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T
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Desp
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O
F
DM
s
i
g
n
al
is
f
a
s
te
n
w
h
e
n
it
f
o
r
w
ar
d
s
b
y
n
o
n
-
li
n
ea
r
h
ig
h
-
p
o
w
er
a
m
p
li
f
ier
(
HP
A
)
an
d
th
u
s
,
t
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
i
s
d
eg
en
er
ated
,
w
h
ile
in
-
b
an
d
b
ias
as
w
ell
as
o
u
t
-
of
-
b
an
d
r
ad
i
atio
n
also
h
ap
p
en
s
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
OFD
M
tr
an
s
m
it
ter
s
n
ee
d
s
co
s
tl
y
l
in
ea
r
HP
A
w
i
th
ex
tr
e
m
e
d
y
n
a
m
ic
r
an
g
e
[
6
]
,
[
7
]
.
R
ec
en
tl
y
,
a
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
o
p
tim
izatio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
ar
e
r
ec
o
m
m
e
n
d
e
d
to
o
p
tim
ize
th
e
p
ar
tial
tr
an
s
m
it
s
eq
u
e
n
ce
(
P
T
S)
tech
n
iq
u
e
f
o
r
P
A
P
R
r
ed
u
ctio
n
in
OFDM
s
y
s
te
m
s
[
8
]
.
B
et
w
ee
n
th
e
m
,
th
e
m
o
s
t
f
a
m
o
u
s
ev
o
lu
tio
n
ar
y
al
g
o
r
it
h
m
s
ar
e
th
e
g
e
n
etic
alg
o
r
it
h
m
(
GA
)
,
d
if
f
er
en
tial
ev
o
lu
tio
n
ar
y
al
g
o
r
ith
m
(
DE
)
,
an
d
b
io
g
eo
g
r
ap
h
ic
o
p
ti
m
izat
i
o
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
(
B
B
O)
w
h
ich
ar
e
m
aj
o
r
ly
u
s
ed
f
o
r
th
e
r
ed
u
ctio
n
o
f
P
A
P
R
[
9
]
.
H
o
w
e
v
er
,
th
e
s
elec
tio
n
o
f
th
e
p
h
ase
f
ac
to
r
s
eq
u
en
ce
i
n
th
e
P
T
S
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
is
a
r
is
k
in
n
o
n
-
li
n
ea
r
o
p
ti
m
izatio
n
,
wh
ich
is
ca
u
s
e
d
b
y
g
r
ea
ter
co
m
p
lex
i
t
y
an
d
m
e
m
o
r
y
u
til
iza
tio
n
i
f
t
h
er
e
ar
e
a
g
r
ea
ter
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
n
o
n
-
o
v
er
la
p
p
in
g
s
u
b
-
b
lo
ck
s
[
1
0
]
,
[
1
1
]
.
B
y
e
m
b
ed
d
in
g
th
e
p
ilo
t
s
ig
n
a
l
w
it
h
i
n
th
e
o
p
tical
OFDM
s
ig
n
al
in
th
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
d
o
m
ai
n
m
i
n
i
m
izes
th
e
ti
m
e
d
o
m
a
in
s
i
g
n
a
ls
[
1
2
]
.
A
r
ed
u
ctio
n
o
f
P
A
P
R
i
n
MI
MO
-
OF
DM
i
s
a
co
m
p
lex
t
ask
in
w
ir
eles
s
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
,
w
h
er
e
t
h
e
s
p
ec
tr
al
e
f
f
ic
ien
c
y
i
s
also
r
ed
u
ce
d
w
h
e
n
t
h
e
c
y
clic
p
r
ef
ix
en
ter
s
i
n
O
FDM
[
1
3
]
.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
t
h
e
liter
at
u
r
e
a
n
d
tar
g
et
ted
at
t
h
e
li
m
ita
t
io
n
s
o
f
an
ex
is
t
in
g
s
ig
n
al
co
m
p
o
u
n
d
in
g
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
m
et
h
o
d
s
,
a
n
o
v
el
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
is
in
r
o
d
u
ce
d
f
o
r
co
m
b
in
el
y
o
p
ti
m
ize
th
e
P
A
P
R
an
d
b
it e
r
r
o
r
r
ate
(
B
E
R
)
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
[
1
4
]
,
[
1
5
]
.
Sar
k
ar
et
a
l
.
[
1
6
]
im
p
le
m
en
ted
a
t
w
i
n
s
y
m
b
o
l
h
y
b
r
id
o
p
ti
m
izatio
n
ap
p
lied
to
p
ar
tia
l
tr
an
s
m
i
t
s
eq
u
en
ce
(
T
SHO
-
P
T
S)
to
m
i
n
i
m
ize
P
A
P
R
i
n
c
y
clic
p
r
ef
ix
-
OFDM
(
C
P
-
O
FDM)
.
T
h
e
h
y
b
r
id
o
p
ti
m
izati
o
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
o
f
s
alp
s
w
a
r
m
(
S
S
)
as
w
e
ll
as
b
ald
ea
g
le
s
ea
r
ch
(
B
E
S)
w
er
e
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
to
d
eter
m
i
n
e
p
h
ase
f
ac
to
r
.
T
h
e
d
ig
ital
ch
ao
tic
w
as
u
tili
z
ed
to
ce
r
tify
p
h
y
s
ical
la
y
er
s
ec
u
r
it
y
i
n
d
ata
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
f
o
r
(
DF
T
-
S
-
O
FDM)
s
u
b
ca
r
r
ier
allo
ca
tio
n
.
A
P
T
S
m
et
h
o
d
ac
h
ie
v
ed
t
h
e
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
P
A
P
R
i
n
les
s
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ed
an
d
co
n
s
u
m
ed
ti
m
e,
b
u
t
th
e
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
o
f
b
an
d
w
id
th
was
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
b
y
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
its
elf
.
Sid
iq
et
a
l
.
[
1
7
]
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
a
h
y
b
r
id
m
et
h
o
d
o
f
s
elec
ti
v
e
le
v
el
m
ap
p
in
g
a
n
d
PT
S
(
SL
M
-
P
T
S)
w
it
h
an
t
b
ee
co
lo
n
y
(
A
B
C
)
p
h
ase
o
p
ti
m
izatio
n
f
o
r
P
A
P
R
m
i
n
i
m
izatio
n
.
T
h
e
SL
M
w
a
s
i
n
itiall
y
en
f
o
r
ce
d
to
th
e
tr
ad
itio
n
al
f
ar
n
e
s
y
l
d
i
m
et
h
y
l
c
h
r
o
m
an
o
l
(
FDMC)
s
i
g
n
a
l
an
d
th
e
P
A
P
R
s
ig
n
al
w
as
o
b
tain
ed
w
it
h
s
elec
ted
s
i
m
il
ar
p
h
ase
s
eq
u
en
ce
s
.
T
h
is
m
eth
o
d
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
l
y
m
i
n
i
m
ized
th
e
P
A
P
R
b
y
th
e
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
a
l
co
m
p
lex
it
y
b
y
co
m
b
i
n
i
n
g
th
e
S
L
M
an
d
PT
S
b
en
ef
its
.
T
h
e
SL
M
-
P
T
S
s
u
f
f
er
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
i
n
ter
f
ac
e
b
et
w
ee
n
u
n
s
y
n
c
h
r
o
n
ized
s
y
m
b
o
ls
in
t
h
e
clo
s
e
s
t
b
an
d
s
.
K
u
m
ar
et
al
.
[
1
8
]
im
p
le
m
e
n
ted
a
P
T
S
o
v
er
a
h
y
b
r
id
o
f
p
ar
ticle
s
w
a
r
m
an
d
g
r
e
y
w
o
l
f
(
P
S
-
GW
)
o
p
tim
izatio
n
f
o
r
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
m
in
i
m
u
m
P
AP
R
,
as
w
ell
a
s
lo
w
co
m
p
u
tati
o
n
al
co
m
p
le
x
it
y
.
T
h
e
P
S
-
GW
id
en
ti
f
ied
t
h
e
p
h
ase
r
o
tatio
n
al
f
ac
to
r
s
co
m
b
i
n
atio
n
ef
f
ec
ti
v
el
y
.
T
h
e
P
S
ex
p
lo
itati
o
n
w
as
i
m
p
r
o
v
ed
w
i
th
th
e
est
i
m
atio
n
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
in
GW
to
d
e
v
elo
p
m
u
ltip
le
v
ar
iatio
n
s
i
n
q
u
alit
y
.
T
h
e
P
S
-
GW
ac
h
ie
v
ed
b
etter
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
a
n
d
m
in
i
m
u
m
P
A
P
R
t
h
an
th
e
P
S
an
d
GW
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
P
A
P
R
ac
h
ie
v
e
m
en
t
w
as
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
d
u
s
i
n
g
v
ar
io
u
s
ch
an
n
el
co
n
s
tr
ai
n
t
s
.
P
r
asad
an
d
J
ay
ab
alan
[
1
9
]
i
m
p
le
m
en
ted
a
p
ar
ticle
s
w
ar
m
o
p
ti
m
izatio
n
(
P
SO)
ap
p
lied
to
t
h
e
tech
n
iq
u
e
o
f
P
T
S
to
id
en
tify
t
h
e
p
h
ase
f
ac
to
r
f
o
r
r
ed
u
cin
g
th
e
P
A
P
R
.
A
s
ca
li
n
g
f
ac
to
r
w
as
estab
lis
h
ed
in
t
h
e
v
elo
cit
y
u
p
d
atin
g
eq
u
atio
n
o
f
co
n
v
en
t
io
n
al
P
SO
to
en
h
a
n
ce
t
h
e
i
n
er
tia
w
ei
g
h
t
an
d
p
ar
ticle
v
elo
cit
y
.
T
h
e
P
SO
-
P
T
S
ac
h
iev
ed
t
h
e
ef
f
icien
t
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
P
A
P
R
a
n
d
w
a
s
m
o
s
t
e
f
f
icie
n
t
f
o
r
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
s
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
6
4
-
q
u
ad
r
atic
a
m
p
li
tu
d
e
m
o
d
u
latio
n
(
Q
A
M)
m
o
d
u
lat
io
n
s
c
h
e
m
e,
b
u
t th
i
s
m
e
th
o
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
a
lo
w
co
n
v
er
g
en
ce
r
at
e.
Şi
m
ş
ir
an
d
T
aşp
ın
ar
[
2
0
]
im
p
l
e
m
en
ted
a
d
is
cr
ete
ele
p
h
an
t
h
er
d
in
g
o
p
ti
m
izatio
n
u
s
i
n
g
PTS
(
DE
HO
-
PT
S)
to
m
in
i
m
ize
P
A
P
R
in
u
n
iv
er
s
al
-
f
ilter
ed
m
u
lti
-
ca
r
r
ier
(
UFMC)
s
i
g
n
als
to
th
e
lo
w
est
l
ev
els.
An
ad
v
an
ce
d
s
ch
e
m
e
o
f
P
T
S
w
as
p
o
w
er
ed
b
y
a
n
in
tell
ig
e
n
t
o
p
ti
m
izat
io
n
w
h
ich
w
as
e
n
f
o
r
ce
d
to
UFMC
w
a
v
e
f
o
r
m
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
w
as
m
aj
o
r
ly
f
o
c
u
s
e
d
o
n
d
ec
r
ea
s
in
g
t
h
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
s
i
g
n
als
i
n
P
A
P
R
v
a
lu
e
s
a
n
d
ac
h
ie
v
ed
b
etter
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
a
n
d
lo
w
B
E
R
.
T
h
e
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
P
T
S
w
a
s
a
d
if
f
icu
l
t
m
eth
o
d
f
o
r
s
y
s
te
m
s
to
o
b
tain
ef
f
icie
n
t
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
p
o
w
er
s
w
it
h
a
s
m
aller
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
ea
r
ch
e
s
.
B
ai
an
d
Yan
g
[
2
1
]
d
ev
elo
p
ed
an
en
h
a
n
ce
d
P
SO
ca
lled
th
e
d
is
cr
ete
ad
ap
tiv
e
P
SO
(
DA
P
SO)
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
f
o
r
s
o
lv
i
n
g
t
h
e
p
r
o
b
lem
o
f
h
i
g
h
P
AP
R
in
UOW
C
.
T
h
is
m
et
h
o
d
in
teg
r
ated
P
T
S
an
d
D
A
P
SO
to
m
i
n
i
m
ize
t
h
e
P
A
P
R
in
th
e
U
OW
C
s
y
s
te
m
.
T
h
e
PTS
w
a
s
ap
p
lied
to
a
p
r
o
b
a
b
ilis
tic
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
f
o
r
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
l
y
d
e
f
ea
ti
n
g
t
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
P
A
P
R
.
Si
m
u
lta
n
eo
u
s
l
y
,
t
h
e
t
w
o
-
d
i
m
en
s
io
n
al
ad
ap
tiv
e
P
SO
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
l
y
m
o
d
i
f
ied
th
e
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
i
v
e
s
ea
r
ch
f
o
r
th
e
p
h
ases
o
f
P
T
S.
T
h
is
m
et
h
o
d
ef
f
ec
ti
v
el
y
s
o
lv
ed
t
h
e
co
m
p
le
x
it
y
o
f
th
e
ca
lc
u
lati
o
n
an
d
also
ac
h
iev
ed
a
f
as
t
co
n
v
er
g
e
n
ce
s
p
ee
d
.
A
b
ed
et
a
l
.
[
2
2
]
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
P
SO
-
b
ased
d
u
m
m
y
s
u
b
-
ca
r
r
ier
s
w
h
ic
h
w
er
e
ap
p
lied
w
ith
d
ata,
w
it
h
o
u
t
tr
an
s
m
itti
n
g
t
h
e
s
id
e
i
n
f
o
r
m
at
io
n
f
o
r
P
A
P
R
r
ed
u
ctio
n
.
T
h
e
f
u
s
io
n
o
f
s
u
g
g
e
s
ted
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
w
a
s
e
m
p
lo
y
ed
b
y
ca
lcu
lati
n
g
a
P
A
P
R
a
t
an
o
u
tco
m
e
o
f
in
v
er
s
e
f
a
s
t
f
o
u
r
ier
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
(
I
FF
T
)
.
L
ater
,
th
is
m
e
th
o
d
ad
d
ed
th
e
s
ix
ad
ap
tiv
e
s
u
b
-
ca
r
r
ier
s
eq
u
en
ce
s
to
a
n
I
FF
T
in
p
u
t d
ata.
T
h
is
m
et
h
o
d
tr
an
s
m
it
ted
th
e
d
ata
wh
en
th
e
d
u
m
m
y
s
u
b
-
ca
r
r
ier
w
as
i
n
a
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
t
t
h
r
esh
o
ld
.
Fu
r
t
h
er
,
it
u
tili
ze
d
t
h
e
ad
d
itiv
e
w
h
ite
g
a
u
s
s
ia
n
n
o
i
s
e
(
A
W
GN)
ch
a
n
n
el
to
ex
p
lo
r
e
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
P
A
P
R
a
n
d
B
E
R
.
T
h
is
m
eth
o
d
ac
h
ie
v
ed
lo
w
co
m
p
u
t
atio
n
al
co
m
p
le
x
it
y
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
ad
d
itio
n
s
a
n
d
m
u
ltip
licatio
n
s
,
b
u
t
it
h
ad
a
lo
w
co
n
v
er
g
e
n
ce
r
ate.
L
i
et
a
l
.
[
2
3
]
d
ev
elo
p
ed
a
PT
S
-
b
ased
d
is
cr
ete
P
SO
w
i
th
a
t
h
r
es
h
o
ld
(
P
T
S
-
DP
SO
-
T
H)
an
d
u
tili
z
ed
to
a
f
ilter
b
an
k
m
u
lti
-
ca
r
r
i
er
w
it
h
q
u
ad
r
atic
a
m
p
lit
u
d
e
m
o
d
u
latio
n
(
FB
MC/OQ
AM
)
f
o
r
P
A
P
R
r
ed
u
ctio
n
.
T
h
is
m
et
h
o
d
u
tili
ze
d
th
e
DP
SO
to
id
en
tify
a
n
o
p
ti
m
al
s
o
lu
tio
n
an
d
ef
f
ec
t
iv
el
y
m
in
i
m
ize
th
e
P
A
P
R
in
t
h
e
OQ
A
M
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
alo
n
g
s
id
e
r
ed
u
cin
g
th
e
co
m
p
le
x
it
y
p
r
o
b
le
m
.
T
h
en
,
th
e
th
r
e
s
h
o
ld
w
as
e
s
tab
lis
h
ed
to
m
in
i
m
ize
t
h
e
iter
atio
n
n
u
m
b
er
s
,
a
n
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
9
-
4864
I
n
t J
R
ec
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
ab
le
&
E
m
b
ed
d
ed
Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
13
,
No
.
3
,
No
v
e
m
b
er
20
24
:
528
-
541
530
later
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
co
m
p
licatio
n
o
n
th
e
as
s
u
m
p
tio
n
o
f
u
n
d
er
tak
i
n
g
t
h
e
P
A
P
R
r
ed
u
ctio
n
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
T
h
e
PT
S
-
DP
SO
-
T
H
ef
f
ec
ti
v
el
y
r
ed
u
ce
d
th
e
P
A
P
R
,
b
u
t t
h
i
s
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
h
ad
a
lo
w
co
n
v
er
g
e
n
ce
r
ate.
Şi
m
ş
ir
an
d
T
aşp
ın
ar
[
2
4
]
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
an
ef
f
icie
n
t
P
A
P
R
r
ed
u
ctio
n
m
et
h
o
d
f
o
r
th
e
w
a
v
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
t
h
e
UFMC
s
y
s
te
m
.
T
h
is
m
e
th
o
d
in
itiall
y
i
n
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
a
n
o
v
el
d
is
cr
ete
v
er
s
io
n
o
f
th
e
i
n
v
a
s
i
v
e
w
ee
d
o
p
ti
m
izatio
n
(
DI
W
O)
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
an
d
c
o
m
b
i
n
ed
it
w
it
h
th
e
tr
ad
itio
n
al
P
AP
R
r
ed
u
ctio
n
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
ca
lled
PT
S
d
ep
l
o
y
ed
as
th
e
ph
ase
o
p
ti
m
izer
.
B
y
d
o
in
g
s
o
,
th
i
s
m
eth
o
d
ac
q
u
ir
ed
a
n
o
v
el
m
et
h
o
d
k
n
o
w
n
a
s
DI
W
O
-
P
T
S.
T
h
e
DI
W
O
w
a
s
th
e
m
et
h
o
d
to
o
p
tim
ize
th
e
p
h
ase
s
eq
u
en
ce
s
i
n
t
h
e
d
is
cr
ete
p
h
ase.
T
h
e
DI
W
O
ac
h
ie
v
ed
th
e
b
es
t
p
h
ase
in
te
g
r
atio
n
i
n
a
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
ea
r
ch
e
s
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
t
h
e
DI
W
O
h
ad
less
p
o
p
u
latio
n
d
iv
er
s
it
y
an
d
d
id
n
o
t
tak
e
t
h
e
b
est
m
e
m
b
er
o
f
th
e
p
o
p
u
latio
n
d
u
r
i
n
g
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
o
p
ti
m
iza
tio
n
.
A
li
a
n
d
Ha
m
z
a
[
2
5
]
im
p
le
m
en
ted
a
n
e
w
o
p
ti
m
izatio
n
m
eth
o
d
,
t
ea
ch
in
g
-
lear
n
in
g
-
b
ased
o
p
ti
m
i
za
tio
n
(
T
L
B
O)
f
o
r
th
e
r
ed
u
cti
o
n
o
f
P
A
P
R
i
n
t
h
e
OFDM
s
i
g
n
al.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
s
elec
ti
v
e
m
ap
p
in
g
(
SL
M)
b
ased
T
L
B
O
f
o
r
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
r
ed
u
ct
io
n
.
T
h
e
T
L
B
O
w
as
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
to
id
en
ti
f
y
s
ea
r
ch
f
ac
to
r
s
i
n
t
h
e
SL
M
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
T
h
is
m
et
h
o
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
l
y
r
ed
u
ce
d
th
e
P
A
P
R
w
it
h
lo
w
co
m
p
u
tati
o
n
al
co
m
p
lex
i
t
y
a
n
d
d
id
n
o
t
r
eq
u
ir
e
ce
r
tain
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
th
i
s
m
et
h
o
d
co
n
s
u
m
ed
a
lar
g
er
m
e
m
o
r
y
s
t
o
r
ag
e
s
p
ac
e.
T
o
ad
d
r
ess
th
e
s
e
li
m
itatio
n
s
o
f
t
h
e
ex
is
ti
n
g
m
eth
o
d
s
,
t
h
e
MI
MO
-
OFDM
s
y
s
te
m
s
ar
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
th
i
s
r
esear
c
h
.
Si
m
u
lta
n
eo
u
s
l
y
,
t
h
e
s
y
n
c
h
r
o
n
izatio
n
,
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
c
h
a
n
n
e
l,
P
A
P
R
,
lar
g
er
m
e
m
o
r
y
s
to
r
ag
e
,
s
elec
tio
n
o
f
an
ten
n
a,
an
d
co
n
v
er
g
e
n
ce
r
ate
w
er
e
th
e
s
p
ec
if
i
c
li
m
itatio
n
s
o
f
th
e
ab
o
v
e
-
d
is
c
u
s
s
ed
ex
is
ti
n
g
m
e
th
o
d
s
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
ex
a
m
i
n
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
OF
DM
s
ig
n
al.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
f
o
r
th
e
r
ed
u
ctio
n
o
f
P
A
P
R
,
th
e
n
o
v
el
ad
ap
tiv
e
tu
n
icate
s
w
ar
m
o
p
tim
izatio
n
w
ith
p
ar
tial
tr
an
s
m
it
s
eq
u
en
ce
(
A
T
SO
-
PT
S)
w
ith
MI
MO
-
O
FDM
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
is
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
to
m
i
n
i
m
ize
P
A
P
R
i
n
OF
DM
.
F
u
r
th
er
,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
et
h
o
d
is
b
r
ief
l
y
d
is
c
u
s
s
ed
in
th
e
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
s
ec
tio
n
.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
’
s
m
aj
o
r
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
ar
e
as f
o
llo
w
s
:
−
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
o
f
f
er
s
t
h
e
r
ed
u
ct
io
n
o
f
P
A
P
R
w
i
th
f
aster
co
n
v
er
g
en
ce
a
s
w
el
l
as
m
in
i
m
ized
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
a
l
co
m
p
le
x
it
y
as t
h
e
f
o
r
e
m
o
s
t a
c
h
iev
e
m
e
n
t.
−
T
h
e
p
a
p
er
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
m
i
n
i
m
izi
n
g
P
A
P
R
u
s
i
n
g
q
u
ic
k
co
n
v
er
g
e
n
ce
an
d
m
i
n
i
m
izi
n
g
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
co
m
p
le
x
it
y
.
T
h
e
A
T
SO
-
P
T
S is
d
ev
elo
p
ed
f
o
r
P
A
P
R
r
ed
u
ctio
n
in
MI
MO
-
OFD
M.
−
No
n
s
q
u
ar
e
-
m
atr
ix
-
b
ased
d
if
f
e
r
en
tial
s
p
ac
e
ti
m
e
co
d
in
g
(
N
-
DST
C
)
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
is
em
p
lo
y
ed
f
o
r
en
co
d
in
g
an
d
d
ec
o
d
in
g
w
h
ic
h
h
elp
s
to
ac
h
iev
e
b
etter
d
ata
b
r
o
ad
ca
s
tin
g
o
v
er
t
h
e
MI
MO
-
OFDM.
T
h
is
r
esear
c
h
co
n
s
id
er
s
q
u
ad
r
atu
r
e
p
h
a
s
e
s
h
if
t
k
e
y
i
n
g
(
QP
SK)
f
o
r
m
o
d
u
l
atio
n
/d
e
m
o
d
u
la
tio
n
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
its
lo
w
er
r
o
r
p
r
o
b
a
b
ilit
y
.
T
h
e
r
est
o
f
th
e
p
ap
er
is
ar
r
an
g
ed
in
th
e
s
u
cc
ee
d
in
g
w
a
y
:
s
ec
tio
n
2
p
r
ese
n
ts
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
et
h
o
d
o
lo
g
y
w
h
ich
i
n
cl
u
d
es
th
e
MI
MO
-
OFDM
s
y
s
te
m
w
i
th
N
-
DST
C
en
co
d
in
g
an
d
d
ec
o
d
in
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es.
Sectio
n
3
d
is
c
u
s
s
es
t
h
e
A
T
SO.
Sectio
n
4
d
e
s
cr
ib
es
r
es
u
lts
a
n
d
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
an
d
f
i
n
all
y
,
s
ec
t
io
n
5
d
escr
ib
es
th
e
o
v
er
all
s
u
m
m
ar
y
.
2.
P
RO
P
O
SE
D
M
E
T
H
O
D
I
n
th
is
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
,
a
n
A
T
SO
i
s
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
w
it
h
t
h
e
N
-
DST
C
co
d
in
g
f
o
r
m
i
n
i
m
izi
n
g
P
A
P
R
w
h
i
le
tr
an
s
m
itti
n
g
th
e
d
ata
o
v
er
MI
MO
-
OF
DM
.
T
h
e
N
-
DST
C
co
d
es
ar
e
lin
ea
r
er
r
o
r
-
co
r
r
ec
t
in
g
co
d
es
th
at
ar
e
u
tili
ze
d
f
o
r
th
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
o
f
m
e
s
s
a
g
es
o
v
er
n
o
is
y
ch
an
n
el
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
d
ep
icts
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
eth
o
d
’
s
w
o
r
k
f
lo
w
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
W
o
r
k
f
lo
w
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
et
h
o
d
w
i
th
MI
MO
-
O
FDM
A
t
t
h
e
tr
an
s
m
itter
,
th
e
i
n
co
m
i
n
g
b
in
ar
y
d
ata
is
f
ir
s
t
g
r
o
u
p
e
d
an
d
m
ap
p
ed
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
co
d
in
g
s
ch
e
m
e
o
f
N
-
DST
C
.
T
h
e
QP
SK
s
y
m
b
o
l
is
t
h
e
p
r
e
-
s
p
ec
i
f
ied
m
o
d
u
latio
n
s
c
h
e
m
e
u
tili
ze
d
,
a
n
d
th
e
n
co
n
v
er
ted
in
to
p
ar
allel
s
ig
n
al
s
b
y
s
er
ial
-
to
-
p
ar
allel
b
lo
ck
.
Af
ter
in
s
er
ti
n
g
s
o
m
e
p
ilo
t
s
,
I
FF
T
is
ad
d
itio
n
all
y
d
ep
lo
y
e
d
f
o
r
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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t J
R
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o
n
f
i
g
u
r
ab
le
&
E
m
b
ed
d
ed
Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2089
-
4864
A
d
a
p
tive
tu
n
ic
a
te
s
w
a
r
m
o
p
timiz
a
tio
n
w
ith
p
a
r
tia
l tra
n
s
mit
… (
A
b
d
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l La
teef
Ha
r
o
o
n
P
h
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l
a
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a
S
h
a
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)
531
tr
an
s
m
itti
n
g
a
s
eq
u
en
ce
o
f
d
ata
to
a
tim
e
-
d
o
m
ai
n
s
i
g
n
al.
An
A
T
SO
is
in
s
er
ted
in
to
th
e
ti
m
e
-
d
o
m
ai
n
OFDM
s
y
m
b
o
l
to
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
in
ter
ca
r
r
ier
in
ter
f
ac
e
(
I
C
I
)
an
d
in
ter
s
y
m
b
o
l
i
n
ter
f
er
e
n
ce
(
I
SI)
.
T
h
e
tr
an
s
m
itted
s
i
g
n
a
l
p
ass
es
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
c
h
an
n
el
with
A
W
G
N
n
o
i
s
e
a
f
ter
t
h
e
co
n
v
er
tin
g
th
e
s
i
g
n
a
l
s
er
ial
in
to
p
ar
allel.
T
h
e
FF
T
is
f
o
llo
w
ed
af
ter
t
h
e
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
o
f
s
er
ial
to
p
ar
allel
at
th
e
r
ec
e
iv
er
.
A
f
ter
F
FT
,
s
o
m
e
p
ilo
t
s
a
r
e
r
em
o
v
ed
an
d
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
is
co
n
v
er
ted
f
r
o
m
p
ar
a
llel
to
a
s
er
ial
b
lo
ck
.
A
t
la
s
t,
t
h
e
b
in
ar
y
d
ata
i
s
ac
q
u
ir
ed
a
f
te
r
th
e
d
e
m
o
d
u
latio
n
u
s
i
n
g
th
e
QP
SK
m
o
d
u
latio
n
s
ch
e
m
e,
a
n
d
d
ec
o
d
in
g
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
N
-
DST
C
co
d
in
g
s
ch
e
m
e.
T
h
e
QP
SK
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
lo
w
er
r
o
r
p
r
o
b
a
b
ilit
y
an
d
g
o
o
d
n
o
is
e
im
m
u
n
it
y
,
alo
n
g
s
id
e
th
e
b
an
d
w
id
t
h
r
eq
u
ir
ed
b
y
th
e
QP
SK
b
ein
g
r
ed
u
ce
d
to
h
al
f
as
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
b
in
ar
y
p
h
a
s
e
-
s
h
i
f
y
k
e
y
i
n
g
(
B
P
SK)
f
o
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th
e
s
a
m
e
B
E
R
.
F
u
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
I
FF
T
is
e
m
p
lo
y
ed
f
o
r
tr
an
s
m
i
tti
n
g
t
h
e
s
eq
u
en
ce
o
f
d
ata
to
th
e
ti
m
e
-
d
o
m
a
in
s
ig
n
al,
a
f
ter
in
s
er
tin
g
s
o
m
e
p
ilo
t
s
.
2
.
1
.
Sy
s
t
em
mo
del
o
f
M
I
M
O
-
O
F
D
M
I
n
th
i
s
p
ap
er
,
a
s
y
s
te
m
m
o
d
el
o
f
MI
MO
-
OFDM
[
2
6
]
,
h
av
i
n
g
th
r
ee
m
aj
o
r
p
o
r
tio
n
s
,
n
a
m
el
y
,
tr
an
s
m
itter
,
c
h
a
n
n
el,
a
n
d
r
ec
e
iv
er
is
i
n
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
n
e
f
f
icie
n
t
a
n
d
r
o
b
u
s
t
s
y
s
te
m
f
o
r
d
ata
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
i
n
MI
MO
-
O
FDM.
Fig
u
r
e
2
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
s
y
s
t
e
m
m
o
d
el
o
f
MI
MO
-
OF
DM
.
F
ig
u
r
e
2
.
S
y
s
te
m
m
o
d
el
o
f
MI
MO
-
O
FDM
T
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
o
f
I
FF
T
an
d
FF
T
MI
MO
-
OFDM
is
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
t
ed
in
th
is
p
ap
er
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
a
c
h
p
r
o
v
id
es
an
ef
f
icie
n
t
an
d
r
o
b
u
s
t
s
y
s
te
m
f
o
r
d
ata
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
in
MI
MO
-
OF
DM
.
A
b
aseb
an
d
s
i
g
n
al
is
d
escr
ib
ed
in
(
1
)
an
d
a
ti
m
e
d
o
m
ai
n
s
a
m
p
le
in
I
FF
T
o
u
tp
u
t is ex
p
r
es
s
ed
in
(
2
)
.
(
)
=
∑
(
)
2
∆
−
1
=
0
(
1
)
(
)
=
(
)
(
2
)
W
h
er
e,
is
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
u
b
ca
r
r
ier
s
,
(
)
is
th
e
co
m
p
le
x
m
o
d
u
latio
n
s
y
m
b
o
l
tr
an
s
m
i
tted
o
n
ℎ
s
u
b
ca
r
r
ier
,
an
d
∆
is
t
h
e
s
u
b
ca
r
r
ier
s
p
ac
in
g
.
is
t
h
e
F
FT
in
te
g
r
ated
m
a
tr
ix
o
f
o
r
d
er
×
.
T
h
e
C
P
o
f
len
g
th
is
ex
te
n
d
ed
to
r
em
o
v
e
I
SI
w
h
ich
i
s
ex
p
r
es
s
ed
in
(
3
)
. T
h
e
r
ec
eiv
ed
s
ig
n
a
l is d
escr
ib
ed
in
(
4
)
.
′
(
)
=
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(
)
(
3
)
(
)
=
∑
ℎ
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−
1
=
0
(
−
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+
(
)
,
=
0
,
1
,
…
,
−
1
(
4
)
W
h
er
e
,
(
)
~
(
0
,
2
)
–
A
WGN
,
–
(
+
)
×
is
t
h
e
o
r
d
er
m
atr
i
x
.
T
h
e
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
c
h
an
n
el
s
ar
e
d
esig
n
ed
b
y
u
til
izin
g
-
tap
f
i
n
ite
i
m
p
u
l
s
e
r
esp
o
n
s
e
(
FIR)
u
s
i
n
g
tap
s
[
ℎ
0
,
ℎ
1
,
…
,
ℎ
−
1
]
.
A
t
t
h
e
r
ec
eiv
er
s
id
e,
t
h
e
C
P
eli
m
i
n
atio
n
ex
i
s
ts
th
at
is
d
en
o
t
ed
as
a
r
ec
eiv
ed
s
i
g
n
al
m
u
ltip
l
icatio
n
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
a
m
a
tr
ix
,
an
d
is
ex
p
r
es
s
ed
i
n
(
5
)
an
d
(
6
)
.
=
[
×
]
(
5
)
(
)
=
̃
(
)
+
(
)
(
6
)
W
h
er
e,
(
)
=
(
)
an
d
=
̃
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
d
o
m
ai
n
r
ec
eiv
ed
s
ig
n
al
f
o
r
OFDM
is
p
r
o
v
id
ed
in
(
7
)
.
T
h
e
r
ec
eiv
ed
s
ig
n
al
m
atr
ic
v
ec
to
r
m
o
d
el
i
s
ex
p
r
es
s
ed
in
(
8
)
an
d
(
9
)
.
=
+
(
7
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
9
-
4864
I
n
t J
R
ec
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
ab
le
&
E
m
b
ed
d
ed
Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
13
,
No
.
3
,
No
v
e
m
b
er
20
24
:
528
-
541
532
=
ℎ
+
(
8
)
=
√
ℎ
(
9
)
W
h
er
e,
is
t
h
e
r
esp
o
n
s
e
o
f
c
h
an
n
el
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
,
is
t
h
e
tr
an
s
m
itted
s
y
m
b
o
ls
,
is
t
h
e
A
W
G
N
w
it
h
0
m
ea
n
.
an
d
is
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
tr
an
s
m
it
an
d
r
ec
eiv
e
an
te
n
n
a
s
in
MI
MO
-
O
FDM
,
ℎ
is
th
e
r
ec
ei
v
ed
s
y
m
b
o
l
,
is
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
p
ilo
ts
.
=
√
(
)
an
d
-
p
ar
ti
al
FF
T
m
atr
i
x
an
d
C
F
R
m
atr
ix
.
T
h
e
tr
an
s
m
itted
MI
MO
-
OFDM
s
y
s
te
m
ar
e
p
r
o
v
id
ed
to
th
e
N
-
D
ST
C
s
y
s
te
m
f
o
r
t
h
e
en
co
d
in
g
a
n
d
d
ec
o
d
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
o
f
th
e
O
FDM
s
ig
n
al.
2
.
2
.
No
ns
qu
a
re
m
a
t
rix
-
ba
s
e
d diff
er
ent
ia
l sp
a
ce
-
t
i
m
e
co
din
g
I
n
th
i
s
s
ec
t
io
n
,
t
h
e
N
-
DST
C
co
n
s
is
ti
n
g
o
f
e
n
co
d
in
g
a
n
d
d
ec
o
d
in
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
[
2
7
]
,
[
2
8
]
ar
e
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
.
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
e
n
co
d
es
an
d
d
ec
o
d
es
th
e
i
n
p
u
t
o
f
t
h
e
OFDM
s
i
g
n
al
,
w
h
er
e
t
h
e
N
-
DST
C
s
c
h
e
m
e
is
m
aj
o
r
ly
u
tili
ze
d
to
m
in
i
m
ize
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
ti
m
e
s
lo
ts
.
T
h
e
s
p
ac
e
-
ti
m
e
eu
p
h
e
m
i
s
m
(
)
×
is
tr
an
s
m
itted
in
s
lo
ts
by
an
ten
n
as.
E
n
h
a
n
cin
g
a
lar
g
e
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
tr
an
s
m
i
t
an
te
n
n
a
s
af
f
ec
ts
t
h
e
en
h
an
ci
n
g
of
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
ess
en
tial
ti
m
e
s
lo
ts
an
d
in
ef
f
ec
ti
v
e
f
o
r
lar
g
e
s
c
en
ar
io
s
o
f
MI
MO
.
Hen
ce
,
a
n
o
n
-
s
q
u
ar
e
m
atr
ix
-
b
ased
DST
C
is
d
ev
elo
p
ed
to
m
i
n
i
m
ize
th
e
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
ti
m
e
s
lo
ts
.
P
ar
ticu
lar
l
y
,
it
in
cr
ea
s
e
(
)
th
r
o
u
g
h
b
asis
1
×
1
to
m
i
n
i
m
ize
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
l
o
ts
b
et
w
ee
n
an
d
1
.
2.
2
.
1
.
No
ns
qu
a
re
diff
er
ent
ia
l e
nco
din
g
a
nd
deco
din
g
T
h
e
s
et
o
f
e
s
ti
m
ati
n
g
m
etr
ic
s
{
1
,
…
,
/
}
ar
e
tr
an
s
m
itted
at
t
h
e
b
eg
in
n
in
g
o
f
t
h
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
s
tr
ea
m
.
I
n
it
iall
y
,
t
h
e
r
ec
eiv
e
d
s
y
m
b
o
l
is
d
en
o
ted
in
(
1
0
)
.
Hen
ce
,
th
is
r
eq
u
ir
e
s
n
u
m
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er
o
f
tim
e
s
lo
ts
.
C
o
n
s
id
er
in
g
t
h
e
b
lo
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s
ti
m
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
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f
r
a
m
e,
th
e
p
r
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j
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t
io
n
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ics
ar
e
tr
an
s
m
itted
to
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ata
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ics
(
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e
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n
co
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ed
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ex
p
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in
(
1
1
)
.
Ma
p
p
e
d
o
n
to
×
n
o
n
s
q
u
ar
e
m
a
t
r
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y
p
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atr
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,
as
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t
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ter
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ig
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m
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late
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(
1
2
)
.
(
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=
(
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(
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1
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s
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r
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200
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b
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m
ar
k
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m
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ce
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m
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in
s
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b
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g
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s
p
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m
o
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ile
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ce
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g
=
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o
r
0
.
1%
.
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ce
,
th
e
tr
ee
-
b
ased
ap
p
r
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ac
h
is
u
tili
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d
to
ac
h
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e
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
P
A
P
R
b
et
w
ee
n
all
s
u
b
-
ca
r
r
ier
s
in
a
li
m
ited
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
I
n
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
p
h
ase
f
ac
to
r
,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
alg
o
r
ith
m
ac
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u
m
u
late
s
t
h
e
p
h
ase
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ac
to
r
y
ield
in
g
les
s
P
A
P
R
.
T
o
ac
h
iev
e
t
h
i
s
,
th
e
p
r
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p
o
s
ed
m
et
h
o
d
u
s
es
t
h
e
A
T
SO
m
o
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el
f
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o
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in
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u
ce
d
P
A
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v
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T
h
e
o
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lt
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ar
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p
r
o
v
id
ed
to
th
e
o
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tim
izatio
n
alg
o
r
it
h
m
f
o
r
th
e
f
u
r
th
er
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
.
3.
T
UNI
CAT
E
SW
ARM
O
P
T
I
M
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Z
AT
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O
N
T
h
e
en
co
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ata
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
in
p
u
t
s
ig
n
al
i
s
p
r
o
v
id
ed
to
th
e
o
p
tim
izatio
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p
r
o
ce
s
s
f
o
r
i
m
p
r
o
v
in
g
th
e
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
o
f
t
h
e
p
h
ase
o
p
ti
m
izat
io
n
alg
o
r
it
h
m
.
T
u
n
icate
s
w
ar
m
o
p
ti
m
iza
tio
n
(
T
SO)
[
2
9
]
is
a
m
eta
-
h
e
u
r
is
tic
alg
o
r
it
h
m
ac
ti
v
ated
b
y
m
ar
in
e
t
u
n
icate
s
'
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
a
n
d
j
et
p
r
o
p
u
ls
io
n
o
v
er
n
av
ig
at
io
n
as
w
ell
a
s
f
o
r
ag
in
g
.
T
h
e
tu
n
icate
is
in
t
h
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
a
m
illi
m
eter
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ca
le
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lo
ca
te
s
s
o
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ce
s
o
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f
o
o
d
in
th
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ea
.
T
h
e
tu
n
icate
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at
is
f
ies
th
e
t
h
r
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g
e
n
er
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co
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d
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s
i
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p
r
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p
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w
h
ic
h
ar
e
:
to
eli
m
i
n
ate
t
h
e
h
it
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
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f
tu
n
icate
s
i
n
s
ea
r
ch
s
p
ac
e
,
to
o
b
tain
a
s
u
itab
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p
ath
to
s
elec
t
an
ef
f
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tiv
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s
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r
c
h
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ca
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d
f
in
a
ll
y
,
to
s
elec
t
a
b
etter
s
ea
r
ch
a
g
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n
t.
Fu
r
t
h
er
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e
t
u
n
icate
s
c
h
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n
g
e
th
eir
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o
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s
to
ac
h
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s
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ch
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d
t
h
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p
r
o
ce
s
s
is
en
h
a
n
ce
d
in
ev
er
y
i
ter
atio
n
.
T
h
e
T
SO
b
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in
s
u
s
i
n
g
p
o
p
u
latio
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in
cid
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t
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w
ith
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les
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m
ittab
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b
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d
ar
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ex
p
r
ess
ed
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(
1
3
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w
h
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t
u
n
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s
m
o
d
if
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th
e
lo
ca
tio
n
i
n
iter
atio
n
s
as d
ep
icted
in
(
1
4
).
⃗
=
⃗
+
×
(
⃗
−
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(
1
3
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ated
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p
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1
5
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W
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1
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h
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e
is
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ed
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th
e
n
e
x
t
s
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f
o
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th
e
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f
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n
t
r
ed
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c
tio
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o
f
P
A
P
R
.
T
h
e
T
SO
al
g
o
r
ith
m
p
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o
ce
d
u
r
es
ar
e
g
iv
e
n
:
−
I
n
itialize
t
h
e
p
o
p
u
latio
n
o
f
t
u
n
icate
⃗
ac
co
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d
in
g
to
(
1
3
)
.
−
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in
i
tial p
ar
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s
a
s
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e
ll a
s
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g
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ter
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u
m
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s
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−
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s
ti
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te
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n
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h
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s
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ch
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t.
−
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h
e
b
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tu
n
icate
is
t
r
a
v
er
s
e
d
in
g
i
v
en
s
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r
ch
s
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ac
e.
−
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d
ate
th
e
tu
n
icate
’s
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itio
n
u
tili
zi
n
g
(
1
4
)
.
−
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lter
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ated
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n
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es b
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h
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ch
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ac
e.
−
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alcu
late
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h
e
u
p
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ated
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v
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e
o
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t
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e
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u
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icate
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tain
s
t
h
e
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t
h
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r
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o
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tim
a
l so
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tio
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,
it is
u
p
d
ate
d
w
it
h
a
b
etter
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o
lu
t
io
n
.
−
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f
s
ati
s
f
ied
w
it
h
a
n
en
d
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g
b
as
is
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al
g
o
r
ith
m
e
n
d
s
o
r
r
ep
ea
ts
s
tep
s
5
to
8
.
−
Fin
all
y
,
t
h
e
b
est s
o
lu
tio
n
h
as b
ee
n
o
b
tain
ed
.
3
.
1
.
Ada
ptiv
e
t
un
ica
t
e
s
w
a
r
m
o
pti
m
iza
t
io
n
T
h
e
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
o
f
t
h
e
tu
n
icate
s
w
ar
m
alg
o
r
it
h
m
(
T
SA
)
e
x
h
i
b
its
en
d
u
r
a
n
ce
w
ith
t
h
e
lo
ca
l
o
p
tim
u
m
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
w
h
en
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
m
o
s
t
co
m
m
o
n
al
g
o
r
ith
m
s
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
th
is
is
n
o
t
b
etter
ch
o
ice
f
o
r
ce
r
tain
in
tr
icate
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
b
y
v
ar
io
u
s
o
p
ti
m
al
s
o
l
u
tio
n
s
.
I
n
T
SA
,
ea
ch
t
u
n
ica
te
f
in
d
s
th
e
f
o
o
d
s
o
u
r
ce
an
d
f
i
n
d
s
i
t
u
n
f
ea
s
ib
le
to
r
etr
iev
e
w
it
h
o
u
t
k
n
o
w
i
n
g
w
h
er
e
th
e
f
o
o
d
s
o
u
r
ce
is
lo
ca
ted
.
L
ater
,
it
ac
h
iev
e
s
co
n
v
er
g
e
n
ce
w
h
e
n
it
is
n
o
lo
n
g
er
ab
le
to
d
esi
g
n
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
a
n
d
e
n
d
s
f
u
n
ctio
n
i
n
g
.
T
h
u
s
,
an
ad
ap
tiv
e
v
er
s
io
n
o
f
T
SO (
A
T
SO)
[
3
0
]
is
i
m
p
le
m
en
ted
to
d
ef
ea
t
w
ea
k
n
ess
es
i
n
T
SO
as
w
ell
a
s
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
al
g
o
r
ith
m
’
s
s
ea
r
c
h
ca
p
ac
it
y
an
d
f
lex
ib
il
it
y
.
T
h
e
T
SO
is
i
m
p
r
o
v
ed
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
th
e
t
w
o
p
h
a
s
es
s
u
c
h
a
s
e
x
p
lo
r
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n
an
d
ex
p
lo
itatio
n
to
en
h
a
n
ce
t
h
e
s
ea
r
ch
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
et
h
o
d
u
s
i
n
g
A
T
SO
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
eth
o
d
u
s
in
g
A
T
SO
An
e
f
f
ic
ien
t
m
eta
h
e
u
r
is
tic
al
g
o
r
ith
m
is
e
s
s
e
n
tial
to
cla
s
s
i
f
y
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
s
ea
r
ch
i
n
t
o
m
u
lt
ip
le
p
h
ases
of
e
x
p
lo
r
atio
n
an
d
e
x
p
lo
itatio
n
.
T
h
e
m
etah
e
u
r
is
tic
alg
o
r
ith
m
i
s
e
m
p
lo
y
ed
to
f
in
d
a
g
o
o
d
s
o
lu
tio
n
to
a
n
o
p
tim
izatio
n
p
r
o
b
lem
th
a
t
i
s
co
m
p
lex
an
d
d
i
f
f
icu
lt
to
s
o
lv
e
to
o
p
ti
m
alit
y
.
C
o
n
v
er
s
el
y
,
t
h
e
e
x
p
lo
itatio
n
d
en
o
tes
th
e
o
p
ti
m
iza
tio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
's
ca
p
ac
it
y
to
id
en
ti
f
y
n
ea
r
-
o
p
ti
m
al
s
o
l
u
tio
n
s
.
T
h
e
ex
p
lo
itatio
n
p
er
m
it
s
th
e
o
p
tim
izer
to
f
o
cu
s
o
n
clo
s
e
ts
th
at
co
m
p
r
o
m
is
e
g
o
o
d
q
u
alit
y
s
o
l
u
tio
n
s
i
n
t
h
e
s
p
ac
e
o
f
s
ea
r
ch
i
n
g
.
As
ea
c
h
iter
atio
n
p
ass
e
s
,
T
SO
u
p
d
ates
th
e
ca
n
d
id
a
te
p
o
s
itio
n
s
o
l
u
tio
n
s
n
ea
r
in
d
i
v
id
u
al
p
o
i
n
t
s
to
t
h
e
en
tire
p
o
p
u
latio
n
in
s
u
c
h
a
w
a
y
t
h
at
th
e
T
SO
h
as
a
g
o
o
d
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
o
f
ex
p
lo
itatio
n
.
T
h
u
s
,
its
d
r
aw
b
ac
k
is
th
e
ab
s
en
ce
o
f
ef
f
icien
t g
lo
b
al
s
ea
r
ch
,
alo
n
g
s
i
d
e
r
e
j
ec
t
in
g
a
n
ex
p
lo
r
atio
n
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
9
-
4864
I
n
t J
R
ec
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
ab
le
&
E
m
b
ed
d
ed
Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
13
,
No
.
3
,
No
v
e
m
b
er
20
24
:
528
-
541
534
A
i
m
i
n
g
to
e
n
h
an
ce
t
h
e
al
g
o
r
ith
m
’s
estab
li
s
h
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
ex
p
l
o
r
atio
n
ca
p
ac
it
y
,
th
e
i
n
tr
o
d
u
c
ed
A
T
SO
ca
r
r
ies
o
u
t
t
w
o
m
aj
o
r
p
h
ases
in
ev
er
y
iter
atio
n
.
I
n
itiall
y
,
t
h
e
ca
n
d
id
ate
s
o
lu
tio
n
is
s
elec
ted
in
cid
en
tall
y
i
n
p
lace
o
f
a
b
etter
s
o
l
u
tio
n
,
an
d
th
e
lo
ca
tio
n
o
f
th
e
ap
p
lican
t
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
i
s
u
p
d
ated
b
ased
o
n
ar
b
itra
r
y
t
u
n
icate
’
s
lo
ca
tio
n
.
T
h
e
o
p
tim
izer
e
m
p
lo
y
s
a
n
ar
b
itra
r
y
o
p
er
ato
r
to
an
a
l
y
ze
d
iv
er
s
e
ar
ea
s
a
n
d
s
ea
r
c
h
s
p
ac
e
f
o
r
ef
f
icie
n
t
ex
p
lo
r
atio
n
.
He
n
ce
,
in
A
T
SO,
t
w
o
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
in
c
id
en
t
n
u
m
b
er
s
ar
e
ca
lcu
la
ted
in
a
t
u
n
icat
e
u
p
d
atin
g
eq
n
.
to
g
en
er
ate
s
o
l
u
tio
n
s
i
n
d
if
f
er
en
t
s
ea
r
ch
s
p
ac
e
ar
ea
s
.
A
n
A
T
SO
ex
p
lo
r
atio
n
p
h
ase
i
s
lo
g
icall
y
ex
p
r
ess
ed
in
(
1
7
)
.
⃗
(
+
1
)
=
⃗
(
)
–
1
×
|
⃗
(
)
−
2
×
2
×
⃗
(
)
|
(
1
7
)
W
h
er
e,
⃗
(
)
ar
b
itra
r
il
y
c
h
o
s
en
t
u
n
icate
th
a
t
f
o
r
m
s
a
n
e
w
p
o
p
u
la
tio
n
.
T
h
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
en
co
u
r
ag
es
ex
p
lo
r
atio
n
,
as
w
ell
as
p
er
m
it
s
th
e
T
SO
to
p
er
f
o
r
m
m
a
n
y
r
o
b
u
s
t
g
lo
b
al
s
ea
r
ch
es
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
en
tire
s
p
ac
e
o
f
s
ea
r
ch
.
I
n
th
e
last
p
h
ase,
t
h
e
t
u
n
icate
u
p
d
ate
s
its
p
o
s
itio
n
s
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
b
est
tu
n
icate
p
o
s
itio
n
.
Mo
r
e
o
v
er
,
in
th
e
A
T
SO,
th
e
lo
w
e
s
t
tu
n
icate
u
s
in
g
th
e
g
r
ea
test
ai
m
i
n
g
f
u
n
ctio
n
v
a
lu
e
is
ch
a
n
g
ed
u
s
in
g
an
in
c
i
d
en
tall
y
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
tu
n
icate
at
e
v
er
y
iter
atio
n
.
T
h
e
ex
p
lo
r
atio
n
a
n
d
ex
p
lo
itatio
n
o
f
A
T
SO
i
n
s
ea
r
c
h
s
p
ac
e
ar
e
co
n
tr
o
lled
b
y
t
h
e
in
er
tia
co
n
s
tan
t
in
s
tead
o
f
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
m
at
h
e
m
a
tical
eq
u
atio
n
.
T
h
e
A
T
SO
alg
o
r
ith
m
e
m
in
e
n
tl
y
en
h
a
n
ce
s
t
h
e
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
o
f
t
h
e
p
h
ase
o
p
ti
m
izatio
n
alg
o
r
it
h
m
.
E
v
en
t
u
all
y
,
t
h
e
o
p
ti
m
al
p
h
a
s
e
f
ac
to
r
s
ar
e
ac
q
u
ir
ed
b
y
a
n
o
p
ti
m
izatio
n
alg
o
r
it
h
m
,
a
n
d
f
u
r
th
er
,
th
is
alg
o
r
ith
m
p
r
o
v
id
es
t
h
e
m
a
x
i
m
al
o
p
tim
a
l
p
h
ase
f
ac
to
r
s
b
y
t
h
e
u
tili
za
tio
n
o
f
A
T
SO.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
th
e
o
p
ti
m
izatio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
co
n
s
u
m
e
s
a
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
d
u
r
atio
n
th
a
n
th
e
o
th
e
r
m
et
h
o
d
s
an
d
h
en
ce
,
t
h
e
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
ti
m
e
i
s
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
b
y
u
ti
lizi
n
g
t
h
e
A
T
SO
alg
o
r
it
h
m
.
F
u
r
t
h
er
,
th
e
ev
alu
atio
n
a
n
d
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
th
i
s
p
r
o
p
o
s
al
is
p
r
o
v
id
ed
in
th
e
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
s
ec
ti
o
n
s
.
4.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
I
n
th
i
s
r
esear
c
h
,
an
A
T
SO
-
P
T
S
m
et
h
o
d
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
to
r
ed
u
ce
P
A
P
R
v
al
u
es
in
a
w
av
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
OFDM
s
ig
n
al.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
et
h
o
d
is
i
m
p
le
m
en
ted
o
n
t
h
e
M
A
T
L
A
B
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
,
o
n
a
s
y
s
te
m
o
p
er
ated
w
it
h
an
i5
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
r
an
d
6
GB
R
A
M.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
A
T
SO
-
PT
S
m
e
t
h
o
d
is
u
tili
ze
d
to
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
d
e
n
o
is
i
n
g
an
d
ch
a
n
n
el
est
i
m
a
tio
n
f
o
r
MI
MO
-
OF
DM
.
T
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
A
T
SO
-
P
T
S
m
eth
o
d
i
s
co
m
p
ar
ed
w
it
h
t
h
e
ex
i
s
ti
n
g
m
et
h
o
d
s
.
T
h
e
ex
is
ti
n
g
m
eth
o
d
s
n
a
m
el
y
,
OFDM,
co
n
v
e
n
ti
o
n
al
-
P
T
S
(
C
-
P
T
S),
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
-
s
elec
ti
v
e
m
ap
p
in
g
(C
-
S
L
M)
,
an
d
P
SO
ar
e
u
tili
ze
d
f
o
r
th
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
.
F
u
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
t
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
m
etr
ics
u
s
ed
i
n
t
h
is
r
esear
c
h
to
ev
al
u
ate
t
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
A
T
SO
-
P
T
S
ar
e,
B
E
R
,
P
A
P
R
,
co
m
p
le
m
e
n
tar
y
cu
m
u
lati
v
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
f
u
n
ctio
n
(
C
C
DF)
,
an
d
s
y
m
b
o
l
er
r
o
r
r
ate
(
SER).
T
h
e
p
ar
am
eter
s
e
tti
n
g
s
o
f
t
h
is
m
o
d
el
ar
e
d
ep
icted
in
T
ab
le
1
.
T
ab
le
1
.
P
ar
am
eter
s
etti
n
g
s
o
f
th
e
A
T
SO
-
P
T
S m
et
h
o
d
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
V
a
l
u
e
N
u
mb
e
r
o
f
i
t
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
s
1
0
0
P
o
p
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
i
z
e
30
U
se
r
c
a
r
r
i
e
r
s
5
2
,
1
0
4
,
1
5
6
,
2
0
8
,
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6
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P
i
l
o
t
c
a
r
r
i
e
r
s
1
2
,
2
4
,
4
8
,
6
0
,
7
2
F
F
T
si
z
e
6
4
,
1
2
8
,
2
5
6
,
5
1
2
,
1
0
2
4
A
n
t
e
n
n
a
2
×
2
,
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4
,
4
×
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,
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×
4
N
u
mb
e
r
s
u
b
c
a
r
r
i
e
r
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y
c
l
i
c
p
r
e
f
i
x
o
r
g
u
a
r
d
t
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me
0
t
o
2
e
-
6s
M
o
d
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
Q
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S
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M
o
d
u
l
a
t
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n
r
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n
g
e
16
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Z
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h
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n
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t
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p
e
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W
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N
c
h
a
n
n
e
l
T
ab
le
2
r
e
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
/
(
)
co
m
p
ar
i
s
o
n
f
o
r
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
et
h
o
d
ag
ain
s
t
th
e
e
x
i
s
ti
n
g
m
et
h
o
d
s
w
h
e
n
t
h
e
v
al
u
e
i
s
ta
k
en
as
3
0
.
T
h
e
ex
i
s
tin
g
m
et
h
o
d
s
o
f
OFDM,
B
P
SK,
Q
A
M
-
8
an
d
Q
A
M
-
1
6
ar
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
an
d
co
m
p
ar
ed
w
ith
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
et
h
o
d
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
g
r
ap
h
ical
r
ep
r
ese
n
t
atio
n
o
f
B
E
R
,
w
i
th
r
esp
ec
t to
/
(
)
.
I
n
T
ab
le
2
,
th
e
QP
SK
m
o
d
u
latio
n
i
s
co
m
p
ar
ed
w
it
h
p
r
ev
io
u
s
m
o
d
u
latio
n
s
u
s
i
n
g
B
E
R
.
T
h
e
m
ax
i
m
u
m
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r
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I
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Fig
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0
d
B
.
W
ith
o
u
t
d
o
w
n
g
r
ad
i
n
g
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