilit
y
o
f
AC
O
'
s
p
ath
f
i
n
d
in
g
allo
w
s
it
t
o
ad
a
p
t
to
ch
an
g
e
s
in
th
e
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
,
w
h
ile
th
e
ef
f
ec
ti
v
e
o
p
tim
izatio
n
o
f
I
GW
O
en
s
u
r
es
n
ea
r
-
o
p
ti
m
al
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
T
o
s
elec
t
th
e
o
p
ti
m
al
C
H,
th
e
o
p
ti
m
al
p
ar
a
m
eter
v
al
u
es
=
0
.
2
,
=
6
,
an
d
=
0
.
6
o
f
A
C
O
is
ap
p
lied
to
th
e
w
ei
g
h
t
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
,
,
an
d
o
f
I
GW
O
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
T
h
e
o
p
tim
al
C
H
o
f
HI
GW
A
C
ca
n
b
e
ex
p
r
ess
ed
as (
1
9
).
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
=
|
(
0
.
2
×
⃗
⃗
⃗
)
+
(
6
×
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
)
+
(
0
.
6
×
⃗
⃗
⃗
)
|
(1
9
)
B
y
ap
p
l
y
i
n
g
o
p
ti
m
al
p
ar
a
m
ete
r
s
o
f
AC
O
w
i
th
I
GW
O
w
ill t
u
n
e
th
e
o
p
t
i
m
al
C
H
e
f
f
ec
ti
v
el
y
.
4
.
3
.
Ro
uting
us
ing
ARa
nE
O
R
pro
t
o
co
l
AR
an
E
OR
p
r
o
to
co
l
u
s
es
n
o
d
e
r
an
k
i
n
g
b
a
s
ed
o
n
en
er
g
y
a
n
d
d
is
tan
ce
f
o
r
ad
ap
tiv
e
r
o
u
t
e
s
elec
tio
n
.
T
h
e
W
SN
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
l
k
n
o
w
n
as
AR
an
E
O
R
g
r
ad
es
f
o
r
w
ar
d
er
n
o
d
es
(
FNs
)
an
d
C
H
u
s
i
n
g
a
n
ad
ap
tiv
e
r
an
k
i
n
g
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
a
n
d
e
m
p
l
o
y
s
an
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
i
s
tic
f
o
r
w
ar
d
in
g
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
to
m
a
x
i
m
ize
EC
f
o
r
ea
ch
SN.
T
h
e
m
aj
o
r
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
th
is
m
ec
h
an
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t
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th
at
r
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k
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n
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eter
m
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FN
in
AR
an
E
OR
.
T
h
e
t
w
o
m
ai
n
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
t
h
at
i
n
f
l
u
en
ce
d
y
n
a
m
ic
r
an
k
in
g
ar
e
n
o
d
e's
lo
ca
tio
n
an
d
r
e
s
id
u
al
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
R
ec
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
ab
le
&
E
m
b
ed
d
ed
Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2089
-
4864
E
n
erg
y
-
efficien
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lu
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teri
n
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a
n
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fu
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-
med
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…
(
Ha
r
ith
a
K
.
S
iva
r
a
ma
n
)
779
en
er
g
y
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AR
an
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OR
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elec
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llectio
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cr
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n
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w
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h
er
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o
r
e,
b
y
e
m
p
lo
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n
g
r
ef
i
n
ed
s
elec
tio
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m
eth
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th
e
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elo
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R
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m
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g
h
t
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
W
SN
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
a
n
d
lo
w
er
EC
.
4
.
3
.
1
.
Arc
hite
ct
ure
a
nd
la
y
o
ut
T
h
e
FN
is
ch
o
s
en
a
m
o
n
g
s
o
u
r
ce
n
o
d
e'
s
n
ei
g
h
b
o
r
s
d
ep
en
d
in
g
o
n
v
ar
iab
les
li
k
e
r
es
id
u
al
en
er
g
y
o
f
n
o
d
e
an
d
d
is
tan
ce
b
et
w
ee
n
n
o
d
es.
T
h
e
v
alu
e
o
f
p
ar
a
m
eter
d
eter
m
i
n
es
h
o
w
C
H
an
d
all
n
eig
h
b
o
r
s
o
f
s
o
u
r
ce
n
o
d
e
ar
e
ar
r
an
g
ed
o
r
g
iv
e
n
p
r
io
r
ity
in
tab
le
g
i
v
en
b
elo
w
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
s
elec
ti
n
g
FN,
w
h
i
ch
is
a
n
o
d
e
n
ea
r
es
t
to
s
o
u
r
ce
n
o
d
e
an
d
h
as t
h
e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
r
esid
u
al
en
er
g
y
,
i
s
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
2
.
CH
4
1
6
5
7
2
3
8
CH
10
11
12
15
9
14
13
22
CH
17
20
18
16
19
21
CH
24
28
26
23
25
29
30
C
l
u
s
t
e
r
1
C
l
u
s
t
e
r
2
C
l
u
s
t
e
r
3
C
l
u
s
t
e
r
4
S
i
n
k
N
od
e
27
S
e
ns
or
N
od
e
S
our
c
e
N
ode
F
or
w
a
r
d N
ode
O
ppo
r
t
uni
s
t
i
c
R
e
l
a
y
S
e
ns
or
l
i
nk
s
O
ppo
r
t
uni
s
t
i
c
R
out
e
D
a
t
a
R
e
l
a
y R
out
e
I
nt
e
r
ne
t
w
or
k R
out
e
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Vo
lu
n
teer
r
o
u
ti
n
g
s
c
h
e
m
e
w
i
th
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
i
s
tic
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
u
s
in
g
ad
ap
tiv
e
n
o
d
e
r
an
k
i
n
g
4
.
3
.
2
.
Ro
uting
t
a
ble
T
h
e
A
R
a
n
E
O
R
r
o
u
tin
g
tab
l
e
d
if
f
er
s
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
o
n
e
u
s
ed
in
co
n
v
en
t
io
n
al
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
is
t
ic
r
o
u
tin
g
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
.
T
h
is
c
h
an
g
e
r
e
s
u
lt
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
n
e
x
t
f
o
r
w
ar
d
er
n
o
d
e
in
AR
a
n
E
OR
b
ein
g
c
h
o
s
e
n
d
ep
en
d
in
g
o
n
r
an
k
.
As
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ated
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
2
,
th
e
n
e
x
t
f
o
r
w
ar
d
er
n
o
d
e
in
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
is
tic
a
n
d
r
ela
y
r
o
u
te
s
will
b
e
ch
o
s
en
w
i
th
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
a
r
atin
g
tab
le.
T
h
e
ex
a
m
p
le
t
h
at
f
o
llo
w
s
ill
u
s
tr
ates
th
is
:
−
E
x
a
m
p
le
1
:
FN
s
ec
tio
n
f
o
r
No
d
e
I
D
4
n
ex
t
h
o
p
i
n
cl
u
s
ter
1
.
T
a
b
le
1
in
d
icate
s
t
h
at
n
o
d
e
w
ith
I
D
3
h
as
th
e
h
ig
h
es
t
r
an
k
b
ased
o
n
r
esi
d
u
al
en
er
g
y
a
n
d
d
is
ta
n
c
e
f
r
o
m
s
o
u
r
ce
n
o
d
e.
T
h
e
n
ex
t
FN
i
s
s
elec
ted
f
r
o
m
s
o
u
r
ce
n
o
d
e.
−
E
x
a
m
p
le
2
:
Selecti
n
g
n
e
x
t
h
o
p
an
d
lo
ca
tin
g
FN
in
clu
s
ter
1
f
o
r
I
D
2
.
T
h
e
n
o
d
e
w
it
h
n
o
d
e
I
D
5
h
as
h
ig
h
e
s
t
r
an
k
,
as
in
d
icate
d
b
y
T
ab
le
2
,
b
ased
o
n
its
d
is
tan
ce
an
d
r
esid
u
al
en
er
g
y
f
r
o
m
s
o
u
r
ce
n
o
d
e
.
I
t
h
as
b
ee
n
s
elec
ted
as FN
b
y
r
ela
y
n
o
d
e
w
ith
I
D
3
.
T
ab
le
1
.
Neig
h
b
o
r
n
o
d
e
r
an
k
i
n
g
f
r
o
m
s
o
u
r
ce
n
o
d
e
I
D
o
f
n
o
d
e
R
a
n
g
e
R
e
si
d
u
a
l
e
n
e
r
g
y
(
%)
D
i
st
a
n
c
e
3
1
2
CH
1
3
2
4
90
88
89
85
0
.
4
5
m
0
.
7
8
m
0
.
4
9
m
1
.
3
2
m
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2089
-
4
8
6
4
I
n
t J
R
ec
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
ab
le
&
E
m
b
ed
d
ed
Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
13
,
No
.
3
,
No
v
e
m
b
er
20
24
:
774
-
78
5
780
T
ab
le
2
.
A
d
j
ac
en
t n
o
d
es r
an
k
e
d
b
y
t
h
e
p
r
ec
ed
in
g
f
o
r
w
ar
d
er
n
o
d
e
N
o
d
e
I
D
R
a
n
g
e
R
e
si
d
u
a
l
e
n
e
r
g
y
(
%)
D
i
st
a
n
c
e
5
6
CH
2
1
3
87
89
85
0
.
8
1
m
0
.
6
9
m
1
.
2
m
4
.
3
.
3
.
Alg
o
rit
h
m
o
f
ARa
nE
O
R
T
h
e
ad
ap
tiv
e
n
o
d
e
r
an
k
in
g
m
eth
o
d
d
eter
m
i
n
es
a
r
a
n
k
o
f
n
o
d
e
b
ased
o
n
its
d
is
ta
n
ce
p
ar
a
m
eter
a
n
d
r
esid
u
al
e
n
er
g
y
le
v
el.
T
h
e
F
Ns
ar
e
ch
o
s
en
b
a
s
ed
o
n
d
ete
r
m
in
ed
r
a
n
k
.
T
w
o
f
ac
to
r
s
ar
e
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
f
o
r
ea
ch
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
f
r
o
m
ea
ch
n
o
d
e:
d
is
tan
ce
b
et
w
ee
n
n
o
d
e
s
(
(
,
)
an
d
n
et
r
esid
u
al
en
er
g
y
o
f
n
o
d
es
(
(
)
)
.
E
ac
h
n
o
d
e's
n
et
r
esid
u
al
e
n
er
g
y
i
s
ca
lc
u
lated
f
r
o
m
it
s
r
e
s
id
u
al
e
n
er
g
y
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
p
ac
k
e
t
d
eliv
er
y
.
Su
b
s
eq
u
e
n
tl
y
,
a
m
o
n
g
t
h
e
ca
n
d
id
ate
n
o
d
es,
t
h
e
n
o
d
e
w
it
h
t
h
e
h
i
g
h
est
n
et
r
e
s
id
u
al
e
n
er
g
y
is
tak
e
n
i
n
to
c
o
n
s
id
er
atio
n
f
o
r
to
p
r
an
k
in
g
,
an
d
s
o
o
n
.
T
h
e
n
o
d
es
w
i
th
lo
w
e
s
t
r
an
k
ar
e
s
elec
ted
to
b
ec
o
m
e
C
H.
On
ce
C
H
h
as
b
ee
n
lo
ca
ted
,
n
o
d
es
an
d
t
h
eir
p
o
s
itio
n
s
ar
e
d
eter
m
i
n
ed
w
it
h
r
esp
ec
t
to
s
o
u
r
ce
n
o
d
e.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
e
n
tl
y
,
th
e
r
an
k
i
n
g
s
y
s
te
m
h
e
lp
s
estab
lis
h
a
r
elay
ch
a
n
n
el
f
o
r
d
ata
p
ac
k
ets,
A
lg
o
r
it
h
m
1
d
ep
icts
th
e
d
etails
o
f
o
p
tim
izatio
n
.
F
u
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
r
an
k
in
g
s
ar
e
ch
an
g
ed
b
ased
o
n
u
p
d
ated
r
em
ai
n
i
n
g
en
er
g
y
a
f
ter
ev
er
y
r
ela
y
r
o
u
n
d
.
A
l
g
o
r
ith
m
1
.
A
R
a
n
E
O
R
-
A
d
a
p
tiv
e
r
an
k
in
g
f
o
r
FNs
1: Inputs:
(
,
)
,
(
)
,
,
,
=
0
.
9
/
,
(
)
,
,
=
0
.
8
/
2: Outputs:
(
)
,
(
,
)
3:
Step 1:
Calculate residual energy for each node
4:
for
i = 1 to N
do
5:
(
)
=
−
(
(
∗
)
+
(
∗
)
)
;
6:
(
)
=
(
(
)
,
(
−
1
)
)
7:
end for
8:
Step 2:
Identification of CH
9:
if
(
)
;
{
1
,
2
,
…
}
then
10:
11:
end if
12:
Step 3:
Calculate distanc
es between present and forwarder node
13:
∀
14:
(
,
)
=
√
(
−
)
2
+
(
−
)
2
15:
Step 4:
Update routing table
16: return
5.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
p
r
esen
ts
s
i
m
u
lati
o
n
s
et
u
p
a
n
d
an
al
y
s
e
s
t
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
s
u
g
g
e
s
ted
s
tr
ateg
y
b
ased
o
n
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
t
f
ac
to
r
r
esu
l
ts
.
T
o
ev
alu
ate
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e,
ex
p
er
im
e
n
t
s
ar
e
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
in
s
i
m
u
latio
n
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
t
h
at
ca
n
i
m
itate
w
ir
ele
s
s
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
d
ata
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
cir
c
u
m
s
ta
n
ce
s
i
n
al
m
o
s
t
r
ea
l
tim
e.
Fo
r
th
i
s
p
u
r
p
o
s
e,
th
e
P
y
t
h
o
n
p
lat
f
o
r
m
h
as b
ee
n
c
h
o
s
e
n
f
o
r
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
tatio
n
.
5
.
1
.
E
v
a
lua
t
i
o
n pa
ra
m
et
er
s
a
nd
cr
it
er
ia
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
p
r
o
to
co
l
w
as
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
ted
o
n
a
n
et
w
o
r
k
o
f
5
0
to
2
0
0
n
o
d
es
in
s
tep
s
.
O
n
th
e
o
t
h
er
h
an
d
,
s
e
v
er
al
m
etr
ics
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
ass
es
s
an
e
f
f
ec
ti
v
en
e
s
s
o
f
s
u
g
g
es
ted
tech
n
iq
u
e,
i
n
cl
u
d
in
g
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t,
p
o
w
er
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
(
P
C
)
,
er
r
o
r
esti
m
ate
,
E
C
,
p
ac
k
et
d
eliv
er
y
r
at
e
(
P
DR
)
,
p
ac
k
et
lo
s
s
r
ate
(
PL
R
)
,
an
d
en
d
-
to
-
e
n
d
laten
c
y
:
−
MSR
:
it
d
e
f
in
e
s
th
e
s
u
cc
e
s
s
f
u
l
co
m
p
letio
n
o
f
w
h
o
le
m
e
s
s
a
g
e
tr
an
s
f
er
p
r
o
ce
s
s
f
r
o
m
s
o
u
r
ce
n
o
d
e
to
C
H.
−
P
DR
:
it
i
s
t
h
e
p
er
ce
n
ta
g
e
o
f
p
ac
k
ets
th
at
ar
e
d
eliv
er
ed
s
u
cc
e
s
s
f
u
l
l
y
o
u
t o
f
all
p
ac
k
ets
th
at
a
r
e
tr
an
s
m
itted
ac
r
o
s
s
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
−
P
L
R
:
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
o
f
d
ata
p
ac
k
ets
in
co
m
m
u
n
icat
io
n
s
y
s
te
m
o
r
co
m
p
u
ter
n
et
w
o
r
k
th
at
ar
e
n
o
t
s
u
cc
e
s
s
f
u
l in
r
ea
ch
in
g
t
h
eir
in
t
en
d
ed
d
esti
n
atio
n
.
−
E
C
:
a
t
y
p
ical
s
e
n
s
o
r
n
o
d
e
g
at
h
er
s
d
ata
an
d
s
en
d
s
it
to
C
H
w
h
ic
h
u
s
e
s
en
er
g
y
a
m
o
n
g
o
th
er
t
w
o
u
n
iq
u
e
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
ie
s
.
I
n
a
s
im
i
lar
v
ein
,
en
er
g
y
i
s
u
s
ed
b
y
C
H
w
h
en
r
ec
eiv
i
n
g
,
co
m
b
i
n
i
n
g
,
an
d
tr
an
s
m
itti
n
g
d
ata
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
R
ec
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
ab
le
&
E
m
b
ed
d
ed
Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2089
-
4864
E
n
erg
y
-
efficien
t c
lu
s
teri
n
g
a
n
d
r
o
u
tin
g
u
s
in
g
fu
z
z
y
k
-
med
o
i
d
s
…
(
Ha
r
ith
a
K
.
S
iva
r
a
ma
n
)
781
−
E
n
d
-
e
n
d
-
d
ela
y
:
th
e
to
tal
o
f
all
th
e
d
ela
y
s
b
r
o
u
g
h
t
o
n
b
y
ea
c
h
p
ar
ticip
atin
g
n
o
d
e
in
a
p
ar
ticu
lar
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
is
k
n
o
w
n
as
t
h
e
en
d
-
to
-
en
d
d
ela
y
.
T
h
e
ca
lcu
latio
n
o
f
n
o
d
e
d
elay
is
b
ased
o
n
th
e
ti
m
e
ta
k
en
f
o
r
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
to
b
eg
i
n
a
n
d
en
d
.
−
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t:
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
m
ea
s
u
r
es
th
e
r
ate
o
f
s
u
cc
es
s
f
u
l
m
ess
a
g
e
d
eliv
er
y
w
it
h
i
n
th
e
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
o
v
er
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
p
er
io
d
.
−
P
C
:
it
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−
Net
w
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4864
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