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1
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n
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t
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it
y
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s.
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v
iew
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x
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m
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h
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a
rk
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ts.
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it
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w
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b
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p
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m
p
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s
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th
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w
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sh
o
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t
sid
e
th
e
v
e
h
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p
a
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e
n
try
w
a
y
.
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a
rk
in
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sp
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a
re
o
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se
rv
e
d
b
y
th
e
sta
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o
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d
p
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w
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T
h
e
p
a
p
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in
c
o
rp
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ra
tes
th
e
su
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m
.
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h
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p
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p
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li
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sh
o
w
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a
t
o
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ste
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'
s
lo
o
k
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g
th
r
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a
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p
p
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f
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o
t
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p
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d
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c
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th
a
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o
m
e
o
th
e
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x
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m
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K
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w
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s
:
L
E
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d
is
p
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y
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asp
b
er
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p
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m
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t p
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Wi
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T
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ss
a
rticle
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d
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r th
e
CC B
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SA
li
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n
se
.
C
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s
p
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ing
A
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:
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ah
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A
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Sch
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C
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tio
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0
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c
o
m
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
B
ec
au
s
e
o
f
th
e
q
u
ick
i
n
cr
e
m
e
n
t in
th
e
ca
r
s
,
th
er
e
ex
is
ts
an
is
s
u
e
f
o
r
p
ar
k
in
g
o
f
ca
r
s
.
I
t
p
r
o
m
p
ts
tr
af
f
ic
b
lo
ck
ag
e
an
d
f
u
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
co
n
ta
m
i
n
atio
n
[
1
]
.
A
lo
n
g
t
h
e
s
e
lin
es,
w
e
h
a
v
e
to
k
ee
p
u
p
th
e
v
eh
icle
p
ar
k
m
an
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
to
less
e
n
th
e
w
a
s
tag
e
o
f
ti
m
e.
I
n
t
h
e
ev
e
n
t
th
a
t
w
e
s
ee
i
n
t
h
e
b
ig
g
er
u
r
b
an
ar
ea
s
w
h
e
n
w
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v
i
s
it
t
h
e
s
h
o
p
p
in
g
ce
n
ter
s
o
r
tr
av
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p
lace
s
o
r
s
o
m
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o
t
h
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b
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s
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t
h
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m
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es
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n
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s
s
u
e
f
o
r
p
ar
k
in
g
o
f
o
u
r
v
eh
ic
le
[
2
]
.
W
e
ess
en
tiall
y
ce
n
ter
on
p
lan
n
i
n
g
a
n
o
th
er
s
m
a
r
t
p
ar
k
in
g
s
y
s
te
m
t
h
at
h
e
lp
s
d
r
iv
er
s
to
d
is
co
v
er
e
m
p
t
y
p
ar
k
i
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g
s
p
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ts
i
n
a
p
ar
tic
u
lar
p
ar
k
in
g
zo
n
e.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
e
n
t
l
y
to
less
en
h
u
m
a
n
e
x
er
tio
n
an
d
air
c
o
n
ta
m
i
n
atio
n
[
3
]
.
T
h
e
p
r
im
ar
y
th
o
u
g
h
t p
r
o
ce
s
s
is
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
ea
ch
p
ar
k
in
g
s
p
ac
e
w
it
h
th
e
g
o
al
th
at
it a
r
r
iv
es a
t th
e
co
n
d
itio
n
of
-
cr
a
f
ts
m
a
n
s
h
ip
i
n
n
o
v
atio
n
.
Fo
r
th
is
r
ea
s
o
n
,
ea
c
h
p
ar
k
i
n
g
s
lo
t
h
as
b
ee
n
g
iv
e
n
a
s
e
n
s
o
r
f
o
r
ex
a
m
p
le
Ultr
aso
n
ic
se
n
s
o
r
th
at
w
ill
d
is
ti
n
g
u
i
s
h
t
h
e
n
ea
r
n
ess
o
f
th
e
v
e
h
icle
lef
t
in
th
e
p
ar
ticu
lar
s
lo
t.
A
t
th
e
p
o
in
t
w
h
e
n
it
w
ill
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
t
h
e
v
e
h
icle
it
w
il
l
n
atu
r
all
y
s
h
o
w
o
n
L
E
D
t
h
at
t
h
e
p
ar
k
in
g
s
p
ac
e
is
f
u
ll.
A
s
i
m
i
l
ar
m
e
s
s
a
g
e
o
r
y
ield
is
g
iv
e
n
to
t
h
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m
i
n
d
f
u
l
s
ta
f
f
.
S
o
t
h
e
s
taf
f
p
ar
t
w
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ll
m
a
n
ag
e
th
e
in
d
i
v
id
u
al
to
th
e
e
m
p
t
y
p
ar
k
in
g
s
p
ac
e
[
4
]
.
T
h
is
f
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
k
h
as
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
ad
a
p
tab
le
ca
p
ac
ities
,
it
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
a
litt
le
p
ar
k
i
n
g
s
p
ac
e
j
u
s
t
as
th
e
e
n
o
r
m
o
u
s
s
h
o
p
p
in
g
ce
n
ter
'
s
s
ta
g
g
er
ed
p
ar
k
in
g
.
P
o
r
tio
n
s
o
f
th
is
s
y
s
te
m
i
n
co
r
p
o
r
a
te
Ultr
aso
n
ic
s
en
s
o
r
,
Wi
-
Fi
m
o
d
u
le,
L
E
D
Dis
p
la
y
,
a
n
d
R
asp
b
er
r
y
P
i4
g
ad
g
et
[
5
]
.
B
ased
o
n
o
u
r
r
ev
iew
f
r
o
m
m
an
y
p
ar
k
i
n
g
s
p
ac
es
i
n
Dh
a
k
a
(
s
ee
F
ig
u
r
e
1
)
,
th
e
ti
m
e
co
n
s
u
m
i
n
g
i
n
t
h
e
p
ar
k
in
g
m
eth
o
d
ar
e
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
ti
m
e
co
n
s
u
m
ed
at
d
o
o
r
s
w
h
er
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th
e
d
r
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v
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a
s
t
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g
et
a
p
ar
k
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ca
r
d
at
th
e
e
n
tr
y
g
ate
a
n
d
h
as
to
p
a
y
p
ar
k
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g
f
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at
th
e
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x
it
g
ate
(
1
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d
5
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an
d
ti
m
e
to
f
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v
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t
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2
)
.
Fu
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th
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m
o
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,
th
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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2722
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3221
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9
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96
f
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to
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[
6
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Fig
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[
1
5
]
,
[
1
6
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[
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[
2
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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:
2722
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3.
RE
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D
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M
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L
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3
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2
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E
x
peri
m
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nta
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up
3
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2
.
1
.
H
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.
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r
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ase
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V
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]
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.
[3
]
D.J.
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a
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[6
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&
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)
,
IEE
E,
2
0
1
8
,
p
p
.
1
-
6.
[7
]
Ra
sp
b
e
rry
P
i
4
D
o
c
u
m
e
n
tatio
n
,
[On
li
n
e
]
A
v
a
il
a
b
le:
h
tt
p
s:/
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r
a
sp
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rry
p
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o
rg
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[8
]
A
.
Di
m
it
ro
v
a
n
d
D.
M
i
n
c
h
e
v
,
“
Ultras
o
n
ic
se
n
so
r
e
x
p
l
o
re
r,
”
2
0
1
6
1
9
th
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
S
y
mp
o
si
u
m
o
n
El
e
c
trica
l
Ap
p
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ra
t
u
s a
n
d
T
e
h
n
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l
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g
ies
(
S
IEL
A)
,
Bo
u
rg
a
s,
2
0
1
6
,
p
p
.
1
-
5.
[9
]
P
a
rk
in
g
S
e
n
s
o
rs,
2
0
2
1
,
[
On
li
n
e
]
Av
a
il
a
b
le:
h
tt
p
s://
w
ww
.
p
a
rk
in
g
se
n
so
rs.co
.
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k
/p
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g
e
/t
e
c
h
n
ica
l
-
sp
e
c
if
i
c
a
ti
o
n
s.
[1
0
]
A
ti
f
,
Y.,
Din
g
,
J.,
&
J
e
u
sfe
ld
,
M
.
A
.
“
In
tern
e
t
o
f
th
in
g
s
a
p
p
ro
a
c
h
to
c
lo
u
d
-
b
a
se
d
sm
a
rt
c
a
r
p
a
rk
in
g
,
”
Pro
c
e
d
ia
Co
mp
u
ter
S
c
ien
c
e
,
v
o
l.
9
8
,
p
p
.
1
9
3
-
1
9
8
,
2
0
1
6
.
[1
1
]
P
a
tel,
C
.
,
S
w
a
m
i,
M
.
,
S
a
x
e
n
a
,
P
.
a
n
d
S
h
a
h
,
S
.
“
Ro
tary
a
u
to
m
a
te
d
c
a
r
p
a
rk
in
g
sy
ste
m
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
S
c
ien
c
e
a
n
d
I
n
n
o
v
a
ti
v
e
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
(
IJ
ES
IT
)
,
v
o
l
.
4
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
4
0
8
-
4
1
5
,
2
0
1
5
.
[1
2
]
Na
n
d
y
a
l,
S
.
,
S
u
lt
a
n
a
,
S
.
,
&
A
n
j
u
m
,
S
.
“
S
m
a
rt
c
a
r
p
a
rk
in
g
s
y
ste
m
u
sin
g
a
rd
u
in
o
u
n
o
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Co
mp
u
ter
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
,
v
o
l.
1
6
9
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
3
-
1
8
,
2
0
1
7
.
[1
3
]
Ko
tb
,
A
.
O.,
S
h
e
n
,
Y.
C
.
,
&
Hu
a
n
g
,
Y.
“
S
m
a
rt
p
a
rk
in
g
g
u
i
d
a
n
c
e
,
m
o
n
it
o
r
in
g
a
n
d
re
se
rv
a
ti
o
n
s:
a
re
v
ie
w
,
”
IEE
E
In
telli
g
e
n
t
T
r
a
n
sp
o
rta
ti
o
n
S
y
ste
m
s M
a
g
a
zi
n
e
,
v
o
l.
9
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
6
-
1
6
,
2
0
1
7
.
[1
4
]
Ch
ip
p
a
lk
a
tt
i,
P
.
,
Ka
d
a
m
,
G
.
,
&
I
c
h
a
k
e
,
V
.
“
I
-
S
P
A
RK:
Io
T
Ba
se
d
S
m
a
rt
P
a
rk
in
g
S
y
st
e
m
,
”
In
2
0
1
8
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
On
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
s i
n
Co
m
mu
n
ica
t
io
n
a
n
d
C
o
mp
u
ti
n
g
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
(
ICACCT
)
,
IEE
E,
p
p
.
4
7
3
-
4
7
7
,
F
e
b
2
0
1
8
.
[1
5
]
Ra
h
m
a
n
A
ti
q
u
r,
Yu
n
L
i,
“
A
u
to
m
a
ted
S
m
a
rt
Ca
r
P
a
rk
in
g
S
y
ste
m
U
sin
g
Ra
sp
b
e
rr
y
P
i
4
a
n
d
iOS
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
,
”
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Rec
o
n
fi
g
u
ra
b
le
a
n
d
Em
b
e
d
e
d
S
y
ste
ms
(
IJ
RE
S
)
,
v
o
l.
9
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
2
2
9
-
2
3
4
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i:
h
tt
p
:
//
d
o
i.
o
rg
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0
.
1
1
5
9
1
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jres
.
v
9
.
i3
.
p
p
2
2
9
-
2
3
4
.
[1
6
]
Ra
h
m
a
n
A
ti
q
u
r,
A
li
M
d
L
it
o
n
,
&
G
u
a
n
g
f
u
W
u
,
“
Co
n
ten
t
Ca
c
h
in
g
S
trate
g
y
a
t
S
m
a
ll
Ba
se
S
tatio
n
i
n
5
G
Ne
t
w
o
rk
s
w
it
h
M
o
b
il
e
Ed
g
e
Co
m
p
u
ti
n
g
,
”
I
n
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
S
c
ien
c
e
a
n
d
Bu
si
n
e
ss
,
v
o
l.
4
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
1
0
4
-
1
1
2
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
h
tt
p
s:/
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o
i.
o
rg
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0
.
5
2
8
1
/ze
n
o
d
o
.
3
7
4
6
2
3
3
.
[1
7
]
Ra
h
m
a
n
A
ti
q
u
r,
G
u
a
n
g
f
u
W
u
,
Ali
M
d
L
it
o
n
,
“
M
o
b
il
e
e
d
g
e
c
o
m
p
u
ti
n
g
f
o
r
in
tern
e
t
o
f
th
in
g
s
(Io
T
)
:
se
c
u
rit
y
a
n
d
p
riv
a
c
y
issu
e
s,”
In
d
o
n
e
sia
n
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
Co
m
p
u
ter
S
c
ien
c
e
(
IJ
EE
CS
)
,
v
o
l.
1
8
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
1
4
8
6
-
1
4
9
3
,
d
o
i:
h
tt
p
:/
/
d
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rg
/
1
0
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s.v
1
8
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i
3
.
p
p
1
4
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6
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.
[1
8
]
Ra
h
m
a
n
A
ti
q
u
r,
Yu
n
L
i,
A
li
M
d
L
it
o
n
,
“
A
u
to
m
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S
m
a
rt
Ca
r
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rk
in
g
S
y
ste
m
Us
in
g
In
tern
e
t
o
f
T
h
in
g
s
(Io
T
)
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
f
o
r
S
m
a
rt
Cit
ies
D
e
m
a
n
d
,
”
No
rth
Ame
ric
a
n
Ac
a
d
e
mic
Res
e
a
rc
h
,
v
o
l.
3
,
n
o
.
8
,
p
p
.
7
-
1
9
,
d
o
i
:
h
tt
p
s:/
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o
i.
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rg
/1
0
.
5
2
8
1
/ze
n
o
d
o
.
3
9
7
8
7
5
6
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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N
:
2722
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3221
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o
m
p
u
t.
Sci.
I
n
f
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T
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2
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
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y
20
2
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:
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5
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102
[1
9
]
L
it
o
n
,
A
li
M
d
,
Ra
h
m
a
n
A
ti
q
u
r,
a
n
d
Ho
se
n
M
d
S
h
a
w
k
a
t,
“
Hig
h
-
e
ff
ic
ien
c
y
a
n
d
L
o
w
-
o
v
e
rh
e
a
d
S
e
l
f
ish
No
d
e
De
tec
ti
o
n
A
l
g
o
rit
h
m
in
Op
p
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rt
u
n
isti
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Ne
two
rk
s,”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
S
c
ien
c
e
a
n
d
Bu
si
n
e
ss
,
v
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l.
4
,
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o
.
2
,
p
p
.
2
8
1
-
2
8
9
,
2
0
2
0
.
[2
0
]
Ra
h
m
a
n
A
ti
q
u
r,
Yu
n
L
i,
“
RF
ID
Ba
se
d
S
m
a
rt
Ca
r
P
a
rk
in
g
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
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n
t
S
y
ste
m
U
sin
g
In
tern
e
t
o
f
T
h
in
g
s
(Io
T
),
”
IAE
S
I
n
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Ro
b
o
ti
c
s
a
n
d
A
u
to
ma
ti
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n
(
IJ
RA
)
,
v
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l.
1
0
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
0
-
2
0
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2
0
2
1
.
[2
1
]
P
a
rm
a
r,
Ja
n
a
k
,
P
rit
ik
a
n
a
Da
s,
a
n
d
S
a
n
jay
k
u
m
a
r
M
.
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v
e
,
“
S
tu
d
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n
d
e
m
a
n
d
a
n
d
c
h
a
ra
c
ter
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c
s
o
f
p
a
rk
in
g
s
y
st
e
m
s
in
u
r
b
a
n
a
re
a
s:
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re
v
ie
w
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
T
ra
ff
ic
a
n
d
T
ra
n
sp
o
rta
ti
o
n
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
(
En
g
li
sh
Ed
i
ti
o
n
)
,
v
o
l.
7
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
111
-
1
2
4
,
2
0
2
0
.
[2
2
]
S
h
a
il
,
S
h
u
b
h
d
a
,
P
riy
a
n
k
a
Ya
d
a
v
,
Ka
v
it
a
P
a
w
a
r,
a
n
d
S
a
g
a
r
S
a
lu
n
k
e
,
“
i
-
P
a
rk
e
r
-
A
Ne
w
S
m
a
rt
Ca
r
P
a
rk
in
g
S
y
ste
m
,
”
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
Res
e
a
rc
h
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
(
IRJET
)
,
v
o
l.
6
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
1
2
5
-
1
2
8
,
2
0
1
9
.
[2
3
]
G
o
p
a
l,
D.
G
a
n
e
sh
,
M
.
A
sh
a
Je
rli
n
,
a
n
d
M
.
A
b
iram
i,
“
A
s
m
a
rt
p
a
rk
in
g
sy
ste
m
u
sin
g
Io
T
,
”
W
o
rld
Rev
iew
o
f
En
tre
p
re
n
e
u
rs
h
i
p
,
M
a
n
a
g
e
me
n
t
a
n
d
S
u
st
a
in
a
b
le De
v
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me
n
t
,
v
o
l
.
1
5
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
3
5
-
3
4
5
,
2
0
1
9
.
[2
4
]
M
d
A
b
d
u
ll
a
h
A
l
M
a
ru
f
,
S
.
A
h
m
e
d
,
M
d
.
T
a
n
g
ir
A
h
m
e
d
,
A
.
Ro
y
,
Z.
F
.
Nitu
,
“
A
p
ro
p
o
se
d
m
o
d
e
l
o
f
i
n
teg
ra
ted
s
m
a
rt
p
a
rk
in
g
so
lu
ti
o
n
f
o
r
a
c
it
y
,
”
2
0
1
9
I
n
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
Ro
b
o
t
ics
,
El
e
c
trica
l
a
n
d
S
i
g
n
a
l
Pr
o
c
e
ss
in
g
T
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
s
(
ICRE
S
T
)
,
IEE
E
,
2
0
1
9
.
[2
5
]
T
a
n
d
o
n
,
Rig
h
a
,
a
n
d
P
.
K.
G
u
p
t
a
,
“
Op
ti
m
izin
g
sm
a
rt
p
a
rk
in
g
sy
ste
m
b
y
u
sin
g
f
o
g
c
o
m
p
u
ti
n
g
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
Ad
v
a
n
c
e
s in
Co
mp
u
ti
n
g
a
n
d
Da
t
a
S
c
ien
c
e
s
,
S
p
ri
n
g
e
r,
S
in
g
a
p
o
re
,
2
0
1
9
.
B
I
O
G
RAP
H
I
E
S
O
F
AUTH
O
RS
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