Compu
ter Sci
ence a
nd Inf
or
mat
i
on
Tec
h
no
lo
gies
Vo
l.
1
, No
.
3
,
Novem
ber
2020
, p
p.
121
~
12
5
IS
S
N:
2722
-
3221
,
DOI:
10.11
591
/
csi
t.v
1i
3
.p
12
1
-
1
2
5
121
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ia
esprime
.com/i
ndex.
php/csit
Wheelch
air and
roboti
c arm cont
rols usin
g gyro
sen
sor
Asep
Shola
hu
ddin
1
,
Dess
y Novit
a
2
,
Deni
Setia
na
3
1,3
Depa
rtmen
of
Com
pute
r
Scie
n
ce
,
Univer
si
ta
s P
adj
adjara
n
,
B
and
ung,
Jat
ina
ngor
W
est
Java
Indon
esia
2
De
par
tmen
of
E
le
ct
r
ic E
ngin
ee
r
i
ng,
Univer
si
ta
s
Padja
dja
r
an
,
Ba
ndung,
Jat
ina
ng
or
W
est
Java
Ind
onesia
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
J
a
n
28
, 2
0
2
0
Re
vised
Ma
y
1
, 20
2
0
Accepte
d
Ma
y
19
, 20
2
0
Som
eone
who
coul
d
onl
y
m
ove
his/he
r
he
ad
and
coul
d
not
m
ove
his/he
r
l
imbs
nee
ds
a
wh
ee
l
ch
ai
r
and
robotic
a
rm
s
which
coul
d
be
con
trol
l
ed
b
y
the
h
ea
d
.
G
y
ro
sensor
is
a
sensor
tha
t
coul
d
be
cont
rol
le
d
accordi
ng
to
th
e
ti
l
t
in
the
x
,
y
coor
dina
t
es
whic
h
the
n
implemen
te
d
to
m
ea
sure
t
h
e
tilt
of
th
e
user’s
hea
d
.
Th
is
pape
r
would
exp
la
in
the
h
ea
d
detec
tor
app
li
c
at
ion
to
control
whee
lc
hai
rs
an
d
roboti
c
arms
.
Th
e
y
coul
d
be
controlle
d
using
Arduino
m
ic
roc
ontr
oll
er
whi
c
h
uses
C
progra
m
m
ing
la
nguag
e.
G
y
ro
sensor
that
is
put
on
th
e
hea
d
could
cont
rol
whe
el
ch
ai
r
to
m
ove
l
eft
,
right
,
forwa
rd
and
bac
kward
a
cc
ording
to
the t
i
lt of
th
e
head. It
is
the sam
e
with cont
rol
li
ng
roboti
c
a
rm
s.
It
c
ould
ro
ta
t
e
le
ft
,
right,
and
m
ove
up
and
down.
The
x
an
d
y
coo
rdinates
are
used
t
o
det
ermine
the
til
t
of
the
h
ea
d
for
cont
rolling
th
e
whee
lc
h
ai
r
as
w
el
l
as
robot
ic
arms
’ m
ovements.
It
is
discov
ered
tha
t
whee
lc
h
airs
and robot
ic
ar
m
s
coul
d
be
cont
rolled
b
y
th
e
hea
d
b
y
the use of g
y
ro
sensor.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Gyr
o
se
nsor
Head
Roboti
c arm
s
Wh
eel
c
hairs
This
is an
open
acc
ess arti
cl
e
un
der
the
CC
B
Y
-
SA
license
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or:
Ase
p
S
hola
huddin
,
Dep
a
rtm
en
of
Com
pu
te
r
Scie
nce,
Un
i
ver
sit
as
Pa
dj
a
djara
n,
Ba
ndung, Jat
in
ango
r West
Ja
va
Ind
on
esi
a
.
Em
a
il
:
asep.s
hola
huddin
@
unpad.ac.id
1.
INTROD
U
CT
ION
So
m
eon
e
who
has
lim
it
a
ti
on
s
i
n
us
in
g
hi
s/her
li
m
bs
so
that
it
is
onl
y
his/her
head
w
hich
sti
ll
functi
onin
g
ur
ges
him
/her
to d
o
e
ve
ryt
hing
thr
ough h
ead
m
ov
em
ents.
A
pe
rson
who
has
disabili
ti
es
bu
t cou
l
d
sti
ll
m
ov
e
his/her
hea
d
the
n
ne
eds
a
dev
ic
e
i
n
a
f
orm
of
a
w
heelchair
a
nd
r
obotic
arm
s
that
cou
l
d
be
c
on
trolle
d
by
the
u
se
r’
s
hea
d.
T
he
c
ontr
ol o
f
r
ob
otic
ar
m
s
by
the
hea
d
usi
ng
cam
era o
r
K
inect
h
as
bee
n
im
ple
m
ented
but
it
is n
ot sim
ple b
eca
us
e ey
es
a
lway
s lo
ok at
a
cam
era [
1].
A
w
heelchair
con
t
ro
ll
er
w
hi
ch
us
es
brai
nwave
s
as
an
i
nput
has
bee
n
de
velo
pe
d
by
[
2]
an
d
[
3]
.
Howe
ver,
this
con
t
ro
ll
er
wou
ld
not
wor
k
sm
oo
t
hly
becau
se
if
the
us
er
is
be
ing
unfo
c
us
e
d
[
4
-
6
]
,
it
would
le
ad
to
e
rr
at
ic
m
ove
m
ents.
T
he
ne
xt
dev
el
op
m
ent
reg
a
rd
i
ng
t
he
w
heelchai
r
a
nd
rob
otic
arm
s
c
on
tr
ols
w
ou
ld
be
base
d on the
use
of
gyro se
ns
or
wh
ic
h detec
ts t
he
ti
lt
o
f
the
he
ad
.
2.
RESEA
R
CH MET
HO
D
This
pap
e
r
would
e
xpla
in
the
m
e
tho
ds
use
d
in
the
creati
on
of
r
obotic
ar
m
s
app
li
cat
ion
w
hich
use
s
head detect
io
n by gy
ro senso
r.
2.1.
Head de
tection
Gyr
os
co
pe
is
a
ty
pe
of
sen
sor
w
hich
is
us
ed
to
determ
ine
the
or
ie
ntati
on
of
m
ov
em
ent
us
in
g
ra
pid
ro
ta
ti
ng
w
heels
acco
rd
i
ng
to
th
e
axes
[
7
]
.
Gy
r
os
c
op
e
is
us
e
d
to
m
easur
e
t
he
angular
velocit
y
in
t
he
unit
of
deg/
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN
:
2722
-
3221
Com
pu
t. Sci.
I
nf. Tec
hnol.
,
V
ol.
1
, N
o.
3, N
ov
em
ber
20
20:
1
2
1
–
1
2
5
122
or
rad
/s.
A
fter
ob
ta
ini
ng
t
he
r
esults
of
t
he
gy
ro
sc
op
e
’s
a
ngular
vel
ocity
cal
culat
ion
,
the
r
e
are
so
m
e
step
s
that
shou
l
d be incl
uded
in
t
he
m
ic
ro
co
ntr
oller s
of
t
war
e:
exam
ple: Vcc= 3.3
V, n
bits =
10, Vsta
ti
c= 1.5
V
2
=
3
.
3
2
10
=
0
.
0
0
3
223
=
(
1)
1
10
00
=
=
0.003
223g/bi
t
=
Accele
r
om
e
te
r
resol
(
2)
(
∗
2
=
(
2
.
5
∗
10
24
)
3
.
3
=
776
=
(
3)
(ADC
result
–
Ze
ro
go
ff
set
)
*(Acce
le
ro
m
et
er
resol
)
=
Ax
(
4)
1
(
)
=
ℎ
(
)
(
5)
Accor
ding
t
o
I
Pu
t
u
Giova
ni
Eli
ezer
[
7
]
,
the
f
un
ct
io
n
of
gy
ro
sc
ope
is
to
m
easur
e
or
dete
rm
ine
the
or
ie
ntati
on
of
an
obj
ect
relat
ive
to
t
he
c
on
serv
a
ti
on
of
a
ngula
r
m
o
m
entum
.
Acco
r
ding
t
o
a
nother
def
in
it
ion,
it
s
functi
on
is
t
o
determ
ine
m
ov
em
ents
relat
i
ve t
o
gravit
y.
Gyr
os
co
pe
ha
s
a
ve
ry
im
po
rta
nt
ro
le
in
m
ai
nt
ai
nin
g
the
balance
of
an
obj
ect
,
f
or
exam
ple
in
ai
rp
la
nes,
w
hich
m
akes
it
poss
ible
to
dete
rm
i
ne
t
he
ti
lt
on
x,
y,
and z a
xes.
2.2.
Microc
ontroll
er
Mi
cro
co
ntr
oller
is
a
de
vice
wh
ic
h
ha
s
a
si
m
il
ar
fu
nctio
n
to
a
com
pu
te
r,
bu
t
it
is
sm
al
le
r
in
siz
e
[
8
]
-
[
9
]
.
In
a
m
ic
ro
co
ntro
ll
e
r,
the
re
are
m
e
m
or
y
and
I
/
O
to
ol
in
the
chip.
E
xam
ple:
Figu
re
1.
a
n
Ardu
i
no
mi
cro
co
ntro
ll
e
r.
C
urren
tl
y,
t
he
re
are
m
any
hom
e
app
li
ance
s
or
office
e
quipm
ent
us
ing
m
ic
ro
co
ntro
ll
e
r,
s
uc
h
as w
as
hing m
achine,
m
ic
ro
w
ave, ha
ndphon
e, PDA
, hom
e secur
it
y sy
ste
m
, etc.
Figure
1. A
n A
rduin
o
m
ic
ro
co
ntr
oller
2.3.
Wheel
chairs
and
Robotic
Ar
ms
A
ppli
ca
tio
n
Wh
e
n
t
he
wh
e
el
chair
a
nd
r
obotic
arm
s
are
tu
rn
e
d
on,
gyr
o
s
ens
or
,
w
hich
is
sh
a
pe
d
s
o
that
it
loo
ks
li
ke
a
hat,
is
put
on
the
head
an
d
w
ould
detect
the
ti
lt
of
t
he
us
er
’s
head.
Af
te
r
the
ti
lt
is
detect
ed,
then
t
he
in
f
or
m
at
ion
would
be
deli
ver
e
d
t
o
the
wh
eel
c
hair
a
nd
r
obotic
a
rm
s
m
ic
ro
co
ntr
ol
le
r
thr
ough
W
i
-
Fi
si
gn
al
s
.
Af
te
r
the
inf
or
m
at
ion
is
acq
uired,
then
t
he
w
heelchair
or
the
r
ob
otic
arm
s
wo
uld
m
ov
e
accor
di
ng
to
the
ti
lt
.
Figure
2
is
a
flow
c
ha
rt
showi
ng
t
he
pr
ocess
of
t
he
w
heelchair
a
nd
r
obotic
arm
s
m
ov
em
ents.
Fig
ur
e
3
is
a
fl
owchart
showi
ng the
process
of
c
on
tr
ol
le
r
(h
at
).
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Com
pu
t. Sci.
I
nf. Tec
hnol.
Wheelch
air
and
r
obotic
ar
m
con
tr
ols
us
in
g gyr
o
se
nsor
…
(
Asep Shola
hu
dd
i
n
)
123
Figure
2.
Flo
w
char
t c
omm
an
d for
wh
eel
c
ha
ir and
rob
ot arm
Figure
3
.
Flo
w
char
t
of
co
ntr
ol
le
r
(h
at
)
3.
RES
ULTS
A
ND AN
ALY
S
IS
In
this
par
t,
t
he
resu
lt
s
of
gyr
o
se
nsor
im
ple
m
entat
ion
on
w
heelchai
rs
a
nd
r
obotic
arm
s
would
be discus
sed
.
3.1.
Wheel
chair
and r
obot
ic
ar
ms scheme
The
w
heelchai
r
a
nd
r
obotic
a
rm
s
schem
e
has
tw
o
pa
rts.
T
he
fir
st
on
e
is
th
e
co
ntr
oller
th
at
is
pu
t
on
the
head
a
nd
t
he
sec
ond
on
e
is
the
wh
eel
c
hair
or
rob
otic
arm
s.
I
n
t
he
c
on
t
ro
ll
er
pa
rt,
there
a
re
gyr
o
sens
or,
Ard
uino
m
ic
ro
con
t
ro
ll
er
a
nd
W
i
-
Fi
tra
ns
m
itter
.
I
n
t
he
wh
e
el
chair
an
d
r
obotic
arm
s
part
,
it
is
equ
i
pp
e
d
with
Wi
-
Fi
recei
ver
wh
ic
h
w
ould
be
co
nnect
ed
t
o
A
r
du
i
no
m
icr
oc
ontrolle
r
t
he
n
w
heelchai
r/rob
otic
arm
s
s
o
that
it
would
m
ov
e
accor
ding
to
the
us
e
r’
s
wi
ll
.
Figu
re
4
is
a
detai
le
d
schem
e
on
the
co
ntro
ll
er
an
d
the wheel
chai
r/rob
otic arm
s.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN
:
2722
-
3221
Com
pu
t. Sci.
I
nf. Tec
hnol.
,
V
ol.
1
, N
o.
3, N
ov
em
ber
20
20:
1
2
1
–
1
2
5
124
Figure
4
.
Ro
boti
c arm
s sch
e
m
e
Roboti
c
arm
s
app
li
cat
ion
is
con
t
ro
ll
ed
by
the
use
r
’s
hea
d
equ
i
pp
e
d
with
gy
ro
se
nsor
.
The
se
nso
r
detect
s
the
ti
lt
o
f t
he use
r’s
he
ad a
nd
se
nd
th
e
posit
ion
al
val
ue o
f a
X,
a
Y t
o
the
m
ic
ro
co
ntr
oller
at
ta
ched
i
n t
he
wh
eel
c
hair/r
obotic
arm
s.
Con
seq
uen
tl
y,
afte
r
the
ti
lt
is
determ
ined,
the
w
heelchair/r
obot
ic
ar
m
s
would
m
ov
e
accor
ding
t
o
th
e
acq
uire
d
in
form
ation
on
the
ti
lt
.
Ar
duin
o
functi
ons
as
a
co
ntr
oller
of
w
he
el
chair
or
ser
vom
otor
(X)
a
nd
(
Y)
.
Table
1
is
the
s
pecifica
ti
on
of
the
dev
ic
e
and
s
of
t
war
e
us
e
d
i
n
t
he
w
heelchair/r
obot
ic
arm
s
app
li
cat
ion.
T
he
w
heelchair
us
es
a
m
oto
r
dri
ver
to
m
ov
e
the
m
oto
r
co
nt
ro
ll
ed
by
Ard
ui
no
m
ic
ro
con
tr
oller,
wh
il
e
t
he
rob
otic
arm
s
desi
gn
e
d
is
us
in
g
acryl
ic
equ
i
pped
with
five
s
ervos
but
it
use
d
only
tw
o
servo
.
Me
anwhil
e,
th
e
li
st
of
w
hee
lc
hair
m
ov
em
ents
ba
sed
on
sent
si
gn
al
s
delivere
d
t
hro
ugh
Wi
-
Fi
co
uld
be
fou
nd in
Ta
ble
2.
Table
1.
T
he s
pecifica
ti
on of
the d
e
vice a
nd
so
ft
war
e
No
Na
m
e
o
f
Dev
ice
Sp
ecif
icat
io
n
Nu
m
b
er
o
f
1
W
h
eelchair
-
Mic
roco
n
troller A
rdu
in
o
Uno
-
Driver
m
o
to
r
DC
-
Moto
r
DC
-
Ch
air
-
Batere
12
V
-
Receiv
er
W
if
i
AP
C 2
2
0
1
2
2
1
1
1
1
Ro
b
o
t Ar
m
-
Mic
roco
n
troller A
rdu
in
o
Uno
-
Servo
M
o
to
r
-
Ar
m
of
Acrylic
-
Batere
12
V
-
Receiv
er
W
if
i
AP
C 2
2
0
1
5
1
1
1
2
Co
n
troller
(Hat)
-
W
if
i
Tr
an
ceiv
e
r
APC 2
2
0
-
Gy
ro sen
so
r
-
Batere
L
IPO
1
2
V
-
Mic
rok
o
n
troller Ar
d
u
in
o
(
m
icro
ty
p
e)
1
1
1
1
Table
2.
Wheel
chair
a
nd ro
bo
t
ic
arm
s
m
ov
em
ents
No
Inp
u
t
Serial
Activ
ity
of
W
h
eelc
h
air
Ro
b
o
t
Activ
ity
of
Ar
m
R
o
b
o
t
Descripti
o
n
Left
M
o
to
r
Rig
h
t M
o
to
r
Servo
A
Servo
B
F,B,L
,R f
o
r
W
h
eelchair
1
F
U
CCW
CW
STOP
STOP
Fo
rwar
d
STOP
STOP
CW
STOP
Up
2
B
D
CW
CCW
STOP
STOP
Back
ward
STOP
STOP
CCW
STOP
Do
wn
3
L
X
CW
CW
STOP
STOP
Turn
L
ef
t
U,D,
X,
.
Y f
o
r
Ro
b
o
t Ar
m
STOP
STOP
STOP
CW
Left
4
R
Y
CCW
CCW
STOP
STOP
Turn
Rig
h
t
STOP
STOP
STO
CCW
Rig
h
t
Note: CW (
Cl
oc
k Wise
)
, CCW
(C
ounter Cl
oc
k Wise
)
Table
2
is
a
li
st
of
wh
eel
c
hair
and
r
obotic
ar
m
s
m
ov
e
m
ent
com
m
and
s.
If
t
he
W
i
-
Fi
recei
ver
receive
s
F,
B,
L
,
R
sig
na
l,
then
t
he
w
he
el
chair
w
ould
m
ov
e.
For
exa
m
ple,
if
the
le
tter
“L”
is
recei
ve
d
the
n
the
w
he
el
chair
would
m
ov
e
to
the
le
ft
w
hile
le
tt
er
“R
”
w
ou
l
d
m
ake
it
m
ov
e
to
the
ri
gh
t.
“F
”
sig
nal
m
akes
it
m
ov
e
f
orward
a
nd
“B
”
sig
nal
m
akes
it
m
ov
e
Ba
c
kw
a
r
d.
“
X”
sig
n
al
would
m
ake
the
r
obotic
a
r
m
s
m
ov
e
to
t
he
le
ft
wh
il
e
“
Y”
sign
al
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Com
pu
t. Sci.
I
nf. Tec
hnol.
Wheelch
air
and
r
obotic
ar
m
con
tr
ols
us
in
g gyr
o
se
nsor
…
(
Asep Shola
hu
dd
i
n
)
125
would
m
ake
it
m
ov
e
to
the
op
posit
e
directi
on.
“
U”
sig
nal
would
m
ake
the
r
obotic
arm
s
m
ov
e
to
the
U
p
wh
il
e
“D”
sig
nal
w
ould
m
ake
it
m
ov
e
t
o
the
opposit
e
directi
on
.
W
het
her
to
use
the
w
heelchai
r
or
r
obotic
arm
s
dep
e
nds
on
the
tim
e
w
hen
the
us
er
is
gi
ven
a
m
enu
t
o
ch
oos
e
bet
ween
t
he
t
wo.
C
hoos
i
ng
“wh
eel
c
hair”
is
done
by
a
sh
a
rp
ti
lt
to
the
le
ft
w
hile
choosi
ng
“
rob
otic
arm
s”
is
t
o
ti
lt
to
the
opposit
e
directi
on.
E
xperim
ent
resu
lt
s
cou
l
d
be
f
ound
i
n
Table
3.
Ta
ble
3
s
hows
th
e
res
ult
of
t
he
exp
e
rim
ents
an
d
al
l
of
them
ha
ve
desira
ble
r
esults.
Ther
e
f
or
e,
the
su
ccess
r
at
e
of
this is 1
00%.
Table
3.
E
xper
i
m
ent r
esults
of
wh
eel
c
hair or
roboti
c arm
s m
ov
e
m
ents
No
Mov
e
m
en
t of
Head
Nu
m
b
er
o
f
testin
g
Mov
e
m
en
t
o
f
whe
elch
air
o
r
rob
o
t ar
m
Nu
m
b
er
o
f
testin
g
Res
u
lt
(%)
1
Fo
rwar
d
5
Fo
rwar
d
5
100
2
Back
ward
5
Back
ward
5
100
3
Left
5
Left
5
100
4
Rig
h
t
5
Rig
h
t
5
100
5
Fo
rwar
d
5
Fo
rwar
d
5
100
6
Back
ward
5
Back
ward
5
100
7
Left
5
Left
5
100
8
Rig
h
t
5
Rig
h
t
5
100
9
Up
5
Up
5
100
10
Y
5
Y
5
100
11
X
5
X
5
100
12
Do
wn
5
Do
wn
5
100
4.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
The
e
xp
e
rim
e
nt
res
ults
of
wh
eel
c
hair
a
nd
r
obotic
arm
s
us
in
g
hea
d
de
te
ct
ion
by
gyro
sens
or
is
a
su
ccess
. E
xp
e
r
i
m
ents o
f five
m
ov
e
m
ent’s
show
s a
desira
bl
e res
ult o
f 100
% su
cce
ss
rate.
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NCE
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.