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2021
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.
1
2
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USA
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p
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.
ed
u
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
R
ec
o
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
at
s
y
s
te
m
,
ar
c
h
itect
u
r
e,
an
d
cir
cu
it
le
v
els
to
estab
li
s
h
al
ter
n
ate
o
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b
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p
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in
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r
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u
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s
ab
le
b
y
d
ef
ec
t
s
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m
al
f
u
n
ct
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n
s
.
W
e
cite
j
u
s
t
a
f
e
w
e
x
a
m
p
le
s
:
D
ef
ec
t
to
ler
an
ce
f
o
r
VL
SI
y
ie
ld
im
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
t
[
1
]
,
co
m
p
u
tat
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n
-
m
ap
p
in
g
o
n
to
a
n
i
n
co
m
p
lete
o
r
d
a
m
a
g
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FP
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u
s
in
g
alter
n
ate
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
an
d
i
n
ter
co
n
n
ec
ts
[
2
]
,
an
d
b
u
ild
in
g
g
r
ac
ef
u
l
ly
-
d
eg
r
ad
in
g
ar
r
a
y
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
r
s
[
3
]
.
A
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
ar
ch
itect
u
r
e
-
l
ev
el
m
et
h
o
d
s
f
o
r
allo
w
i
n
g
a
s
y
s
te
m
to
ad
ap
t
to
ch
an
g
i
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co
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d
itio
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s
ca
n
al
s
o
f
all
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t
h
i
s
ca
teg
o
r
y
,
alt
h
o
u
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h
s
o
m
e
m
a
y
n
o
t
b
e
r
ea
d
il
y
r
ec
o
g
n
ized
as
r
ec
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
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.
No
te,
f
o
r
ex
a
m
p
le,
th
at
r
ep
lacin
g
a
f
aile
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f
u
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tio
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al
u
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it
w
i
th
a
s
p
ar
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o
n
e
u
p
o
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f
ail
u
r
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d
etec
tio
n
,
is
th
e
s
a
m
e
as
r
estru
ctu
r
in
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an
(
s
+
1
)
-
u
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t
“
p
ar
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l”
s
y
s
te
m
by
s
w
itc
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-
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p
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ev
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v
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w
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-
in
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
s
s
p
ar
e
m
o
d
u
le
s
[
4
]
.
I
n
th
e
j
u
s
t
-
cited
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
s
,
a
n
d
in
t
h
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co
n
te
x
t
o
f
t
h
is
w
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k
,
t
h
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g
o
al
o
f
r
ec
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f
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s
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etu
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p
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ar
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ay
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tai
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f
m
al
f
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n
o
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o
r
ig
in
al
in
tact
co
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f
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in
o
r
d
er
to
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u
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h
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ex
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ith
m
s
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it
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m
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d
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f
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.
State
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if
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o
r
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r
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[
5
]
,
w
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w
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ld
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eq
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ir
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co
m
p
u
tatio
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s
to
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p
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lo
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d
/o
r
lin
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icatio
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tr
af
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.
A
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o
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w
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w
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w
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tai
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at
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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4864
I
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R
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Sy
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Vo
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10
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No
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2
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J
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0
2
1
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1
2
3
–
1
2
9
124
th
at
p
r
o
v
id
e
e
x
ten
d
ed
co
m
p
u
t
atio
n
al
p
o
w
er
f
o
r
t
h
e
ar
r
a
y
(
i
n
th
e
s
en
s
e
o
f
co
m
p
le
x
it
y
-
th
eo
r
y
)
th
a
t si
g
n
i
f
ican
tl
y
s
p
ee
d
u
p
a
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
g
lo
b
al
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
s
[
6
]
.
Gi
v
en
th
a
t
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
r
ar
r
a
y
s
ca
n
lead
to
h
ig
h
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
f
o
r
m
a
n
y
ap
p
lic
atio
n
s
,
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
r
esear
ch
er
s
h
av
e
s
t
u
d
ied
alter
n
ati
v
e
r
ec
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
s
ch
e
m
e
s
f
o
r
s
u
ch
ar
r
a
y
s
[
7
]
.
P
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ar
ch
itect
u
r
es
u
s
e
v
ar
io
u
s
t
y
p
e
s
/n
u
m
b
er
s
o
f
s
w
itch
e
s
an
d
p
lace
th
e
m
d
if
f
er
en
tl
y
w
it
h
i
n
t
h
e
ar
r
a
y
.
C
o
n
tr
o
l
s
c
h
e
m
e
s
f
o
r
ef
f
ec
ti
n
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o
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f
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g
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r
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n
al
s
o
d
if
f
er
(
ce
n
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aliz
ed
,
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
,
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h
y
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r
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d
)
,
a
s
d
o
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c
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p
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x
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t
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s
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f
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a
t
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c
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c
o
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f
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g
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s
y
s
t
e
m
.
Ke
y
co
n
tr
ib
u
t
io
n
s
o
f
th
i
s
p
ap
er
ar
e
as
f
o
llo
w
s
.
First,
we
s
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w
,
th
r
o
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h
s
i
m
p
le
m
o
d
els,
h
o
w
d
is
tr
ib
u
ti
n
g
t
h
e
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
m
e
ch
an
i
s
m
s
a
m
o
n
g
t
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
r
s
ca
n
lead
to
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eliab
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i
m
p
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v
e
m
e
n
t
b
y
m
a
k
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s
w
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m
al
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m
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h
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s
s
o
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m
al
f
u
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s
,
th
a
t
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e
m
o
v
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g
th
e
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y
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te
m
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ar
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co
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e.
Seco
n
d
,
w
e
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n
tr
o
d
u
ce
p
ar
am
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ized
r
eliab
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m
o
d
els
f
o
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b
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th
ce
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alize
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ar
ch
itect
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d
is
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ted
s
ch
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m
e
s
,
in
a
w
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at
t
h
e
s
e
n
s
it
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t
y
o
f
th
e
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er
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v
ed
r
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ies
w
i
th
r
esp
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t
t
o
ch
o
s
en
p
ar
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m
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alu
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ca
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b
e
s
tu
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ied
.
T
h
ir
d
,
w
e
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
a
t
th
e
ab
ilit
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to
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tig
h
t
r
eliab
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o
u
n
d
s
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s
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m
p
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tan
t a
s
en
v
is
a
g
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g
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e
n
io
u
s
r
eliab
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e
n
h
a
n
ce
m
en
t s
ch
e
m
e
s
.
I
n
o
t
h
er
w
o
r
d
s
,
i
f
r
eli
ab
ilit
y
r
is
e
s
,
b
u
t t
h
e
r
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m
o
d
el
d
o
es
n
o
t
r
ef
lect
th
at
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is
e,
th
en
w
e
r
ea
ll
y
d
o
n
o
t
h
av
e
a
g
u
ar
an
teed
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eliab
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i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
e
n
t.
Fo
u
r
th
,
w
e
s
h
o
w
t
h
at
t
h
e
ch
o
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ce
a
m
o
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g
m
u
lt
ip
le
ca
n
d
id
ate
s
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te
m
s
w
it
h
r
esp
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t
to
h
i
g
h
e
s
t
r
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s
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aig
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f
o
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w
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tas
k
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g
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v
e
n
u
n
ce
r
tain
ties
i
n
r
eliab
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v
a
lu
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s
r
ef
lecte
d
in
lo
o
s
e
o
r
ti
g
h
t b
o
u
n
d
s
.
2.
RE
CO
NF
I
G
U
RAB
L
E
2
D
A
RRAY
S
W
e
w
i
ll
u
s
e
a
s
m
al
l
5
5
ar
r
a
y
o
f
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
r
s
,
w
it
h
o
n
e
s
p
ar
e
r
o
w
an
d
o
n
e
s
p
ar
e
co
lu
m
n
,
to
illu
s
tr
ate
th
e
a
d
v
a
n
ta
g
es
o
f
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
s
w
itc
h
in
g
o
v
er
a
ce
n
tr
al
ized
s
ch
e
m
e
.
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h
is
ar
r
an
g
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m
e
n
t
lea
d
s
to
a
6
6
h
o
s
t
ar
r
ay
.
Fr
o
m
s
p
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if
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r
esu
lts
f
o
r
th
i
s
s
m
all
ar
r
a
y
,
w
e
es
ta
b
lis
h
g
en
er
al
r
es
u
lt
s
b
y
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ati
n
g
t
h
at
t
h
e
ad
v
an
ta
g
e
g
r
o
w
s
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h
e
n
w
e
e
x
p
an
d
th
e
ar
r
a
y
-
s
ize
or
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
r
ed
u
n
d
a
n
t
r
eso
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r
ce
s
,
th
a
t
is
,
u
s
e
m
o
r
e
s
p
ar
e
r
o
w
s
/
co
l
u
m
n
s
.
Mo
r
e
w
o
r
k
r
e
m
ai
n
s
to
b
e
d
o
n
e
o
n
q
u
a
n
ti
f
y
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g
t
h
e
ad
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ta
g
e
s
w
it
h
s
ize
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d
r
ed
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n
d
an
c
y
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w
h
ic
h
r
e
m
a
in
q
u
alitativ
e
i
n
t
h
is
p
ap
er
.
An
e
x
a
m
p
le
ar
r
a
y
is
d
ep
icted
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
,
w
h
er
e
tr
ac
k
s
o
f
e
m
b
ed
d
ed
r
ec
o
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
witch
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ar
e
p
lace
d
b
etw
ee
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
r
r
o
w
s
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co
lu
m
n
s
.
Fo
u
r
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p
o
r
t
,
3
-
s
tat
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itc
h
e
s
ap
p
ea
r
as
s
m
all
c
ir
cles
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
d
ep
icts
t
h
e
d
etail
s
a
n
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u
s
ag
e
o
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s
w
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with
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p
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ar
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f
F
ig
u
r
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1
.
T
h
e
ac
t
u
al
m
et
h
o
d
o
f
r
ec
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n
f
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g
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r
atio
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an
d
its
ca
p
ac
it
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to
to
ler
ate
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ctio
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w
il
l b
e
d
is
cu
s
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ed
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Sec
tio
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s
3
an
d
4
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
w
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d
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m
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io
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5
5
ar
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ay
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ar
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ig
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Fig
u
r
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2
.
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h
r
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F
ig
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r
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Fig
u
r
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1
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p
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m
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m
en
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a
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d
r
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o
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ig
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itect
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w
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w
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it f
u
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So
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e
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ar
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ay
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w
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co
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p
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th
a
n
th
e
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e
d
ep
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in
Fi
g
u
r
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2
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
d
ep
icts
a
p
ar
ticu
lar
r
ec
o
n
f
ig
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r
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c
h
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m
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e
r
ed
u
n
d
a
n
c
y
f
ac
to
r
is
r
elativ
el
y
lo
w
.
3.
RE
CO
NF
I
G
U
RAT
I
O
N
WI
T
H
CE
N
T
RA
L
I
Z
E
D
CO
NT
RO
L
C
o
n
s
id
er
e
m
b
ed
d
in
g
a
5
5
g
u
est
ar
r
a
y
w
it
h
i
n
t
h
e
6
6
h
o
s
t a
r
r
a
y
o
f
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
.
I
n
t
h
e
b
eg
i
n
n
i
n
g
,
t
h
e
ac
tiv
e
n
o
d
es
ar
e
w
it
h
i
n
t
h
e
5
r
o
w
s
at
th
e
to
p
an
d
t
h
e
5
co
lu
m
n
s
o
n
t
h
e
le
f
t.
As
n
o
d
es
m
a
lf
u
n
ctio
n
,
th
e
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
u
n
d
er
g
o
e
s
ch
a
n
g
es
.
Fi
g
u
r
e
4
d
ep
icts
an
ar
r
a
y
af
ter
r
ec
o
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
,
w
i
th
th
e
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
t
h
at
,
i
n
ad
d
itio
n
to
s
w
itc
h
es
th
a
t
r
e
-
r
o
u
te
s
ig
n
al
s
,
th
e
ar
r
ay
i
s
eq
u
i
p
p
ed
w
it
h
a
s
ep
ar
ate
m
ec
h
an
i
s
m
f
o
r
b
y
p
ass
in
g
a
n
o
d
e
w
it
h
i
n
th
e
r
o
w
/
co
l
u
m
n
wh
er
e
it is
lo
ca
ted
.
I
n
tu
i
tiv
e
l
y
,
r
e
-
r
o
u
tin
g
o
f
s
i
g
n
a
ls
is
ac
co
m
p
li
s
h
ed
b
y
s
h
i
f
ti
n
g
r
o
w
s
d
o
w
n
w
ar
d
(
in
th
e
d
ir
ec
t
io
n
o
f
th
e
s
p
ar
e
r
o
w
)
an
d
s
h
i
f
ti
n
g
co
l
u
m
n
s
r
ig
h
t
w
ar
d
(
in
th
e
d
ir
ec
tio
n
o
f
th
e
s
p
ar
e
co
lu
m
n
)
,
to
co
m
p
en
s
ate
f
o
r
u
n
a
v
ailab
le
r
o
w
/co
l
u
m
n
n
o
d
es
.
W
e
o
f
f
er
n
o
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
o
f
r
ec
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
alg
o
r
it
h
m
s
(
s
e
e
[
8
]
,
f
o
r
ex
am
p
le
)
.
I
t
s
u
f
f
ice
s
f
o
r
o
u
r
p
u
r
p
o
s
es
in
th
is
p
ap
er
to
n
o
te
th
at
r
ec
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
allo
w
s
th
e
g
u
ar
an
tee
d
to
ler
an
ce
o
f
u
p
t
o
t
w
o
m
al
f
u
n
ctio
n
i
n
g
n
o
d
es.
I
n
o
th
er
w
o
r
d
s
,
t
h
er
e
ex
i
s
t
ce
r
tai
n
p
atter
n
s
o
f
t
h
r
ee
u
n
av
a
ilab
l
e
n
o
d
es
th
at
d
e
f
ea
t
th
is
p
ar
tic
u
lar
s
ch
e
m
e
’
s
r
ec
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
a
tio
n
ca
p
a
b
ilit
y
[
4
]
.
T
w
o
s
ch
e
m
es
ca
n
b
e
en
v
is
a
g
ed
f
o
r
th
e
o
p
er
atio
n
al
co
n
tr
o
l
of
th
e
r
ec
o
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
w
itc
h
es
.
I
n
th
e
fi
r
s
t
s
ch
e
m
e
,
s
w
itc
h
es
m
a
y
b
e
co
n
tr
o
l
led
b
y
a
ce
n
tr
al
ly
-
lo
ca
ted
u
n
it.
D
is
ad
v
a
n
ta
g
es
o
f
ce
n
tr
aliza
tio
n
i
n
clu
d
e
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
m
ec
h
an
i
s
m
co
n
s
tit
u
ti
n
g
a
s
i
n
g
le
p
o
in
t
o
f
f
ail
u
r
e
,
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
t
f
o
r
lo
n
g
w
ir
es
to
co
n
n
ec
t
t
h
e
co
n
tr
o
l
u
n
i
t
to
all
t
h
e
s
w
itc
h
es,
a
n
d
ex
ce
s
s
iv
e
d
ela
y
i
n
u
p
lo
ad
in
g
th
e
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
u
p
o
n
a
n
o
d
e
r
ep
lace
m
e
n
t
.
I
n
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
s
ch
e
m
e
,
s
w
i
tch
e
s
ar
e
p
air
ed
w
i
th
n
ea
r
b
y
n
o
d
e
s
,
w
h
ic
h
co
n
tr
o
ls
th
e
m
.
O
n
e
d
r
a
w
b
ac
k
o
f
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
is
th
at
a
m
alf
u
n
ctio
n
in
g
n
o
d
e
m
a
y
n
o
t
b
e
ab
le
to
p
r
o
p
er
ly
co
n
tr
o
l
th
e
s
w
itc
h
(
es)
ass
i
g
n
ed
to
it,
m
a
k
i
n
g
o
th
er
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
o
r
ce
r
ta
in
ar
r
ay
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
s
in
ac
c
ess
ib
le
;
th
i
s
w
o
u
ld
r
ed
u
c
e
s
y
s
te
m
r
eliab
ili
t
y
a
n
d
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
e
f
f
o
r
t n
ee
d
ed
to
m
o
d
el
all
p
er
tin
en
t
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
.
Le
t
’
s
as
s
ess
t
h
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
ar
r
ay
in
Fi
g
u
r
es
1
an
d
4
,
u
s
in
g
a
s
i
m
p
le
co
m
b
in
at
o
r
i
al
m
o
d
el
.
W
e
lu
m
p
t
h
e
s
w
itch
in
g
m
ec
h
an
i
s
m
in
to
a
h
ar
d
co
r
e
an
d
co
n
s
id
er
th
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llectio
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o
f
n
o
d
es
as
a
3
4
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o
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t
-
of
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36
s
y
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te
m
;
r
ec
all
th
at
o
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r
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e
g
u
ar
an
tees
th
e
to
ler
an
ce
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u
p
to
2
b
ad
n
o
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es
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Den
o
tin
g
t
h
e
n
o
d
e
f
ail
u
r
e
r
ate
by
,
th
e
s
w
itc
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f
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ilu
r
e
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ate
by
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an
d
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g
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e
6
0
em
b
ed
d
ed
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itch
e
s
w
it
h
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n
t
h
e
6
6
ar
r
ay
:
N
ode
r
e
l
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b
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l
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=
=
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(
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Sw
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g
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ity
=
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(
60σ
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(
2
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e
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60σ
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34
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w
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R
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r
)
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h
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o
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n
r
eliab
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m
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a
v
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g
id
en
tical
r
eliab
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r
.
Si
m
p
li
f
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g
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−
−
−
36
(
)
=
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+
36
35
(
1
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)
+
(
36
×
35
2
)
34
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2
=
34
[
2
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1
−
)
+
630
(
1
−
)
2
]
=
34
[
595
2
−
1224
+
630
]
=
34
[
1
+
(
1
−
)
(
629
−
595
)
(
4
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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I
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t J
R
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f
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&
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10
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2
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1
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126
Su
b
s
ti
tu
t
in
g
(
4
)
in
to
(
3
)
an
d
p
lo
ttin
g
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
r
eliab
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y
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o
r
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
s
w
i
tch
co
m
p
lex
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ties
,
r
ef
lecte
d
in
t
h
e
r
atio
=
/
,
lead
s
to
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Fo
r
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
r
s
w
ith
t
y
p
ical
co
m
p
le
x
itie
s
,
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li
k
el
y
to
b
e
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ea
r
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e
lo
w
er
en
d
o
f
th
e
in
ter
v
al
o
f
co
n
s
id
er
ed
v
alu
es
[
0
.
0
0
1
,
0
.
1
]
,
w
h
er
ea
s
f
o
r
b
ar
e
-
b
o
n
e
PE
s
u
s
ed
in
s
o
m
e
ar
r
ay
s
,
m
a
y
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
b
u
t li
k
el
y
n
o
t g
et
v
er
y
clo
s
e
to
,
t
h
e
h
ig
h
er
en
d
.
U
n
r
eliab
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y
c
u
r
v
es
in
Fig
u
r
e
5
h
av
e
e
x
p
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t
ed
s
h
ap
es
.
W
h
en
t
is
s
m
all,
s
w
i
tch
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g
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e
m
ai
n
s
o
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r
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o
f
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n
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e
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e
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e
m
el
y
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i
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h
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eliab
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th
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r
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s
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g
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as
a
3
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o
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of
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3
6
s
y
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m
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h
is
o
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ex
p
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n
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t
h
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ig
n
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d
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er
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s
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et
w
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en
r
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f
o
r
th
e
t
h
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ee
ca
s
es
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it
h
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s
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itc
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m
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lex
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lar
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it
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ate
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a
k
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en
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ch
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u
r
e
4
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Salv
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h
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lth
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5
a
r
r
ay
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r
o
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th
e
6
6
a
r
r
ay
o
f
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
,
w
h
ic
h
is
in
j
u
r
ed
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
R
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p
lo
t
s
f
o
r
a
2
D
r
ec
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n
f
ig
u
r
ab
le
ar
r
ay
w
it
h
ce
n
tr
alize
d
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
a
s
a
f
u
n
ct
io
n
o
f
t
,
w
it
h
v
ar
iatio
n
s
in
t
h
e
p
ar
a
m
et
er
=
/
4.
RE
CO
NF
I
G
U
RAT
I
O
N
WI
T
H
DIS
T
RIB
U
T
E
D
CO
NT
RO
L
W
e
n
o
w
s
h
i
f
t
o
u
r
f
o
c
u
s
to
a
s
w
itc
h
in
g
s
ch
e
m
e
in
w
h
ich
s
y
s
te
m
co
n
f
ig
u
r
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n
is
d
ictate
d
b
y
g
o
o
d
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
r
s
,
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
etti
n
g
t
h
e
s
tates
o
f
t
h
eir
o
w
n
in
ter
n
al
s
w
itch
e
s
.
Ma
lf
u
n
ctio
n
i
n
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
r
s
b
ec
o
m
e
ir
r
elev
an
t
v
ia
t
h
eir
o
u
tp
u
ts
n
o
t
b
ein
g
co
n
s
id
er
ed
b
y
g
o
o
d
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
r
s
.
T
h
e
s
ch
e
m
e
w
o
r
k
s
,
a
s
lo
n
g
as
al
l
g
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o
d
n
o
d
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k
n
o
w
t
h
e
id
en
tit
y
o
f
m
alf
u
n
ct
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n
i
n
g
n
o
d
es
.
T
h
is
is
n
’
t
an
ad
d
ed
b
u
r
d
en
,
b
ec
au
s
e
s
u
ch
i
n
f
o
r
m
a
tio
n
is
n
ee
d
ed
ev
en
i
n
th
e
ce
n
tr
alize
d
s
ch
e
m
e
.
On
e
ca
n
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
t d
is
tr
ib
u
te
d
s
w
itch
i
n
g
i
n
m
an
y
d
i
f
f
er
e
n
t
w
a
y
s
.
Fo
r
o
u
r
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
s
to
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u
r
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et’
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n
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r
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h
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lu
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e
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as
th
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ab
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y
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e
s
ch
e
m
e
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n
Fig
u
r
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d
2
,
ass
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m
i
n
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a
s
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ar
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n
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s
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h
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ilt
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ailu
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r
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ate
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h
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ig
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n
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ar
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ac
t t
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en
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ib
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te
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R
eliab
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y
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n
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w
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e
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N
ode
r
e
l
ia
b
i
l
ity
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=
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e
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il
ity
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ut
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of
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′
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(
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e
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r
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ical
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ce
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alize
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e
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u
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s
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u
r
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w
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g
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n
r
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lts
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cr
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s
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s
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r
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s
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N:
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C
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r
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r
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ilit
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f
ce
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tr
a
liz
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d
d
is
tr
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itch
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r
ch
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r
es fo
r
…
(
B
eh
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o
z
P
a
r
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127
On
e
m
a
y
w
o
r
r
y
ab
o
u
t
t
h
e
i
m
p
ac
t
o
f
ch
o
o
s
in
g
=
2
o
n
th
e
v
alid
it
y
o
f
r
esu
l
ts
.
T
ab
le
1
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
o
u
t
co
m
e
o
f
a
s
en
s
iti
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al
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h
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tr
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e
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o
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er
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e
to
co
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ir
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t
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eliab
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o
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ttle
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ad
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u
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g
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e
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e
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Fig
u
r
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6
.
Use o
f
m
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ter
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p
ab
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u
r
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.
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a
2
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ig
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le
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ay
w
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is
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ati
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liab
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5.
CO
M
P
ARATI
VE
R
E
L
I
AB
I
L
I
T
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E
V
AL
U
AT
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ar
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F
ig
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r
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5
a
n
d
7
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ev
ea
l
t
h
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ad
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a
n
tag
e
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d
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t
r
ib
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ted
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f
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g
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r
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s
w
itc
h
in
g
w
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h
r
esp
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t
to
r
eliab
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y
.
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h
e
a
d
v
an
tag
e
s
ar
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g
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test
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h
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v
alu
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o
f
t
is
s
m
all,
th
a
t
is
,
th
e
ex
p
ec
ted
r
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g
e
o
f
o
p
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ati
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n
f
o
r
h
ig
h
-
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it
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te
m
s
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ig
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ce
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le
ca
s
e
o
f
s
w
itc
h
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m
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lex
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(
=
0
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0
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),
we
s
u
p
er
i
m
p
o
s
e
th
e
u
n
r
eliab
i
lit
y
cu
r
v
es
o
f
Fi
g
u
r
es
5
an
d
7
to
cr
ea
te
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
P
lease
r
ef
er
to
Sectio
n
7
f
o
r
an
ex
p
la
n
atio
n
o
f
t
h
e
d
o
tted
g
r
a
y
cu
r
v
e.
Fig
u
r
e
8
tells
u
s
th
at
r
eliab
ilit
y
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
d
is
ap
p
ea
r
as
t
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
1
,
m
ak
i
n
g
ce
n
tr
a
lized
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d
d
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tr
ib
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ted
s
w
i
tch
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n
g
i
n
d
is
ti
n
g
u
is
h
ab
le
w
it
h
r
e
g
ar
d
to
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eliab
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t
y
.
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te,
h
o
w
ev
er
,
t
h
at
t
h
e
r
eg
io
n
n
ea
r
t
=
1
is
p
r
ac
ticall
y
u
s
eles
s
,
g
i
v
e
n
th
e
ex
tr
e
m
e
l
y
lo
w
r
eliab
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y
v
alu
es
.
A
n
at
u
r
al
q
u
es
tio
n
at
t
h
is
p
o
in
t
is
w
h
eth
er
t
h
e
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lt
s
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tain
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n
g
to
a
s
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ec
i
f
i
c
,
f
air
l
y
s
m
all
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r
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y
u
tili
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g
a
s
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ec
if
ic
s
w
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h
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n
g
s
c
h
e
m
e,
c
ar
r
y
m
o
r
e
-
g
e
n
er
al
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
ce
.
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h
e
th
r
ee
clai
m
s
,
w
it
h
in
f
o
r
m
a
l
j
u
s
ti
f
icatio
n
s
,
th
at
f
o
llo
w
s
u
g
g
est
t
h
at
th
e
r
esu
lts
ar
e
in
d
ee
d
m
o
r
e
g
en
er
al
.
C
lai
m
1
:
I
n
cr
ea
s
i
n
g
th
e
s
ize
o
f
th
e
ar
r
a
y
,
w
h
ile
k
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p
in
g
th
e
s
a
m
e
s
w
i
tch
in
g
s
c
h
e
m
e
a
n
d
,
th
u
s
,
to
ler
an
ce
lev
el,
lea
d
s
to
a
g
r
o
w
t
h
o
f
t
h
e
ad
v
an
tag
e
o
f
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
o
v
er
ce
n
tr
alize
d
s
w
i
tch
i
n
g
.
P
r
o
o
f
o
u
tli
n
e
f
o
r
C
lai
m
1
:
T
ak
e
t
h
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
-
lo
w
er
-
b
o
u
n
d
s
ex
p
r
es
s
io
n
s
f
o
r
a
n
h
h
ar
r
a
y
,
an
d
co
n
s
id
er
th
e
n
ex
t
-
lar
g
er
,
(
h
+
1
)
(
h
+
1
)
,
ar
r
ay
.
P
r
o
v
e
th
at
th
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
lo
w
er
-
b
o
u
n
d
d
eter
io
r
atio
n
f
o
r
th
e
lar
g
er
ar
r
ay
is
less
f
o
r
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
co
m
p
ar
ed
w
it
h
ce
n
tr
alize
d
s
w
itch
in
g
.
I
n
tu
i
tiv
el
y
,
t
h
e
ce
n
tr
alize
d
s
w
itch
co
m
p
le
x
it
y
g
r
o
w
t
h
d
ir
ec
tl
y
af
f
ec
ts
th
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
w
h
ile
t
h
e
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
m
o
d
u
le
co
m
p
le
x
it
y
a
s
a
r
esu
lt
o
f
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
i
s
m
o
d
er
ated
b
y
p
ass
i
n
g
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
k
-
o
u
t
-
of
-
n
f
ilter
.
C
lai
m
2
:
A
d
d
i
n
g
s
p
ar
e
r
o
w
s
o
r
s
p
ar
e
co
lu
m
n
s
ca
u
s
es
t
h
e
ad
v
an
ta
g
e
o
f
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
o
v
er
ce
n
tr
alize
d
s
w
itc
h
in
g
to
g
r
o
w
,
all
else b
ei
n
g
k
ep
t th
e
s
a
m
e.
P
r
o
o
f
o
u
tli
n
e
f
o
r
C
lai
m
2
:
W
it
h
2
s
p
ar
e
r
o
w
s
an
d
2
s
p
ar
e
co
lu
m
n
s
,
th
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
f
u
n
ctio
n
ch
an
g
es
f
r
o
m
(
n
2
+
2
n
–
1)
-
o
u
t
-
of
-
(
n
2
+ 2
n
+
1
)
to
(
n
2
+ 2
n
–
3)
-
o
u
t
-
of
-
(
n
2
+ 2
n
+1
)
,
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
th
e
to
ler
a
n
ce
l
ev
el
i
m
p
r
o
v
in
g
to
4
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
r
m
al
f
u
n
ct
i
o
n
s
.
Her
e,
to
o
,
th
e
im
p
r
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
in
th
e
k
-
out
-
on
-
n
f
u
n
ctio
n
v
a
lu
e
d
o
m
i
n
ates
t
h
e
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
t i
n
t
h
e
ce
n
tr
alize
d
s
ch
e
m
e,
w
i
th
it
s
in
cr
ea
s
ed
s
w
itc
h
co
m
p
le
x
it
y
.
C
lai
m
3
:
Us
in
g
m
o
r
e
-
co
m
p
le
x
s
w
i
tch
e
s
to
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
t
h
e
m
a
lf
u
n
ct
io
n
to
ler
an
ce
lev
e
l
ca
u
s
es
th
e
ad
v
a
n
tag
e
o
f
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
o
v
er
ce
n
tr
alize
d
s
w
i
tch
i
n
g
to
g
r
o
w
.
P
r
o
o
f
o
u
tli
n
e
f
o
r
C
lai
m
3
:
T
h
e
j
u
s
ti
f
icatio
n
is
q
u
ite
s
i
m
ilar
to
th
at
o
f
C
lai
m
2
.
Ot
h
er
th
a
n
th
e
f
il
ter
in
g
e
f
f
ec
t
o
f
th
e
k
-
o
u
t
-
of
-
n
f
u
n
ctio
n
,
d
is
t
r
ib
u
tin
g
t
h
e
m
o
r
e
-
co
m
p
lex
s
witch
i
n
g
ca
p
ab
ilit
ie
s
is
b
en
e
f
ici
al.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
20
89
-
4864
I
n
t J
R
ec
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
ab
le
&
E
m
b
ed
d
ed
Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
10
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
l
y
2
0
2
1
:
1
2
3
–
1
2
9
128
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
C
o
m
p
ar
ativ
e
u
n
r
elia
b
ilit
y
p
lo
ts
as a
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
t
,
ass
u
m
i
n
g
=
0
.
0
1
an
d
= 2
6.
T
H
E
NO
T
I
O
NS O
F
M
O
DE
L
AB
I
L
I
T
Y
AND
R
E
L
I
AB
I
L
I
T
Y
I
NV
E
R
SI
O
N
I
n
r
eliab
ilit
y
en
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
,
t
h
e
ex
ac
t
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
a
s
y
s
te
m
i
s
u
n
k
n
o
w
ab
le.
I
f
w
e
co
u
ld
o
b
s
er
v
e
s
y
s
te
m
f
ail
u
r
es
b
y
r
u
n
n
i
n
g
h
u
n
d
r
ed
s
o
f
id
en
tical
co
p
ies
o
f
a
s
y
s
te
m
f
o
r
d
ec
ad
es,
w
e
co
u
ld
d
er
iv
e
th
e
ac
tu
al
r
eliab
ilit
y
w
it
h
h
i
g
h
co
n
f
id
en
ce
.
W
e
n
ee
d
a
lar
g
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
co
p
ies
an
d
ex
ten
d
ed
r
u
n
n
in
g
ti
m
es
b
ec
au
s
e
f
ail
u
r
e
ev
en
t
s
ar
e
ex
tr
e
m
el
y
r
ar
e
in
p
r
ac
tical,
h
ig
h
l
y
-
r
el
iab
le
s
y
s
te
m
s
,
s
o
ex
te
n
s
iv
e
d
ata
co
llectio
n
is
n
ee
d
ed
f
o
r
r
esu
l
ts
to
b
e
s
tatis
t
icall
y
v
alid
.
A
p
r
ac
tical
a
lter
n
ati
v
e
i
s
to
u
s
e
a
n
a
n
al
y
tic
o
r
s
i
m
u
latio
n
m
o
d
el,
i
n
v
o
lv
i
n
g
s
i
m
p
le,
p
ess
i
m
is
tic
a
s
s
u
m
p
tio
n
s
ab
o
u
t
s
u
b
s
y
s
te
m
s
a
n
d
th
e
ir
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
,
to
d
er
iv
e
a
r
eliab
ilit
y
lo
w
er
b
o
u
n
d
.
T
h
e
latter
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
b
ec
o
m
es
m
a
n
d
ato
r
y
f
o
r
ev
al
u
ati
n
g
a
s
y
s
te
m
at
d
esig
n
ti
m
e
,
w
h
e
n
a
p
h
y
s
ical
i
m
p
le
m
en
ta
tio
n
is
n
’
t
a
v
ailab
le
.
T
h
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
ex
p
er
i
m
e
n
tatio
n
s
t
ill
e
x
is
ts
,
e
v
en
wh
en
u
s
i
n
g
m
o
d
els
.
P
ar
am
eter
s
f
o
r
s
u
ch
m
o
d
el
a
r
e
esti
m
ated
,
an
d
m
o
d
els
ar
e
co
r
r
ec
te
d
/
tu
n
ed
,
w
ith
h
elp
f
r
o
m
ex
p
er
i
m
en
tal
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
s
.
T
h
e
n
atu
r
e
o
f
m
o
d
elab
ilit
y
i
s
s
i
m
i
lar
to
(
d
esig
n
f
o
r
)
an
al
y
za
b
ilit
y
,
or
“
d
esi
g
n
f
o
r
an
al
y
s
is
”
[
9
]
,
a
n
o
tio
n
alo
n
g
th
e
s
a
m
e
li
n
es
a
s
d
esi
g
n
f
o
r
m
an
u
f
ac
tu
r
i
n
g
(
m
an
u
f
ac
t
u
r
ab
ilit
y
)
.
Fo
r
elec
tr
o
n
ic
cir
cu
i
ts
,
d
esi
g
n
f
o
r
p
ac
k
ag
ea
b
ilit
y
[
1
0
]
is
r
a
th
er
s
i
m
ilar
.
A
n
al
y
za
b
ilit
y
c
an
b
e
en
s
u
r
ed
b
y
i
n
s
i
s
ti
n
g
th
at
ce
r
tain
d
esi
g
n
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
b
e
h
o
n
o
r
ed
s
o
as
to
allo
w
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
s
i
m
p
ler
to
o
ls
f
o
r
an
al
y
s
i
s
.
T
h
e
n
o
tio
n
s
ju
s
t
lis
ted
co
n
s
tr
ain
th
e
d
esig
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
b
u
t,
s
u
r
p
r
is
in
g
l
y
,
lead
to
c
o
s
t
r
ed
u
ctio
n
an
d
f
aster
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t.
M
o
d
elab
ilit
y
m
a
k
es
it
ea
s
ier
to
d
er
iv
e
tig
h
ter
lo
w
er
b
o
u
n
d
s
f
o
r
r
eliab
ilit
y
.
Fig
u
r
e
9
co
m
p
ar
es
S
y
s
te
m
s
A
a
n
d
B
w
it
h
r
esp
ec
t
to
t
h
eir
(
u
n
k
n
o
w
ab
le)
r
eliab
ilit
ie
s
an
d
th
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
m
o
d
el
-
b
as
ed
lo
w
er
b
o
u
n
d
s
,
r
ev
ea
li
n
g
S
y
s
te
m
B
to
b
e
m
o
r
e
m
o
d
elab
le
t
h
a
n
S
y
s
te
m
A
.
E
v
en
th
o
u
g
h
m
o
d
elab
ilit
y
is
a
q
u
alitativ
e
n
o
tio
n
a
t th
is
j
u
n
c
tu
r
e
,
it c
an
ce
r
tain
l
y
b
e
q
u
an
ti
f
ied
w
it
h
f
u
r
t
h
er
w
o
r
k
(
w
h
ic
h
is
in
th
e
p
lan
n
i
n
g
s
tag
e
)
,
in
th
e
s
a
m
e
w
a
y
t
h
at
t
estab
i
lit
y
,
s
er
v
icea
b
il
it
y
,
an
d
s
ev
er
al
o
th
er
“
il
ities
”
w
er
e
q
u
an
ti
f
ied
,
af
ter
s
tar
t
i
n
g
o
u
t
as q
u
alitati
v
e
n
o
tio
n
s
.
T
o
r
ec
ap
,
o
b
tain
in
g
g
u
ar
a
n
t
ee
d
lo
w
er
b
o
u
n
d
s
o
n
a
s
y
s
t
e
m
’s
s
u
r
v
iv
a
l
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
r
eq
u
ir
es
t
h
at
r
eliab
ilit
y
a
n
al
y
s
is
be
b
ased
o
n
w
o
r
s
t
-
ca
s
e
as
s
u
m
p
tio
n
s
.
R
e
liab
ilit
y
e
x
p
er
ts
ar
e
a
w
ar
e
o
f
th
e
d
esira
b
ilit
y
o
f
tig
h
t
lo
w
er
-
b
o
u
n
d
s
,
b
u
t
s
o
m
eti
m
e
s
s
y
s
te
m
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
m
a
k
es
it
d
if
f
ic
u
lt
to
d
er
iv
e
tig
h
t
b
o
u
n
d
s
.
C
o
n
s
id
er
S
y
s
te
m
B
w
it
h
(
u
n
k
n
o
w
ab
le)
ac
tu
al
r
elia
b
ilit
y
o
f
0
.
9
9
7
an
d
a
co
m
p
u
ted
r
eliab
ilit
y
lo
w
er
b
o
u
n
d
o
f
0
.
9
9
5
f
o
r
m
is
s
io
n
ti
m
e
t
0
.
Si
m
ilar
l
y
,
S
y
s
te
m
A
w
it
h
(
u
n
k
n
o
w
ab
le)
ac
tu
al
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
0
.
9
9
9
h
as
a
co
m
p
u
ted
r
eliab
ilit
y
lo
w
er
b
o
u
n
d
o
f
0
.
9
9
3
f
o
r
th
e
s
a
m
e
m
i
s
s
io
n
ti
m
e.
Fi
g
u
r
e
9
d
ep
icts
th
e
s
i
tu
at
io
n
ab
o
v
e
.
Un
k
n
o
w
ab
le
ac
t
u
al
r
eliab
ilit
ies
f
o
r
ce
u
s
to
m
ak
e
d
ec
is
io
n
s
b
ased
o
n
lo
w
er
b
o
u
n
d
s
,
lead
in
g
to
th
e
p
r
o
n
o
u
n
ce
m
en
t
th
a
t
B
is
m
o
r
e
r
eliab
le
th
an
A
at
t
0
.
T
h
is
c
o
n
d
itio
n
is
r
ef
er
r
ed
to
as
r
el
iab
ilit
y
in
v
er
s
io
n
[
1
1
]
,
in
an
alo
g
y
to
“
p
r
io
r
it
y
in
v
er
s
io
n
”
in
t
h
e
s
ch
ed
u
l
in
g
o
f
r
ea
l
-
ti
m
e
task
s
[
1
2
]
,
w
h
ic
h
ca
u
s
ed
s
er
io
u
s
tr
o
u
b
le
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
1
9
9
7
Ma
r
s
P
ath
f
i
n
d
er
m
is
s
io
n
[
1
3
]
.
P
ay
i
n
g
g
r
ea
ter
atte
n
tio
n
to
Fig
u
r
e
9
,
w
e
s
ee
t
h
at
ea
c
h
o
f
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
s
A
an
d
B
is
p
r
ef
er
ab
le
to
th
e
o
th
er
s
y
s
te
m
f
o
r
ce
r
tain
r
an
g
es
o
f
m
is
s
io
n
ti
m
e
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
th
e
s
e
n
u
a
n
ce
s
ar
e
h
id
d
en
f
r
o
m
u
s
d
u
e
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129
7.
CO
NCLU
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An
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m
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ta
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co
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u
s
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ak
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s
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a
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s
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is
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ted
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ig
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r
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w
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alize
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u
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,
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C
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Sectio
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5
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r
eliab
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ai
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s
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h
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x
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m
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las
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if
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ar
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ak
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f
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o
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s
.
T
h
ir
d
,
w
e
m
a
y
lo
o
k
in
to
ex
te
n
d
in
g
o
u
r
r
esu
lt
s
to
alter
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ativ
e
r
ec
o
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
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ar
ch
itectu
r
e
s
an
d
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
o
r
e
r
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en
tl
y
,
s
o
as to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
r
esu
lts
t
h
at
e
n
j
o
y
b
r
o
ad
er
ap
p
lica
b
ilit
y
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
M
.
W
a
n
g
,
M
.
Cu
tl
e
r,
S
.
Y.
H
.
S
u
,
“
Re
c
o
n
f
ig
u
ra
ti
o
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o
f
V
L
S
I/W
S
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m
e
sh
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rra
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p
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ss
o
rs
w
it
h
tw
o
-
lev
e
l
re
d
u
n
d
a
n
c
y
,
”
in
IEE
E
T
r
a
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s o
n
Co
m
p
u
ter
s
,
v
o
l.
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n
o
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4
,
p
p
.
5
4
7
-
5
5
4
,
A
p
r
.
1
9
8
9
.
[2
]
S
.
Ha
u
c
k
,
A
.
De
Ho
n
,
A
,
“
Re
c
o
n
f
ig
u
ra
b
le
c
o
m
p
u
ti
n
g
:
T
h
e
t
h
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ry
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p
ra
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ti
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e
o
f
F
P
G
A
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se
d
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o
m
p
u
tatio
n
,
”
El
se
v
ier
,
2
0
0
8
.
[3
]
M
.
S
a
m
i,
R.
S
tef
a
n
e
ll
i,
“
Re
c
o
n
f
ig
u
ra
b
le arc
h
it
e
c
tu
re
s f
o
r
V
L
S
I
p
r
o
c
e
ss
in
g
a
rra
y
s,”
in
Pro
c
e
e
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
e
IEE
E
,
v
o
l.
7
4
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
7
1
2
-
7
2
2
,
M
a
y
1
9
8
6
.
[4
]
B.
P
a
r
h
a
m
i,
“
D
e
p
e
n
d
a
b
le
c
o
m
p
u
ti
n
g
:
A
m
u
lt
il
e
v
e
l
a
p
p
ro
a
c
h
,
”
Dr
a
ft
o
f
g
ra
d
u
a
te
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lev
e
l
tex
tb
o
o
k
a
v
a
il
a
b
le
v
ia
th
e
a
u
t
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o
r
'
s
W
e
b
site
a
t
UCS
B
u
n
d
e
r
t
h
e
“
T
e
x
tb
o
o
k
s”
t
a
b
,
2
0
2
0
.
[
On
li
n
e
]
A
v
a
il
a
b
le:
h
tt
p
s:/
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e
c
e
.
u
c
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.
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d
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/
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p
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r
h
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m
i/
te
x
t_
d
e
p
_
c
o
m
p
.
h
tm
.
[5
]
Yu
-
Ch
e
e
T
se
n
g
,
M
in
g
-
Ho
u
r
Ya
n
g
,
T
o
n
g
-
Yin
g
Ju
a
n
g
,
“
A
c
h
iev
i
n
g
f
a
u
lt
-
to
lera
n
t
m
u
lt
ica
st
in
i
n
j
u
re
d
w
o
rm
h
o
le
-
ro
u
ted
to
ri
a
n
d
m
e
sh
e
s
b
a
se
d
o
n
Eu
ler
p
a
t
h
c
o
n
stru
c
ti
o
n
,
”
i
n
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s
a
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
Co
m
p
u
ter
s
,
v
o
l.
4
8
,
n
o
.
1
1
,
p
p
.
1
2
8
2
-
1
2
9
6
,
N
o
v
.
1
9
9
9
.
[6
]
Y.
Be
n
-
A
sh
e
r,
D.
P
e
leg
,
R.
Ra
m
a
s
w
a
m
i,
A
.
S
c
h
u
ste
r,
“
T
h
e
p
o
w
e
r
o
f
re
c
o
n
f
ig
u
ra
ti
o
n
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Pa
ra
ll
e
l
a
n
d
Distrib
u
ted
Co
mp
u
ti
n
g
,
S
p
rin
g
e
r,
v
o
l.
1
3
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
3
9
-
1
5
3
,
1
9
9
1
.
[7
]
M
.
C
h
e
a
n
,
J.
A
.
B.
F
o
rtes
,
“
A
tax
o
n
o
m
y
o
f
re
c
o
n
f
ig
u
ra
ti
o
n
tec
h
n
i
q
u
e
s
f
o
r
f
a
u
lt
-
to
lera
n
t
p
r
o
c
e
ss
o
r
a
rra
y
s,”
in
Co
mp
u
ter
,
v
o
l.
2
3
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
5
5
-
6
9
,
Ja
n
.
1
9
9
0
.
[8
]
M
.
F
u
k
u
sh
i
a
n
d
S
.
H
o
rig
u
c
h
i
,
“
Re
c
o
n
f
ig
u
ra
ti
o
n
a
lg
o
rit
h
m
f
o
r
d
e
g
ra
d
a
b
le
p
r
o
c
e
ss
o
r
a
rra
y
s
b
a
s
e
d
o
n
r
o
w
a
n
d
c
o
lu
m
n
re
ro
u
ti
n
g
,
”
1
9
th
IEE
E
I
n
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
S
y
mp
o
siu
m
o
n
De
fec
t
a
n
d
Fa
u
lt
T
o
ler
a
n
c
e
in
VL
S
I
S
y
ste
ms
,
DFT
,
2
0
0
4
,
p
p
.
4
9
6
-
5
0
4
.
[9
]
R.
S
u
ri,
M
.
S
h
im
izu
,
“
De
sig
n
f
o
r
a
n
a
ly
sis:
A
n
e
w
stra
te
g
y
to
i
m
p
ro
v
e
th
e
d
e
sig
n
p
ro
c
e
ss
,
”
Res
e
a
rc
h
in
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
De
sig
n
,
v
o
l.
1
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
0
5
-
1
2
0
,
1
9
8
9
.
[1
0
]
P
.
H.
De
h
k
o
rd
i
,
D.
W
.
Bo
u
l
d
i
n
,
“
De
sig
n
f
o
r
p
a
c
k
a
g
e
a
b
il
it
y
-
e
a
rl
y
c
o
n
sid
e
ra
ti
o
n
o
f
p
a
c
k
a
g
in
g
f
ro
m
a
V
L
S
I
d
e
sig
n
e
r'
s v
ie
w
p
o
in
t,
”
in
Co
mp
u
t
e
r
,
v
o
l.
2
6
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
7
6
-
8
1
,
A
p
r
.
1
9
9
3
.
[1
1
]
B.
P
a
rh
a
m
i,
“
Re
li
a
b
il
it
y
In
v
e
rsio
n
:
A
Ca
u
ti
o
n
a
ry
T
a
le,” in
Co
mp
u
t
e
r
,
v
o
l.
5
3
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
2
8
-
3
3
,
Ju
n
.
2
0
2
0
.
[1
2
]
D.
L
o
c
k
e
,
L
.
S
h
a
,
R
.
Ra
ji
k
u
m
a
r,
J.
L
e
h
o
c
z
k
y
,
G
.
Bu
rn
s,
“
P
ri
o
rit
y
in
v
e
rsio
n
a
n
d
it
s
c
o
n
tro
l
:
A
n
e
x
p
e
rim
e
n
tal
in
v
e
stig
a
ti
o
n
,
”
ACM
S
IGADA
Ad
a
L
e
tt
e
rs
,
v
o
l.
8
,
n
o
.
7
,
p
p
.
3
9
-
4
2
,
1
9
8
8
.
[1
3
]
G
.
Re
e
v
e
s,
“
W
h
a
t
re
a
ll
y
h
a
p
p
e
n
e
d
o
n
M
a
rs,”
T
h
e
Ri
sk
s Dig
e
st
,
v
o
l
.
1
9
,
n
o
.
5
4
,
p
p
.
1
-
7
,
1
9
9
8
.
[1
4
]
G
.
Jia
n
g
,
J.
W
u
,
J.
S
u
n
,
“
Eff
icie
n
t
re
c
o
n
f
ig
u
ra
ti
o
n
a
lg
o
rit
h
m
s
f
o
r
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
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is
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L
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T
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d
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p
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ter
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,
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re
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se
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ra
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a
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rd
s
(in
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lu
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m
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c
it
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d
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Jo
u
rn
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&
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ib
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Distin
g
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e
d
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isi
to
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f
IEE
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o
m
p
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ter
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),
h
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h
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ten
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m
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3
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p
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tec
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p
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it
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is als
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c
ti
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in
tec
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ica
l
c
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n
s
u
lt
in
g
.
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