Intern
ati
o
n
a
l
Jo
u
r
n
a
l
of
P
o
we
r El
ec
tr
on
i
c
s
an
d D
r
i
v
e
S
y
stem
(I
JPE
D
S)
V
o
l.
11
, N
o
. 2, Jun
e
20
20
, pp
. 65
8
~
66
6
I
SSN
:
208
8-8
6
9
4
, D
O
I:
10.
115
91
/i
jp
e
d
s.v
1
1
.i2
.
p
p65
8-6
66
6
58
Jo
urn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
: h
t
t
p
:/
/ijpe
d
s.
i
a
e
s
c
o
re.
c
o
m
Simul
a
tion of adaptive pow
e
r
management ci
rcuit for hybrid
energy ha
rvester and real
-time sensi
n
g application
M
.
S.
Tamrin, M
.
R. A
h
mad
Dep
a
rtm
e
n
t
o
f
Elec
trical
and
Ele
ctro
ni
c En
g
i
ne
er
i
n
g,
Universi
ti T
e
knol
ogi
PE
TR
ONAS,
Mala
ysia
A
r
ticle In
fo
A
B
S
T
RAC
T
A
r
tic
le
h
i
st
o
r
y:
Rec
e
i
v
ed
No
v 1
8
, 2
019
Rev
i
sed
D
e
c
22
, 20
19
A
c
ce
p
t
ed
Jan
28
, 20
20
M
a
ny
wire
less
s
e
n
s
o
r
netw
ork
(
W
S
N
) ap
plic
ation
s
, now
aday
s,
req
u
ire
real-
t
i
m
e
c
o
m
m
u
nica
ti
on,
wh
ic
h de
m
a
nd
s
c
a
u
t
i
o
u
s d
e
si
gn
c
o
nsid
e
r
a
t
i
o
n t
o
reso
lv
e inh
e
ren
t
con
f
lic
ts
b
e
tw
een
en
ergy
effi
ciency
a
n
d
the
ne
ed to
m
e
e
t
Qu
ality
o
f
S
e
r
v
ices (Q
oS
), su
ch as
end
-
to
-
e
n
d
d
e
lay
com
m
u
n
icatio
ns
.
Nu
merous
inn
o
v
a
tiv
e
so
lu
tion
s
a
r
e p
r
op
osed
s
u
ch
as
Real-t
ime
Power-A
ware
Ro
ut
in
g (R
PAR) p
r
ot
oc
ol
,
wh
ich
dy
na
m
i
ca
l
l
y
ad
a
p
t
s
t
r
a
n
sm
i
s
sio
n
p
o
we
r t
o
mee
t
spec
ified
c
o
mmu
nic
a
tio
n d
e
lay
s
at
low
ene
r
g
y
co
st. H
e
nc
e, to
enab
le
real-
t
im
e
co
mmu
nic
a
tion
w
i
t
h
RP
A
R
pro
t
oco
l
,
an
adap
tive
P
o
we
r
Ma
n
a
ge
m
e
nt
Circ
u
it (PMC) u
s
i
n
g
hy
bri
d
e
n
e
r
gy h
a
rve
s
te
r
to
s
u
pp
ort
WS
N
real-
t
im
e
com
m
u
n
i
ca
tion
is p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
. In
th
is p
a
p
e
r, a
h
i
g
h
-
l
e
v
el ar
chitec
t
ure
of the p
r
op
os
e
d
P
M
C
is
discu
s
s
e
d, w
h
ich c
o
ns
ists o
f
Th
er
mal
Energy
Generat
o
r
(T
EG
),
and Piezoele
ctri
c
Energ
y
H
a
rves
ter (P
EG
) as
energy
providers,
wi
th
low-powe
r M
a
xi
mum
P
o
w
e
r P
o
int
Tra
c
king
(M
P
P
T) fe
atur
e
enab
led
.
P
r
e
l
im
in
ary simul
a
tio
ns
w
h
ich an
aly
ze an
d ch
arac
ter
i
ze
TEG and
P
E
G
sy
stem ar
e co
ndu
cted
se
p
a
rately
to d
e
termin
e th
e o
p
t
i
mal
design
p
a
ra
me
te
r
s
to
su
pp
ort
t
h
e c
o
nve
nt
io
na
l WSN
Qo
S
re
q
u
i
rem
e
nt. Ne
x
t
,
bo
th
sy
st
ems w
i
l
l
b
e
in
t
e
g
r
at
ed
in
t
o
a si
ng
le P
M
C
i
m
pl
e
m
en
tat
i
o
n
p
r
io
r
to
fabric
ation
and
lab ch
ara
c
ter
i
z
a
tio
n
.
Ke
yw
ords:
F
r
a
c
tion
a
l op
e
n
-
c
ir
c
u
i
t
vo
lta
ge
Hy
bri
d
e
n
erg
y
harvest
e
r
P
i
e
z
o
e
le
ct
ri
c e
n
e
r
gy
Po
we
r ma
nage
ment
c
i
rc
ui
t
Therma
l e
n
er
g
y
Th
is
is a
n
o
p
en
acces
s a
r
ticle
un
d
e
r the
C
C
B
Y
-SA
licens
e
.
Corres
p
o
n
din
g
A
u
t
h
or:
M. S.
Tam
r
i
n
Depa
rt
me
nt o
f
Ele
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
and
El
e
c
t
r
oni
c
E
n
g
i
nee
r
i
n
g,
Uni
v
ersi
t
i
Te
k
nol
ogi
PETR
O
N
A
S
,
S
e
r
i
Isk
a
nd
a
r
,
3
261
0 Per
a
k,
M
a
l
a
y
s
i
a
.
Emai
l:
sha
h
ri
ta
mri
n
@
g
ma
il
.c
om
1.
IN
TR
O
DUCTION
Wit
h
t
h
e
re
ce
nt a
dva
nc
eme
n
t
i
n
wi
rel
e
ss
se
nso
r
a
p
pl
i
c
a
t
i
ons, s
u
c
h
a
s
Int
e
r
n
et
of
Thi
n
gs (IoT
),
ambi
enc
e
i
n
t
e
l
l
i
ge
nce,
a
n
d
w
i
rel
e
ss
se
nsor
n
e
two
r
ks
(W
SN
), it
i
s
e
xpe
ct
e
d
t
o
ha
ve
5
0
bi
ll
i
on of
se
n
s
or
no
des
by t
h
e
ye
ar
2
0
25
[1, 2]
. T
h
e
s
e l
a
rge
n
u
mb
e
r
o
f
se
ns
or
n
ode
s are
n
o
rma
l
l
y
re
q
u
ire
d
t
o
o
p
e
r
at
e for a
lon
g
peri
od
of
ti
me,
ran
g
i
n
g from
mo
nt
hs t
o
ye
a
r
s. In ad
di
t
i
on
t
o
t
h
at
, ma
n
y
WS
N
ap
pl
ic
at
i
ons
re
qui
re
rea
l
-ti
m
e
comm
uni
ca
t
i
o
n
.
Fo
r e
x
am
pl
e, a s
u
rve
i
l
l
an
c
e
mo
nit
o
ri
n
g
syst
em
nee
d
s
t
o
a
l
e
r
t
a
u
t
h
o
r
i
t
ie
s inst
ant
a
n
e
ou
sl
y
(o
r
wi
t
h
i
n
fe
w
se
co
nds
)
of s
u
spic
io
us i
n
t
r
u
d
e
rs.
H
o
we
ve
r,
sup
p
o
rt
i
ng
real
-t
i
m
e co
mm
uni
c
a
t
i
ons i
n
WS
Ns is
v
e
ry c
h
al
le
ng
i
n
g d
u
e
t
o
i
n
h
e
r
e
n
t
c
onf
lic
t
b
e
tw
een
str
i
nge
n
t
re
qu
ir
emen
t o
f
en
d-
to-
e
n
d
d
e
la
y an
d en
e
r
gy
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
cy
[
3
,
4]
.
A
ll th
e
s
e
ch
alle
n
g
e
s
r
e
qu
ire a v
e
ry
ca
r
e
fu
l
d
e
sign
c
o
n
s
id
era
t
i
o
n
to
ma
n
a
g
e
en
ergy
resou
r
c
e
s.
Ba
tte
r
i
es
ar
e
co
m
m
on
ly
u
s
ed to
pow
e
r
u
p
W
S
N
sen
s
or
s. Al
th
oug
h t
h
e
y
ar
e d
e
sig
n
e
d to
b
e
l
o
w-
po
we
r, e
v
ent
u
al
l
y
t
h
ei
r
b
a
t
t
e
r
i
e
s w
i
l
l
be
dra
i
ne
d
o
u
t
,
an
d
a
r
e
re
qui
re
d t
o
b
e
re
pl
ace
d
,
h
e
nce
i
n
c
u
rrin
g
hi
g
h
ma
in
t
e
n
a
n
c
e co
st
. Th
e
r
e
f
or
e, e
n
ergy
h
a
r
v
estin
g
d
e
v
i
ce
s
ha
v
e
now
b
ecome
a
pr
ef
err
e
d so
l
u
tion
t
o
pro
v
i
d
e
che
a
p
,
cl
ean
, and
unl
i
m
it
ed
al
te
rnat
i
v
e
e
n
e
r
g
y
.
C
onve
nti
onal
l
y
,
e
n
ergy
harve
s
t
i
n
g
s
y
ste
m
is
mai
n
l
y
b
u
i
l
t
u
pon
thr
e
e
m
a
j
o
r
c
o
mp
on
en
t
s
.
Fi
rs
t co
mpon
e
n
t
is en
er
gy g
e
n
e
r
a
tor
,
whic
h
is
u
s
ed
t
o
h
a
rv
e
s
t
e
n
e
r
gy f
r
o
m
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J Po
w El
ec
&
Dr
i
S
y
st
IS
SN:
208
8-8
6
9
4
Si
m
u
l
a
t
i
o
n of
a
d
a
p
t
i
ve p
o
we
r ma
n
age
me
nt ci
rcui
t
f
o
r hy
bri
d
e
n
er
gy harv
e
s
t
e
r
…
(M.
S. T
a
mri
n
)
6
59
ambi
anc
e
,
a
n
d
co
nve
rt
i
t
i
n
to
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
ener
g
y
(e
.g
.
pi
ez
oe
l
ect
ri
c, p
hot
ovol
t
a
i
c
, an
d t
h
er
moe
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
)
.
Se
con
d
com
p
o
n
e
n
t
i
s
c
a
l
l
e
d ene
r
g
y
c
a
p
t
u
re & st
ora
g
e,
w
h
i
c
h
co
nsi
s
ts of p
o
w
er m
a
na
ge
ment
c
i
rc
ui
t a
nd st
o
r
a
g
e
.
The
l
a
st
com
p
o
n
e
n
t
i
s
e
n
e
r
g
y
c
o
ns
umpt
i
o
n
,
whic
h
varie
s
ba
se
d
on
us
a
g
e
c
o
n
d
it
i
on.
H
o
w
e
ver, d
u
e
to re
la
t
i
ve
ly l
o
w
o
u
t
p
ut
po
we
r ge
ne
rat
e
d
by
st
anda
l
one
e
n
e
r
g
y
harve
s
te
r, t
h
e foc
u
s
of
re
se
arc
h
a
r
ea
has
n
o
w
s
h
i
f
t
e
d
from
st
a
n
d
a
lone
t
o
H
y
bri
d
E
n
erg
y
Ha
rve
s
te
r
(HE
H
).
HE
H
i
s
ba
si
ca
ll
y
a
te
c
h
n
i
qu
e to in
te
gr
at
e mu
l
tip
le
e
n
e
r
gy
sou
r
ce
s in
to
a si
n
g
l
e
syst
em
,
w
h
ich
is ca
pab
l
e
to
g
e
n
e
r
a
te h
i
g
h
e
r
out
put
po
we
r a
s
c
o
mpa
r
e
d
t
o
st
andal
one
h
a
rvest
e
r. T
h
e
i
n
p
u
t
e
n
erg
y
c
a
n
come
from
di
f
f
ere
n
t
s
o
urce
s,
s
u
ch
as vi
b
r
a
t
i
o
n
,
th
e
r
mal
,
l
i
g
h
t, a
c
o
u
s
ti
c, sol
a
r,
wi
n
d
,
ra
di
o
fre
q
u
e
nc
y e
t
c
.
C
a
o
et
al
.
[5]
ha
s
li
st
ed do
w
n
c
l
e
a
rl
y
con
v
e
n
t
i
onal
e
n
e
r
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s, a
n
d i
t
s c
o
rre
s
po
n
d
i
n
g
po
we
r
de
nsi
t
y
a
n
d
h
a
rvest
i
n
g
met
h
od
.
Ho
we
ve
r,
one
o
f
t
h
e ke
y
c
h
al
le
nge
s fo
r an
y
H
E
H
s
y
st
em
i
s
t
o
d
e
sig
n
a
Po
we
r
M
a
na
g
e
ment
Ci
rc
uit
,
w
h
i
c
h
ca
n
p
r
ovi
de
effi
ci
ent
a
nd
se
aml
e
ss o
u
t
p
ut
po
we
r t
o
a
n
y l
o
ad
ap
pli
c
at
ion
s
.
O
v
e
r
t
h
e
ye
a
r
s
,
ma
n
y
t
e
c
hni
que
s
have
bee
n
de
ve
lo
pe
d
t
o
desi
gn
a
n
e
f
fi
ci
ent
P
M
C
fo
r st
an
dal
o
ne
ene
r
g
y
h
a
rve
s
t
e
rs.
In
t
h
is se
c
t
ion,
we
wil
l
d
i
scuss
on
P
M
C
t
echni
ques
u
s
ed
fo
r t
h
e
r
ma
l
a
n
d
vi
brat
i
o
n-base
d
e
n
ergy
h
a
rv
e
s
t
e
rs
,
fo
ll
o
w
e
d
b
y
br
ie
f
in
trodu
c
t
io
n
o
f
M
a
xim
u
m Po
w
e
r
P
o
in
t Tra
c
k
i
ng (M
P
P
T) t
e
c
h
n
i
qu
e
s
,
and
l
a
st
b
u
t
not
l
east
,
di
scussi
on
on
c
o
mmo
n
arc
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
re
s
use
d
i
n
HE
H
s
y
st
ems. T
h
e
ma
i
n
obj
ec
ti
ves
of t
h
is
pape
r a
r
e
;
t
o
pro
pose
a
ne
w
ada
p
t
i
ve P
M
C
arc
h
it
ec
t
u
re
fo
r H
E
H syst
em t
o
s
u
pp
o
r
t
re
al
-t
ime
WS
N,
wit
h
ove
ra
l
l
effic
i
e
n
cy
of
>
8
0%, an
d to
cha
r
act
e
r
i
ze TEG, a
n
d
PEG su
b-s
y
st
em
se
pa
ra
te
l
y
t
h
rou
g
h
si
mul
a
t
i
o
n.
The
r
mal
-
base
d P
M
C
,
A
c
o
m
m
o
n
e
x
am
p
l
e
of t
h
e
r
ma
l-
bas
e
d
PMC
de
si
g
n
a
p
proa
c
h
is
thr
o
u
gh t
h
e
i
n
te
grat
i
o
n
of i
n
d
u
ct
o
r
-ba
s
e
d
bo
ost
c
o
n
v
erte
r a
n
d s
w
it
c
h
e
d
-ca
p
ac
it
o
r
buc
k co
n
v
ert
e
r i
n
t
o
an
i
n
t
e
g
r
at
ed
c
h
ip
[
6
]
.
Th
is En
erg
y
H
a
rv
e
s
t
i
ng IC
(
E
HI
C)
is
fa
b
r
ic
at
ed w
i
th 6
5
n
m
C
M
OS
, w
i
th
ar
ea
les
s
t
h
a
n
0.
5 mm
2
. The
pro
pose
d
PMC
i
s
ba
sic
a
l
l
y di
vide
d
i
n
t
o
t
w
o sta
g
es:
P
o
we
r C
onve
rsi
o
n, fo
r
w
h
i
c
h
in
d
u
ct
or-ba
s
ed
co
n
v
e
r
te
r
i
s
use
d
to
bo
ost l
o
w
i
n
p
u
t
v
o
l
t
a
g
e t
o
a
s
u
i
t
a
bl
e
out
put
vol
t
a
ge
, wi
th Ze
ro C
u
rre
nt Sw
it
chi
n
g (ZC
S
) ca
pa
b
i
li
t
y
to
i
m
pro
v
e
e
f
fi
ci
ency
du
rin
g
l
o
w c
u
rre
n
t
mo
de, a
n
d
P
o
wer
Ma
na
ge
me
nt
U
n
it
, i
n
whic
h
swi
t
c
h
e
d
ca
p
aci
t
o
r
c
o
nv
ert
e
r
is
u
s
ed
to
r
e
g
u
l
at
e
o
u
t
p
u
t
vo
lt
ag
e
in
t
o
mu
l
tip
le le
v
e
ls. In
a
d
d
i
tio
n t
o
th
a
t
, in l
o
w en
e
r
gy
c
ond
i
t
io
n
,
P
M
C
is
ab
le
to
b
y
p
a
ss sw
it
ch
e
d
ca
p
a
citor
,
and
th
e lo
a
d
is
g
e
tt
ing
dir
e
ct sup
p
l
y from
in
du
c
t
or
-b
a
s
ed
c
o
nv
ert
e
r
.
Th
e
p
e
ak
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
cy, how
ev
er
, v
a
ri
es w
ith ou
tpu
t
v
o
l
tag
e
.
A
n
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
d
versi
on
of the
r
mal
-
base
d
P
M
C i
s
pro
p
o
se
d
i
n
[7
].
T
h
e
B
oost
LC
fi
lt
e
r
is equi
ppe
d
wi
th
a fee
d
ba
c
k
l
o
op
s t
o
re
g
u
l
a
te
t
h
e o
u
t
p
u
t
vol
ta
ge
.
A
n
y
di
ffe
re
nc
e be
t
w
e
e
n
o
u
t
p
ut
a
nd
de
sire
d
v
o
l
t
age
is
a
m
p
l
i
f
i
e
d
and
th
en
m
odu
la
te
d to
Pu
lse
D
e
n
s
ity
Mo
du
la
tio
n
(PD
M
)
sign
a
l
, w
h
ich
is us
ed
t
o
co
n
t
ro
l on
/o
ff
o
f
MO
S p
o
w
e
r
s
w
i
t
c
h
. T
h
e
cha
r
ge
pu
mp ci
rc
ui
t
r
y i
s
ad
de
d
t
o
re
d
u
ce
lo
sse
s a
c
ros
s
M
O
S
swi
t
ch,
by i
n
c
r
ea
sing
th
e
vo
l
t
ag
e
o
f
P
D
M
sign
a
l
.
Th
is
PM
C
te
ch
niq
u
e
c
o
m
e
s wi
t
h
f
e
e
d
b
a
c
k
con
t
r
o
l loo
p
.
To
ach
i
e
v
e
t
h
e
o
r
e
tic
al
ly
i
n
fi
nit
e
li
fe
ti
m
e
, a
syst
em i
s
expe
ct
e
d
t
o
ru
n
in
E
n
e
r
gy
N
e
utral
Ope
r
at
i
on
(EN
O
)
.
He
n
ce, a
lo
w
-
co
m
p
le
xi
ty
Po
we
r
Ma
na
g
e
r
(PM
)
is
p
r
opose
d
, [
8
] w
h
i
c
h i
s
use
d
t
o
a
d
apt
wi
t
h
i
t
s c
o
mp
ut
at
i
o
n
a
l
l
o
ad t
o
e
n
s
u
re
t
h
e
c
o
nsume
d
en
erg
y
is
e
q
u
a
l t
o
t
h
e
h
a
rv
est
e
d en
ergy
. On
ly if
th
is
co
nd
i
tio
n
me
e
t
s,
t
h
e
sy
st
e
m
is c
o
n
s
id
ere
d
to
ac
hie
v
e
EN
O.
The
pro
pose
d
P
M
i
s
ba
sic
a
l
l
y
deci
di
n
g
a
n
d
cha
n
gi
ng
d
u
t
y
cycl
e
of t
h
e l
o
ad
,
acc
ordi
ng
t
o
t
h
e
e
s
tim
at
io
n
of
h
a
rv
e
s
t
e
d
a
n
d co
nsume
d
en
erg
y
, pr
ov
id
ed
by a
low
-
po
wer
su
per-
ca
p
a
cit
o
r
-
b
a
sed
ene
r
g
y
m
o
nit
o
r.
Ty
pi
ca
ll
y,
a
de
sired
v
o
l
t
a
g
e o
f
su
pe
r-ca
pa
ci
tor
w
h
en t
h
e
lo
a
d
h
a
s
c
o
n
v
erg
e
d
t
o
EN
O i
s
p
r
e-de
fi
ne
d
.
Thi
s
met
h
o
d
is
very s
u
i
t
a
b
le
for l
ong-t
e
rm moni
t
o
ri
ng a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
ons,
b
u
t
n
o
t
for
re
al
-t
i
m
e
se
nsi
n
g a
ppl
i
c
at
i
on,
whi
c
h re
q
u
ires
string
e
n
t e
n
d
-
t
o
-e
nd
del
a
y
r
e
qui
reme
nt
. W
h
il
e
ma
jorit
y
of t
h
er
ma
l-ba
s
e
d P
M
C
t
ech
n
i
ques
empl
o
y
D
C
-t
o-D
C
bo
ost
c
o
n
v
e
rt
ers, a si
m
p
l
e
an
d
no
vel
i
m
pl
ement
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
r
mal
P
M
C
i
s
p
r
o
pose
d
in
[
9
],
w
h
ich
r
e
qu
ir
es no
com
p
lex
star
t-
up c
i
r
c
u
i
tr
y
(e
.g
. ch
a
r
g
e
pu
mp
) or t
y
p
i
c
a
l
D
C
-
t
o
-
D
C
boo
st
indu
c
t
or
, be
ca
u
s
e
TEG
u
s
ed
in
t
h
i
s
s
y
ste
m
i
s
c
a
pabl
e
to
ge
ne
ra
te
hi
g
h
e
n
ou
gh
vol
ta
ge
t
o
dri
v
e l
o
a
d
a
p
p
l
i
cat
i
on di
rec
t
l
y
. T
h
i
s
PMC
ba
sic
a
l
l
y
c
o
nsist
s
of
tw
o
mai
n
P
o
si
t
i
v
e
-cha
nne
l
M
O
S
(P
MO
S
)
s
w
i
t
c
h
es, M
P
P
T
c
ont
rol
bl
oc
k
,
a
n
d
one
St
ora
g
e C
a
pac
i
t
o
r. T
h
e “b
rai
n
” o
f
t
h
i
s
P
M
C de
si
g
n
l
i
e
s
wit
h
i
n
MPP
T
cont
rol
bl
oc
k,
whi
c
h i
s
c
a
pa
bl
e
t
o
cont
rol
act
i
v
e/
sle
e
p st
at
e of t
h
e l
o
a
d
,
he
nc
e
mini
miz
i
ng a
n
y
p
o
w
e
r
mism
at
ch bet
w
e
e
n
TEG
devi
ces a
nd l
o
ad
appl
i
cat
i
o
n. T
h
ere
f
ore
,
t
h
i
s
P
M
C
c
a
n
suc
ces
sful
l
y
a
c
hi
e
v
e
very
hi
gh
pea
k
p
o
we
r
e
f
fi
ci
en
cy, w
h
i
c
h
i
s
~9
5%.
Vi
br
ati
o
n-
b
a
sed
P
M
C K
ong
et
a
l
.
[1
0]
p
r
e
s
e
n
te
d
a
simp
le
a
n
d
sel
f
-
pow
ere
d
P
M
C, w
h
i
c
h
d
o
e
s no
t
re
qui
re
a
d
dit
i
onal
po
w
e
r t
o
o
p
erat
e. The
P
M
C is
basi
ca
ll
y
divi
de
d i
n
to
fo
ur maj
o
r c
o
mpone
nts:
1
)
A
C
-to
-
D
C
con
v
e
r
te
r, usi
n
g full
-brid
g
e
rec
t
i
f
i
e
r. 2
)
B
u
c
k
-B
oo
st
Con
v
e
r
t
o
r
whi
c
h is ru
n
n
i
n
g
a
t
D
i
scont
i
n
u
ous C
u
rre
n
t
Mo
de
(DC
M
)
i
s
i
m
pl
ement
e
d t
o
s
upp
ort
w
i
de ra
nge
of
in
put
vol
ta
g
e
as
we
ll
as t
o
mat
c
h s
o
u
r
c
e
i
m
p
e
dance
.
3)
ul
t
r
a-l
o
we
r mic
r
o
-
c
ontr
o
l
l
er, w
h
i
c
h i
s
con
f
i
g
u
r
e
d
for
MP
P
T
a
n
d o
u
t
p
ut
vol
t
a
ge re
g
u
l
a
t
i
on.
4)
Su
pe
rca
p
aci
t
o
r
a
s
st
o
r
a
g
e
dev
i
ce
. The
MP
PT
te
chni
que
u
s
e
d
fo
r
t
h
i
s
P
M
C
i
s
ca
l
l
e
d
i
m
pe
dance
mat
c
hi
n
g
.
Be
sid
e
s, Elie
e
t
al
. [11
]
d
e
v
e
lop
e
d a
sing
le
-
s
w
i
tc
h
in
du
ct
orl
e
s
s
P
M
C
fo
r
ele
c
t
ro
sta
tic
v
i
bra
t
i
o
n
harve
s
te
r,
w
h
i
c
h
co
nsi
s
t
s
o
f
a singl
e swi
t
ch, one bi
a
s
i
n
g
c
a
pac
i
t
o
r (C
bia
s
), an
d
th
ree
d
i
o
d
es. C
h
argi
n
g
o
r
di
sc
ha
rgi
n
g
st
at
e of t
h
e
C
bias
i
s
con
t
ro
l
l
ed
by th
is si
ng
le
switc
h
. Th
i
s
PM
C d
e
sign
o
p
e
r
a
te
s in
t
w
o mo
de
s: 1)
Ch
arg
i
ng
of C
bi
a
s
,
w
h
ere
si
ngl
e
swi
t
ch
i
s
i
n
“
ope
n
”
sta
t
e
2)
Cha
r
gi
ng
o
f
B
a
t
t
e
ry,
for
whi
c
h si
ngl
e
s
w
i
t
c
h i
s
i
n
“c
lose
d
”
st
at
e.
One
gre
a
t
a
d
v
a
nt
a
g
e
o
f
t
h
i
s
PMC
d
e
si
g
n
i
s
t
h
at
it
can
b
e
e
m
be
dde
d i
n
mi
ni
at
uri
z
e
d
s
y
st
em
si
n
c
e
i
t
d
o
e
s no
t
r
e
qu
i
r
e
i
nduc
to
r
co
mpo
n
e
nt.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN
: 2
088
-8
6
94
Int
J
P
o
w
Ele
c
& D
r
i
S
y
st, V
o
l
.
1
1
,
N
o
.
2, Ju
ne
20
2
0
:
6
5
8
–
666
66
0
M
a
x
i
mum
P
o
w
e
r Po
in
t
Tr
ack
in
g
,
wh
en disc
u
ssing e
ffi
ci
en
c
y
fo
r en
erg
y
h
a
rv
est
i
ng
d
e
v
i
c
e
s,
one
sh
ou
ld
a
l
w
a
y
s
co
n
s
id
er t
h
e
fo
l
l
ow
ing
s
:
1
)
c
o
n
v
e
r
sion
ef
f
i
c
i
en
cy
;
2)
tr
a
n
sf
er
eff
i
c
i
en
cy
; 3
)
buff
e
ri
ng
effi
ci
enc
y
;
a
n
d
4
)
c
o
n
s
u
m
pti
o
n ef
fi
ci
ency
. In ge
ne
ri
c
te
rm
, t
r
a
n
sfer e
ffi
c
i
e
n
cy c
o
nsi
d
e
r
s
a
m
o
unt
of
lo
s
s
due
t
o
po
wer
t
r
a
n
s
f
e
r
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
y fro
m e
n
er
gy
s
o
u
r
ce
t
o
l
o
ad
.
He
nc
e, the
r
e
i
s
a
t
e
chni
que
, cal
l
e
d Ma
ximu
m Po
we
r
Poi
n
t
T
r
ac
ki
n
g
(M
PP
T
)
,
whi
c
h i
s
t
y
pic
a
l
l
y
use
d
t
o
mi
ni
mi
ze p
o
we
r
m
i
sma
t
c
h
be
t
w
e
e
n en
e
r
gy so
urc
e
an
d
l
o
ad
[1
3]. Cu
rrent
l
y
, t
h
e
r
e
a
r
e
several
MPP
T
te
chni
q
u
es
de
vel
o
ped
.
O
n
e
of t
h
em i
s
le
ve
ra
gi
ng
di
gi
ta
l
si
gnal
proce
s
si
ng
[1
2
]
. A
n
ot
her
MP
P
T
t
e
c
hni
que
i
s
ba
se
d
o
n
i
m
pe
d
a
nce
mat
c
h
i
ng
[
14,
1
5
]
. T
h
is a
p
proa
c
h
i
s
n
o
t
onl
y
si
mpl
e
t
o
i
m
pl
e
m
ent
,
b
u
t
a
l
so c
o
nsume
very
l
o
w
po
we
r.
The
ba
si
c i
d
e
a
i
s
t
o
ma
tc
h
bet
w
e
e
n
i
n
p
u
t
i
m
pe
da
nce
,
w
h
ic
h
va
ri
es fro
m
one
e
n
e
r
g
y
ge
nerat
o
r
de
vi
ce t
o
a
n
othe
r,
a
n
d
i
n
d
u
ct
o
r
va
l
u
e
of b
o
o
s
t
c
o
nv
ert
e
r.
Ho
we
ve
r, d
u
e
t
o
hu
ge t
o
l
e
ra
nce
of i
n
d
u
ct
or i
t
se
lf
, t
h
is t
e
c
hni
que
i
s
n
o
t
be
very ac
c
u
ra
te
. A
n
ot
he
r MP
P
T
te
c
h
n
i
qu
e
u
s
e
d
is
c
a
l
l
e
d
fr
ac
t
i
o
n
al o
p
e
n-
cir
c
u
it
vo
lt
ag
e
(FO
C
)
[16-
18
].
Th
e
op
en-
c
ir
c
u
i
t
vo
lta
g
e
(
V
o
c
)
of
a
sp
e
c
i
f
i
c en
ergy
g
e
ne
r
a
t
o
r is
sa
mp
led
p
e
r
i
od
ic
a
l
ly
to d
e
ter
m
in
e its max
i
mu
m
p
o
w
e
r
po
in
t
vo
l
t
a
g
e
(V
M
PP),
le
a
v
in
g t
h
is ene
r
gy
g
e
n
e
r
a
to
r el
ec
tr
ic
al
ly
ope
n
.
In
t
h
is p
a
pe
r
,
w
e
w
ill
f
o
c
u
s on
F
O
C te
ch
n
i
q
u
e
a
s
it
is
p
r
ov
e
n
t
o
ac
hie
v
e ~
9
9
.
5%
of effi
c
i
e
n
cy.
C
o
mmo
n P
M
C
Arc
h
it
e
c
t
u
re
s for
HE
H
S
y
st
em, T
h
ere
a
r
e
fe
w
p
r
i
o
r
wo
rks
do
ne t
o
des
i
gn
PMC
for
HEH
sy
ste
m
.
The si
mpl
e
st
me
t
hod i
s
ca
ll
ed “
c
o
mpl
e
me
nta
r
y,”
as
de
fi
ned
b
y
[1
9],
whi
c
h ma
i
n
l
y
col
l
e
c
t
s
ene
r
g
y
fr
om a
pri
m
a
r
y
s
o
urc
e
, w
h
i
l
e
sec
o
n
d
ary tra
n
sd
uce
r
s
i
s
mere
l
y
us
ed
t
o
po
we
r
up au
xi
l
i
a
r
y
c
i
r
c
ui
t
r
y
,
su
ch
a
s
b
i
a
s
ing
a
nd
boo
t-
up cir
c
u
itr
y. A
s
sh
own
in F
i
g. 5
,
th
e P
i
e
z
o
e
le
c
t
ri
c
G
e
n
e
r
a
t
o
r
is u
s
e
d
dur
ing
c
o
l
d
st
ar
t-
up
, in whic
h
at
t
h
a
t
tim
e
,
th
e pow
e
r
g
e
n
e
ra
ted
b
y
th
e
Th
e
r
m
a
l
G
e
n
e
rat
o
r i
s
no
t suf
f
ic
ie
n
t
to
su
s
t
a
i
n
t
h
e
wh
ol
e
ope
ra
ti
o
n
.
H
o
we
ve
r, t
h
i
s
si
mple
me
t
h
od
d
o
es
n
o
t i
m
p
l
e
m
e
n
t
ma
xi
mum
p
o
w
er p
o
i
nt t
r
a
c
ki
ng
(
M
P
P
T)
,
whi
c
h is cr
u
c
i
a
l
t
o
ensu
re
m
a
xi
mum ha
rve
s
ti
ng effic
i
e
n
c
y
. B
e
si
des
,
an
ot
he
r
c
o
mm
on
t
e
chni
que
t
o
harve
s
t
mu
l
tip
l
e
so
u
r
ce
o
f
e
n
ergy
i
s
ca
ll
ed
“
P
o
w
er
O
R
i
n
g
”
archit
ec
tu
r
e
[2
0-2
2
]
,
w
h
i
c
h
o
f
f
e
rs m
odu
la
r appr
o
a
c
h
,
con
n
ec
t
i
n
g
mu
lt
i
p
l
e
sou
r
ce
s i
n
paral
l
e
l
th
ro
ug
h
di
o
d
es
. E
a
ch
of e
n
e
r
gy
sou
r
ce
s i
s
i
n
de
pen
d
e
n
t
fr
om e
ach
ot
he
r,
he
nce
c
oul
d
perfo
rm
it
s ow
n
MP
P
T
t
e
c
h
niq
u
e
.
The
dio
d
e
s
i
s
use
d
t
o
e
n
su
re sel
f-sync
hroni
ze
d
ope
ra
t
i
o
n
.
Ho
we
ve
r, t
h
ere
a
r
e
se
ve
ra
l
di
sa
dva
nt
age
s
l
i
nk
e
d
t
o
t
h
i
s
met
h
o
d
.
Fi
rst
,
t
h
ere
i
s
a
ddi
ti
o
n
al
p
o
w
e
r
l
o
ss d
u
e t
o
fo
rwar
d
v
o
l
t
age
d
r
o
p
o
n
t
h
e
di
o
d
es, a
s
we
ll
as havi
ng
i
nde
pe
n
d
e
n
t M
P
P
T
c
oul
d
i
n
c
r
ease
c
o
st an
d
si
ze
o
f
th
e
sy
stem
. Th
e “Powe
r
O
R
i
n
g,”
ar
c
h
i
t
e
c
tu
re
.
Last
bu
t no
t
leas
t,
an
o
t
h
e
r
mo
r
e
so
ph
i
s
tic
a
t
ed
te
chn
i
qu
e
co
mmon
l
y u
s
ed
in
man
a
g
i
ng
m
u
ltis
ou
rce
ene
r
g
y
harve
s
t
i
ng is
c
a
l
l
e
d
v
o
lt
age
le
vel
de
t
ect
i
on met
hod
. F
o
r e
x
a
m
ple
,
i
n
[2
3] t
h
e
c
h
argi
n
g
of a
mi
cro
bat
t
e
ry i
s
t
a
ke
n ei
t
h
er
from t
h
e
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
ge
n
e
rat
e
d
b
y
a t
h
e
r
mal
or
R
F
h
a
rve
s
ti
n
g
su
bs
yst
e
m,
de
pen
d
i
ng on
whi
c
h e
x
hi
bi
ts
hi
ghe
r v
o
l
t
age
val
u
e. H
o
w
e
v
e
r, t
h
is c
a
n
not
be a
p
pl
i
e
d
for
loa
d
s t
h
a
t
re
q
u
i
re c
o
n
s
t
a
nt
v
o
l
ta
ge
sup
p
l
y
[2
4].
In
[2
5
]
,
an
i
m
p
r
ove
d te
c
hni
que
is
use
d
:
ea
c
h
i
nput
i
s
c
o
n
n
ect
ed
t
o
t
h
e
out
put
at
pre
-
defi
ned
p
e
rio
d
o
f
tim
e, pr
ov
i
d
e
d
its r
e
s
p
ec
tiv
e
vo
lta
g
e
sur
p
asse
s th
e
d
e
te
rm
in
ed
v
o
l
t
ag
e
th
r
e
sh
o
l
d.
2.
RES
E
ARCH M
ETH
O
D
OLOGY
2.1. Sp
eci
fi
ca
tion
d
e
fin
i
tion
S
i
nce ea
c
h
a
n
d
e
v
ery
WS
N
a
ppli
c
a
t
io
ns
h
a
s
i
t
s ow
n
re
qu
i
r
e
m
e
n
t,
de
te
rmini
n
g spe
c
i
f
i
c
Q
u
al
i
t
y
of
Se
rvi
ces (Q
oS
)
i
s
a
c
r
uci
a
l
st
e
p
. Ta
ble
1 sh
o
w
s a
Q
o
S
for
spe
c
i
f
i
c
St
ruct
u
r
a
l
M
o
nto
r
in
g
Ap
pli
c
a
t
ion
.
Tabl
e
1.
Q
o
S
for str
u
ct
ural
m
oni
to
rin
g
a
p
pl
ic
at
i
on [8
]
E
ffi
c
i
en
c
y
(%
)
No
min
a
l V
o
lta
g
e
(v
)
A
v
er
a
g
e Cur
r
e
n
t R
e
quir
e
m
e
nts (
A
)
Sle
e
p
Ac
tive
(N
o
r
m
a
l
)
Ac
ti
v
e
(P
e
r
fo
r
m
a
n
ce
)
Qual
ity of
S
e
r
v
ic
e
(Q
oS)
>80
3
.
5
175e
-6
3.
5e-
3
M
i
n.
20% highe
r than norm
a
l
oper
a
tio
n
3.2. Arc
h
i
t
ec
tu
re De
fin
i
ti
on
In th
i
s
p
a
p
e
r,
we
p
r
o
p
o
se an
a
d
ap
tiv
e PMC
,
wh
ic
h
i
s
c
a
p
a
b
l
e
to in
te
grat
e in
pu
t
s
f
r
om two
e
n
er
gy
harve
s
te
rs
,
w
h
i
c
h are
TE
G &
P
E
G
.
T
h
i
s
prop
ose
d
P
M
C
i
n
t
e
g
r
at
es so
me
of t
h
e
el
eme
n
t
a
ry te
c
hni
que
s fr
om
t
h
e
pre
v
io
us
w
o
rk
s i
n
t
o
o
n
e
si
ngl
e
arc
h
it
ec
t
u
re.
F
o
r
exa
m
pl
e,
t
h
e p
r
op
ose
d
P
M
C
a
ppl
i
e
s
basi
c
“c
o
m
ple
m
ent
a
ry”
t
ech
ni
q
u
e
t
o
mee
t
s
p
eci
fi
ed
wo
rkl
o
a
d
re
qui
reme
nt
. F
o
r st
ruc
t
u
r
al
mo
ni
t
o
ri
ng
ap
pl
i
cat
i
on,
whi
c
h
st
a
y
s in
sle
e
p
m
o
de fo
r most
o
f
t
h
e
ti
me,
TE
G is
us
ed
t
o
p
r
ovi
de
e
n
e
r
g
y
du
ri
n
g
sl
ee
p
m
o
de, w
h
i
l
e
P
E
G
is
du
r
i
n
g
a
c
t
i
ve
mo
d
e
. Bes
i
de
s,
t
h
e
pr
opo
sed
P
M
C
also i
m
p
l
e
m
en
ts MP
PT
te
chn
i
qu
e fo
r TEG
sub
-
sy
ste
m
.
Unl
i
ke
“
P
o
w
e
r
OR
ing
,
” t
h
e T
E
G an
d P
E
G i
s
not
i
n
de
pe
n
d
e
n
t
from
e
a
c
h
ot
he
r
- the
y
a
r
e c
ontrol
l
e
d
by
Pul
s
e
Gene
rat
o
r, w
h
i
c
h al
re
a
d
y
ha
v
e
pre
-
det
e
rmi
n
ed
t
i
min
g
in
fo
rmat
ion
bet
w
ee
n
sl
ee
p an
d ac
t
i
v
e mode
. T
h
is Pul
s
e
Gene
rat
o
r i
s
us
ed
t
o
c
o
ntr
o
l t
h
e
“
O
N” a
n
d
“OFF” st
at
e
f
o
r
e
a
c
h
s
u
b-s
y
ste
m
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
o
w
Elec &
Dri Sy
st
I
SSN
: 2
0
8
8
-8
69
4
Sim
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
of a
d
a
p
ti
v
e
p
o
w
e
r
ma
n
age
me
nt
ci
rcui
t f
o
r
hy
bri
d
e
n
e
r
g
y
harve
ste
r
… (
M
.
S. T
a
mri
n
)
6
61
Th
e
h
i
gh
-
l
ev
el
a
r
ch
it
ec
tur
e
of
pr
opo
sed
PM
C
d
e
sig
n
i
s
sh
own
i
n
Figur
e
1.
Th
e
prop
o
s
e
d
PM
C
a
r
chi
t
e
c
t
u
r
e co
nsist
s
o
f
se
ve
r
a
l
mai
n
bl
oc
k
s
, an
d c
o
m
p
o
n
ent
s
. F
o
r e
x
a
m
pl
e,
P
u
l
s
e G
e
ner
a
t
o
r is
use
d
t
o
co
n
t
ro
l sw
it
ch
i
n
g
b
e
tw
een TEG
and
PEG sup
p
l
y
.
Th
e
pu
lse
i
s
g
e
n
e
r
a
ted
b
a
se
d
on t
h
e
load
ing c
ond
it
io
n
s
, i.
e.
sl
ee
p
mo
de
=
TEG
is a
c
t
i
v
at
ed;
ac
ti
ve
mo
d
e
=
P
E
G
i
s
act
i
v
at
ed.
E
n
abl
e
Ge
ne
ra
to
r
bl
oc
k,
w
h
i
c
h
c
o
nsi
s
t
s
o
f
2
-
s
t
ag
e co
mp
ara
t
o
r
a
n
d
lat
c
h c
i
r
c
u
i
try
is c
r
i
tic
al
t
o
en
su
re
TEG sy
s
t
e
m
o
p
e
r
a
te
s
w
ithin
t
o
le
ra
ted
sup
p
l
y,
he
nce
ma
xi
miz
i
ng
po
we
r t
r
a
n
sfe
r
fr
om
TEG
har
v
est
e
r t
o
th
e
loa
d
. P
W
M
G
e
ne
r
a
t
o
r, a
n
d
t
h
e
Er
ro
r
Am
pl
if
ie
r
a
r
e
used
as a
c
o
ntr
o
l l
o
op
t
o
e
n
su
re P
E
G s
y
ste
m
i
s
r
e
gul
at
ed
int
o
d
e
sir
e
d
volt
a
g
e
. F
u
l
l
-
wa
ve
r
ect
i
f
i
e
r
,
t
oget
h
e
r
w
i
t
h
r
i
pple
-
ca
ncel
l
a
t
i
on c
a
p
a
c
i
t
or
,
C1,
a
r
e
t
h
e
ma
j
o
r
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
of
t
h
e
AC
-t
o-
DC
vol
t
a
ge
c
o
nve
rt
er
.
C
o
mpa
r
a
t
o
r
a
n
d
P
h
ase
Del
a
y bl
oc
ks
a
r
e
ad
ded
to e
n
s
u
re se
aml
e
ss t
r
ansi
t
i
on
be
t
w
een
TE
G
a
n
d PE
G
subsyste
m
Fi
gu
re
1.
Hi
gh
-l
evel
dia
g
ram of
t
h
e
Pr
op
ose
d
P
M
C
Ar
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
re
Det
a
il
s
impl
e
m
ent
a
t
i
o
n
fo
r ea
ch po
we
r
st
a
t
es
(i.e.
sl
ee
p/
a
c
t
i
v
e)
i
s
descri
be
d
b
y
fl
o
w
c
h
art
s
in Fig
u
re
2
an
d
Figur
e
3
.
F
i
gur
e
2.
P
r
o
p
o
se
d
arc
h
it
e
c
t
u
ral
f
l
o
w
du
ri
n
g
a
c
t
i
ve
mo
de
Fi
gu
re
3.
Pr
o
p
o
s
e
d ar
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
ral
fl
o
w
du
ri
n
g
sl
ee
p mode
Th
e ma
in ch
a
l
len
g
e
s t
o
d
e
si
g
n
PM
C
fo
r
H
E
H sy
st
em
is to in
t
e
g
r
a
t
e
su
b-
sy
ste
m
s
se
a
m
le
ssly
.
The
r
e
f
ore,
t
o
e
n
su
r
e
smo
o
t
h
tr
ansi
ti
o
n
,
t
h
e
P
M
C
re
quir
e
d
d
e
fi
ni
te
ove
rl
ap
pe
d
ti
me
bet
w
ee
n t
w
o
-
s
u
b
s
y
s
t
e
ms
,
as show
n in
t
h
e
F
i
gu
r
e
4.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN
: 2
088
-8
6
94
Int
J
P
o
w
Ele
c
& D
r
i
S
y
st, V
o
l
.
1
1
,
N
o
.
2, Ju
ne
20
2
0
:
6
5
8
–
666
66
2
F
i
g
u
r
e
4
.
Po
w
e
r
-
s
ta
te
tr
an
sit
i
on
p
o
lic
y
3.
R
E
S
U
LTS
AND ANALY
S
IS
A
fea
s
ib
i
lit
y
stu
d
y
of
th
e pr
opo
sed
PM
C
ar
c
h
i
t
ec
tu
r
e
is c
a
rr
ie
d
ou
t u
s
in
g HS
PI
C
E
so
f
t
wa
re
1
)
To
cha
r
ac
te
ri
ze de
si
gn
pa
ramet
e
r
s
for
PE
G
s
y
st
e
m
i
n
o
r
de
r
t
o
mee
t
Q
o
S
d
u
ri
ng
a
c
t
i
ve
mo
de
;
2) To
a
n
al
yze
f
e
a
s
i
b
ilit
y
o
f
TEG
t
o
me
et
effi
cie
n
c
y
t
a
rg
e
t
.
3.1. C
h
ar
ac
te
r
i
zati
o
n
of
PEG
P
E
G
i
s
basi
ca
l
l
y
a
ge
ne
rat
o
r
tha
t
co
n
v
erts
v
i
bra
t
i
o
n
ge
nera
te
d from
st
eps
i
n
t
o
el
e
c
t
r
i
cal
e
n
e
r
g
y
.
I
n
t
h
is
[
26]. PE
G
syst
em
t
y
pic
a
l
ly co
nsist
s
of
two
pa
rt
s: AC
-
t
o-
DC co
n
v
ert
e
r, a
n
d DC
-t
o
-
DC
bo
ost
c
o
n
v
ert
e
r
.
For AC
-t
o-DC
con
v
erte
r,
we
a
r
e eva
l
ua
ti
ng
fo
r o
p
t
i
mal
ca
paci
t
o
r t
o
mi
ni
mi
ze vol
t
a
ge
ri
ppl
e.
Mea
n
whi
l
e, fo
r
b
o
o
s
t
c
onv
e
r
t
e
r
,
w
e
ar
e
tun
i
ng
du
ty
cy
cl
e,
swi
t
c
h
ing
fr
e
quen
c
y,
a
n
d
induc
to
r
t
o
f
i
nd
the
o
p
tima
l
so
l
u
tio
n
s
.
For
thi
s
si
mul
a
t
i
on, we
ass
u
me
d
5-l
a
ye
r
pi
ezoe
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
t
h
i
c
k
fil
m
s as
o
u
r
P
E
G
de
vi
ce
,
w
h
i
c
h
ha
s
5.3
x
hi
ghe
r
out
put
c
u
rre
nt
vs.
si
n
g
l
e
la
ye
r PEG
d
e
vi
ce
, 34x
sma
l
l
e
r mat
c
hi
n
g
i
m
pe
dan
c
e [27
]
.
F
i
rst, w
e
c
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
ri
z
e
d t
h
e
rec
t
ifyin
g
c
i
rc
u
i
t
.
Fi
gu
re
5 s
h
ows
t
h
e c
o
nve
rte
d
DC v
o
l
t
a
ge, t
oget
h
er
wi
th i
t
s
co
rre
s
po
n
d
in
g
v
o
lt
age
rip
p
l
e
fo
r va
ryi
n
g ca
pa
c
i
ta
nce v
a
l
u
e.
B
a
sed
on
t
h
i
s
re
s
u
lt
s,
mini
mu
m
ca
paci
t
a
nce
of 1
0
u
F
i
s
re
q
u
i
red t
o
meet
sub
-
m
V
vol
t
a
ge
ri
ppl
e
.
We
, t
h
e
n
c
h
a
r
ac
t
e
ri
zed
DC
-DC
b
oost
con
v
e
r
te
r b
y
s
w
e
e
pi
ng
c
r
uci
a
l
desi
g
n
pa
ram
e
t
e
rs. Fi
g
u
r
e
6
t
o
F
i
g
u
re
7 sho
w
sen
s
i
t
ivi
t
it
i
e
s of
dif
f
ere
n
t
d
e
sign
para
met
e
rs suc
h
dut
y
c
y
c
l
e, s
w
i
t
c
h
in
g
fre
que
ncy
,
a
n
d
i
ndu
c
t
or val
u
e
s
.
F
i
g
u
r
e
5
.
Vo
lt
ag
e
r
i
pp
l
e
du
e
t
o
A
C
-
t
o-
D
C
co
nv
ersi
on
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J Po
w El
ec
&
Dr
i
S
y
st
IS
SN:
208
8-8
6
9
4
Si
m
u
l
a
t
i
o
n of
a
d
a
p
t
i
ve p
o
we
r ma
n
age
me
nt ci
rcui
t
f
o
r hy
bri
d
e
n
er
gy harv
e
s
t
e
r
…
(M.
S. T
a
mri
n
)
6
63
F
i
gu
re 6.
D
u
ty
cycl
e
se
nsi
t
i
v
i
t
y
st
udy fo
r DC
/
D
C
b
o
o
st
c
o
nve
rt
er
Fi
gu
re
7. S
w
it
chi
n
g fre
q
se
nsi
t
i
vi
ty stu
d
y
for DC/
D
C
b
oost
con
v
e
r
t
e
r
B
a
se
d
on
t
h
e
pre
l
i
m
i
n
a
r
y si
mula
t
i
on
res
u
l
t
s,
a
rec
o
m
m
e
ndat
i
o
n
for o
p
t
ima
l
desi
g
n
o
f
t
h
e P
E
G
syste
m
t
o
me
et
spe
c
i
f
i
e
d
Qo
S
is sh
ow
n i
n
Ta
bl
e 2
.
Ta
ble
2.
R
e
c
o
mmen
d
e
d
desi
gn
pa
ramet
e
rs fo
r peg
s
y
st
em
D
e
si
g
n
P
a
r
a
m
a
te
rs
Pr
oposed V
a
lue
(
f
or
nor
m
a
l acti
v
e
oper
a
tion)
Qos Simula
te
d
R
e
sult
s
D
u
ty Clyc
le
0.
10
O
u
tput V
o
lta
g
e
3
.
55 V
S
w
it
ching Fr
e
quency
150 K
H
z
O
u
tput Cur
r
e
n
t
3
.
55 m
A
I
nducto
r
22 uF
O
u
tput Pow
e
r
1
2
.
3
m
A
O
u
tput Ca
pac
itor
47 uF
I
nductor
Cur
r
e
n
t
9
6
m
A
4.1. C
h
ar
ac
te
r
i
zati
o
n
of TE
G
Un
l
i
k
e
t
h
e P
E
G Syst
em,
TE
G ef
fi
ci
enc
y
i
s
very c
r
uci
a
l
t
o
ens
u
re we
can mee
t
>
8
0
%
effi
ci
enc
y
re
qui
re
me
nt
.
B
a
sed o
n
Y
o
o
n
,
e
t
a
l
. [7],
due
t
o
the
l
i
ne
ar I-V
c
h
a
r
ac
te
ri
sti
c
s
o
f
T
E
G
,
Ma
xi
mu
m P
o
wer P
o
i
n
t
(
M
P
P
), f
o
r
e
ach
TEG
d
e
v
i
ce
ca
n
e
a
s
ily
be
determ
ined
by (1)
and
(
2
)
.
V
m
pp
= 1/
2
V
o
c
(1
)
Pmax=
Voc^
2/
4RT
(2
)
H
e
nce
,
b
y
kn
o
w
i
n
g
th
e
RT
&
V
o
c
o
f
a
n
y
TEG de
vi
ce
, we
ca
n det
e
rm
i
n
e
i
t
s c
o
rre
s
p
ondi
n
g
V
m
p
p
.
Fi
gu
re
8 sh
ows
M
P
P
Vol
t
a
g
e (V
mpp)
for
TE
G
devi
ce
wi
t
h
Voc
=
6 V
a
n
d
RT =
30
0 K
O
h
m.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN
: 2
088
-8
6
94
Int
J
P
o
w
Ele
c
& D
r
i
S
y
st, V
o
l
.
1
1
,
N
o
.
2, Ju
ne
20
2
0
:
6
5
8
–
666
66
4
F
i
gu
re
8.
M
a
xi
mum
p
o
w
e
r
p
o
i
nt
ve
rsu
s
Voc
.
F
i
gure 9
sh
ow
s t
h
at
maxi
m
u
m
pow
e
r
c
a
n
b
e
harve
s
te
d
fro
m
t
h
i
s
spe
f
i
c
i
c
TEG
i
s
~3.5
V
,
mea
n
in
g
th
a
t
if w
e
c
a
n r
e
g
u
l
ate
ou
r
TEG s
y
stem t
o
~
3
.5
V
,
ou
r po
wer e
ffi
ci
en
c
y
w
i
l
l
b
e
almo
st
10
0%.
Ho
w
e
v
e
r,
ac
hie
v
ei
ng 10
0
%
effi
ci
enc
y
i
s
neve
rt
hel
e
ss u
n
real
i
s
ti
c.
He
n
c
e
,
fo
r t
h
is stu
d
y
,
we
a
r
e o
n
l
y
t
a
rge
t
i
ng e
f
fi
c
i
e
n
cy
of >
8
0%
,
whi
c
h is t
y
pic
a
l
for
b
u
ck
-b
o
o
st
pl
a
t
fo
rm reg
u
l
a
t
o
r. T
h
e
r
efore
,
we
ca
n al
l
o
w Vst
o
1 t
o
be
v
a
ri
e
d
sl
ig
h
tly
f
r
o
m
i
t
s
op
tim
al
Vmpp
.
Fi
gu
re
9. Pr
oje
c
t
e
d p
o
w
e
r effic
i
ency
ve
rsu
s
Voc
.
Othe
r t
h
a
n
t
h
at
, f
o
r
t
h
is a
r
chi
t
ect
ure
t
o
work
dece
ntl
y
,
we
ne
ed
t
o
g
u
ara
n
t
e
e PEG
can
s
u
st
ai
n sl
ee
p
current
f
o
r
l
o
ng
pe
ri
od
of t
i
m
e. T
h
i
s
i
s
a
c
t
ua
ll
y
rel
a
t
e
d
t
o
ca
paci
t
o
r
se
le
ct
i
on o
f
C
s
t
o
1
.
T
h
e
bi
g
g
er
t
h
e
ca
paci
t
o
r, t
h
e
l
onge
r it
ca
n su
sta
i
n. H
o
weve
r
,
t
h
is c
oul
d
i
m
pact
t
h
e c
h
a
r
g
i
ng
ti
me o
f
ca
p
a
ci
t
o
r as w
e
l
l
. F
i
gu
re
10
sho
w
s l
i
n
ea
r co
rre
l
at
ion
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
susta
i
n
t
i
me
vs. ca
pa
c
i
t
a
nce
v
a
l
u
e
,
a
s
sumi
ng V
s
t
o
1
vari
e
s
be
t
w
e
e
n
4.25
V a
n
d
2
V (i
.e
.
>8
0%
e
f
fi
ci
en
cy)
for
1
7
5
uA
l
o
adi
n
g
cu
rre
n
t
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J Po
w El
ec
&
Dr
i
S
y
st
IS
SN:
208
8-8
6
9
4
Si
m
u
l
a
t
i
o
n of
a
d
a
p
t
i
ve p
o
we
r ma
n
age
me
nt ci
rcui
t
f
o
r hy
bri
d
e
n
er
gy harv
e
s
t
e
r
…
(M.
S. T
a
mri
n
)
6
65
Fi
gu
re
1
0
. Ca
p
aci
t
a
nc
e
vs
.
s
u
sta
i
n t
i
me for 1
7
5
u
a l
o
a
d
cu
rrent
.
4.
CO
NCL
U
S
I
O
N
In
sum
m
ary,
b
a
sed
o
n
pre
l
i
m
ina
r
y
simul
a
t
i
o
n res
u
l
t
s,
we
c
a
n
see
l
i
n
e
o
f
si
ght
t
o
mee
t
c
onve
nti
onal
WS
N
Q
o
S
re
q
u
i
r
eme
n
t
for
struct
ural
mo
ni
t
o
ri
ng
a
ppl
i
c
a
tion
.
O
p
t
i
m
a
l
d
e
si
gn pa
ra
met
e
rs
for P
E
G ha
s
a
l
so
bee
n
i
d
e
n
t
i
f
i
e
d
t
o
su
p
port
out
put
cu
rre
n
t
of
3.5
mA
d
u
r
i
n
g
act
i
v
e st
at
e.
B
e
si
des,
TE
G i
s
p
r
oje
c
t
e
d t
o
s
u
st
a
i
n
out
put
c
u
rre
n
t
of
17
5
uA
, w
h
i
c
h i
s
re
q
u
ire
d
du
ri
n
g
sl
eep s
t
at
e, for >
6
00
ms, w
i
t
h
e
f
fi
ci
enc
y
of >
80%
usin
g
47
uF c
a
p
ac
it
o
r
. In a
ddi
t
i
o
n
t
o
tha
t
,
re
la
ti
on
shi
p
of
out
p
u
t
volt
a
ge
o
f
TE
G t
o
pow
e
r
e
ffi
ci
enc
y
h
a
s al
s
o
be
e
n
cha
r
ac
te
ri
zed i
n
t
h
i
s
pa
pe
r. N
e
xt ste
p
i
s
t
o
in
t
e
grat
e
bot
h s
y
ste
m
s an
d t
o
i
m
pl
eme
n
t
o
u
r po
we
r-st
a
t
e
t
r
a
n
si
t
i
on
pol
ic
y
,
w
h
ic
h i
s
ke
y
c
o
m
p
one
nt
o
f
o
u
r
p
r
op
o
s
e
d
P
M
C
a
r
c
h
i
t
ect
ure
.
A
C
KNOW
LE
D
G
E
M
EN
TS
Au
t
h
or
s
w
o
u
l
d l
i
k
e
to
a
c
kn
ow
le
dg
e
th
e
su
pp
or
ts g
i
v
e
n
by
th
e
Ele
c
tr
ic
a
l
a
n
d
Ele
c
t
r
on
i
c
D
e
p
a
r
t
m
e
n
t
of
Uni
v
ersit
i
T
e
kn
ol
o
g
i P
E
T
R
ON
AS
in
pr
o
v
i
d
i
n
g t
h
e
fa
ci
l
i
t
i
es t
o
perfo
r
m t
h
e si
mul
a
t
i
ons a
n
d n
o
t
to
fo
rget
t
h
e
Y
a
yasa
n
U
T
P fo
r
provi
ding
the
fun
d
i
n
g.
RE
FERE
NC
E
S
[1]
J.
J. Estrade-L
o
pez, A. Abue
l
l
il,
Z
.
Zeng, E
.
S.
Si
ne
n
c
io,
“
M
ul
tipl
e
Inp
u
t
En
e
r
gy Ha
rve
s
tin
g fo
r
Au
to
no
m
o
us
Io
T
End
-
No
des
,
”
J
ourna
l o
f
Lo
w
Powe
r E
l
e
c
t
ro
n
i
c
s
an
d A
p
p
l
i
c
ati
o
n
s
,
Ma
r 20
18
.
[2]
L
.
Atzori,
A.
Iera, and
G. Morabit
o
,
“T
he Inter
n
et of
T
h
ings:
A survey" in
Co
mp
ut
e
r
Ne
t
w
ork
s
,
”
vo
l.
54,
no
15
,
pp.
27
87
-28
0
5
,
Oct 20
10
.
[3]
O. Chipara
O, H.
Zhim
in, X.
Gu
oliang
,
C
.
Qi
n, W. Xiaorui
,
L. Ch
eny
a
ng, S.
John, A. Tar
e
k
,
“Re
a
l-
tim
e
Power
Awa
re
R
o
u
t
i
ng in
Se
nsor Ne
tworks,”
IEEE
,
20
06.
[4]
C.
M
a
r
i
o,
G.
C.
D
a
niel, F
.
F
r
a
n
c
i
s
c
o F
,
an
d K
.
X
i
anjie,
“N
e
w
c
h
all
e
ng
es of
r
e
a
l
-tim
e
w
i
reles
s
sen
s
o
r
n
e
tw
orks
:
Theo
ry an
d ap
pl
ica
t
io
ns,”
In
te
rn
at
io
na
l
J
o
urna
l
o
f
Distrib
u
t
e
d
Sen
s
o
r
Ne
t
w
ork
s
,
S
e
ptemb
e
r
2
016
.
[5]
S
.
Cao
,
an
d
L.
Jia
n
qing
,
“A
s
u
rvey
o
n
amb
i
e
n
t
en
ergy
s
o
u
r
c
e
s an
d
h
a
rv
e
s
ti
ng
me
th
od
s
for
s
t
ru
ctu
r
al h
e
a
l
t
h
m
o
n
i
t
o
ri
ng a
pplic
a
tio
ns,
”
A
d
v
ance
s
i
n
Me
c
h
a
n
ic
al E
ngin
e
e
r
i
n
g
,
v
o
l.
9
,
n
o
.
4
,
pp.
1-1
4
,
20
17.
[6]
M.
Alhaw
a
ri, D. Kilani,
M. Ba
ker,
S.
Han
i
,
an
d
M
.
Is
m
a
il,
“An
Effic
i
en
t Ther
mal
En
erg
y
Har
v
es
ting
for
Po
we
r
M
a
na
g
e
me
n
t
for u
W
a
tt W
e
a
r
a
b
le
Bi
oc
hi
ps,”
IE
E
E
,
2
0
16.
[7]
H. Lh
erme
t,
C.
Con
d
emine
,
M
.
P
l
is
so
nnier,
an
d
R. S
a
lo
t
,
“E
ff
ici
e
nt
Pow
e
r Managem
e
nt Circui
t: Ther
mal
E
n
erg
y
Harves
ting
to
A
b
ov
e-IC
M
i
crob
att
e
ry En
ergy
S
t
o
r
age,”
IEEE Int
e
rn
atio
nal
So
lid-
S
t
a
t
e
Circui
ts
C
o
n
f
er
enc
e
, 20
07
.
[8]
L.E
.
Tr
o
n
g
N
h
a
n
, P
.
Al
ain
,
S
.
Ol
iv
ier
,
B
.
Ol
iv
i
e
r
,
a
n
d
B. C
ecil
e
, “Du
t
y
-
Cy
cle
P
o
w
e
r M
a
nager
fo
r Th
erm
a
l-Po
wer
Wire
less
S
e
ns
or N
e
tw
orks
,”
201
3 IEEE
2
4
th
I
n
ter
natio
na
l S
y
mp
os
ium
o
n
Pe
rso
na
l,
Ind
oor
a
nd
Mob
il
e Ra
dio
Comm
un
icatio
ns
: MAC an
d
Cr
os
s-L
a
yer
Des
i
g
n
T
r
ack
,
2
0
13.
[9]
E
.
J.
Yo
on
,
J. T.
Pa
rk,
a
n
d
C
.
G.
Yu,
“
T
h
e
rma
l
e
n
e
r
gy
ha
rvesti
ng
c
i
rc
u
it with m
a
xim
u
m
powe
r
po
in
t
tra
c
k
ing
c
o
n
t
ro
l
for
sel
f
-p
owe
r
e
d
se
nsor no
de
a
p
p
l
ic
at
io
n
s
,
”
Fr
ontier
s
of
In
fo
rma
tion
T
e
c
h
n
o
log
y
&
Ele
c
t
r
o
n
ic Engine
er
ing
,
F
e
b
r
uary
20
18
.
[10]
N.
Ko
ng
, T
.
Chc
h
ra
n
,
D.
Sm
-Ha
,
H. C.
Li
n, a
nd
D.
J.
I
n
m
a
n,
“
A
S
e
lf-p
owe
r
ed
Po
we
r Ma
n
a
ge
m
e
n
t
C
i
rc
u
it,
fo
r
E
n
ergy Harvest
e
d by
a
Pi
ezoelectric C
a
ntilever,
”
IE
E
E
,
p
p
.
21
5-2
160
, 2
0
1
0
.
[11]
E
.
Le
fe
uv
re,
J. W
e
i
,
H.
Mat
h
i
a
s,
a
n
d
F. Costa
,
“
S
in
gle
-
Switc
h In
d
u
ct
orle
ss Po
we
r Ma
na
g
e
m
e
nt
Circ
u
it fo
r
Electros
t
a
t
ic
Vi
bration
Ene
r
g
y
Harv
esters
”
IEE
E
13
th
In
ter
n
a
t
ion
a
l
New
Cir
c
uits
a
n
d
S
y
stem
Con
f
eren
ces
(N
EWCAS)
,
Jun
20
15
.
[12]
R.Y. Ki
m,
and J
.
S. Lai, “A
se
a
m
les
s
mod
e
tr
an
sf
er
m
a
x
i
mu
m p
o
w
er
p
o
i
n
t
tr
a
c
k
i
ng
co
nt
r
o
l
l
e
r
f
o
r
th
er
moe
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
generator applicat
ions,”
I
EEE
T
r
a
n
s
Po
w
e
r E
l
e
c
t
r
on
,
20
08
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN
: 2
088
-8
6
94
Int
J
P
o
w
Ele
c
& D
r
i
S
y
st, V
o
l
.
1
1
,
N
o
.
2, Ju
ne
20
2
0
:
6
5
8
–
666
66
6
[13]
A.
A
.
A
b
dulr
a
zzaq,
and A.
H
.
Al
i, “Effi
ciency Perform
a
n
ce
s of
Two MPPT
Al
go
rit
h
ms
for PV
System
s
w
ith
Di
fferent Solar
Pa
nels Irradiances,”
In
tern
at
io
n
a
l
Jour
na
l
of
Power
E
l
ec
tr
on
ics
a
n
d
D
r
iv
e
S
y
s
t
em
(I
JPED
S
)
,
vol.
9
,
n
o
.
4
,
pp
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55
-1
76
4, 20
1
8
.
[14]
Y. K. R
a
ma
d
a
ss
an
d
A
.
P.
Ch
a
n
drak
asan,
“A
b
a
ttery-less
ther
moel
ectr
i
c
en
er
g
y
h
a
rv
es
ting
in
terfa
ce
c
i
rcu
it w
i
th
3
5
m
V sta
r
t
up volt
a
g
e
,
”
IEEE J S
o
l-State Ci
rc
, 20
11
.
[15]
W
.
Da
na
n
g
, a
n
d
L.
H
.
Pra
t
om
o,
“
I
m
p
e
d
a
n
ce
M
a
tc
h
i
n
g
Meth
od
i
n
T
w
o
-
St
a
g
e C
onve
rt
e
r
s
fo
r Si
n
g
le
Pha
s
e
PV-Grid
Sy
ste
m
,
”
Inte
rna
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
t
r
i
c
al an
d
Co
mp
ut
e
r
E
ngine
e
r
in
g (IJ
E
CE
)
, 20
15
.
[16]
J. K
i
m, and
C.
Kim
,
“A DC-DC b
o
o
s
t
co
nv
erter with
v
a
r
i
at
io
n
to
leran
t
M
P
P
T tech
n
i
que an
d ef
fici
ent ZCS
c
i
rc
uit
for ther
moel
ec
tric
en
ergy
h
a
rv
est
i
n
g
ap
p
l
ic
ation
s
,”
IE
EE
T
r
a
n
s
Po
w
e
r E
l
ect
ron
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2013
.
[17]
B
.
At
hi
r
a
,
V
.
Gre
e
s
h
m
a.
J.
Jo
hn
so
n,
“
A
n
a
ly
si
s
of
Di
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
MPP
T
Tec
h
n
i
q
u
e
s
,
”
Intern
ation
a
l
Jo
ur
na
l
of Adva
n
c
ed
R
e
se
arc
h
i
n
E
l
ect
ri
c
a
l,
El
ec
tron
ic
s,
an
d
In
st
ru
me
nt
at
io
n
E
n
g
i
ne
e
r
in
g
, v
o
l
.
5,
20
16.
[18]
J.
Ahm
a
d
,
“
F
rac
t
io
na
l
ope
n
circ
ui
t v
o
lt
a
g
e
b
a
se
d
m
a
xim
u
m po
we
r
po
in
t trac
ke
r
for
ph
o
t
ov
olt
a
ic
a
rra
ys,”
In
Pro
ceed
ing
s
o
f
the 2n
d
In
ter
n
a
tio
na
l Co
nf
eren
ce on
S
o
ftwar
e
T
e
chn
o
logy
an
d E
n
g
i
n
e
er
in
g
,
Sa
n
Ju
an
,
P
R
, USA
,
v
o
l
.
1
,
pp.
V1
-2
4
7
-V1
-
25
0,
Oc
t
20
10
.
[19]
C. V
a
nheck
e, L
.
As
souère,
A.
W
a
ng, P.
Du
ran
d
-Estèbe
,
F.
Caig
net, et
al., “M
ultiso
urc
e
an
d
B
a
ttery
-fre
e
Ener
g
y
Harves
t
i
ng A
r
chi
t
ect
u
re for
A
e
ronautics Applicat
ions,
”
IE
E
E
Transact
ions on
Power
E
l
ect
r
oni
c
s,
Institut
e
of
Electrica
l an
d
E
l
ec
tron
ics
En
g
i
n
eer
s
, v
o
l
.
3
0
,
no
.
6,
pp
.
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15
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2
7
,
20
15
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[20]
D.
C
a
rl
i
,
D. B
r
unell
i
,
L.
Ben
i
ni,
M
.
Ruggeri,
“An
eff
ective multi
-source energy
harvester for low
power
applicat
io
ns,”
Desi
gn,
Auto
ma
ti
on &
Te
st
,
M
a
r 20
11
.
[21]
H.
Li
, G.
Zha
ng,
R. Ma
, a
n
d
Z
.
Yo
u,
“
D
e
s
i
g
n
and
Ex
pe
ri
ment
al Evalu
a
tion
on
an A
d
v
a
nced
Mu
ltis
ou
rce Energ
y
Harves
t
i
ng Sys
t
em for
W
i
r
e
less
S
e
ns
or N
o
des,
”
Sc
i
.
W
o
r
l
d
J
, 20
1
4
.
[22]
Y.
K.
Ta
n, a
nd
S.
K.
Pa
nd
a,
“
E
ne
rgy
Ha
rve
s
ti
ng from Hyb
r
id
In
d
o
o
r
Am
bi
e
n
t
Li
gh
t
a
n
d
T
h
e
r
ma
l
En
e
r
g
y
So
urce
s
for Enha
n
ced Perform
ance of
Wireless
Sens
or N
o
des
,
”
IEEE
Trans. Ind. Elect
r
on.
58
,
44
24
-44
3
5
,
20
11
.
[23]
H. Lher
met,
C.
Co
ndemine
,
M.
P
l
iss
onn
ier,
R.
S
a
lo
t,
P
.
Au
deb
e
rt,
an
d M
.
Ros
s
e
t,
“
E
fficien
t P
o
w
e
r M
a
nage
me
n
t
Circuit:
The
r
ma
l Energ
y
Harv
e
s
ting
to
Abo
v
e
-
I
C M
i
cro
b
a
tt
er
y En
ergy
S
t
ora
g
e,”
IEE
E
Int
e
r
n
at
io
n
a
l Di
ge
st
of
Te
c
h
n
i
c
a
l P
ape
rs So
li
d-
St
a
t
e
Circ
ui
ts Con
f
e
r
e
n
ce
,
p
p
.
6
2
-5
87,
2
008
.
[24]
S.
A.
Abd.
Hami
d,
E.
H Majla
n
,
R.
E
.
Rosli, W.
R
.
W
a
n
Daud
,
R.
M
o
h
a
med,
T.
H
u
saini,
and
R.
S
itang
gang
,
“En
e
r
g
y
Man
a
gem
e
nt S
t
r
a
tegy fo
r A F
u
el
Cell
/Ul
t
ra
capacit
or
/B
at
t
e
ry Hy
brid Sy
s
t
em for
Por
t
able
Applicat
ions,”
Ma
l
a
y
s
ia
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
of
A
n
alyti
c
al Sci
e
nc
e
s
, Ap
ril
20
16.
[25]
T.
K
a
ng
,
S
.
Kim,
C.
Hy
ou
ng
,
S
.
K
a
ng
,
K
.
P
a
rk,
“An
En
erg
y
Co
mbin
er
fo
r
a
M
u
lti-
Inpu
t
Energ
y
-H
arvest
in
g
Sy
ste
m
,
”
IEEE
Tr
an
s.
Cir
c
uits
S
y
st. II
E
x
pr
ess
Br
iefs
6
2
,
pp.
91
1
-
91
5,
20
15
.
[26]
S.
S.
Iswa
n
t
o
,
F. Mu
ja
hi
d, K.T.
Pu
tra
,
N.
P. Ap
riy
a
n
t
o, a
nd Y.
Ap
ria
n
i
,
“
E
n
e
rgy Ha
rv
e
s
tin
g
on Fo
ot
st
e
p
s Usi
n
g
P
i
ezoe
l
ec
tric
bas
e
d
o
n
Circu
i
t LC
T3
588
an
d Bo
os
t u
p
Co
nv
erter,
”
In
ter
n
a
t
iona
l Jo
ur
na
l
of
Ele
c
tri
c
al an
d
Comp
uter
E
n
gi
neering (I
JE
CE
),
vo
l. 8
,
n
o
.
6,
pp.
41
04
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0, De
c
2
0
1
8
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[27]
M
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S
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W
o
o
,
J
.
H
.
A
h
n
,
J
.
H
.
E
o
m
,
W
.
S
.
H
w
a
n
g
,
J
.
H
.
K
i
m
,
C. H. Yang, G
.
J.
So
ng
,
S.
D
.
Ho
ng
,
J.
P.
Jh
un
, T.
H
.
Sung,
“S
tudy on
increasing
ou
tput current of piezoel
ect
r
i
c
energ
y
harvest
e
r by
fabricat
io
n of
multil
ay
e
r
t
h
ick fi
l
m
,”
Sens
or
s a
n
d
Act
u
a
t
o
rs
A: Ph
ys
ic
al
,
pp 52
4-5
3
4
,
20
18
.
BIOGRAPHIES
OF AUTH
O
R
S
M
o
hamad
Sh
ahr
i
r bin T
a
mrin
o
b
t
ain
e
d
his Bac
h
e
l
or
of E
l
ec
tri
c
al Eng
i
n
eering
(
H
o
n
s
)
in
2
011
fro
m
S
t
ev
ens
I
n
stitute o
f
Tech
no
lo
gy
U
S
A.
He is
cu
rr
ently
ho
ld
in
g
a
p
o
s
itio
n
of
An
a
l
og
Eng
i
ne
er in In
te
l M
a
lay
s
ia
fo
r th
e pas
t
8
y
ears
.
On
to
p o
f
th
a
t
,
he is a
l
so
curre
ntly
pu
rsu
i
ng
a
MSc in
El
ectrical
E
n
gineeri
ng f
r
om Uni
v
ersiti
Tek
nolog
i
P
ETRO
NAS
Malaysia.
His
res
e
arch
interes
t
is
ma
inl
y
on P
o
wer Man
a
gem
e
nt
C
i
rcu
i
t for Hyb
r
id
En
er
gy
Harv
esting
S
y
s
t
em.
D
r
. M
o
h
a
m
a
d R
a
d
z
i A
h
mad
re
ce
ived
h
i
s BS
c.
in
Electrical
En
g
i
n
eerin
g
fro
m
P
u
rd
ue U
n
iversi
ty
Sc
ho
o
l
of
E
n
g
i
ne
e
r
i
ng a
nd Tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
In
dia
n
a
p
o
l
i
s
USA i
n
19
91,
MSc
.
i
n
E
l
e
c
tro
n
i
c
s Sy
st
e
m
D
e
sig
n
Eng
i
n
eer
in
g f
r
o
m
Un
iver
s
i
t
i
S
a
i
n
s
M
a
lay
s
ia
in
20
10
,
and
P
h
D
in
E
l
ect
r
i
c
a
l
an
d
El
ec
tr
on
ic
s En
g
i
ne
e
r
in
g
fro
m Un
iv
e
r
si
ti Te
k
n
o
l
o
g
i
PE
TRONAS Ma
l
a
ysia
i
n
2
014.
He
j
o
ine
d
U
n
i
v
er
si
ti
Tek
n
o
l
o
g
i
P
E
T
R
O
N
A
S
in
20
16
,
w
h
er
e
he
is
cur
r
ent
l
y
a
S
e
ni
or
Le
ctu
r
er
in
th
e
El
ec
tr
ic
a
l
a
nd
Ele
c
t
ro
n
i
c
En
g
i
ne
erin
g De
pa
rtme
n
t
.
Pri
o
r to
jo
in
i
ng
UT
P, Dr Ra
dzi
ha
d
20
y
e
a
r
s
o
f
pro
f
ession
al e
x
perien
ce
w
ith
e
l
e
c
tron
ic
ind
u
s
t
ries
s
u
ch
a
s
In
te
l,
Av
ago, Wes
t
ern
Digital and
F
a
irchild
Sem
i
c
o
n
ductor,
and
he
ld
v
a
r
i
ou
s pos
itio
ns
rang
in
g fro
m S
e
nio
r
M
a
nag
e
r
to
P
r
od
uct
R&D En
gin
eer
.
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