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IJ
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r
e
s
o
f
f
au
lt
d
etec
tio
n
a
n
d
co
r
r
ec
tio
n
[
7
-
8
]
an
d
h
e
n
ce
th
er
e
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
s
o
m
e
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
to
b
e
ad
o
p
ted
to
i
m
p
l
e
m
en
t
t
h
e
f
a
u
lt
d
etec
tio
n
an
d
co
r
r
ec
tio
n
w
h
i
le
ad
h
er
in
g
to
b
asic
p
r
o
p
er
ties
o
f
t
h
e
r
o
u
ter
.
Di
f
f
er
en
t
u
n
i
v
e
r
s
ities
a
n
d
i
n
s
t
itu
tes
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
d
iv
er
s
e
f
la
v
o
r
s
o
f
ar
ch
itect
u
r
es f
o
r
a
r
o
u
ter
k
ee
p
i
n
g
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
a
n
d
r
o
u
tin
g
al
g
o
r
ith
m
s
as t
h
e
b
asi
s
.
1
.
3
.
Net
w
o
rk
T
o
po
lo
g
y
Net
w
o
r
k
to
p
o
lo
g
y
is
a
la
y
o
u
t
o
r
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
b
o
th
in
ter
m
s
o
f
p
h
y
s
ica
l
an
d
lo
g
ical.
Net
w
o
r
k
to
p
o
lo
g
y
r
ep
r
esen
t
s
th
e
w
a
y
i
n
w
h
ic
h
n
o
d
es
in
a
ch
ip
ar
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
ea
c
h
o
th
er
.
R
esear
ch
er
s
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
v
ar
io
u
s
h
o
m
o
g
e
n
eo
u
s
a
n
d
h
eter
o
g
e
n
eo
u
s
n
et
w
o
r
k
to
p
o
lo
g
ies
k
ee
p
i
n
g
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
a
n
d
p
o
w
er
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
as
th
e
d
esi
g
n
cr
iter
ia.
A
ls
o
,
th
e
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
i
n
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
d
ev
ices
ev
en
t
u
all
y
lead
s
to
d
eg
r
ad
atio
n
o
f
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
i
n
an
No
C
.
I
n
f
a
ct
th
e
d
i
m
i
n
is
h
i
n
g
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
c
e
o
v
er
th
e
ti
m
e
is
a
s
s
o
ciate
d
w
it
h
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
in
t
h
e
f
au
lt
-
r
ate
s
o
f
th
e
d
e
v
ices
w
h
i
ch
later
tu
r
n
ed
o
u
t
to
b
e
th
e
m
o
s
t
d
o
m
i
n
ati
n
g
r
ea
s
o
n
f
o
r
th
e
d
is
g
u
s
tin
g
s
y
s
te
m
h
alts
i
n
No
C
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e
s
o
m
e
tech
n
iq
u
e
s
ar
e
co
m
p
u
l
s
o
r
y
to
w
o
r
k
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
e
v
en
i
n
f
au
lt
y
d
o
m
ai
n
s
.
T
h
e
f
au
lts
i
n
a
No
C
co
u
ld
b
e
ca
teg
o
r
ized
as
p
er
m
a
n
en
t,
i
n
ter
m
itte
n
t
an
d
tr
an
s
ie
n
t
f
a
u
lts
a
n
d
r
esear
ch
er
s
ar
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
in
g
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
s
f
o
r
ea
ch
k
in
d
o
f
t
h
e
f
au
l
ts
b
ased
o
n
th
eir
b
eh
av
io
r
to
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
s
ti
m
u
li
a
n
d
ti
m
e.
2.
RE
L
AT
E
D
R
E
SE
ARCH
I
n
th
i
s
s
ec
tio
n
,
w
e
w
o
u
ld
li
k
e
to
p
r
esen
t
a
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
e
an
al
y
s
is
o
f
v
ar
io
u
s
co
n
tr
ib
u
t
io
n
s
to
th
e
Fau
lt to
ler
a
n
ce
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
i
n
No
C
d
o
m
ai
n
.
2
.
1
.
Co
re
As
a
n
y
o
f
t
h
e
ea
r
lier
s
tated
f
a
u
lts
(
p
er
m
an
e
n
t,
tr
a
n
s
ie
n
t
an
d
in
ter
m
itte
n
t
f
a
u
lt
s
)
o
cc
u
r
at
t
h
e
co
r
e
in
No
C
,
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
g
ets
d
ir
ec
tl
y
a
f
f
ec
ted
lead
in
g
t
o
h
ig
h
e
n
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
t
io
n
.
C
h
en
-
L
i
n
g
C
h
o
u
et
al.
,
P
r
o
p
o
s
ed
R
ep
lace
m
en
t
o
f
s
p
ar
e
co
r
e
[
9
]
tech
n
iq
u
e
to
ad
d
r
ess
th
is
i
s
s
u
e.
T
h
e
p
lace
m
e
n
t
o
f
th
e
s
p
ar
e
co
r
e
in
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
is
ch
o
s
en
r
an
d
o
m
l
y
u
s
in
g
Fa
u
lt
to
ler
an
ce
m
ap
p
in
g
F
u
n
c
tio
n
s
[
1
0
]
.
W
eig
h
ted
Ma
n
h
atta
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
R
E
S
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8708
S
u
r
ve
y
o
n
P
erfo
r
ma
n
ce
a
n
d
E
n
erg
y
co
n
s
u
mp
tio
n
o
f F
a
u
lt To
lera
n
ce
in
N
o
C
(
B
.
N
a
r
esh
K
u
ma
r
R
ed
d
y
)
71
Dis
ta
n
ce
(
W
MD
)
,
L
in
k
C
o
n
ten
tio
n
C
o
u
n
t
(
L
C
C
)
an
d
S
y
s
te
m
Fra
g
m
en
tat
io
n
Facto
r
(
SF
F)
ar
e
th
e
f
e
w
p
ar
am
eter
s
to
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
f
o
r
th
is
Fa
u
lt
-
to
ler
an
t
m
ap
p
in
g
f
u
n
ctio
n
.
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
also
co
n
v
e
y
ed
o
n
e
m
ap
p
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
to
m
in
i
m
ize
SF
F
b
y
co
n
ti
n
u
o
u
s
s
elec
tio
n
o
f
t
iles
h
a
v
i
n
g
f
e
w
er
n
eig
h
b
o
r
s
as
w
ell
a
s
s
m
a
ller
E
u
clid
ea
n
Di
s
tan
ce
(
E
D)
in
th
e
r
eg
io
n
.
A
t
th
e
o
u
t
s
et,
p
lace
m
en
t
o
f
s
p
ar
e
co
r
e
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
th
e
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
d
is
ta
n
ce
b
et
w
ee
n
f
a
u
lt
y
co
r
e
an
d
s
p
ar
e
co
r
e
b
u
t
also
o
n
th
e
f
ail
u
r
e
p
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
s
o
v
er
th
e
r
est
o
f
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
.
T
h
e
m
eth
o
d
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
b
y
Fate
m
eh
Kh
alili
an
d
Ha
m
id
R
.
Z
ar
an
d
i
[
1
1
]
,
f
o
r
s
p
ar
e
co
r
e
p
lace
m
en
t
i
s
ab
le
to
ef
f
icie
n
tl
y
p
er
f
o
r
m
th
e
r
eso
u
r
ce
m
an
ag
e
m
e
n
t
an
d
t
h
e
f
ail
u
r
e
co
n
tain
m
e
n
t
is
al
s
o
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
tl
y
i
m
p
r
o
v
ed
w
it
h
i
n
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
.
Her
e
in
t
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
th
e
p
lace
m
e
n
t
o
f
s
p
ar
e
co
r
e
is
d
o
n
e
u
s
i
n
g
W
MD
[
1
2
]
,
av
ailab
le
n
eig
h
b
o
r
in
g
tiles
(
ANT
)
an
d
Un
m
ap
p
ed
Neig
h
b
o
r
in
g
v
er
tices
's
(
U
NV)
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
alg
o
r
ith
m
is
as
f
o
llo
w
s
:
Mi
n
i
m
ize
W
MD
,
if
m
o
r
e
th
a
n
o
n
e
til
e
is
s
ati
s
f
ied
,
i.e
.
C
h
o
o
s
e
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
│A
NT
(
t
mn
)
─
UNV(
v
j
)
│)
an
d
th
en
ap
p
l
y
th
e
s
p
ar
e
p
lace
m
e
n
t
alg
o
r
ith
m
(
C
alc
u
late
P
critical
u
s
i
n
g
W
MD
)
.
T
h
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
tech
n
iq
u
e
r
ed
u
ce
s
t
h
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
lo
s
s
es
an
d
o
f
f
er
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
t,
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
p
r
ev
io
u
s
cited
w
o
r
k
[
1
3
]
.
On
e
o
f
au
th
o
r
p
r
esen
ted
NM
A
P
alg
o
r
ith
m
[
1
4
]
,
w
h
ic
h
is
co
m
p
a
r
ativ
el
y
f
as
ter
,
an
d
s
a
y
s
th
at,
if
y
o
u
m
ap
th
e
co
r
es
in
a
Net
w
o
r
k
o
n
ch
ip
b
ased
o
n
b
an
d
w
id
th
li
m
itat
io
n
s
,
it
is
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
m
i
n
i
m
ize
t
h
e
co
m
m
u
n
icat
io
n
d
elay
.
Au
t
h
o
r
also
ex
p
lai
n
e
d
b
o
th
m
in
i
m
u
m
-
p
at
h
r
o
u
ti
n
g
an
d
s
p
lit
tr
af
f
ic
r
o
u
tin
g
.
W
h
en
ta
s
k
s
d
o
n
o
t
g
et
ac
co
m
p
lis
h
ed
i
n
t
h
e
co
r
e
as
ex
p
ec
te
d
,
th
en
it
i
s
i
m
p
lied
t
h
at
t
h
er
e
is
s
o
m
e
in
ter
n
a
l
f
a
u
lt
[
1
5
]
w
ith
i
n
t
h
e
co
r
e.
Ou
r
Dar
in
et
al.
,
p
r
esen
ted
a
T
ask
r
e
m
ap
p
in
g
s
tr
ateg
y
[
1
6
]
to
r
ep
r
esen
t
th
is
k
i
n
d
o
f
is
s
u
e
s
.
I
t
is
o
n
li
n
e
b
ased
s
o
lu
tio
n
m
ain
l
y
co
n
ce
n
tr
ates
o
n
p
er
m
a
n
e
n
t
f
ail
u
r
es
at
co
r
es
in
t
h
e
No
C
.
He
m
ai
n
l
y
m
e
n
tio
n
s
t
w
o
as
p
ec
ts
th
at
h
a
v
e
to
ac
co
u
n
t
i
n
No
C
[
1
7
]
.
First
o
n
e
is
p
ar
titi
o
n
p
r
o
b
le
m
i.e
.
Selectio
n
o
f
co
r
e
an
d
t
h
e
o
th
er
is
co
r
e
m
a
p
p
in
g
.
Selec
tio
n
o
f
co
r
e
is
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
f
o
r
r
u
n
n
in
g
th
e
tas
k
s
o
f
t
h
e
ap
p
licatio
n
an
d
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
o
p
tim
iza
tio
n
is
t
h
e
ch
al
l
en
g
e
h
er
e.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
o
n
e
th
e
co
m
p
u
tat
io
n
al
m
ap
p
in
g
,
w
h
ic
h
ac
tu
a
ll
y
m
ap
s
th
e
s
elec
ted
I
P
s
to
th
e
tiles
o
f
No
C
an
d
Op
ti
m
izin
g
co
m
m
u
n
ica
t
io
n
is
k
e
y
i
n
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
asp
ec
t.
C
h
ao
W
an
g
et
al.
,
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
C
R
S
-
T
S
alg
o
r
ith
m
[
1
8
]
,
to
s
u
s
tain
in
th
e
s
itu
atio
n
w
h
en
f
a
u
lts
o
cc
u
r
in
P
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
E
le
m
en
t
o
r
co
r
e.
T
h
is
alg
o
r
ith
m
o
p
er
ates
in
t
w
o
s
tag
e
s
.
I
n
th
e
f
ir
s
t
s
ta
g
e,
t
w
o
o
p
er
atio
n
s
,
i.e
.
r
o
w
b
i
-
s
h
i
f
t
o
p
er
atio
n
a
n
d
co
lu
m
n
s
h
if
t
o
p
er
atio
n
,
ar
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
.
A
lter
n
a
tiv
e
l
y
w
e
ca
n
u
s
e,
C
R
S
to
g
en
er
ate
an
i
n
itial
f
ea
s
ib
le
to
p
o
lo
g
y
.
I
n
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
s
ta
g
e,
a
tab
u
s
ea
r
ch
alg
o
r
ith
m
is
c
u
s
to
m
ized
to
r
ev
is
e
th
e
in
itial to
p
o
lo
g
y
to
f
u
r
th
er
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
d
is
ta
n
ce
an
d
co
n
g
esti
o
n
f
ac
to
r
s
.
2
.
2
.
Net
w
o
rk
I
nte
rf
a
ce
Net
w
o
r
k
I
n
ter
f
ac
e
(
NI
)
is
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
m
ed
i
u
m
b
et
w
ee
n
co
r
e
an
d
r
o
u
ter
.
M
o
s
t
o
f
th
e
Fau
l
ts
o
cc
u
r
in
NI
ar
e
f
o
u
n
d
to
b
e
in
L
o
o
k
u
p
T
ab
les
(
L
UT
)
[
1
9
]
,
I
n
p
u
t
a
n
d
o
u
tp
u
t
q
u
e
u
e
(
FIFOs
)
[
2
0
]
an
d
A
d
ap
ter
.
I
n
A
d
ap
ter
,
f
a
u
lt
s
o
cc
u
r
w
h
e
n
p
r
o
to
co
l
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
m
ec
h
a
n
i
s
m
is
co
r
r
u
p
ted
w
h
ic
h
i
s
ac
t
u
all
y
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
f
o
r
r
o
u
tin
g
to
th
e
w
r
o
n
g
d
est
in
ati
o
n
s
.
I
n
FIF
O
f
au
lts
,
t
y
p
icall
y
d
ata
g
ets
co
r
r
u
p
ted
i
n
t
h
e
q
u
e
u
e
lead
i
n
g
to
f
als
e
d
ata
r
ec
ep
tio
n
an
d
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
.
A
n
d
s
i
m
ilar
l
y
t
h
e
f
a
u
lt
s
in
L
UT
g
en
er
ates t
h
e
w
r
o
n
g
r
o
u
t
in
g
p
at
h
s
.
L
ea
n
d
r
o
Fio
r
in
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
Fa
u
lt
to
ler
an
ce
NI
f
o
r
Net
w
o
r
k
o
n
C
h
ip
[
2
1
]
to
ad
d
r
ess
th
e
ab
o
v
e
m
en
tio
n
ed
f
a
u
lts
,
an
d
its
f
o
cu
s
is
o
n
th
e
b
u
ild
i
n
g
b
lo
ck
s
o
f
L
UT
,
FIFO
an
d
FS
M.
Her
e,
L
UT
co
u
ld
b
e
i
m
p
le
m
en
ted
b
y
C
o
m
b
in
a
tio
n
o
f
n
o
n
-
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
m
ab
le
co
n
te
n
t
ad
d
r
ess
ab
le
m
e
m
o
r
y
(
C
A
M)
an
d
R
AM
li
n
es,
h
er
e
ev
al
u
ated
t
w
o
lev
el
o
f
a
r
ch
itect
u
r
e
m
et
h
o
d
o
lo
g
ies
t
h
e
s
e
ar
e
E
r
r
o
r
c
o
r
r
ec
tin
g
/d
etec
ti
n
g
co
d
es
a
n
d
lin
e
s
[
2
2
-
2
3
]
.
FIFO
is
i
m
p
le
m
en
te
d
u
s
i
n
g
a
n
o
f
f
s
e
t
r
eg
is
ter
to
s
to
r
e
o
f
f
s
e
t
v
alu
e,
an
d
i
t
w
ill
b
e
ad
d
ed
to
th
e
n
ex
t
w
o
r
k
i
n
g
ele
m
e
n
t
i
n
t
h
e
FIFO
s
to
r
ea
d
an
d
w
r
ite
p
o
in
ter
s
f
o
r
th
e
r
esp
ec
tiv
e
r
ea
d
a
n
d
w
r
ite
o
p
er
atio
n
s
.
FS
M
co
n
tr
o
lled
P
r
o
to
co
l
A
d
ap
tio
n
in
t
h
e
NI
o
p
er
atio
n
i
s
a
n
e
m
er
g
in
g
tr
e
n
d
i
n
er
r
o
r
d
etec
tio
n
a
n
d
co
r
r
ec
tio
n
i
n
FS
M.
I
t
w
o
r
k
s
a
s
f
o
llo
w
s
:
T
h
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
r
elate
d
to
s
tate
s
o
f
FS
M
is
t
h
e
f
o
r
m
at
SE
C
D
E
D
Hsi
ao
co
d
e
an
d
co
m
p
ar
i
n
g
it
w
i
th
b
ase
lin
e
r
ev
ea
ls
th
e
p
r
ese
n
ce
o
f
er
r
o
r
s
.
Fo
llo
w
ed
u
p
b
y
t
h
e
er
r
o
r
co
r
r
ec
tio
n
.
A
r
esear
c
h
p
ap
er
o
n
Mu
lti
Net
w
o
r
k
I
n
ter
f
ac
e
ex
p
lai
n
ed
[
2
4
]
th
at
th
e
e
ar
l
ier
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
ta
k
e
lo
n
g
t
i
m
e
to
d
eliv
er
t
h
e
p
ac
k
ets
i
n
th
e
ca
s
e
o
f
h
ar
d
/
s
o
f
t
er
r
o
r
s
in
t
h
e
Net
w
o
r
k
I
n
ter
f
ac
e.
Hen
ce
in
s
tead
o
f
r
el
y
i
n
g
o
n
th
e
NI
,
th
e
id
ea
o
f
m
u
ltip
le
NI
h
a
s
b
ee
n
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
.
T
h
u
s
f
ail
u
r
e
o
f
p
ac
k
et
d
eliv
er
y
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
o
n
e
NI
is
au
t
o
n
o
m
o
u
s
l
y
h
a
n
d
led
b
y
an
o
t
h
er
NI
i
n
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
r
o
u
ter
.
T
h
e
q
u
ad
NI
's
h
a
v
e
al
s
o
b
ee
n
i
n
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
t
h
er
e
b
y
i
m
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
th
e
f
a
u
lt
to
ler
an
ce
at
t
h
e
ar
ch
itec
tu
r
e
lev
el
to
t
h
e
f
u
r
t
h
er
ex
ten
t.
Heik
k
i
Kar
i
n
ie
m
i
a
n
d
J
ar
i
Nu
r
m
i
p
r
esen
t
s
n
e
w
alg
o
r
ith
m
[
2
5
]
,
MSI
is
NI
o
f
Mic
r
o
m
e
s
h
,
a
n
d
d
ata
is
tr
an
s
f
er
r
ed
to
th
e
en
tire
No
C
in
ter
m
s
o
f
s
m
all
s
ize
f
i
x
ed
p
ac
k
ets
d
u
e
to
th
e
f
ac
t
t
h
at
s
m
all
s
ize
p
ac
k
et
s
co
u
ld
b
e
s
t
o
r
ed
in
th
e
b
u
f
f
er
s
o
r
m
e
m
o
r
y
.
W
h
e
n
t
h
e
d
ata
is
co
r
r
u
p
ted
at
th
at
tim
e,
Dir
ec
t
Me
m
o
r
y
A
cc
es
s
(
DM
A
)
tr
an
s
f
er
s
th
e
d
ata
f
r
o
m
m
e
m
o
r
y
to
MSI
HW
,
T
h
at
MSI
h
as
t
h
e
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
to
d
etec
t
th
e
co
r
r
u
p
ted
o
r
f
au
lt
y
d
ata
u
s
in
g
C
y
clic
R
ed
u
n
d
a
n
c
y
C
h
e
ck
(
C
R
C
)
s
u
m
s
a
n
d
ti
m
er
s
t
h
er
e
b
y
co
r
r
ec
tin
g
th
e
er
r
o
r
s
ac
co
r
d
in
g
l
y
.
An
u
p
Das
et
al.
,
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ce
n
tr
alize
d
H/W
Fau
lt
to
ler
an
ce
NI
f
o
r
No
C
b
a
s
ed
o
n
s
p
atial
d
iv
is
io
n
m
u
ltip
le
x
in
g
.
I
n
t
h
a
t
d
esig
n
,
d
ata
i
s
tr
a
n
s
f
er
r
ed
f
r
o
m
co
r
e/r
o
u
ter
to
r
o
u
ter
/co
r
e
w
it
h
o
u
t
lo
s
s
,
a
co
r
e
tr
an
s
f
er
s
t
h
e
d
ata
to
FIFO
an
d
th
e
n
to
co
n
tr
o
ller
.
T
h
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
d
etec
ts
t
h
e
er
r
o
r
w
h
ich
i
n
t
u
r
n
p
as
s
es t
h
e
d
ata
to
th
e
attac
h
ed
d
is
tr
ib
u
to
r
an
d
f
i
n
all
y
it d
eliv
er
s
t
h
e
d
ata
v
ia
s
er
ialize
[
2
6
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
9
-
4864
IJ
R
E
S
Vo
l.
5
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
20
1
6
:
69
–
7
4
72
2
.
3
.
P
a
t
h
Fau
lt
s
th
at
o
cc
u
r
i
n
th
e
p
ath
o
f
No
C
ar
e
t
w
o
t
y
p
es,
T
e
m
p
o
r
ar
y
Fa
u
lts
a
n
d
P
er
m
a
n
en
t
f
au
lts
,
S
y
ed
.
M.
A
.
H.
J
af
r
i
an
d
et.
,
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
f
au
lt
to
ler
a
n
t
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
s
.
I
f
th
e
f
a
u
lt
i
s
f
o
u
n
d
to
b
e
a
tem
p
o
r
ar
y
f
a
u
lt
t
h
at
is
o
b
s
er
v
ed
in
a
w
ir
e
o
r
b
u
f
f
er
,
E
r
r
o
r
co
r
r
ec
tin
g
co
d
es
(
E
C
C
)
[
2
7
]
co
u
ld
b
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
e
r
r
o
r
d
etec
tio
n
an
d
co
r
r
ec
tio
n
.
W
h
en
p
er
m
an
e
n
t
f
au
lt
o
cc
u
r
i
n
a
n
y
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
w
ir
e,
it
is
s
o
l
v
ed
b
y
p
lacin
g
a
r
ed
u
n
d
an
t
w
ir
e
b
et
w
ee
n
r
o
u
ter
s
as
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
d
b
y
p
ap
er
[
2
8
]
an
d
s
i
g
n
if
ic
an
t
e
n
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
r
ed
u
ctio
n
co
u
ld
also
b
e
ac
h
iev
ed
.
T
h
e
n
at
u
r
al
co
m
p
le
x
n
et
w
o
r
k
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
b
y
th
e
Am
la
n
Gan
g
u
l
y
e
t
al.
,
d
r
ag
g
ed
th
e
in
s
p
ir
atio
n
f
o
r
s
m
al
l
-
w
o
r
ld
ar
c
h
itect
u
r
e
[
2
9
]
.
Natu
r
al
co
m
p
le
x
n
et
w
o
r
k
g
e
n
er
all
y
co
n
tai
n
s
t
h
e
lo
n
g
-
r
a
n
g
e
li
n
k
s
,
it
ca
n
b
e
d
esig
n
ed
w
ith
t
h
e
h
elp
o
f
s
i
n
g
le
-
h
o
p
w
ir
eles
s
ch
a
n
n
els.
T
h
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
i
s
en
er
g
y
ef
f
icie
n
t
a
n
d
o
f
f
er
s
h
ig
h
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
in
t
h
e
m
u
lti
-
co
r
e
ch
ip
s
.
I
n
a
tr
a
f
f
ic
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ar
ch
itectu
r
e,
t
h
e
p
a
ck
et
late
n
c
y
i
s
h
i
g
h
,
co
n
s
id
e
r
in
g
t
h
is
d
r
a
w
b
ac
k
Og
r
as
a
n
d
m
ar
cu
le
s
cu
p
r
ese
n
ted
a
n
o
v
el
d
esi
g
n
m
et
h
o
d
o
lo
g
y
f
o
r
in
s
er
tin
g
ap
p
licatio
n
-
s
p
ec
i
f
ic
lo
n
g
-
r
an
g
e
lin
k
s
to
s
tan
d
ar
d
m
es
h
No
C
ar
ch
itect
u
r
e
[
3
0
]
.
A
u
t
h
o
r
s
ex
p
r
ess
ed
th
at
in
tr
o
d
u
ci
n
g
lo
n
g
-
r
an
g
e
li
n
k
s
p
lay
s
cr
u
cial
r
o
le
b
o
th
in
t
h
e
s
tat
ic
an
d
d
y
n
a
m
ic
ca
s
es.
D
u
r
in
g
th
e
t
i
m
e
s
o
f
h
ea
v
y
tr
af
f
ic,
a
s
p
er
t
h
is
ar
ch
i
t
ec
tu
r
e
t
h
e
ad
d
itio
n
o
f
lo
n
g
r
a
n
g
e
li
n
k
s
r
ed
u
ce
s
th
e
p
ac
k
et
lat
en
c
y
an
d
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
s
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
,
th
u
s
e
n
h
a
n
ci
n
g
t
h
e
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t.
2
.
4
.
Ro
ute
r
R
o
u
ter
s
p
la
y
s
an
ac
ti
v
e
r
o
le
in
th
e
w
h
o
l
e
o
p
er
atio
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o
f
Net
w
o
r
k
-
on
-
C
h
ip
an
d
h
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ld
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t
h
e
r
esp
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n
s
ib
ilit
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o
r
th
e
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ti
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g
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e
p
ac
k
ets
to
th
e
co
r
r
esp
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n
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in
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d
esti
n
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s
.
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o
m
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n
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b
ac
k
to
t
h
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to
p
ic
o
f
f
a
u
lt
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i
n
th
e
No
C
,
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er
e
ar
e
f
air
ch
a
n
ce
s
t
h
at
f
au
l
ts
co
u
ld
b
e
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ee
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i
n
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u
f
f
er
s
,
cr
o
s
s
b
ar
s
an
d
s
w
itc
h
all
o
ca
to
r
s
i
n
th
e
r
o
u
ter
.
T
h
e
f
in
e
g
r
ai
n
ed
m
o
d
u
lar
r
o
u
ter
ar
ch
itect
u
r
e
[
1
]
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
b
y
J
o
n
g
m
a
n
Ki
m
a
n
d
et.
,
k
n
o
w
n
as
r
o
w
-
co
l
u
m
n
d
ec
o
u
p
led
r
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u
ter
,
to
o
p
er
ate
th
e
r
o
u
ter
in
f
au
lt
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e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
b
y
co
n
c
en
tr
ati
n
g
o
n
f
au
l
t
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to
ler
an
ce
,
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
a
n
d
e
n
er
g
y
.
T
h
e
f
i
n
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g
r
ai
n
ed
m
o
d
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lar
ar
ch
itect
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r
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m
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t
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ch
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r
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k
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le
f
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in
cl
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aller
cr
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×
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er
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5
×5
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ath
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ch
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ail
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r
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cc
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g
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it,
s
u
p
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e
if
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C
r
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ter
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f
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ils
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h
en
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h
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o
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ith
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ec
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i
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m
to
b
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tr
af
f
ic
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ter
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ter
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ir
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ctl
y
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1
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ter
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t
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ter
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w
h
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n
o
n
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o
f
t
h
e
co
r
e
in
th
e
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er
ie
s
o
f
ad
j
ac
en
t
r
o
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ter
s
g
e
ts
d
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
d
u
e
to
s
o
m
e
f
a
u
lt
s
,
it
is
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
tr
an
s
f
er
th
e
d
ata
b
et
w
ee
n
th
o
s
e
co
r
e
s
h
ar
ed
r
o
u
ter
s
b
y
is
s
u
in
g
a
co
m
m
a
n
d
o
f
co
r
e
r
ec
o
v
er
y
i
n
No
C
r
es
u
lti
n
g
i
n
f
ac
ilit
at
in
g
a
b
ac
k
u
p
p
a
th
f
o
r
t
h
e
co
r
e[
3
1
]
as
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
b
y
K
h
alid
L
ati
f
.
A
d
a
n
Ko
h
ler
ex
p
lai
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ed
i
n
h
is
p
r
o
p
o
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al
th
at
b
y
i
n
tr
o
d
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cin
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th
e
C
R
C
at
t
h
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ter
i
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p
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n
d
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tp
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t
h
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at
a
co
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tr
an
s
f
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af
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s
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o
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R
C
ar
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p
ab
le
o
f
er
r
o
r
d
etec
tio
n
an
d
co
r
r
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tio
n
f
o
r
ev
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y
p
ac
k
et
t
h
at
is
in
i
ts
d
o
m
ai
n
.
I
n
No
C
,
t
h
e
r
o
u
ter
f
ail
u
r
es
ar
e
d
u
e
to
th
e
f
a
u
lts
i
n
a
r
o
u
ter
is
i
m
p
lici
tl
y
d
e
r
iv
ed
.
Yu
n
g
-
C
h
a
n
g
C
h
a
n
g
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
d
v
an
ce
d
f
a
u
lt
to
ler
an
ce
s
c
h
e
m
e
[
3
2
]
,
b
y
in
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
a
s
p
ar
e
r
o
u
ter
in
th
e
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C
.
Du
r
i
n
g
th
e
ti
m
e
s
o
f
f
a
u
lt
s
,
th
e
s
p
ar
e
r
o
u
ter
g
ets
in
s
er
ted
to
th
e
to
p
o
f
th
e
r
o
w
.
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h
is
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
s
p
ar
e
r
o
u
ter
g
av
e
b
o
r
n
to
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w
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er
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g
o
r
ith
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s
k
n
o
wn
as
s
h
i
f
t
-
a
n
d
-
r
ep
lace
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allo
ca
ti
o
n
(
S
A
R
A
)
alg
o
r
it
h
m
a
n
d
d
ef
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t
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a
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ar
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e
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s
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p
at
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ca
tio
n
(
DA
P
A
)
alg
o
r
ith
m
.
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n
th
e
f
o
r
m
er
alg
o
r
ith
m
,
th
e
l
o
ca
l
c
o
r
e
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
o
th
er
r
o
u
ter
at
th
e
tim
e
o
f
r
o
u
ter
f
ai
lu
r
es,
w
h
er
e
as
in
th
e
latter
,
t
h
e
p
ath
is
d
y
n
a
m
ic
all
y
allo
ca
ted
i
n
t
h
e
ca
s
e
o
f
r
o
u
ti
n
g
f
ail
u
r
es.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
p
ap
er
[
3
3
]
b
r
ief
l
y
d
is
cu
s
s
es t
h
ese
t
w
o
al
g
o
r
ith
m
s
with
an
e
x
a
m
p
le.
3.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
a
n
d
is
s
u
es
o
f
e
n
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
in
th
e
s
ce
n
ar
io
o
f
f
au
l
ts
i
n
No
C
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
w
ell
ex
p
lo
r
ed
b
y
t
h
e
r
esear
c
h
er
s
.
T
h
e
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
o
f
b
es
t
p
r
ac
tices
i.e
.
r
ig
o
r
o
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s
s
t
u
d
y
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d
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f
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er
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n
t
d
esi
g
n
tech
n
iq
u
es
a
n
d
m
e
th
o
d
o
lo
g
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s
is
o
b
lig
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y
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o
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th
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f
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it
f
u
l
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m
p
le
m
e
n
tat
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o
f
t
h
e
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ter
.
T
h
e
f
o
llo
w
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n
g
in
ter
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n
g
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
s
co
u
ld
b
e
s
u
m
m
ar
ized
w
it
h
r
esp
ec
t
to
th
e
co
n
ce
p
ts
o
f
f
a
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lt
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to
l
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ce
an
d
e
n
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
in
a
r
o
u
ter
Co
re
:
P
lace
th
e
s
p
ar
e
co
r
es
a
m
o
n
g
o
th
er
f
r
ee
n
o
n
-
f
a
u
lt
y
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
co
r
es
[
1
1
]
w
h
e
n
f
a
u
lt
s
o
cc
u
r
in
a
p
ar
ticu
lar
co
r
e.
On
e
o
f
t
h
e
au
t
h
o
r
p
r
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p
o
s
ed
s
id
e
Sp
ar
e
c
o
r
e
p
lace
m
en
t
a
s
cited
at
Fi
g
u
r
e
2
(
b
)
.
FA
R
M
p
ap
er
s
p
ec
if
ie
s
t
h
at
s
p
ar
e
co
r
e
co
u
ld
b
e
p
lace
d
r
an
d
o
m
l
y
a
s
s
h
o
w
n
in
(
c)
,
w
h
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s
t
h
e
d
y
n
a
m
ic
p
lace
m
en
t
o
f
s
p
ar
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co
r
e
is
also
p
o
s
s
ib
le
as
p
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t
f
o
r
w
ar
d
ed
b
y
Fate
m
e
h
K
h
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an
d
Ha
m
id
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.
Z
ar
a
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d
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an
d
p
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ted
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in
(
d
)
.
W
eig
h
i
n
g
ag
ai
n
s
t
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c
h
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f
th
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ab
o
v
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m
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n
tio
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tech
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th
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s
ce
n
ar
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f
f
a
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th
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d
y
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a
m
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p
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m
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t
o
f
th
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t
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to
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I
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p
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m
m
u
n
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n
e
n
er
g
y
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n
s
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m
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.
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Dif
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w
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I
nte
rf
a
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:
T
h
e
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r
d
etec
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co
r
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r
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s
.
I
n
FIFO
q
u
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u
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C
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D
en
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m
a
k
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w
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m
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ca
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f
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t f
a
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P
a
t
h:
R
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a
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p
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class
if
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f
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f
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r
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C
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W
it
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to
t
h
e
p
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m
a
n
e
n
t
f
a
u
lts
,
th
e
ad
d
itio
n
o
f
s
p
ar
e
w
ir
e
b
etw
ee
n
th
e
r
o
u
ter
s
r
e
m
ar
k
ab
l
y
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ed
u
ce
s
th
e
p
o
w
er
co
n
s
u
m
p
ti
o
n
as
ex
a
m
i
n
ed
b
y
th
e
r
esear
ch
p
ap
er
[
2
8
]
.
Ro
ute
r:
I
n
th
e
co
u
r
s
e
o
f
r
o
u
ter
f
ai
lu
r
e
s
o
r
b
r
o
k
en
lin
k
s
b
et
w
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th
e
co
r
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an
d
th
e
co
r
r
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d
in
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r
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u
ter
,
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n
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r
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ter
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as it c
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NO
WL
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D
G
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M
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NT
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h
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p
u
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li
ca
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n
is
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o
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tco
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e
o
f
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R
&
D
w
o
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n
d
er
tak
e
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Vis
v
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ay
a
P
h
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e,
Dep
ar
t
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e
n
t
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le
ctr
o
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ics
an
d
I
n
f
o
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atio
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e
ch
n
o
lo
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Mi
n
is
tr
y
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f
C
o
m
m
u
n
icat
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T
,
Go
v
er
n
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en
t o
f
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n
d
ia
an
d
Me
d
ia
L
ab
A
s
ia.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
Jo
n
g
m
a
n
Ki
m
,
Ch
r
y
so
sto
m
o
s
Ni
c
o
p
o
u
lo
s,
D
o
n
g
k
o
o
k
P
a
rk
,
V
ij
a
y
k
rish
n
a
n
Na
ra
y
a
n
a
n
,
M
a
z
in
S
.
Y
o
u
sif
a
n
d
Ch
i
ta
R.
Da
s,
“
A
Gr
a
c
e
fu
ll
y
De
g
ra
d
i
n
g
a
n
d
En
e
rg
y
-
Ef
fi
c
ien
t
M
o
d
u
l
a
r
Ro
u
ter
Ar
c
h
it
e
c
tu
re
f
o
r
On
-
C
h
ip
Ne
tw
o
rk
s
”
,
P
r
o
c
e
e
d
in
g
s o
f
th
e
3
3
r
d
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
S
y
m
p
o
siu
m
o
n
Co
m
p
u
ter A
r
c
h
it
e
c
tu
re
(IS
CA
2
0
0
6
).
[2
]
T
o
b
ias
Bjerre
g
a
a
rd
A
n
d
S
h
a
n
k
a
r
M
a
h
a
d
e
v
a
n
,
“
A
S
u
rv
e
y
o
f
Re
se
a
rc
h
a
n
d
P
ra
c
ti
c
e
s
o
f
Ne
t
w
o
rk
-
on
-
Ch
i
p
”
,
ACM
Co
mp
u
t
in
g
S
u
rv
e
y
s
,
V
o
l.
3
8
,
M
a
r
c
h
2
0
0
6
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
9
-
4864
IJ
R
E
S
Vo
l.
5
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
20
1
6
:
69
–
7
4
74
[3
]
C.
Nic
o
p
o
u
l
o
s
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Ne
tw
o
rk
-
on
-
Ch
ip
A
rc
h
it
e
c
tu
re
s:
ViCh
a
R:
A
D
y
n
a
m
ic
V
ir
tu
a
l
Ch
a
n
n
e
l
Re
g
u
lato
r
f
o
r
No
C
Ro
u
ters
”
,
L
e
c
tu
re
No
tes
in
E
lec
trica
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
4
5
,
S
p
rin
g
e
r S
c
ien
c
e
Bu
sin
e
ss
M
e
d
ia
B.
V.
2
0
0
9
.
[4
]
T
e
ij
o
Leh
to
n
e
n
e
t
a
l.
,
“
F
a
u
lt
T
o
lera
n
c
e
A
n
a
l
y
sis
o
f
No
C
A
r
c
h
it
e
c
tu
re
s”
,
IEE
E
In
ter
a
n
ti
o
n
a
l
S
y
mp
o
si
u
m o
n
Circ
u
it
s
a
n
d
S
y
ste
ms
,
2
0
0
7
.
[5
]
C.
Nic
o
p
o
u
l
o
s
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Ne
tw
o
rk
-
on
-
Ch
i
p
A
rc
h
it
e
c
tu
re
s:
Ro
Co
:
T
h
e
Ro
w
–
Co
lu
m
n
De
c
o
p
le
d
Ro
u
ter
–
A
G
r
a
c
e
f
u
ll
y
De
g
ra
d
in
g
a
n
d
E
n
e
rg
y
-
Eff
ici
e
n
t
M
o
d
u
lar
R
o
u
ter
A
rc
h
it
e
c
tu
re
f
o
r
On
-
Ch
ip
Ne
tw
o
rk
s”
,
L
e
c
tu
re
No
t
e
s
in
El
e
c
trica
l
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
4
5
,
S
p
rin
g
e
r S
c
ien
c
e
Bu
sin
e
ss
M
e
d
ia
B.
V
.
2
0
0
9
.
[6
]
Ro
n
g
Ye
a
n
d
Qia
n
g
Xu
“
En
e
rg
y
-
Eff
icie
n
t
De
sig
n
T
e
c
h
n
iq
u
e
s
”
,
E
n
e
rg
y
-
E
ff
icie
n
t
F
a
u
lt
-
T
o
lera
n
t
S
y
s
tem
s,
S
p
rin
g
e
r
S
c
ien
c
e
+
Bu
sin
e
ss
M
e
d
ia Ne
w
Yo
rk
,
2
0
1
4
.
[7
]
M
o
h
a
m
m
a
d
Ho
ss
e
in
a
b
a
d
y
a
n
d
Jo
se
L
.
Nu
n
e
z
-
Ya
n
e
z
”
F
a
u
lt
-
T
o
lera
n
t
Re
c
o
n
f
ig
u
ra
b
le
On
-
Ch
i
p
-
Ne
t
w
o
rk
”
,
En
e
rg
y
-
Eff
icie
n
t
F
a
u
lt
-
T
o
lera
n
t
S
y
ste
m
s,
S
p
rin
g
e
r
S
c
ien
c
e
+
Bu
sin
e
ss
M
e
d
i
a
Ne
w
Yo
rk
,
2
0
1
4
.
[8
]
T
i
m
o
S
c
h
o
n
w
a
ld
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Fu
ll
y
Ad
a
p
ti
v
e
Fa
u
lt
-
T
o
ler
a
n
t
Ro
u
ti
n
g
Al
g
o
rit
h
m
fo
r
Ne
two
rk
-
on
-
Ch
i
p
Arc
h
it
e
c
tu
re
s
”
,
1
0
t
h
E
u
ro
m
icro
Co
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
n
D
ig
it
a
l
S
y
ste
m
D
e
si
g
n
A
rc
h
it
e
c
tu
re
s,
M
e
th
o
d
s an
d
T
o
o
ls
(D
S
D 2
0
0
7
).
[9
]
Ch
e
n
-
L
in
g
Ch
o
u
a
n
d
Ra
d
u
M
a
rc
u
les
c
u
“
FA
RM
:
Fa
u
lt
-
Aw
a
re
Res
o
u
rc
e
M
a
n
a
g
e
me
n
t
in
No
C
b
a
se
d
M
u
lt
ip
ro
c
e
ss
o
r
Pl
a
tf
o
rm
s
”
,
De
sig
n
,
A
u
to
m
a
ti
o
n
&
T
e
st i
n
Eu
ro
p
e
Co
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
&
Ex
h
ib
it
i
o
n
(DA
T
E),
2
0
1
1
.
[1
0
]
Cristi
n
e
l
A
b
a
b
e
i
a
n
d
Ra
je
n
d
ra
Ka
tt
i,
“
Ac
h
iev
in
g
Ne
two
rk
o
n
Ch
ip
Fa
u
lt
T
o
ler
a
n
c
e
b
y
A
d
a
p
ti
v
e
Rem
a
p
p
in
g
”
,
I
EE
E
In
tera
n
ti
o
n
a
l
S
y
m
p
o
siu
m
o
n
P
a
ra
ll
e
l
&
Distrib
u
ted
P
r
o
c
e
ss
in
g
,
IP
DPS
,
2
0
0
9
.
[1
1
]
F
a
tem
e
h
Kh
a
li
li
,
Ha
m
id
R.
Zara
n
d
i,
“
A
f
a
u
lt
-
to
lera
n
t
c
o
re
m
a
p
p
in
g
tec
h
n
i
q
u
e
in
n
e
tw
o
rk
s
-
on
-
c
h
i
p
”
,
IET
Co
mp
u
t
.
Dig
it
.
T
e
c
h
.
V
o
l
.
7
,
Iss
.
6
,
p
p
.
2
3
8
–
2
4
5
,
2
0
1
3
.
[1
2
]
h
tt
p
:
//
g
ro
k
b
a
se
.
c
o
m
/t
/l
u
c
e
n
e
/ma
h
o
u
t
-
d
e
v
/0
8
2
f
e
stv
1
e
/
w
e
i
g
h
ted
-
m
a
n
h
a
tt
a
n
-
d
istan
c
e
-
m
e
tri
c
.
[1
3
]
F
a
tem
e
h
Kh
a
li
li
a
,
Ha
m
id
R.
Zar
a
n
d
i,
“
A
F
a
u
l
t
-
T
o
ler
a
n
t
L
o
w
-
En
e
r
g
y
M
u
lt
i
-
Ap
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
M
a
p
p
i
n
g
o
n
to
No
C
-
b
a
se
d
M
u
lt
ip
ro
c
e
ss
o
rs
”
,
IE
EE
1
5
t
h
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
n
Co
m
p
u
tatio
n
a
l
S
c
ien
c
e
a
n
d
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
2
0
1
2
IEE
E
.
[1
4
]
S
rin
iv
a
sa
n
M
u
ra
li
,
S
.
,
M
ich
e
li
,
G
.
D,
“
Ba
n
d
w
id
th
-
c
o
n
stra
in
e
d
m
a
p
p
in
g
o
f
c
o
re
s
o
n
to
No
C
a
rc
h
it
e
c
tu
re
s
”
,
De
si
g
n
A
u
to
m
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
T
e
st i
n
E
u
ro
p
e
,
p
p
.
8
9
6
–
9
0
1
,
2
0
0
4
.
[1
5
]
W
o
o
y
o
u
n
g
Ja
n
g
a
n
d
Da
v
id
Z.
P
a
n
,
“
A3
M
AP
:
Arc
h
it
e
c
tu
re
-
Aw
a
re
An
a
lytic
M
a
p
p
in
g
f
o
r
Ne
tw
o
rk
s
-
on
-
Ch
i
p
”
,
De
sig
n
,
A
u
to
m
a
ti
o
n
&
T
e
st i
n
Eu
r
o
p
e
Co
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
&
Ex
h
ib
it
io
n
(D
AT
E)
,
2
0
1
0
.
[1
6
]
On
u
r
De
rin
e
t
a
l.
,
“
On
li
n
e
T
a
sk
Re
m
a
p
p
in
g
S
trate
g
ies
f
o
r
F
a
u
lt
-
t
o
lera
n
t
Ne
tw
o
rk
-
on
-
Ch
i
p
M
u
lt
i
p
r
o
c
e
ss
o
rs”
,
No
CS
’1
1
,
M
a
y
1
-
4
,
2
0
1
1
.
[1
7
]
h
tt
p
:
//
ww
w
.
d
o
c
.
ic.ac
.
u
k
/~
b
r
/b
e
rc
/
in
teg
e
rp
ro
g
.
p
d
f
.
[1
8
]
Ch
a
o
W
a
n
g
e
t
a
l.
,
“
An
Ef
fi
c
ien
t
T
o
p
o
l
o
g
y
Rec
o
n
fi
g
u
r
a
ti
o
n
Al
g
o
rith
m
fo
r
N
o
C
b
a
se
d
M
u
lt
ip
r
o
c
e
ss
o
r
Arra
y
s
”
,
IEE
E
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
n
Hig
h
P
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
Co
m
p
u
ti
n
g
a
n
d
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s,
2
0
1
3
.
[1
9
]
B
y
e
o
n
g
Kil
L
e
e
a
n
d
L
iz
y
Ku
rian
Jo
h
n
,
“
Ha
rd
w
a
re
A
c
c
e
lera
ti
o
n
f
o
r
M
e
d
ia/T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
i
n
Ne
tw
o
rk
P
r
o
c
e
ss
o
rs”
,
IEE
E
T
r
a
n
s
a
c
ti
o
n
s o
n
Ver
y
L
a
rg
e
S
c
a
le I
n
teg
ra
ti
o
n
(
VL
S
I)
S
y
ste
ms
,
V
o
l.
1
7
,
No
.
1
2
,
De
c
e
m
b
e
r
2
0
0
9
.
[2
0
]
S
h
iri
sh
S
a
th
a
y
e
e
t
a
l.
,
“
FIF
O
De
sig
n
f
o
r
a
Hig
h
-
sp
e
e
d
Ne
tw
o
rk
I
n
ter
fa
c
e
”
,
De
sig
n
,
A
u
to
m
a
ti
o
n
&
T
e
st
in
Eu
r
o
p
e
Co
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
&
Ex
h
ib
it
io
n
(DA
T
E
)
,
2
0
1
1
.
[2
1
]
L
e
a
n
d
ro
F
io
rin
e
t
a
l.
,
“
F
a
u
lt
-
T
o
lera
n
t
Ne
t
w
o
rk
In
ter
f
a
c
e
s
f
o
r
Ne
t
w
o
rk
s
-
on
-
Ch
ip
”
,
IEE
E
T
r
a
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
On
De
p
e
n
d
a
b
le A
n
d
S
e
c
u
re
Co
mp
u
ti
n
g
,
Vo
l.
1
1
,
No
.
1
,
Ja
n
u
a
ry
/F
e
b
ru
a
r
y
2
0
1
4
.
[2
2
]
L
e
a
n
d
ro
F
io
rin
e
t
a
l.
,
“
De
sig
n
o
f
Fa
u
lt
T
o
ler
a
n
t
Ne
two
rk
In
ter
fa
c
e
s
fo
r
No
Cs
”
,
1
4
th
E
u
ro
m
icro
Co
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
n
Dig
it
a
l
S
y
st
e
m
De
si
g
n
,
2
0
1
1
.
[2
3
]
L
u
o
n
g
D.
Hu
n
g
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Util
iza
ti
o
n
o
f
S
ECDED
f
o
r
S
o
ft
Erro
r
a
n
d
Va
ria
ti
o
n
-
In
d
u
c
e
d
De
fec
t
T
o
ler
a
n
c
e
in
C
a
c
h
e
s
”
,
De
sig
n
,
A
u
to
m
a
ti
o
n
&
T
e
st i
n
Eu
r
o
p
e
Co
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
&
Ex
h
ib
it
io
n
(D
AT
E),
2
0
0
7
.
[2
4
]
V
il
le
Ra
n
tala
e
t
a
l.
,
“
M
u
lt
i
Ne
two
rk
In
ter
fa
c
e
Arc
h
it
e
c
tu
re
s
f
o
r
Fa
u
lt
T
o
ler
a
n
t
Ne
two
rk
-
on
-
C
h
ip
”
,
De
sig
n
,
A
u
to
m
a
ti
o
n
&
T
e
st i
n
Eu
r
o
p
e
C
o
n
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
&
Ex
h
ib
it
io
n
(DA
T
E),
2
0
0
9
.
[2
5
]
He
ik
k
i
Ka
rin
ie
m
i
a
n
d
Ja
ri
Nu
rm
i
“
No
C
In
terfa
c
e
f
o
r
F
a
u
lt
-
T
o
lera
n
t
M
e
ss
a
g
e
-
P
a
ss
in
g
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
o
n
M
u
lt
i
p
ro
c
e
ss
o
r
S
o
C
P
latf
o
rm
”
,
De
sig
n
,
A
u
t
o
ma
ti
o
n
&
T
e
st i
n
Eu
ro
p
e
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
&
Exh
ib
it
io
n
(
DAT
E
),
2
0
0
9
.
[2
6
]
A
n
u
p
Da
s
e
t
a
l.
,
“
F
a
u
lt
-
T
o
lera
n
t
Ne
tw
o
rk
In
ter
f
a
c
e
f
o
r
S
p
a
ti
a
l
Div
isio
n
M
u
lt
i
p
lex
in
g
Ba
se
d
Ne
tw
o
rk
-
on
-
Ch
ip
”
,
IEE
E
c
o
mp
.
,
2
0
1
2
.
[2
7
]
MU
-
YU
E
HSIAO
e
t
a
l.
,
“
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
o
f
Err
o
r
-
Co
rre
c
ti
n
g
Co
d
e
s
in
Co
m
p
u
ter
Re
li
a
b
il
it
y
S
tu
d
ies
”
,
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s
a
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
Relia
b
il
i
ty
,
V
o
l
1
.
No
.
3
,
A
u
g
u
st 1
9
6
9
.
[2
8
]
S
y
e
d
.
M
.
A
.
H.
Ja
f
ri
e
t
a
l.
,
“
En
e
rg
y
-
a
wa
re
fa
u
lt
-
to
lera
n
t
n
e
tw
o
rk
-
on
-
c
h
i
p
s
f
o
r
a
d
d
r
e
ss
in
g
m
u
lt
ip
le
tra
f
f
i
c
c
la
ss
e
s
”
,
M
icr
o
p
ro
c
e
ss
o
rs
a
n
d
M
icr
o
sy
ste
ms
,
v
o
l.
3
7
(
2
0
1
3
)
8
1
1
–
8
2
2
.
[2
9
]
Am
l
a
n
G
a
n
g
u
l
y
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Co
m
p
lex
Ne
t
w
o
rk
In
sp
ired
F
a
u
lt
-
T
o
le
ra
n
t
No
C
A
rc
h
it
e
c
tu
re
s
w
it
h
W
irele
ss
L
in
k
s”
,
No
CS
'
1
1
,
M
a
y
1
-
4
,
2
0
1
1
.
[3
0
]
U
m
it
Y.
Og
ra
s,
a
n
d
Ra
d
u
M
a
rc
u
l
e
sc
u
.
,
“
It’s
a
S
m
a
ll
W
o
rld
A
f
t
e
r
A
ll
:
No
C
P
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
Op
ti
m
iza
ti
o
n
Via
L
o
n
g
-
Ra
n
g
e
L
in
k
In
se
rti
o
n
”
,
I
EE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
On
V
e
ry
L
a
r
g
e
S
c
a
le
I
n
teg
ra
ti
o
n
(
VL
S
I
)
S
y
ste
ms
,
Vo
l.
1
4
,
No
.
7
,
Ju
ly
2
0
0
6
.
[3
1
]
Kh
a
li
d
L
a
ti
f
e
t
a
l.
,
“
De
sig
n
in
g
a
Hig
h
Per
fo
rm
a
n
c
e
a
n
d
Relia
b
le
Ne
two
rk
s
-
on
-
C
h
ip
u
si
n
g
Ne
two
rk
In
te
rfa
c
e
Assiste
d
Ro
u
ti
n
g
S
tra
teg
y
”
,
1
5
t
h
Eu
ro
m
icro
Co
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
n
Dig
it
a
l
S
y
ste
m
De
sig
n
,
2
0
1
2
.
[3
2
]
A
d
a
n
Ko
h
ler,
G
e
rt
S
c
h
ley
,
a
n
d
M
a
rti
n
Ra
d
e
tzk
i,
“
F
a
u
lt
T
o
lera
n
t
Ne
tw
o
rk
o
n
C
h
ip
S
w
it
c
h
in
g
W
it
h
G
ra
c
e
f
u
l
P
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
De
g
ra
d
a
ti
o
n
”
,
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
O
n
C
o
mp
u
ter
-
Ai
d
e
d
De
sig
n
Of
In
teg
r
a
ted
Circ
u
i
ts
An
d
S
y
ste
ms
,
V
o
l
.
2
9
,
N
o
.
6
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
1
0
.
[3
3
]
Yu
n
g
-
Ch
a
n
g
Ch
a
n
g
e
t
a
l.
,
“
On
th
e
De
sig
n
a
n
d
An
a
lys
is
o
f
Fa
u
lt
T
o
ler
a
n
t
No
C
Arc
h
it
e
c
tu
re
Us
in
g
S
p
a
re
Ro
u
ter
s”
,
1
6
t
h
A
sia
a
n
d
S
o
u
t
h
P
a
c
if
ic De
si
g
n
A
u
to
m
a
ti
o
n
Co
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
,
AS
P
-
DAC
,
2
0
1
1
.
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