I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
Rec
o
nfig
ura
ble a
nd
E
m
be
dd
e
d Sy
s
t
e
m
s
(
I
J
R
E
S)
Vo
l.
8
,
No
.
3
,
No
v
em
b
er
201
9
,
p
p
.
1
7
5
~
1
8
4
I
SS
N
: 2
0
8
9
-
4864
,
DOI
: 1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/i
j
r
es
.
v
8
.
i3
.
p
p
1
7
5
-
1
8
4
175
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//ia
e
s
co
r
e.
co
m/jo
u
r
n
a
ls
/in
d
ex
.
p
h
p
/
I
JR
E
S
Desig
n and
i
m
ple
m
en
tatio
n of
CN
TFET
bas
ed t
ern
a
ry
1
x
1
m
e
m
o
ries
S.
T
a
m
il Selv
a
n
1
,
M.
Su
nd
a
ra
ra
j
a
n
2
1
Bh
a
ra
th
Un
iv
e
rsity
,
In
d
ia
2
Bh
a
ra
th
In
sti
tu
te
o
f
Hig
h
e
r
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
&
Re
se
a
rc
h
Ch
e
n
n
a
i,
I
n
d
ia
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
ST
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
Au
g
2
,
2
0
1
9
R
ev
i
s
ed
Sep
2
9
,
2
0
1
9
A
cc
ep
ted
Oct
1
5
,
2
0
1
9
In
th
is
p
a
p
e
r
p
re
se
n
ted
De
sig
n
a
n
d
im
p
le
m
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
CN
T
F
ET
b
a
se
d
T
e
rn
a
r
y
1
x
1
RA
M
m
e
m
o
ries
h
ig
h
-
p
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
d
ig
it
a
l
c
ircu
it
s.
CNT
F
ET
T
e
rn
a
r
y
1
x
1
S
R
A
M
m
e
m
o
ries
is
im
p
le
m
e
n
t
u
sin
g
3
2
n
m
te
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
p
ro
c
e
ss
.
T
h
e
CNT
F
E
T
d
e
c
re
sa
se
th
e
d
iam
e
ter
a
n
d
p
e
rf
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
m
a
tri
c
s
li
k
e
d
e
lay
,
p
o
we
r
a
n
d
p
o
w
e
r
d
e
la
y
,
T
h
e
CNT
F
ET
T
e
rn
a
r
y
6
T
S
RA
M
c
e
ll
c
o
n
sists
o
f
t
w
o
c
ro
ss
c
o
u
p
led
T
e
rn
a
r
y
in
v
e
rters
o
n
e
is
RE
A
D
a
n
d
a
n
o
th
e
r
W
RI
T
E
o
p
e
ra
ti
o
n
s
o
f
th
e
T
e
rn
a
r
y
6
T
S
RA
M
c
e
ll
a
re
p
e
rf
o
r
m
e
d
w
it
h
t
h
e
T
rit
li
n
e
u
sin
g
HS
P
ICE
a
n
d
T
a
n
n
e
r
t
o
o
l
s
in
th
is
to
o
l
is
p
e
rf
o
rm
e
d
h
ig
h
a
c
c
u
ra
c
y
.
T
h
e
n
o
v
e
l
b
a
se
d
w
o
rk
c
a
n
b
e
u
se
d
f
o
r
L
o
w
P
o
w
e
r
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
A
c
c
e
ss
ti
m
e
is
les
s
o
f
c
o
m
p
a
re
d
to
th
e
c
o
n
v
e
n
ti
o
n
a
l
CM
OS
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
.
T
h
e
CN
T
F
ET
T
e
rn
a
r
y
6
T
S
RA
M
a
rr
a
y
m
o
d
u
le
(1
X
1
)
in
3
2
n
m
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
c
o
n
su
m
e
s
o
n
ly
0
.
4
1
2
m
W
p
o
we
r
a
n
d
d
a
ta
a
c
c
e
ss
ti
m
e
is
a
b
o
u
t
5
.
2
3
n
s
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
C
NT
FET
NT
I
PT
I
ST
I
T
er
n
ar
y
lo
g
ic
T
SR
A
M
Co
p
y
rig
h
t
©
2
0
1
9
In
stit
u
te o
f
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
S
c
ien
c
e
.
Al
l
rig
h
ts
re
se
rv
e
d
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
S.
T
am
il Sel
v
a
n
,
B
h
ar
ath
U
n
iv
er
s
it
y
,
I
n
d
ia
.
E
m
ail:
ta
m
il
s
el
v
an
.
s
k
@
g
m
a
il.
co
m
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
T
h
e
p
r
o
g
r
ess
in
tr
ad
itio
n
al
s
ili
co
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
co
n
ti
n
u
es to
o
u
tp
ac
e
th
e
h
i
s
to
r
ic
p
ac
e
o
f
Mo
o
r
e'
s
L
a
w
,
b
u
t
h
o
w
ev
er
t
h
e
en
d
o
f
d
ev
ic
e
s
ca
lin
g
n
o
w
s
ee
m
to
b
e
f
e
w
y
ea
r
s
a
w
a
y
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
it
is
o
f
in
te
n
s
e
i
n
ter
es
t
to
f
i
n
d
n
e
w
,
m
o
lec
u
lar
-
s
ca
le
d
ev
ices
t
h
at
m
i
g
h
t
co
m
p
le
m
e
n
t
r
ep
lace
ex
i
s
ti
n
g
s
il
ico
n
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
a
n
d
allo
w
m
o
r
e
ad
v
an
ce
d
d
e
v
ice
s
ca
l
in
g
.
A
s
d
e
v
ice
s
izes
ar
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
in
g
t
h
e
n
a
n
o
s
ca
le,
n
e
w
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
ar
e
al
s
o
ar
is
in
g
t
h
er
ef
o
r
e;
n
e
w
m
ater
ia
ls
an
d
d
ev
ice
s
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
i
n
v
e
s
tig
a
ted
to
r
ep
lace
C
MO
S
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
to
ca
r
b
o
n
n
an
o
s
ca
le
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
f
r
o
m
th
e
y
ea
r
2015
an
d
b
ey
o
n
d
[
1
]
.
A
s
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
m
i
s
in
g
n
e
w
d
ev
ice
s
,
ca
r
b
o
n
n
an
o
tu
b
e
FET
s
(
C
NT
FET
s
)
n
e
w
n
a
n
o
elec
tr
o
n
ic
s
y
s
te
m
s
b
ased
o
n
n
e
w
d
ev
ices
with
co
m
p
letel
y
n
e
w
s
y
s
te
m
ar
ch
itect
u
r
es,
f
o
r
ex
a
m
p
les:
-
n
an
o
t
u
b
es,
n
a
n
o
w
ir
es,
m
o
lecu
lar
d
ev
ices,
a
n
d
n
o
v
el
d
ev
ice
co
n
ce
p
t
s
f
o
r
n
an
o
elec
tr
o
n
ics
[2
]
.
Of
th
e
v
ar
io
u
s
m
ater
ial
S
y
s
te
m
s
an
d
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
es
s
t
u
d
ied
s
o
f
ar
,
ca
r
b
o
n
n
a
n
o
tu
b
es
h
av
e
s
h
o
w
n
p
ar
ticu
lar
p
r
o
m
is
e
o
w
i
n
g
to
t
h
eir
n
an
o
s
ca
le
s
ize
a
n
d
u
n
iq
u
e
elec
tr
o
n
ic
p
r
o
p
er
ties
[3
]
.
T
h
ey
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
also
f
ab
r
icate
d
s
u
cc
es
s
f
u
ll
y
a
n
d
it
is
r
ep
o
r
ted
th
at
t
h
e
y
h
av
e
s
h
o
w
n
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
i
s
b
etter
t
h
an
p
r
esen
t
s
ilico
n
tr
an
s
i
s
to
r
s
s
ize.
S
ilico
n
-
on
-
i
n
s
u
lato
r
(
SOI
)
MO
SF
E
T
.
Sev
er
al
leak
a
g
e
cu
r
r
en
t
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
s
in
M
OSFET
s
u
c
h
as
r
ev
er
s
e
-
b
ia
s
p
-
n
j
u
n
ctio
n
cu
r
r
en
t,
w
ea
k
i
n
v
er
s
io
n
c
u
r
r
en
t
an
d
d
r
ain
in
d
u
ce
d
b
ar
r
ie
r
lo
w
er
i
n
g
(
D
I
B
L
)
cu
r
r
en
t
[4
-
7
]
ar
e
b
ei
n
g
i
n
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
s
h
o
r
t
-
ch
a
n
n
el
e
f
f
ec
t.
T
u
n
n
el
in
g
e
f
f
ec
t
i
n
n
a
n
o
s
ca
l
e
MO
SF
E
T
is
al
s
o
i
m
p
ac
ti
n
g
t
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
tr
an
s
is
to
r
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
in
ca
s
e
o
f
ca
r
b
o
n
n
a
n
o
-
s
ca
le
tr
an
s
is
t
o
r
as
th
e
tr
an
s
is
to
r
s
ize
an
d
th
e
d
i
s
tan
ce
b
et
w
ee
n
t
w
o
tr
an
s
is
to
r
s
i
s
also
b
ee
n
s
ca
led
d
o
w
n
,
it
ca
u
s
e
th
e
ca
r
r
i
er
s
o
f
o
n
e
tr
an
s
is
to
r
to
cr
o
s
s
th
e
b
ar
r
ier
an
d
h
as
ef
f
ec
t
to
an
o
t
h
er
tr
an
s
is
to
r
l
y
i
n
g
clo
s
e
to
it.
T
h
e
tu
n
n
el
in
g
e
f
f
ec
t
is
f
o
u
n
d
to
b
e
in
cr
ea
s
i
n
g
e
x
p
o
n
e
n
tiall
y
as
t
h
e
b
ar
r
ier
d
is
tan
ce
i
s
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
[6
]
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
cir
cu
it
d
esig
n
m
et
h
o
d
s
an
d
p
r
o
ce
s
s
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
s
tr
ateg
i
es
h
a
v
e
to
b
e
d
ev
is
ed
in
o
r
d
er
to
tack
le
th
e
ab
o
v
e
m
en
tio
n
ed
is
s
u
e
s
o
n
p
o
w
er
d
is
s
ip
atio
n
a
n
d
v
ar
iab
ilit
y
.
T
h
is
w
o
r
k
co
n
ce
n
tr
ate
s
o
n
th
e
C
NT
as
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
o
f
e
m
er
g
i
n
g
n
an
o
d
ev
ice
s
.
T
h
o
u
g
h
h
o
ld
i
n
g
a
g
r
ea
t
p
r
o
m
is
e
f
o
r
f
u
t
u
r
e
elec
tr
o
n
ics,
C
NT
s
ar
e
ex
tr
e
m
el
y
p
r
o
n
e
to
v
ar
io
u
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
20
89
-
4864
I
n
t J
R
ec
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
ab
le
&
E
m
b
ed
d
ed
Sy
s
t
Vo
l.
8
,
No
.
3
,
No
v
em
b
er
2019
: 1
7
5
–
1
8
4
176
s
o
u
r
ce
s
o
f
v
ar
iatio
n
s
.
A
s
t
h
e
elec
tr
ical
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
s
o
f
C
N
T
s
ar
e
d
ir
ec
tly
r
elate
d
to
th
eir
p
h
y
s
ica
l
s
tr
u
c
tu
r
e,
ato
m
ic
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
al
c
h
a
n
g
e
s
ca
n
tr
an
s
late
in
to
s
i
g
n
i
f
ican
t
v
ar
iatio
n
i
n
t
h
eir
elec
tr
o
n
ic
b
e
h
av
i
o
r
.
T
h
is
w
o
r
k
ai
m
s
to
f
ac
ilit
a
te
C
NT
-
b
ased
d
esig
n
i
n
t
h
e
p
r
ese
n
ce
o
f
C
NT
d
ia
m
eter
a
n
d
d
o
p
in
g
v
ar
iatio
n
s
.
T
o
ac
h
iev
e
th
is
,
an
ex
h
au
s
ti
v
e
s
t
u
d
y
i
s
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t to
ex
a
m
in
e
t
h
e
e
f
f
ec
t
s
o
f
C
NT
p
h
y
s
ical
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
s
.
Var
iatio
n
s
o
n
cir
cu
it
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
v
ar
iab
les.
T
h
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
C
NT
d
iam
e
ter
v
ar
iatio
n
s
o
n
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
p
ar
am
eter
s
(
d
ela
y
,
p
o
w
er
co
n
s
u
m
p
t
io
n
,
etc.
)
o
f
v
ar
io
u
s
l
o
g
ic
an
d
m
e
m
o
r
y
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
s
is
s
t
u
d
ied
in
d
ep
t
h
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
v
ar
io
u
s
s
i
m
u
lat
io
n
s
t
r
ateg
ies,
a
n
o
p
ti
m
u
m
C
NT
m
ea
n
d
ia
m
eter
f
o
r
u
s
e
i
n
C
NT
b
ased
lo
g
ic
d
esi
g
n
is
p
u
t
f
o
r
w
ar
d
f
o
r
t
h
e
f
ir
s
t
ti
m
e.
F
u
r
th
er
,
n
o
v
el
m
at
h
e
m
ati
ca
l
m
o
d
els
f
o
r
th
e
p
r
ed
ictio
n
o
f
d
ela
y
b
e
h
av
io
r
o
f
C
NT
-
b
ased
cir
cu
it
s
i
n
t
h
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
d
ia
m
eter
v
ar
iatio
n
s
ar
e
d
ev
elo
p
ed
[
3
]
.
T
h
r
esh
o
ld
v
o
lta
g
e
a
n
d
g
at
e
o
x
id
e
th
ic
k
n
ess
ar
e
m
aj
o
r
is
s
u
es/
f
ac
to
r
to
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
th
e
r
e
v
er
s
e
s
a
tu
r
atio
n
cu
r
r
e
n
t
i
n
n
a
n
o
-
s
ca
le
MO
S
FET
tr
an
s
i
s
to
r
.
Scali
n
g
d
o
w
n
t
h
e
c
o
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
MO
S
FET
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
b
r
in
g
to
tr
a
n
s
i
s
to
r
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
i
s
s
u
es
b
u
t
al
s
o
to
f
ab
r
icatio
n
p
r
o
b
lem
.
T
h
e
li
m
itatio
n
o
f
t
h
e
MO
S
FET
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
d
u
e
to
th
e
f
ac
t
t
h
at
Z
e
n
er
b
r
ea
k
d
o
w
n
w
ill
o
cc
u
r
at
s
o
u
r
ce
/
s
u
b
s
tr
ate
j
u
n
ctio
n
,
lit
h
o
g
r
ap
h
y
li
m
i
tatio
n
an
d
also
t
h
e
y
ield
co
n
tr
o
l
f
o
r
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
ct
ar
e
th
e
li
m
itatio
n
to
co
n
ti
n
u
e
s
c
aled
th
e
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
MO
S
F
E
T
in
to
s
m
aller
s
izes.
T
h
e
l
o
w
ca
r
r
ier
m
o
b
ilit
y
in
s
ilico
n
(
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
ca
r
b
o
n
n
a
n
o
tu
b
e)
m
a
y
b
e
al
s
o
d
eg
r
ad
e
th
e
MO
SF
E
T
tr
an
s
is
to
r
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
Fo
r
th
ese
r
ea
s
o
n
s
,
t
h
e
n
e
w
d
ev
ice
C
N
FET
w
it
h
n
e
w
ch
an
n
el
m
ater
ial
i
s
b
ein
g
e
x
ten
s
i
v
el
y
ex
p
lo
r
ed
.
T
h
is
p
r
o
j
ec
t
w
o
r
k
u
s
es
s
a
m
e
3
2
n
m
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
tr
an
s
is
to
r
ch
an
n
el
le
n
g
t
h
to
p
r
o
v
e
th
at
C
NFET
ca
n
p
r
o
v
id
e
b
etter
tr
an
s
is
to
r
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
an
o
t
h
er
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
C
NT
FET
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
.
T
h
e
d
ata
co
llected
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
i
m
u
la
tio
n
w
ill b
e
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
6
2
n
m
C
NT
FET
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
a
n
d
co
n
clu
d
e
w
it
h
s
o
m
e
an
al
y
s
i
s
.
T
h
is
p
ap
er
is
o
r
g
an
ized
i
n
th
e
f
o
llo
w
in
g
m
a
n
n
er
.
I
n
Secti
o
n
1
,
w
e
m
ai
n
l
y
ar
e
g
i
v
i
n
g
s
o
m
e
b
r
ie
f
in
tr
o
d
u
ctio
n
o
n
u
ti
lizatio
n
o
f
ca
r
b
o
n
n
an
o
t
u
b
e
d
ev
ice
s
i
n
r
e
ce
n
t
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
.
I
n
s
ec
tio
n
2
A
b
r
ief
d
is
c
u
s
s
io
n
o
n
th
e
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
o
f
ca
r
b
o
n
n
an
o
tu
b
es
i
n
clu
d
i
n
g
ch
ir
al
v
ec
to
r
an
d
m
etall
ic
an
d
s
e
m
ico
n
d
u
ctin
g
n
a
n
o
t
u
b
e
an
d
also
S
y
n
t
h
esi
s
o
f
Nan
o
t
u
b
es
w
ill
b
e
co
v
er
ed
.
I
n
s
ec
tio
n
3
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
o
n
Si
m
p
le
T
e
r
n
ar
y
in
v
er
ter
,
p
o
s
itiv
e
ter
n
ar
y
i
n
v
er
ter
an
d
n
eg
ati
v
e
ter
n
ar
y
in
v
er
ter
I
n
Sectio
n
4
,
w
e
h
a
v
e
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
ted
a
T
er
n
ar
y
1
x
1
Sra
m
A
r
r
a
y
Mo
d
u
le
cir
cu
it
u
s
in
g
C
ar
b
o
n
Na
n
o
tu
b
e
F
ield
E
f
f
ec
t
T
r
an
s
is
to
r
(
C
NFET
)
.
T
h
e
k
e
y
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
s
o
f
T
er
n
ar
y
s
u
ch
as
tr
it
lin
e
c
o
n
d
itio
n
i
n
g
cir
c
u
it
r
ea
d
s
en
s
i
n
g
cir
c
u
it
a
n
d
w
r
ite
d
r
iv
er
cir
cu
it.
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
lo
w
p
o
w
er
an
d
h
ig
h
s
p
ee
d
in
v
er
ter
cir
cu
it
d
es
ig
n
i
s
s
u
es
f
o
r
C
NFET
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
I
n
s
ec
tio
n
5
d
escr
ib
es
th
e
d
esi
g
n
o
f
ter
n
ar
y
1
x
1
s
r
a
m
s
ec
t
io
n
5
.
1
d
es
cr
i
b
es
th
e
d
ia
m
eter
,
C
NT
p
itch
ch
ar
alit
y
v
ec
to
r
an
d
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
tu
b
es
etc
in
s
ec
ti
o
n
6
s
im
u
lat
io
n
r
esu
l
ts
u
s
in
g
Hsp
ice
to
o
ls
s
i
m
u
lated
t
h
e
ter
n
ar
y
1
x
1
Sra
m
s
i
m
u
lat
io
n
f
o
r
lo
g
ic
0
,
1
/2
,
1
ar
e
s
h
o
w
n
I
n
s
ec
tio
n
7
,
in
t
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
th
e
ter
n
ar
y
1
x
1
Sra
m
co
m
p
ar
e
w
it
h
ST
I
,
PTI
,
NT
I
an
d
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
6
2
n
m
,
3
2
n
m
,
I
n
Sectio
n
8
co
n
clu
s
io
n
w
e
d
is
c
u
s
s
th
e
h
o
w
b
est
th
e
ter
n
ar
y
1
x
1
Sra
m
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
l
ik
e
p
o
w
er
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
an
d
ac
c
ess
ti
m
e
co
m
p
ar
e
to
C
MO
S
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
[8
]
.
2.
DE
S
I
G
N
O
F
2
-
B
I
T
H
ARDWA
RE
O
P
T
I
M
I
Z
E
D
T
E
RN
ARY
An
A
L
U
is
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
m
ai
n
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
t
s
in
s
id
e
ce
n
tr
al
p
r
o
c
ess
i
n
g
u
n
i
t
(
C
P
U)
o
f
a
d
ig
ital
co
m
p
u
ter
,
an
d
ev
e
n
it
i
s
f
o
u
n
d
i
n
s
id
e
th
e
s
i
m
p
lest
m
icr
o
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
r
s
also
,
w
h
er
e
it
is
r
esp
o
n
s
i
b
le
f
o
r
p
er
f
o
r
m
i
n
g
ar
ith
m
etic
an
d
lo
g
ic
o
p
er
atio
n
s
.
T
h
e
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
d
e
m
a
n
d
f
o
r
h
ig
h
l
y
o
p
ti
m
ized
m
o
d
er
n
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
i
n
g
s
y
s
te
m
clea
r
l
y
p
o
in
t
s
to
th
e
n
e
ed
o
f
ef
f
ic
ien
t i
m
p
le
m
en
tatio
n
o
f
AL
U
i
n
ter
m
s
o
f
p
o
w
er
,
s
p
ee
d
an
d
h
ar
d
w
ar
e.
Desig
n
o
f
T
er
n
ar
y
L
o
g
ic
Ga
tes
T
er
n
ar
y
lo
g
ic
is
a
t
y
p
e
o
f
m
u
l
ti
-
v
al
u
ed
lo
g
ic,
w
h
ic
h
ad
d
s
a
th
ir
d
v
alu
e
to
th
e
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
b
i
n
ar
y
lo
g
ic.
T
ab
le
1
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
d
e
f
i
n
it
io
n
o
f
ter
n
ar
y
lo
g
ic
s
tate
s
d
en
o
ted
b
y
0
,
1
an
d
2
an
d
th
eir
eq
u
iv
ale
n
t
v
o
ltag
e
l
ev
els.
An
n
-
v
ar
iab
le
ter
n
ar
y
f
u
n
ct
io
n
f
(
a1
,
a2
…an
)
is
a
lo
g
ic
f
u
n
ctio
n
w
h
ich
is
m
ap
p
ed
o
n
{0
,
1
,
2
}
n
to
{0
,
1
,
2
}.
T
h
e
b
asic
ter
n
ar
y
o
p
e
r
atio
n
s
(
A
ND,
O
R
an
d
NOT
)
ar
e
d
ef
in
ed
as f
o
llo
w
s
.
A
r
c
h
itect
u
r
e
o
f
2
-
b
it HO
-
T
AL
U
a
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
a
1
,a
2,
a
3
……………a
n
=
m
i
n
(
a
1
,a
2,
a
3
……………a
n)
a
1
+a
2
+a
3
……………a
n
=
m
in
(
a
1
,a
2,
a
3
……………a
n)
T
ab
le
1
.
Def
in
itio
n
o
f
lo
g
ic
s
t
ates in
ter
n
ar
y
lo
g
ic
L
o
g
i
c
st
a
t
e
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
l
e
v
e
l
0
0
1
0
.
4
5
(
V
d
d
/
2
)
2
0
.
9
(
V
d
d
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
R
ec
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
ab
le
&
E
m
b
ed
d
ed
Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2089
-
4864
Desig
n
a
n
d
imp
leme
n
ta
tio
n
o
f
C
N
TFE
T
b
a
s
ed
tern
a
r
y
1
x1
mem
o
r
ies
…
(
S.
Ta
mil S
elva
n
)
177
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
A
r
ch
itectu
r
e
o
f
2
-
b
it
HO
-
T
AL
U
1
-
to
-
3
-
lin
e
T
er
n
ar
y
Dec
o
d
er
Fig
u
r
e
1
s
h
o
w
s
lo
g
ic
d
iag
r
a
m
o
f
1
-
to
-
3
-
lin
e
ter
n
ar
y
d
ec
o
d
er
an
d
its
tr
u
t
h
tab
le
.
I
t
is
a
o
n
e
-
i
n
p
u
t,
th
r
ee
-
o
u
tp
u
t
co
m
b
i
n
atio
n
a
l
ci
r
cu
it
t
h
at
g
e
n
er
ates
t
h
r
ee
u
n
a
r
y
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
f
o
r
a
n
in
p
u
t
„
a
‟
as
a0
,
a1
an
d
a2
.
T
h
is
d
esig
n
u
s
e
s
NT
I
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
a0
,
PT
I
f
o
llo
w
ed
b
y
a
b
in
ar
y
in
v
er
te
r
to
g
en
er
ate
a2
,
an
d
a
b
in
ar
y
NOR
g
at
e
h
av
i
n
g
in
p
u
ts
a0
an
d
a2
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
a1
.
T
er
n
ar
y
L
o
g
ic
an
d
B
u
i
ld
in
g
B
lo
ck
s
T
er
n
ar
y
lo
g
ic
f
u
n
ct
io
n
s
ar
e
t
h
o
s
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
t
h
at
h
a
v
e
s
ig
n
i
f
i
ca
n
ce
i
f
a
th
ir
d
v
al
u
e
i
s
i
n
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
to
t
h
e
b
i
n
ar
y
lo
g
ic.
I
n
t
h
is
p
ap
er
,
0
,
1
/2
,
an
d
1
d
en
o
te
th
e
ter
n
ar
y
v
alu
e
s
to
r
ep
r
esen
t
f
alse,
u
n
d
ef
i
n
ed
,
an
d
tr
u
e,
r
esp
ec
t
iv
el
y
.
T
h
e
t
h
r
ee
t
y
p
es o
f
in
v
er
ter
s
t
h
at
ar
e
.
a.
Si
m
p
le
T
er
n
ar
y
I
n
v
er
ter
(
ST
I
)
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
t
y
p
e
o
f
ter
n
ar
y
i
n
v
er
ter
is
t
h
e
s
i
m
p
le
ter
n
ar
y
in
v
er
ter
(
ST
I
)
.
Fo
r
th
e
i
n
p
u
t
s
{0
,
1
/2
,
1
}
it
y
ield
s
t
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
{1
,
1
/2
,
0
}.
B
ec
au
s
e
o
f
i
ts
ab
ili
t
y
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
{1
/2
}
at
th
e
o
u
t
p
u
t,
ST
I
is
u
s
ed
as
th
e
p
r
i
m
ar
y
b
u
ild
i
n
g
b
lo
ck
f
o
r
th
e
ter
n
ar
y
1
x
1
SR
A
M,
A
h
ig
h
r
esis
ta
n
ce
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
g
ate
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
a
lo
w
-
r
esis
ta
n
ce
th
r
es
h
o
ld
m
o
d
if
ied
b
in
ar
y
in
v
er
ter
an
d
1
/2
Vs
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
th
e
m
id
d
le
lev
el
v
o
ltag
e.
T
h
e
Si
m
p
le
T
er
n
ar
y
I
n
v
er
ter
is
m
ad
e
b
y
co
m
b
in
in
g
a
b
i
n
ar
y
C
MO
S
i
n
v
er
ter
w
it
h
a
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
g
ate
[9
]
.
T
h
e
th
r
es
h
o
ld
v
o
lta
g
es
o
f
t
h
e
tr
an
s
i
s
to
r
s
i
n
C
M
OS
i
n
v
er
ter
.
T
h
e
in
v
er
ter
w
o
r
k
s
as
a
s
i
m
p
le
i
n
v
er
ter
w
h
e
n
t
h
e
in
p
u
t
is
0
V
o
r
1
V.
B
u
t
w
h
e
n
t
h
e
i
n
p
u
t
is
1
V,
t
h
e
tr
a
n
s
i
s
to
r
s
Q1
an
d
Q2
g
o
es
i
n
cu
t
o
f
f
r
e
g
io
n
a
n
d
t
h
e
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
g
ate
a
id
s
i
n
p
u
ll
in
g
u
p
t
h
e
co
n
tr
o
l
s
ig
n
al(
w
h
o
s
e
v
alu
e
is
eq
u
al
to
th
e
h
al
f
o
f
s
u
p
p
l
y
v
o
ltag
e)
,
to
t
h
e
o
u
t
p
u
t
w
h
en
th
e
in
v
e
r
ter
is
in
cu
t
o
f
f
r
eg
io
n
.
A
ci
r
cui
t
r
e
pr
e
s
ent
a
t
i
on
of
s
i
m
pl
e
t
er
n
ar
y
i
n
v
er
ter
a
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
2
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
20
89
-
4864
I
n
t J
R
ec
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
ab
le
&
E
m
b
ed
d
ed
Sy
s
t
Vo
l.
8
,
No
.
3
,
No
v
em
b
er
2019
: 1
7
5
–
1
8
4
178
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
A
cir
cu
i
t r
ep
r
esen
tat
io
n
o
f
s
i
m
p
le
ter
n
ar
y
i
n
v
er
ter
b.
N
eg
at
i
v
e Ter
na
r
y
I
n
v
er
t
er
(
N
T
I
)
T
h
e
Ne
g
ativ
e
T
er
n
ar
y
I
n
v
er
te
r
(
NT
I
)
Fo
r
th
e
in
p
u
t
o
f
{0
,
1
/2
,
1
},
N
T
I
p
r
o
v
id
es
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
{0
,
0
,
1
}.
An
al
w
a
y
s
o
n
tr
an
s
is
to
r
(
NM
OS
f
o
r
NT
I
)
is
u
s
ed
f
o
r
t
h
e
p
a
s
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
m
id
d
le
v
o
lta
g
e
in
s
te
ad
o
f
a
tr
a
n
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
g
ate
as
it
s
g
ate
i
s
tied
to
th
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
p
o
w
er
s
u
p
p
l
y
to
k
ee
p
it
co
n
s
ta
n
tl
y
ON.
I
t
b
eh
av
e
s
as
a
n
o
r
m
al
in
v
er
ter
w
h
e
n
th
e
i
n
p
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
i.e
.
Vin
i
s
eq
u
al
to
0
V
an
d
1
V,
b
u
t
w
h
e
n
t
h
e
v
al
u
e
o
f
V
in
is
eq
u
al
to
1
/2
V,
th
e
tr
a
n
s
i
s
to
r
s
Q1
a
n
d
Q2
g
o
es i
n
c
u
t o
f
f
r
e
g
io
n
an
d
th
e
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
g
ate
aid
s
i
n
p
u
l
lin
g
u
p
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l si
g
n
a
l
C
(
w
h
o
s
e
v
al
u
e
i
s
eq
u
a
l
to
0
Vo
lts
)
,
to
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
w
h
e
n
t
h
e
in
v
er
ter
is
i
n
c
u
t
o
f
f
r
eg
io
n
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e
w
h
e
n
th
e
v
al
u
e
o
f
Vi
n
is
1
/2
Vo
lt
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
NT
I
is
0
Vo
lt.
A
c
ir
cu
it
r
ep
r
ese
n
tatio
n
o
f
n
e
g
ati
v
e
ter
n
ar
y
in
v
er
ter
a
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
3
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
A
cir
cu
i
t
r
ep
r
esen
tat
io
n
o
f
n
e
g
ati
v
e
ter
n
ar
y
in
v
er
te
r
c.
P
o
s
itiv
e
T
er
n
ar
y
I
n
v
er
ter
(
P
T
I
)
T
h
e
P
o
s
itiv
e
T
er
n
ar
y
I
n
v
er
ter
f
o
r
th
e
in
p
u
t
{0
,
1
/2
,
1
}
p
r
o
v
id
es
{1
,
1
,
0
}
f
o
r
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
PT
I
.
I
n
PT
I
,
an
ad
d
itio
n
al
al
w
a
y
s
o
n
tr
a
n
s
i
s
to
r
(
P
MO
S
f
o
r
PT
I
)
is
u
s
ed
to
p
ass
m
id
d
le
v
o
ltag
e
.
P
MO
S
tr
an
s
is
to
r
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
C
MO
S
i
n
v
er
ter
an
d
its
g
ate
i
s
tied
to
th
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
,
to
k
ee
p
i
t
co
n
s
ta
n
tl
y
tu
r
n
ed
ON.
I
t b
eh
av
es a
s
a
n
o
r
m
al
i
n
v
er
ter
w
h
e
n
th
e
i
n
p
u
t v
o
lta
g
e
i
.
e.
Vin
is
eq
u
al
to
0
V
an
d
1
V,
b
u
t
w
h
e
n
t
h
e
v
al
u
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
R
ec
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
ab
le
&
E
m
b
ed
d
ed
Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2089
-
4864
Desig
n
a
n
d
imp
leme
n
ta
tio
n
o
f
C
N
TFE
T
b
a
s
ed
tern
a
r
y
1
x1
mem
o
r
ies
…
(
S.
Ta
mil S
elva
n
)
179
o
f
Vi
n
is
eq
u
al
to
1
/2
V,
th
e
tr
an
s
i
s
to
r
s
Q1
a
n
d
Q2
g
o
es
i
n
c
u
t
o
f
f
r
e
g
io
n
a
n
d
t
h
e
tr
a
n
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
g
ate
aid
s
in
p
u
lli
n
g
u
p
t
h
e
co
n
tr
o
l
s
i
g
n
al
C
,
to
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
w
h
e
n
th
e
in
v
er
ter
is
i
n
C
u
t
o
f
f
r
e
g
io
n
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e
w
h
en
th
e
v
a
lu
e
o
f
Vi
n
is
1
/2
Vo
lt
t
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
P
T
I
is
1
Vo
lts
.
A
cir
cu
it
r
ep
r
esen
tat
io
n
o
f
p
o
s
iti
v
e
ter
n
ar
y
in
v
er
ter
a
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
4
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
A
cir
cu
i
t r
ep
r
esen
tat
io
n
o
f
p
o
s
itiv
e
ter
n
ar
y
i
n
v
er
ter
2
.
1
.
T
er
na
ry
s
ra
m
a
rr
a
y
m
o
du
le
A
r
r
a
y
,
w
h
ic
h
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
T
er
n
ar
y
SR
AM
ce
ll,
T
r
itli
n
e
co
n
d
i
tio
n
in
g
(
T
C
)
cir
cu
it,
R
o
w
Dec
o
d
er
(
R
D)
,
C
o
lu
m
n
Dec
o
d
er
(
C
D)
an
d
R
ea
d
/
w
r
i
te
B
u
f
f
er
s
,
Se
n
s
e
a
m
p
li
f
ier
cir
cu
it
T
er
n
ar
y
S
R
AM
ce
ll
is
p
r
ec
h
ar
g
ed
b
y
T
C
w
it
h
clo
c
k
i
n
p
u
t.
T
h
e
w
o
r
d
li
n
es
an
d
T
r
itli
n
e
s
o
f
T
er
n
ar
y
SR
A
M
ce
ll
ar
e
s
elec
te
d
b
y
R
ea
d
Dec
o
d
er
an
d
C
o
l
u
m
n
Dec
o
d
er
r
esp
ec
t
iv
el
y
w
it
h
A
d
d
r
ess
li
n
es
(
A
0
-
Ak
-
1
)
as
in
p
u
ts
.
W
r
ite/
R
ea
d
B
u
f
f
er
s
ar
e
u
s
ed
W
r
ite
d
ata
in
to
th
e
ce
ll
a
n
d
R
ea
d
d
ata
f
r
o
m
ce
ll
r
esp
ec
ti
v
el
y
.
B
lo
ck
D
iag
r
a
m
o
f
T
er
n
ar
y
S
R
A
M
A
r
r
a
y
a
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
5
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
B
lo
ck
d
iag
r
a
m
o
f
ter
n
ar
y
S
R
A
M
ar
r
a
y
2
.
2
.
T
RIT
L
I
NE
CO
ND
I
T
I
O
NING
C
I
RCU
I
T
T
h
e
T
r
itli
n
e
co
n
d
itio
n
in
g
cir
cu
itr
y
i
s
u
s
ed
to
p
r
ec
h
ar
g
e
th
e
tr
itli
n
e
s
h
i
g
h
b
ef
o
r
e
R
E
AD/W
R
I
T
E
o
p
er
atio
n
.
A
tr
itli
n
e
co
n
d
itio
n
er
co
n
s
is
t
s
o
f
p
air
o
f
P
MO
S
tr
an
s
i
s
to
r
s
.
Sch
e
m
atic
v
ie
w
o
f
t
r
itli
n
e
co
n
d
itio
n
in
g
a
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
6
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
20
89
-
4864
I
n
t J
R
ec
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
ab
le
&
E
m
b
ed
d
ed
Sy
s
t
Vo
l.
8
,
No
.
3
,
No
v
em
b
er
2019
: 1
7
5
–
1
8
4
180
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
Sch
e
m
atic
v
ie
w
o
f
t
r
itli
n
e
co
n
d
it
io
n
i
n
g
2
.
3
.
Rea
d sens
ing
circ
uit
R
ea
d
s
en
s
in
g
cir
cu
i
ts
ar
e
also
ca
lled
as
s
en
s
e
a
m
p
l
if
ier
s
,
w
h
ich
p
r
o
v
id
e
f
a
s
ter
s
en
s
i
n
g
b
y
ap
p
l
y
in
g
a
s
m
a
ll
v
o
ltag
e
s
w
i
n
g
.
T
er
n
ar
y
R
ea
d
s
e
n
s
in
g
cir
c
u
it
is
ac
ti
v
ated
co
n
s
u
m
e
s
p
o
w
er
in
t
h
e
cir
c
u
it
.
W
h
en
R
ea
d
-
e
n
ab
le
li
n
e
i
n
p
u
t
is
h
i
g
h
,
th
e
tr
an
s
is
to
r
i
s
a
ctiv
e
a
n
d
w
h
en
R
ea
d
-
en
ab
le
lin
e
in
p
u
t
i
s
lo
w
,
it
ef
f
ec
ti
v
el
y
t
u
r
n
s
ON
t
h
e
cr
o
s
s
-
co
u
p
led
in
v
er
ter
tr
an
s
is
to
r
p
air
,
w
h
ich
p
u
lls
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
to
th
e
d
ata
a
n
d
o
th
er
co
m
p
le
m
e
n
t t
h
r
o
u
g
h
i
n
v
er
ter
.
Sch
e
m
atic
v
ie
w
o
f
T
er
n
ar
y
R
e
ad
Sen
s
e
a
m
p
l
if
ier
a
s
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
7.
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
Sch
e
m
atic
v
i
e
w
o
f
te
r
n
ar
y
r
ea
d
s
en
s
e
a
m
p
li
f
ier
2
.
4
.
Writ
e
driv
er
circ
uit
T
o
w
r
ite
to
t
h
e
ce
ll,
T
R
I
T
L
i
n
es
m
u
s
t
b
e
d
r
iv
e
n
to
t
h
e
d
esir
ed
v
alu
e
w
h
ile
W
OR
D
li
n
e
is
ass
er
ted
to
f
o
r
ce
th
e
s
to
r
ed
d
ata
to
th
e
v
al
u
e
o
f
T
R
I
T
.
T
h
e
v
alu
e
w
h
ic
h
is
to
b
e
s
to
r
ed
in
S
R
A
M
m
u
s
t
b
e
g
i
v
e
n
to
th
e
T
R
I
T
L
i
n
es
a
n
d
W
OR
D
L
in
e
m
u
s
t
b
e
as
s
er
ted
i
n
o
r
d
er
to
k
ee
p
ac
ce
s
s
tr
an
s
is
to
r
s
ON.
I
n
t
h
is
ca
s
e
th
e
v
a
lu
e
o
f
T
R
I
T
L
in
e
p
as
s
es
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
ac
ce
s
s
tr
an
s
is
to
r
s
to
th
e
f
ir
s
t
ST
I
I
n
v
er
ter
.
I
f
T
R
I
T
is
1
,
th
en
t
h
e
NM
O
S
o
f
f
ir
s
t
ST
I
tu
r
n
s
ON,
w
h
ich
i
n
t
u
r
n
m
ak
e
s
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
f
ir
s
t
ST
I
lo
w
.
As
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
f
ir
s
t
ST
I
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
i
n
p
u
t
o
f
s
ec
o
n
d
ST
I
,
it
tu
r
n
s
ON
t
h
e
P
MO
S
o
f
s
ec
o
n
d
ST
I
w
h
ic
h
m
a
k
e
s
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
s
ec
o
n
d
ST
I
h
ig
h
.
A
s
t
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
s
ec
o
n
d
ST
I
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
in
p
u
t
o
f
f
ir
s
t
S
T
I
,
it
ag
ain
m
a
k
e
s
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
f
ir
s
t
ST
I
lo
w
an
d
th
i
s
is
h
o
w
t
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
g
o
es
o
n
an
d
b
o
th
th
e
ST
I
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
ea
ch
o
th
er
.
I
f
th
e
v
alu
e
t
h
at
i
s
to
b
e
w
r
itte
n
in
t
h
e
S
R
A
M
is
0
o
r
1
th
en
v
o
ltag
e
ap
p
lied
to
th
e
T
R
I
T
L
in
es
m
u
s
t
b
e
0
,
½
,
an
d
1
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
Sc
h
e
m
atic
v
ie
w
o
f
ter
n
ar
y
w
r
ite
d
r
iv
er
a
s
h
o
w
n
in
F
ig
u
r
e
8
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
R
ec
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
ab
le
&
E
m
b
ed
d
ed
Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2089
-
4864
Desig
n
a
n
d
imp
leme
n
ta
tio
n
o
f
C
N
TFE
T
b
a
s
ed
tern
a
r
y
1
x1
mem
o
r
ies
…
(
S.
Ta
mil S
elva
n
)
181
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
Sch
e
m
atic
v
ie
w
o
f
te
r
n
ar
y
w
r
ite
d
r
iv
er
2
.
5
.
T
er
na
ry
1
x
1
SRAM
a
rr
a
y
:
T
h
e
T
e
r
n
ar
y
1
x
1
S
R
A
M
m
e
m
o
r
y
ar
r
a
y
P
r
o
p
er
d
esig
n
o
f
p
er
ip
h
er
al
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
I
/
O
cir
cu
it
s
(
P
r
ec
h
ar
g
e,
Sen
s
e
Am
p
li
f
ier
,
an
d
R
o
w
/C
o
l
u
m
n
Dec
o
d
er
etc.
)
ar
e
im
p
o
r
tan
t
f
o
r
p
r
o
p
er
f
u
n
ctio
n
a
lit
y
o
f
t
h
e
f
u
ll
s
y
s
te
m
.
T
o
ac
ce
s
s
a
p
ar
tic
u
lar
m
e
m
o
r
y
ce
ll,
all
t
h
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
cir
c
u
its
‟
a
ctiv
e
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
is
n
ec
e
s
s
ar
y
.
Fi
g
u
r
e
9
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
b
lo
ck
d
ia
g
r
a
m
o
f
t
h
e
te
r
n
ar
y
1
x
1
Sra
m
ar
r
a
y
.
Her
e
W
C
d
en
o
tes
w
r
ite
cir
cu
it,
W
E
d
en
o
tes
w
r
ite
en
a
b
le
s
ig
n
al,
SE
is
t
h
e
s
en
s
e
en
a
b
le
s
ig
n
al
f
o
r
en
ab
lin
g
th
e
s
e
n
s
e
a
m
p
li
f
ier
cir
cu
its
w
it
h
O1
,
as
th
e
o
u
tp
u
ts
o
f
t
h
e
s
en
s
e
a
m
p
li
f
ier
b
lo
ck
.
W
L
1
,
ar
e
th
e
w
o
r
d
lin
es.
A
d
d
r
ess
d
ec
o
d
er
s
elec
ts
a
p
ar
tic
u
lar
w
o
r
d
lin
e
f
o
r
ac
ce
s
s
i
n
g
r
eq
u
ir
ed
ce
ll a
r
r
ay
; t
h
e
a
d
d
r
ess
d
ec
o
d
in
g
d
ela
y
ac
co
u
n
t
s
f
o
r
th
e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
o
f
t
h
e
m
e
m
o
r
y
ac
ce
s
s
ti
m
e
in
ad
d
itio
n
w
i
th
t
h
e
d
ela
y
o
f
t
h
e
b
it
-
li
n
e
ca
p
ac
i
tan
ce
s
.
R
ea
d
/W
r
ite
cir
cu
itr
y
p
r
o
v
id
es
th
e
i
n
ter
f
a
ce
b
et
w
ee
n
i
n
ter
n
al
ce
ll
s
w
i
th
ex
ter
n
al
h
ar
d
w
ar
e
f
ac
ilit
a
tin
g
ac
cu
r
ate
d
ata
tr
an
s
f
er
.
B
ef
o
r
e
ev
er
y
r
ea
d
o
p
er
atio
n
p
r
ec
h
ar
g
e
cir
c
u
it
i
s
e
n
ab
led
b
y
P
E
s
i
g
n
al
to
p
r
ec
h
ar
g
e
th
e
co
m
p
le
m
e
n
tar
y
b
it
lin
e
s
.
Fo
r
r
ea
d
in
g
th
e
s
to
r
ed
d
ata,
SE
s
i
g
n
al
i
s
ac
t
iv
ated
to
d
ete
ct
th
e
s
m
all
v
o
lt
ag
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
s
b
et
w
ee
n
B
L
a
n
d
B
L
w
i
th
th
e
h
elp
o
f
s
e
n
s
e
a
m
p
li
f
ier
b
lo
ck
.
Fo
r
w
r
ite
o
p
er
atio
n
,
th
at
i
s
to
m
o
d
i
f
y
th
e
d
ata
co
n
ten
t
o
f
th
e
ce
ll
s
,
W
E
s
ig
n
al
i
s
ac
ti
v
ated
an
d
th
e
d
ata
is
g
iv
e
n
as
a
n
in
p
u
t
to
D
A
T
A
.
Sch
e
m
atic
v
ie
w
o
f
ter
n
ar
y
1
x
1
SR
A
M
ar
r
a
y
a
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
10
.
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
Si
m
u
latio
n
r
esu
l
t f
o
r
lo
g
ic
(
1
/2
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
20
89
-
4864
I
n
t J
R
ec
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
ab
le
&
E
m
b
ed
d
ed
Sy
s
t
Vo
l.
8
,
No
.
3
,
No
v
em
b
er
2019
: 1
7
5
–
1
8
4
182
Fig
u
r
e
10
.
Sch
e
m
at
ic
v
ie
w
o
f
ter
n
ar
y
1
x
1
S
R
A
M
ar
r
a
y
C
NFET
Sp
ec
if
icatio
n
s
P
h
y
s
ical
c
h
a
n
n
el
le
n
g
t
h
(
L
_
ch
an
n
el)
=
3
2
.
0
n
m
T
h
e
len
g
t
h
o
f
d
o
p
ed
C
NT
s
o
u
r
ce
/d
r
ain
ex
ten
s
io
n
r
e
g
io
n
(
L
_
s
d
)
=
3
2
.
0
n
m
Fer
m
i le
v
el
o
f
t
h
e
d
o
p
ed
S/D tu
b
e
(
E
f
o
)
=
0
.
6
eV
T
h
e
th
ick
n
es
s
o
f
h
i
g
h
-
k
to
p
g
a
te
d
ielec
tr
ic
m
ater
ial
(
T
o
x
)
=
2
.
0
n
m
C
h
ir
ali
t
y
o
f
tu
b
e
(
m
,
n
)
=
(
1
9
,
0
)
C
NT
P
itch
=
2
0
n
m
Flatb
an
d
v
o
lta
g
e
f
o
r
n
-
C
NT
FET
an
d
p
-
C
NT
FET
(
Vf
b
n
an
d
Vf
b
p
)
=
0
.
0
eV
an
d
0
.
0
eV
T
h
e
m
ea
n
f
r
ee
p
ath
in
in
tr
i
n
s
ic
C
NT
(
L
ce
f
f
)
=
2
0
0
.
0
n
m
T
h
e
m
ea
n
f
r
ee
p
at
h
in
p
+/
n
+
d
o
p
ed
C
NT
=
8
.
0
n
m
T
h
e
w
o
r
k
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
So
u
r
ce
/
Dr
ain
m
e
tal
co
n
tact
=
4
.
6
eV
C
NT
w
o
r
k
f
u
n
ctio
n
=
4
.
5
eV
T
h
e
s
izin
g
o
f
a
C
NFET
is
eq
u
iv
a
len
t to
ad
j
u
s
tin
g
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
tu
b
e
s
.
6T
-
SR
A
M
-
M1
,
M3
---
4
tu
b
e
s
-
M2
,
M4
---
2
tu
b
e
s
-
M5
,
M6
---
3
tu
b
e
s
3.
SI
M
UL
AT
I
O
N
R
E
S
UL
T
S
T
h
e
p
o
w
er
d
is
s
ip
ated
b
y
t
h
e
m
e
m
o
r
y
ce
ll
is
u
s
u
all
y
a
s
i
g
n
i
f
ica
n
t
p
ar
t
o
f
th
e
to
tal
ch
ip
p
o
w
er
.
C
ell
ac
ce
s
s
in
g
co
n
s
u
m
es
a
s
ig
n
i
f
ican
t
f
r
ac
tio
n
(
3
0
-
6
0
%)
o
f
to
tal
p
o
w
er
d
is
s
i
p
atio
n
in
m
o
d
er
n
m
icr
o
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
r
.
A
lar
g
e
p
o
r
tio
n
o
f
ce
ll
en
er
g
y
is
d
is
s
ip
ated
in
d
r
iv
in
g
t
h
e
b
it
-
l
in
e
s
,
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
h
ea
v
i
l
y
lo
ad
ed
w
it
h
m
u
ltip
le
s
to
r
ag
e
ce
lls
.
C
lear
l
y
,
th
e
m
e
m
o
r
y
ce
lls
ar
e
th
e
m
o
s
t
attr
ac
ti
v
e
tar
g
ets
f
o
r
p
o
w
er
r
ed
u
c
tio
n
.
I
n
T
er
n
ar
y
1
x
1
SR
A
M
ar
r
a
y
b
ec
au
s
e
o
n
e
o
f
th
r
ee
b
it
-
li
n
es
m
u
s
t
b
e
d
is
ch
ar
g
ed
to
lo
w
r
e
g
ar
d
less
o
f
w
r
itte
n
v
alu
e,
t
h
e
p
o
w
er
co
n
s
u
m
p
t
io
n
in
w
r
iti
n
g
0
,
1
/2
,
1
ar
e
th
e
g
e
n
er
all
y
s
a
m
e.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
al
w
a
y
s
tr
an
s
itio
n
s
o
n
b
it
lin
es
i
n
w
r
it
in
g
„
0
„
a
n
d
r
ea
d
in
g
„
1
„
an
d
w
h
ile
ac
ce
s
s
i
n
g
ce
l
l
s
in
ce
a
n
o
v
er
w
h
el
m
in
g
m
aj
o
r
it
y
o
f
t
h
e
w
r
ite
a
n
d
r
ea
d
b
its
ar
e
1
th
ese
ca
u
s
e
h
i
g
h
p
o
w
er
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
d
u
r
in
g
r
ea
d
/
w
r
ite
o
p
er
atio
n
in
ter
n
ar
y
1
x
1
S
R
A
M
ce
l
l
[
1
0
]
.
Fo
r
r
ea
d
in
g
an
d
w
r
iti
n
g
1
,
1
/2
,
0
,
in
Q,
tr
an
s
is
to
r
s
w
h
i
ch
ar
e
ON
ar
e
n
o
ted
an
d
th
e
p
o
w
er
d
is
s
ip
ated
b
y
th
ese
tr
a
n
s
i
s
to
r
s
is
ca
lcu
late
d
b
y
m
u
ltip
l
y
i
n
g
v
o
ltag
e
a
n
d
cu
r
r
en
t
f
lo
w
in
g
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
th
at
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
tr
an
s
i
s
to
r
s
.
T
h
u
s
th
e
p
o
w
er
Di
s
s
ip
ated
b
y
th
e
tr
an
s
is
to
r
s
is
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
.
Si
m
u
latio
n
r
esu
l
t
f
o
r
lo
g
ic
(
0
)
a
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
1
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
R
ec
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
ab
le
&
E
m
b
ed
d
ed
Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2089
-
4864
Desig
n
a
n
d
imp
leme
n
ta
tio
n
o
f
C
N
TFE
T
b
a
s
ed
tern
a
r
y
1
x1
mem
o
r
ies
…
(
S.
Ta
mil S
elva
n
)
183
Fig
u
r
e
1
1
.
Si
m
u
latio
n
r
es
u
lt
f
o
r
lo
g
ic
(
0
)
Fig
u
r
e
1
2
.
Si
m
u
latio
n
r
es
u
lt
f
o
r
lo
g
ic
(
1
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
20
89
-
4864
I
n
t J
R
ec
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
ab
le
&
E
m
b
ed
d
ed
Sy
s
t
Vo
l.
8
,
No
.
3
,
No
v
em
b
er
2019
: 1
7
5
–
1
8
4
184
4.
P
E
RF
O
RM
ANCE RES
UL
T
S
T
ab
le
2
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
p
o
w
er
r
esu
lt
s
o
f
co
m
p
ar
e
6
5
n
m
w
it
h
3
2
n
m
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
ter
n
ar
y
I
n
v
er
ter
s
,
I
t
is
ev
id
e
n
t
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
T
ab
le
2
,
r
ed
u
ctio
n
in
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
r
esu
lt
s
i
n
lo
w
p
o
w
er
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
.
I
n
t
h
is
p
ap
er
,
th
ese
ter
n
ar
y
i
n
v
er
ter
s
ar
e
u
s
e
d
f
o
r
d
esig
n
in
g
T
er
n
ar
y
S
R
AM
f
o
r
lo
w
p
o
w
er
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
r
es
u
lt
s
o
f
th
e
1
X1
T
er
n
ar
y
SR
A
M
A
r
r
a
y
.
P
o
w
er
an
d
Data
ac
ce
s
s
ti
m
e
is
d
ep
icted
in
T
ab
le
3
.
A
n
al
y
s
is
r
es
u
lt
o
f
ter
n
ar
y
1
x
1
m
e
m
o
r
y
A
as s
h
o
w
s
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
3
.
T
ab
le
2
.
P
o
w
er
r
es
u
lts
o
f
ter
n
a
r
y
i
n
v
er
ter
s
S
.
N
O
6
5
n
m
3
2
n
m
S
TI
0
.
0
2
8
9
0
mw
0
.
0
1
3
9
mw
P
TI
0
.
0
3
2
0
mw
0
.
0
2
1
0
mw
ss
N
TI
0
.
0
1
0
7
mw
0
.
0
0
9
9
mw
Fig
u
r
e
1
3
.
A
n
al
y
s
is
r
es
u
lt o
f
t
er
n
ar
y
1
x
1
m
e
m
o
r
y
A
T
ab
le
3
.
P
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
r
esu
l
ts
o
f
1
X1
ter
n
ar
y
S
R
A
M
ar
r
a
y
S
.
N
O
6
5
n
m
3
2
n
m
P
o
w
e
r
d
i
ssi
p
a
t
i
o
n
0
.
5
0
8
mw
1
.
4
1
2
mw
A
c
c
e
ss t
i
me
7
.
8
8
n
s
5
.
2
3
n
s
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
A
T
er
n
ar
y
1
x
1
SR
A
M
ce
ll
was
d
esig
n
ed
u
s
i
n
g
HSP
I
C
E
an
d
T
an
n
er
3
2
n
m
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
.
T
h
e
R
ea
d
an
d
W
r
ite
Op
er
at
io
n
s
ar
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
u
s
in
g
Hsp
ice
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
SR
A
M
is
d
esi
g
n
ed
u
s
in
g
T
er
n
ar
y
1
x
1
Sra
m
m
e
m
o
r
y
ar
r
a
y
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
ev
alu
atio
n
an
d
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
p
ar
am
e
te
r
s
o
f
tr
ad
itio
n
al
6
T
SR
A
M
ce
lls
an
d
p
er
ip
h
er
al
c
i
r
cu
its
b
et
w
ee
n
p
r
ed
ictab
le
3
2
n
m
C
NF
E
T
,
clea
r
s
u
p
er
io
r
it
y
o
f
t
h
e
C
NFET
s
ca
n
b
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lt
s
c
lear
l
y
j
u
s
ti
f
y
th
a
t
C
NT
FET
is
m
o
r
e
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
cir
cu
it
d
esig
n
r
ath
er
t
h
an
MO
SF
E
T
s
,
T
h
e
f
ast
o
p
er
atio
n
p
o
w
er
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
,
ac
ce
s
s
ti
m
e
less
co
m
p
ar
ed
w
it
h
th
e
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
6
5
n
m
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
.
A
s
a
r
es
u
lt
o
f
c
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
it
is
f
o
u
n
d
t
h
at
te
r
n
ar
y
1
x
1
s
r
a
m
u
s
e
s
le
s
s
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
tr
a
n
s
i
s
to
r
s
,
r
ed
u
ce
in
ter
m
s
o
f
t
h
e
ar
ea
,
Po
w
er
an
d
in
cr
ea
s
es
t
h
e
s
p
ee
d
.
Fu
r
th
er
en
h
an
ce
m
e
n
t
o
f
th
is
w
o
r
k
ca
n
b
e
d
esig
n
i
n
g
8
-
b
it ter
n
ar
y
SR
A
M
u
s
i
n
g
C
NT
FET
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
Je
ff
r
e
y
L
u
tze
a
n
d
S
u
re
sh
V
e
n
k
a
tes
a
n
(1
9
9
5
),
T
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
s
f
o
r
Re
d
u
c
in
g
th
e
Re
v
e
rse
sh
o
rt
C
h
a
n
n
e
l
Ef
f
e
c
t
in
S
u
b
-
0
.
5
u
m
CM
OS
.
IEE
E
El
e
c
tro
n
De
v
ice
L
e
tt
e
rs
,
V
o
l
.
1
6
,
N
o
.
9
,
S
e
p
tem
b
e
r
1
9
9
5
.
[2
]
Ja
so
n
P
a
u
l
Cl
if
f
o
rd
,
―A
S
e
l
f
-
Co
n
siste
n
t
Nu
m
e
rica
l
M
o
d
e
l
F
o
r
Bi
p
o
lar
T
ra
n
sp
o
rt
In
Ca
r
b
o
n
Na
n
o
t
u
b
e
F
iel
d
-
Ef
f
e
c
t
T
ra
n
sisto
rs‖
T
h
e
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
O
f
Br
it
ish
C
o
lu
m
b
ia De
c
e
m
b
e
r
2
0
0
3
[3
]
Rii
c
h
iro
S
a
it
o
(1
9
9
8
),
P
h
y
sic
a
l
P
ro
p
e
rti
e
s o
f
Ca
rb
o
n
Na
n
o
tu
b
e
s
.
L
o
n
d
o
n
Im
p
e
rial
Co
ll
e
g
e
P
re
ss
.
[4
]
L
S
P
h
a
n
in
d
ra
,
M
N
Ra
jath
V
Ra
k
e
sh
A
n
o
v
e
l
d
e
sig
n
a
n
d
i
m
p
lem
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
m
u
lt
i
-
v
a
lu
e
d
lo
g
ic
a
rit
h
m
e
ti
c
f
u
ll
a
d
d
e
r
c
ircu
it
u
sin
g
CNT
F
ET
IEE
E
20
-
2
1
M
a
y
2
0
1
6
0
9
Ja
n
u
a
ry
2
0
1
7
.
[5
]
S
a
m
e
e
r
P
ra
b
h
u
,
Nish
a
S
a
rw
a
d
e
,
"
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
o
f
CNT
F
ET
a
s
L
o
g
ic
G
a
tes
a
n
d
it
s
im
p
lem
e
n
tatio
n
u
si
n
g
HSP
IC
E"
,
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
M
o
d
e
rn
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
Res
e
a
rc
h
(
IJ
M
ER
)
,
v
o
l.
3
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
3
6
4
6
[6
]
Ra
s
m
it
a
S
a
h
o
o
,
R
R
M
ish
ra
,
S
i
m
u
latio
n
s
o
f
Ca
rb
o
n
Na
n
o
t
u
b
e
F
ield
Ef
f
e
c
t
T
r
a
n
sisto
rs,
P
il
a
n
i
:
P
h
y
sic
s
G
ro
u
p
,
Birl
a
In
stit
u
te o
f
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
a
n
d
S
c
ien
c
e
,
v
o
l.
1
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
1
7
-
1
2
5
[7
]
T
o
sh
in
o
ri
N
u
m
a
ta
(2
0
0
5
),
Co
n
t
ro
l
o
f
T
h
re
sh
o
ld
-
V
o
l
tag
e
a
n
d
sh
o
rt
-
C
h
a
n
n
e
l
Ef
f
e
c
ts
in
Ultrath
in
S
train
e
d
-
S
OI
CM
OS
De
v
ice
s
.
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s
a
c
ti
o
n
s o
n
El
e
c
tro
n
De
v
ice
s
,
V
o
l
.
5
2
,
No
.
8
,
A
u
g
u
st 2
0
0
5
[8
]
Ka
m
a
r,
Z.
,
&
Ne
p
a
l,
K
(2
0
1
0
,
A
u
g
u
st).
No
ise
m
a
r
g
in
-
o
p
ti
m
ize
d
tern
a
ry
CM
OS
S
R
A
M
d
e
la
y
a
n
d
siz
in
g
c
h
a
ra
c
teristics
.
In
Circu
it
s
a
n
d
S
y
ste
m
s
(M
W
S
C
A
S
),
5
3
rd
IEE
E
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
M
id
we
st
S
y
mp
o
siu
m
on
(p
p
.
8
0
1
-
8
0
4
).
[9
]
W
u
,
X
.
W
.
,
&
P
ro
ss
e
r,
F
.
P
.
(1
9
9
0
).
CM
OS
tern
a
ry
lo
g
ic
c
ircu
it
s.
IEE
Pro
c
e
e
d
in
g
s
G
(Circu
it
s,
De
v
ic
e
s
a
n
d
S
y
st
e
m
s),
1
3
7
(1
)
,
2
1
-
2
7
.
L
.
S
.
Y.
[1
0
]
S
im
ra
n
Ka
u
r,
A
sh
w
a
n
i
Ku
m
a
r,
“
A
n
a
l
y
sis
o
f
L
o
w
P
o
w
e
rS
R
AM
M
e
m
o
r
y
Ce
ll
u
sin
g
T
a
n
n
e
r
T
o
o
l,
”
IJECT
V
o
l
.
3
,
Iss
u
e
1
,
Ja
n
.
-
M
a
rc
h
2
0
1
2
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.