In
te
r
n
ation
a
l Jou
rn
al
o
f Po
we
r
Elec
tron
ic
s an
d
D
r
ive S
y
stem
(IJ
PED
S
)
V
o
l.
10, N
o.
4, D
e
c
e
m
ber
201
9,
pp.
1977~
19
85
ISSN: 2088-
8694,
DOI
:
10.11591
/ijpeds.
v10.
i
4.pp1977-1985
1977
Jou
rn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
:
ht
tp:
//i
a
e
score
.
com
/
j
o
u
r
na
l
s
/
i
n
d
e
x
.
p
hp/IJ
PED
S
Enhancement transien
t stabili
ty of win
d
power system of
Doub
l
y
-Fed induction genera
tor using S
T
ATCOM
and PI
controller
S
h
a
i
maa
Shuk
r
i
A
. Alha
l
im,
L
ubn
a
A.
A
ln
a
b
i
Dep
a
rtem
ent
o
f
Co
m
pu
ter E
ngin
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n
g
, A
L
-
M
u
staf
a U
n
iv
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Col
l
ege,
Iraq
Art
i
cl
e In
fo
ABSTRACT
A
r
tic
le hist
o
r
y
:
R
e
c
e
i
v
e
d
Dec
1
2
,
2
018
Re
vise
d A
p
r
19,
201
9
A
c
c
e
pte
d
J
u
l
19,
201
9
Wi
nd
e
n
e
rgy
is
a
p
ro
m
i
sin
g
s
ource
of
e
l
e
c
t
ricity
i
n
t
h
e
wo
rld
a
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f
a
s
te
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t
gro
w
i
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D
oubly
-
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e
d
In
du
cti
on
Gen
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rato
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(DFIG
)
s
y
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m
s
d
o
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n
a
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e
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wi
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us
m
a
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n
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A
CTS)
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r
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t
i
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(
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F
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G
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s
y
s
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e
m
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T
he
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es
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i
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o
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ts
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t
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erat
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F
aults
are
ap
pl
ied
to
t
hree
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os
e
d
c
o
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t
r
ol
lers;
the
f
i
rst
c
o
nt
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l
l
er
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s
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h
e
Proportional-Int
e
gr
al
(
PI),
t
he
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econd
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ont
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l
e
r
i
s
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ont
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o
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le
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se
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w
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rm
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ptimizat
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techni
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atic
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T
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s
u
s
ed
,
the
main
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im
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or
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h
e
u
se
o
f
ST
A
T
C
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M
i
s
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o
imp
r
ove
the
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of
a
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ste
m
i
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a
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o
n
t
o
th
is
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s
i
m
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v
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ng
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l
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educe
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o
f
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fl
o
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n
o
v
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o
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e
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i
mu
la
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p
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o
g
r
a
mm
in
g
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imp
le
me
nte
d
u
s
i
ng
M
AT
LAB p
r
og
r
a
m
.
K
eyw
ord
s
:
Do
ub
ly
Fee
d
I
n
du
ct
i
o
n
Generator
(DFIG)
FACTS
d
e
v
i
ce
S
T
A
TC
O
M
MATLAB pr
ogramm
ing
Pa
rti
c
le
S
w
a
rm
O
ptim
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
(PSO
)
Co
pyri
gh
t © 2
019 In
stit
u
t
e
of Advanced
En
gi
neeri
n
g
an
d
S
c
ien
ce.
All
rights
res
e
rv
ed.
Corres
pon
d
i
n
g
Au
th
or:
S
h
a
i
m
a
a
S
hukri A
. A
lhal
im,
D
e
pa
rtem
ent o
f
C
omp
u
t
er
E
ngi
n
e
eri
n
g,
A
L
-Mus
tafa
U
ni
ver
s
i
t
y
C
olle
ge,
Ba
gh
da
d-Ir
aq.
Em
ail:
sha
i
ma
a.shu
k
ri
@ya
h
o
o
.
c
om
.
1.
I
N
TR
OD
U
C
TI
O
N
I
n
r
ec
ent
yea
r
s
,
t
he
d
e
m
a
nd
f
o
r
ene
r
g
y
i
ncre
ased
a
s
a
re
su
lt
o
f
t
he
e
xpa
n
s
ion
o
f
t
he
p
o
pula
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
to re
d
uce
po
ll
u
t
i
on,
pr
e
servi
n
g t
h
e
e
n
v
i
ro
nm
ent from co
nve
n
t
i
o
n
a
l
fue
ls. S
o t
h
e
nee
d
ar
i
s
e
s to fin
d a
l
t
e
r
n
at
i
v
e
source
s
o
f
e
ne
r
g
y
,
w
hic
h
o
ug
ht
t
o
be
c
hara
cter
i
z
e
d
by
seve
r
a
l
f
e
a
t
ures,
th
e
most
i
mp
orta
nt
f
e
a
t
ures
t
ha
t
i
t
i
s
frie
nd
ly
t
o
t
h
e
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
en
t
a
n
d
u
n
e
n
d
i
ng.
A
m
ong
t
h
e
va
r
i
o
u
s
s
o
u
rce
s
o
f
ren
e
w
a
bl
e
e
n
ergy
,
W
i
nd
p
o
w
e
r
i
s
one
o
f
t
h
e
m
o
st
p
rom
i
si
n
g
a
nd
fa
s
t
e
s
t
g
r
ow
in
g
s
ourc
e
s
.
The
grow
th
o
f
tec
h
n
o
l
og
y
c
o
ncer
ni
ng
o
f
w
i
n
d
sy
st
ems
in
du
stry
p
rodu
c
e
d
t
h
e
d
e
v
e
lop
m
en
t
o
f
t
w
o
t
yp
e
s
o
f
a
win
d
tur
b
i
n
e
a
f
i
x
e
d
spe
e
d
a
n
d
v
aria
ble
s
p
ee
d,
ea
ch
o
ne
h
as
m
a
ny
ad
va
nt
ag
e
s
a
n
d
d
isa
dva
nta
g
e
s
acc
ord
i
ng
t
o
t
he
u
s
e
s
t
a
t
u
s
[
1
,
2
]
.
A
n
y
s
y
s
t
e
m
c
o
u
l
d
e
f
f
e
c
t
by
di
st
urba
nc
e
suc
h
a
s
fa
u
lts
w
hic
h
c
o
u
l
d
b
e
per
m
a
n
ent
or
t
em
po
ra
ry
f
or
t
h
i
s
rea
s
o
n
f
a
u
l
t
d
e
t
ec
ti
on
a
n
d
l
i
m
it
i
t
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
b
a
s
i
c
o
b
j
e
c
t
s
i
n
a
n
y
s
y
s
t
e
m
.
A
t
a
n
y
i
n
s
t
r
u
m
e
n
t
t
h
a
t
i
s
c
onne
c
t
ed
i
n
se
ries
o
r
par
a
l
l
e
l
w
it
h
t
h
e
loa
d
a
nd
c
a
p
able
o
f
s
u
ppl
yi
n
g
r
ea
cti
v
e
pow
e
r
d
em
ande
d
by
the
l
o
a
d
i
s
ca
ll
ed
t
h
e
r
ea
ct
iv
e
p
o
w
er
com
p
en
sat
i
on
dev
i
ce
.
Rea
c
t
i
v
e
p
o
w
e
r
is
t
h
e
c
ompo
ne
nt
o
f
p
o
w
e
r
t
ha
t
o
s
ci
lla
tes
ba
c
k
a
nd
forth
t
h
ro
ug
h
the
line
s
,
be
i
n
g
ex
cha
n
ge
d
betwe
e
n
e
lectri
c
a
n
d
ma
g
n
e
t
i
c
f
iel
d
s
[
3
]
.
In
t
hi
s
pa
p
e
r,
p
rop
o
s
e
d
a
var
i
a
b
l
e
s
pee
d
win
d
g
ener
a
t
i
on
sys
t
em
b
ase
d
o
n
(DF
I
G)
w
i
t
h
in
tro
d
u
ce
s
t
h
e
o
p
er
a
tio
n
an
d
c
o
ntro
l
o
f
a
s
ys
tem
.
T
his
pa
per
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-
8694
I
nt
J
P
ow
Elec
& Dr
i
S
y
st V
ol.
10,
N
o.
4
, Dec
201
9 :
1
9
7
7
– 1
985
1
978
descr
i
be
s the e
f
fec
t
of
P
I
and S
T
A
T
CO
M
t
o
ove
rc
om
e on t
h
e ch
al
l
en
g
e
s
co
nn
ect
e
d
(
DFIG)
wi
n
d
t
u
r
b
i
n
es
t
h
e
Ira
qi
n
at
io
na
l g
r
id
a
n
d
im
p
rov
e
t
he
pow
e
r
qu
a
li
t
y
.
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e
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ma
n
ce
of
w
in
d
tur
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ine
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F
I
G)
w
it
h
va
r
i
o
u
s
t
ype
s
o
f
f
a
u
l
ts
i
s
teste
d
a
nd
t
h
e
pr
op
ose
d
w
o
rk
i
s
i
m
ple
m
ented
w
i
t
h
i
n
va
r
i
ous
t
ec
h
n
o
l
og
i
e
s des
i
gn t
o
ol
M
A
T
LA
B
/
S
i
mul
i
nk.
2.
MATHE
M
A
T
ICAL MODEL OF DFIG
S
i
mple
a
na
ly
s
i
s
an
d
co
ntr
o
l
c
a
n
b
e
d
o
n
e
for
three
p
h
a
se
e
l
e
ctri
ca
l
m
achine
s
b
y
us
in
g
P
a
rk
trans
f
or
ma
t
i
o
n
.
The
dyna
mic
equa
tio
ns a
bc f
ram
e
s
hou
ld
b
e
tra
n
s
form
ed
i
n
t
o r
o
t
a
ti
ng
dq
fra
me [4-7].
The
eq
uat
i
o
n
s
o
f
sta
t
or
a
nd
rotor v
o
l
t
a
g
es
a
re
:
=
+
(
1
)
=
+
+
(
2
)
=
+
(
3
)
=
+
(
4
)
and
the
eq
ua
t
i
o
n
s of fl
ux l
i
nka
ge
a
re
:
=
(
5
)
(6
)
=
(
7
)
(
8
)
The
rea
c
ti
ve a
nd ac
t
i
ve
pow
e
r
s
at
r
otor a
nd sta
t
or si
d
e:
(9
)
(
10)
(
11)
(
12)
The
tota
l
o
u
tp
u
t
pow
e
r
:
(
13)
(
14)
The
elec
t
r
oma
g
ne
t
i
c
,
m
echa
n
ic
al tor
que
s ar
e:
=
(
-
)
(
15)
+
(
16)
In
(
1-
16)
,
,
,
r
e
pre
s
e
n
t
stat
or,
the
rotor
w
i
nd
in
g
i
n
du
c
t
a
n
ces
a
nd
resis
t
a
n
ce
s
a
nd,
i
s
t
h
e
mutua
l
i
n
duc
t
a
nce.
,
,
,
r
e
p
r
e
sen
t
d
ire
c
t
and
q
u
adra
t
e
r
ot
or
a
nd
s
tat
o
r
vo
lta
g
e
s.
,
,
,
repr
esent
direct
a
nd
quadrate
r
o
t
o
r
a
n
d
s
t
a
t
o
r
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
s
.
th
e
a
n
gul
a
r
v
el
o
c
i
t
y
of
s
ta
t
o
r
curr
ent,
slip which
e
quals to
,
the
a
ng
ular
v
eloc
i
t
y o
f
r
ot
or c
urre
nt
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
P
o
w
Elec
&
D
r
i
S
y
st
I
S
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
En
hanc
em
e
n
t
t
r
an
sie
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t
st
ab
i
l
i
t
y of
w
i
n
d
po
w
e
r sy
st
e
m
of D
o
u
b
ly
-
F
ed …
(
S
h
a
i
m
a
a
Sh
uk
ri A.
Alha
l
i
m
)
1
979
3.
WIND
FAR
M
M
ODEL
D
ES
CRIPT
ION
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a
c
a
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h
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c
o
n
n
ec
ted
t
o
a
s
yste
m
has
v
o
l
t
a
ge
s
an
d
fr
e
q
uenc
y
s
i
mi
lar
t
o
I
r
a
q
i
N
a
t
i
ona
l
N
e
tw
or
k
a
s
s
how
n
in
F
i
g
ur
e
1.
A
D
o
u
b
l
y
-
F
ed
I
nduc
t
i
o
n
G
ener
ator
(
D
F
IG
)
is
u
ti
liz
ed
i
n
this
w
in
d
f
a
r
m
a
n
d
a
n
A
C
/
D
C
/
A
C
I
G
B
T
-
b
a
s
e
d
P
W
M
c
o
n
v
er
ter
(
F
ig
ur
e
2)
.
The
st
ator
o
f
D
F
I
G
i
s
c
o
nnec
t
e
d
d
ir
ec
t
l
y
t
o
t
h
e
5
0
H
z
g
r
i
d
a
n
d
t
h
e
rot
o
r
t
h
rough
c
o
n
v
er
ter
at
a
v
a
r
ia
ble
fr
e
q
ue
ncy.
The
D
F
IG
n
eeds
two
c
o
nt
r
o
ller
s
;
rotor
a
n
d
gr
id
c
o
n
t
r
olle
r.
T
he
m
a
in
o
b
j
ect
i
v
es
o
f
the
ro
tor
co
nt
rol
l
e
r
a
r
e;
r
ea
ct
iv
e
po
wer
re
g
u
l
ati
o
n
a
nd
st
ato
r
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
c
o
nt
rol
l
i
ng
.
T
h
e
ro
t
o
r
sp
eed
r
e
g
ul
at
ion
i
s
t
o
g
e
t
a
st
ab
l
e
o
p
e
ra
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
ch
angi
ng
t
h
e
s
et
poi
nt
o
f
sp
eed
f
o
r
c
ap
t
u
r
in
g
m
a
xim
u
m
w
i
nd
p
o
w
e
r
.
T
he
g
r
i
d
c
o
n
t
r
o
ll
e
r
is
u
se
d
to
k
ee
p
r
e
gul
a
tio
n
of
t
he
D
C-
vo
lta
ge
bus
a
nd
f
o
r
gr
id
r
ea
cti
v
e pow
e
r
c
ontro
l.
F
i
gur
e
1.
S
i
ng
l
e
l
ine
d
i
a
g
r
a
m
of
w
ind
far
m
c
on
nec
t
ed
t
o
gr
id
F
i
gur
e
2.
D
oub
ly
F
ed
I
nd
uct
i
o
n
m
ode
l
4.
S
T
ATCOM
MODE
L
A
sta
tic
s
ync
hr
o
n
o
u
s
c
o
mp
e
n
sa
tor
(
S
TATCO
M
)
i
s
a
s
hu
n
t
c
o
nnec
t
e
d
F
A
C
T
S
d
e
v
i
c
e
a
n
d
i
s
ge
ner
a
l
l
y
use
d
t
o
co
n
t
r
o
l
t
h
e
m
a
gn
it
u
d
e
o
f
bus
v
o
l
t
a
ge.
T
h
e
p
o
w
er
f
l
o
w
t
h
r
o
ugh
s
o
m
e
li
n
e
s
c
a
n
as
w
el
l
b
e
r
e
gu
late
d
by
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
lin
g
t
h
e
bus
v
olta
ge
m
agn
i
t
u
de
[
8]
.
The
S
T
A
TCO
M
c
ons
is
t
s
o
f
on
e
V
S
C
and
it
s
r
e
lat
e
d
shu
n
t
t
r
a
nsf
o
r
m
er.
I
t
i
s
t
h
e
sta
tic
c
om
pe
nsa
t
or
o
f
the
r
o
ta
t
i
n
g
s
y
n
c
h
r
o
n
ous
c
o
n
d
e
n
se
r
,
but
i
t
a
b
sor
b
s
or
ge
nera
t
e
s
re
act
ive
power
a
t
a
fa
ste
r
r
ate
w
h
ere
no
m
ovi
n
g
p
arts
a
r
e
i
ncl
ude
d.
I
t
r
e
gula
t
es
t
he
v
olta
ge
a
t
i
t
s
ter
m
ina
l
b
y
ch
ang
i
ng
the
q
u
a
n
ti
ty
o
f
rea
c
t
i
v
e
power
o
ut
o
r
i
n
f
r
o
m
the
po
wer
system
.
T
h
e
S
T
ATCOM
in
je
c
t
r
eac
t
i
ve
p
ow
e
r
w
he
n
t
h
e
s
y
s
t
e
m
v
o
l
tage
i
s
low
a
n
d
a
b
sor
b
s
r
e
act
i
v
e
pow
e
r
w
he
n
th
e
sy
stem
v
ol
t
a
ge
is
h
ig
h
[
9
]
.
T
he
S
tatcom
c
onf
ig
ur
at
i
on
is
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
F
i
gur
e
3.
F
i
gur
e
3.
S
tatc
o
m
c
onf
i
gur
a
t
i
o
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N: 2
0
8
8
-
86
94
I
n
t
J Po
w El
ec &
D
ri S
y
s
t
Vo
l. 1
0
,
No
. 4
,
D
e
c
2
0
19
:
1
977
–
1
985
1
980
5.
PR
OPOR
TI
ON
A
L
I
N
TEGR
A
L (PI) C
ON
T
R
OLL
E
R
It
i
s
a
fee
dback
m
echa
n
ism
use
d
w
ide
l
y
in
a
v
a
r
iety
o
f
a
ppl
ic
at
ions
f
or
m
any
year
s,
i
t
i
s
t
he
optimum
c
hoice
and
w
i
ll
sim
p
l
y
outper
f
o
r
m
a
lm
ost
any
othe
r
c
ont
r
o
l
opti
on.
A
n
“
e
r
r
or
”
ca
l
c
ulated
b
y
the
c
ont
r
o
l
l
e
r
,
that
i
s
the
diffe
r
e
nc
e
betw
ee
n
a
de
sir
e
d
se
t
-
poi
nt
value
and
the
m
e
a
s
ur
ed
p
r
o
cess
var
i
a
b
le
.
The
e
r
r
o
r
m
i
n
i
m
i
zed
by
adjusti
ng
the
input
s.
T
hough
this
i
s
a
pow
er
ful
instrume
nt,
th
e
controllers
h
ave
to
b
e
c
o
r
r
e
ctl
y
t
uned
if
t
he
y
ar
e
t
o
b
e
effective.
G
ood
contr
o
l
par
a
me
ter
s
P
(
P
r
opor
t
i
onal)
a
nd
I
(
I
n
te
gr
al)
c
a
n
pr
o
duc
e
a
good
ste
p
r
e
s
ponse
i
n
c
l
uding
the
overshoot
s
e
t
tling
t
im
e,
r
ise
time
,
a
nd
st
e
a
dy-
state
e
r
r
o
r
[10]
,
[
11]
.
Ther
e
ar
e
four
P
I
contr
o
ller
s
u
sed
for
vo
ltage
,
cur
r
ent
a
nd
pow
e
r
c
ontr
o
l
due
t
o
t
h
e
i
r
str
u
c
t
ur
al
sim
p
l
i
city
a
nd
the
ability
f
or
a
ppl
ying
a
w
i
de
r
ange
o
f
situati
ons
a
s
show
n
i
n
F
igur
e
s
4
-
7
.
Tr
i
a
l
and
er
r
o
r
m
e
thod
a
r
e
one
o
f
the
tuni
ng
m
e
thods
w
hich
i
s
use
d
i
n
this
p
a
p
e
r
for
P
I
c
ontr
o
ller
gains
tuning
6.
PAR
T
ICAL SWARM
O
PTIMI
Z
AT
ION (PSO)
Russe
ll
E
b
er
ha
r
t
a
nd
Jam
e
s
K
e
nne
dy
des
i
g
n
ed
P
a
r
tic
le
S
w
a
r
m
O
pti
m
i
z
a
ti
o
n
(
PS
O
)
i
n
19
95.
It
i
s
a
r
a
nd
om
s
ea
r
c
h
alg
o
r
i
t
h
m
w
h
ich
s
i
mu
la
tes
nat
u
r
e
d
e
vol
u
t
io
n
a
r
y
p
r
oce
s
se
s
a
nd
is
u
se
d
f
o
r
so
lv
i
ng
som
e
di
ff
i
c
ult
o
p
t
i
miza
t
i
on
p
r
o
b
l
e
m
s
to
p
er
form
g
o
o
d
c
har
acte
r
istics
.
T
h
e
ba
si
c
co
nce
p
t
of
(
P
S
O
)
i
s
ba
sed
on
t
h
e
lar
g
e
numbe
r
s
o
f
b
i
r
d
s
w
h
e
n
r
and
o
m
l
y
fl
y
a
nd
toge
the
r
l
oo
ki
n
g
f
or
f
oo
d.
A
ny
bi
r
d
i
s
ca
l
l
ed
a
p
ar
t
i
c
l
e
a
nd
i
t
's
an
i
ndi
vid
u
a
l
.
A
s
a
bi
r
d
l
ooki
ng
f
o
r
f
ood
s
,
t
h
e
p
a
r
t
i
cl
es
a
re
f
l
y
i
n
g
i
n
m
u
lti
d
i
me
nsio
na
l
sea
r
ch
s
pa
c
e
s
t
o
f
i
nd
op
t
i
ma
l
so
l
u
t
i
o
n
s.
E
ver
y
p
ar
ti
cle
i
s
c
om
p
o
se
d
of
f
a
m
i
l
y
a
n
d
ind
i
v
i
d
ual
is n
ot
i
so
la
ted
fro
m
e
ach
o
ther.
The
y
r
em
em
ber
a
n
d
sh
ar
e
t
h
e
i
r
ow
n
f
l
y
i
n
g
e
xpe
r
i
enc
e
.
P
S
O
i
s
ver
y
su
i
t
a
b
le
f
or
m
a
k
ing
the
va
lues
of
p
a
r
am
ete
r
s
a
t
i
ts
opt
im
um
v
a
l
ue
s.
S
ince
i
t
has
few
pa
r
a
m
e
ter
s
f
o
r
a
d
j
u
s
tin
g
a
n
o
p
t
im
al
s
olu
t
i
o
n
or
f
or
e
x
am
pl
e
o
p
tim
al
s
ol
u
t
i
on
is
f
ou
n
d
w
ith
v
er
y
f
a
st
s
pe
e
d
c
o
n
v
er
ge
nce
,
w
hi
le
t
he
P
S
O
p
r
o
cess
simu
la
tes
s
o
cia
l
be
ha
v
i
or
s
o
f
a
p
ar
t
i
c
l
e
w
h
e
n
i
t
m
ove
s
i
n
m
ul
tid
im
ens
i
ona
l
sear
c
h
spac
es
.
The
pa
r
tic
les
have
t
he
ir
pos
it
ion
s
a
nd
ve
loc
i
ti
e
s
.
A
ny
par
tic
l
e
i
s
a
sol
u
ti
o
n
f
o
r
opt
im
i
z
a
t
ion
pr
o
bl
e
m
w
hi
c
h
c
om
par
e
s
i
t
s
cur
r
ent
pos
iti
o
n
s
an
d
goa
l
a
t
e
ac
h
t
i
m
e
step
a
n
d
i
ts
v
e
l
oci
t
y
is
a
dj
uste
d
tow
a
r
d
s
the
g
oa
l
a
c
c
o
r
d
i
n
g
l
y
w
i
th
m
em
or
y
to
f
in
d
t
h
e
be
st
p
o
s
it
i
o
n
fo
r
each
i
nd
ivi
d
u
a
l
a
n
d
fa
mil
y
[
12
,
1
3
]
.
F
o
r
pr
ov
i
d
in
g
pe
r
f
ec
t
P
I
t
u
n
i
n
g
P
S
O
t
ec
hn
ique
s
a
r
e
u
s
ed
t
o
ge
t
o
p
tim
al
t
u
n
in
g
ga
i
n
s
of
t
he
P
I
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
er
.
The
P
S
O
m
e
tho
d
d
e
p
en
ds
o
n
I
n
te
gr
al.
T
i
m
e
S
quar
e
E
r
r
or
(
I
TS
E)
in th
is
w
or
k.
The
im
p
l
e
me
nt
at
ion
of
I
TS
E
is
d
o
n
e
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
a
n
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
o
r
,
c
lock,
a
nd
pr
o
duc
t
,
t
o ob
ta
i
n
squ
a
r
e
v
al
ue
o
f
e
r
r
o
r.
Er
r
or
si
gna
ls
a
r
e
ta
k
e
n
w
hic
h
r
epr
e
sent
t
h
e
co
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
i
np
u
t
s (
t
he
d
i
ffe
r
e
nc
e
be
tw
ee
n t
h
e
r
e
fe
r
e
nc
e
an
d
a
c
tua
l
v
a
l
ues)
,
t
h
en
a
mp
li
fie
d
,
sq
ua
r
e
d
a
n
d
inte
g
r
a
te
d.
A
f
t
er
t
ha
t,
t
he
r
e
s
ul
ts
s
ho
ul
d
be
s
e
n
t
to
the
P
S
O
MA
TLA
B
pr
o
g
r
a
mm
i
ng
f
i
le.
F
i
g
u
r
e
4
.
G
r
i
d
si
de
c
on
ver
t
or
c
ur
r
e
nt
c
o
n
tr
ol
s
ystem
F
i
gur
e
5.
Ro
tor
side
c
o
nver
t
or
c
ur
r
e
nt
c
on
tr
o
l
s
ys
tem
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
P
o
w
Elec
&
D
r
i
S
y
st
I
S
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
En
hanc
em
e
n
t
t
r
an
sie
n
t
st
ab
i
l
i
t
y of
w
i
n
d
po
w
e
r sy
st
e
m
of D
o
u
b
ly
-
F
ed …
(
S
h
a
i
m
a
a
Sh
uk
ri A.
Alha
l
i
m
)
1
981
F
i
gur
e
6.
R
o
t
or
s
ide
co
nve
r
t
or
vol
ta
ge
c
on
tr
o
l
s
ys
tem
F
i
gur
e
7.
R
o
t
or
s
ide
co
nve
r
t
er
pow
er
c
on
tr
o
l
s
ys
tem
7.
S
I
M
U
L
A
TI
O
N
R
ES
U
L
T
S
O
F
D
F
I
G
7.
1.
Ef
f
e
c
t
o
f
PI
C
on
t
r
oll
e
r
Based
on
P
S
O
T
h
e
s
i
m
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
D
F
I
G
w
i
t
h
P
I
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
b
a
s
e
d
o
n
P
S
O
i
s
d
o
n
e
w
i
t
h
a
pp
lyi
n
g
di
ff
er
e
n
t
ty
pe
s
o
f
fa
ult
s
a
t
bu
s
2
(B
2
)
.
Th
i
s
t
ech
ni
q
u
e
p
rovid
e
s
b
e
tt
e
r
r
esu
l
ts
w
h
er
e
t
h
e
m
a
gni
tude
o
f
f
a
ul
t
c
u
r
r
ent
a
t
a
h
i
g
h
vo
l
t
age
o
f
t
r
a
n
s
form
er
side is r
educe
d
a
s
fol
l
o
ws
t
ha
n t
h
e
tria
l and
er
ro
r m
e
th
od
.
Th
is
t
e
c
h
n
i
qu
e
pr
ov
i
d
es
b
e
t
t
e
r
r
e
sults
w
he
r
e
t
h
e
m
agn
itu
de
o
f
f
aul
t
cu
rre
n
t
at
a
h
ig
h
v
o
l
t
ag
e
of
tr
a
n
sf
or
m
e
r
si
de
i
s
r
e
duce
d
a
s
fo
l
l
ow
s
tha
n
t
h
e
t
r
i
al
a
n
d
e
r
r
or
m
e
t
h
od:
Ca
se1
:
Turbine res
po
n
s
e
t
o
a
t
w
o
line to
g
ro
u
n
d
fa
u
l
t
T
h
e
s
y
st
e
m
i
s
s
t
ab
l
e
b
u
t
a
f
t
e
r
a
t
w
o
l
i
n
e
to
g
r
o
u
n
d
f
a
u
lt
,
i
n
t
his
case
,
i
s
a
p
p
l
i
e
d
at
B
2
in
F
igur
e
2
a
n
d
a
t
t
=
35sec
a
n
d
l
ast
s
f
or
0
.
1
s
e
c
.
F
i
gur
es
(
8)
a
n
d
(
9
)
s
h
o
w
the
vo
lta
g
e
a
n
d
c
u
r
r
e
nt
a
r
e
r
espo
nses,
no
t
e
t
hat
t
h
e
c
u
r
r
e
nt
a
n
d
v
o
l
t
a
ge
i
n
th
ese
di
a
g
r
a
m
s
i
l
l
us
t
r
a
t
i
o
n
a
r
e
t
h
e
sum
of
t
h
r
ee
c
u
r
ren
t
s
(Ia,
Ib
,
Ic)
an
d
su
m
of
t
h
r
ee
v
o
lt
a
g
es
(
V
a
,
V
b
,
V
c
)
.
F
i
gur
e
8.
T
he
e
nla
r
ged
sc
al
e
o
f
t
hr
e
e
pha
se
c
ur
r
e
nt
a
t
B2
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N: 2
0
8
8
-
86
94
I
n
t
J Po
w El
ec &
D
ri S
y
s
t
Vo
l. 1
0
,
No
. 4
,
D
e
c
2
0
19
:
1
977
–
1
985
1
982
F
i
gur
e
9.
T
he
e
nlar
ge
d
sca
l
e
o
f
t
hr
ee
pha
se
v
ol
t
a
ge
a
t
B
2
Ca
se2
:
Turbine res
po
n
s
e
t
o
a
t
h
r
ee
li
n
e
t
o
gr
ou
n
d
f
au
lt
A
three
l
i
n
e
to
g
ro
u
n
d
fa
u
lt,
i
n
t
h
is
case
,
i
s
a
p
p
lie
d
a
t
B
2
i
n
F
i
gur
e
(
2
)
a
t
t
=
3
5
s
e
c
a
nd
l
as
ts
f
or
0
.
1
se
c.
The
v
o
lta
g
e
d
r
ops
t
o
ze
r
o
of
the
t
h
r
e
e
ph
ase
s
w
i
t
h
P
I
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
.
T
hi
s i
s
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
d
a
ng
erou
s
fa
ult
si
n
c
e
i
t
s
m
a
gni
t
ude
i
s
ver
y
h
i
gh.
F
igur
es
(
10)
a
nd
(
11)
s
h
o
w
the
to
t
a
l
vo
l
t
a
g
e
and
c
u
r
r
e
nt
r
e
s
po
nse
s
,
n
o
te
t
ha
t
th
e
cu
rren
t
a
nd
v
ol
t
a
g
e
i
n
t
h
e
s
e
d
i
ag
rams’
i
llu
st
rat
i
o
n
are
t
h
e
su
m
o
f
th
ree
cu
r
r
en
ts
(Ia,
I
b
,
Ic)
an
d
s
u
m
of
t
h
r
ee
v
o
lt
a
g
es
(
V
a
,
V
b
,
V
c
)
.
Fig
u
r
e 10
.
Th
e
en
larg
e
d
scal
e
o
f
th
ree p
h
a
se cu
r
ren
t
a
t B2
F
i
gur
e 1
1
.
The
enla
rge
d
sc
a
le
o
f thre
e
pha
se
v
o
l
tage
a
t
B
2
F
a
ult re
spon
se
s
ca
n be
illus
t
r
a
ted
as sh
o
wn
i
n
Tab
l
e
(1):
Tab
l
e
1.
F
a
u
l
t
r
espo
nses
T
i
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
fa
u
l
t
(s
e
c
)
S
t
a
r
t
E
n
d
3
5
3
5
.
1
Ra
t
e
d
v
a
l
u
e
(pu)
P
h
as
e
cu
r
r
en
t
P
h
as
e
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
0.
9
1
PI
t
une
d by
t
ri
a
l
a
nd
e
rr
or
M
a
x
im
u
m
ove
rshoot
o
f
pha
se
c
urr
e
nt
Mini
m
u
m
ove
r
s
ho
ot
o
f
pha
se
c
u
rre
nt
T
w
o
lin
e
t
o
g
r
oun
d
fa
ult
3
0
T
h
ree
lin
e
t
o
g
r
ound
fa
ult
5
0
P
I
t
ur
ne
d
ba
s
e
d on
P
S
O
T
w
o
lin
e
t
o
g
r
oun
d
fa
ult
2
0.
001
T
h
ree
lin
e
t
o
g
r
ound
fa
ult
3.
9
0.
001
7
.
2
.
E
f
f
e
c
t
o
f
St
a
t
co
m
Ca
se1
:
Turbine res
po
n
s
e
t
o
a
t
w
o
line to
g
ro
u
n
d
fa
u
l
t
A
tw
o
l
i
ne
t
o
gr
o
u
n
d
f
a
u
lt,
i
n
t
h
is
case
,
i
s
app
l
i
e
d
a
t
B
2
in
F
ig
ur
e
(
2
)
at
t
=
35
se
c
a
nd
la
sts
f
o
r
0.
1
sec. Fig
u
r
es
1
2-1
6
s
h
o
w
res
pon
ses in
B
2
w
i
th
and
wit
hou
t S
T
ATCO
M, an
d
who
STATCOM wo
r
k
i
n
su
ppo
rt
of
t
he
v
ol
ta
ge
i
n
B
2
,
no
te
t
hat
the
cur
r
e
n
t
a
nd
vo
l
t
a
g
e
i
n
t
he
s
e
di
a
g
r
a
m
s
i
ll
us
t
r
at
i
on
a
r
e
the
sum
of
t
hr
e
e
c
u
r
r
e
nt
s
(
I
a
,
I
b
,
I
c)
a
nd
sum
of
t
hr
e
e
vol
ta
ge
s
(
V
a,
V
b,
V
c
)
.
Fig
u
r
e 12
.
Th
e
en
larg
e
d
scal
e
o
f
th
ree p
h
a
se cu
r
ren
t
a
t B2
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
P
o
w
Elec
&
D
r
i
S
y
st
I
S
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
En
hanc
em
e
n
t
t
r
an
sie
n
t
st
ab
i
l
i
t
y of
w
i
n
d
po
w
e
r sy
st
e
m
of D
o
u
b
ly
-
F
ed …
(
S
h
a
i
m
a
a
Sh
uk
ri A.
Alha
l
i
m
)
1
983
F
i
gur
e 1
3
.
The
enla
rge
d
sc
a
le
o
f thre
e
pha
se
v
o
l
tage
a
t
B
2
Figure
1
4
.
The e
n
large
d
sca
l
e
of
ac
t
i
ve
p
ower
at
B
2
.
Figure
1
5
.
The
enlar
g
e
d
sc
a
le
o
f re
ac
t
i
v
e
po
w
er
at
B
2
Figure
1
6
.
The
enlar
g
e
d
sca
le
of in
jec
t
ed
r
e
acti
v
e
from
S
T
A
TCOM
Ca
se2
:
Turbine res
po
n
s
e to
a
t
h
r
ee
li
n
e
t
o
gr
ou
n
d
f
au
lt
A
three
l
i
n
e
to
g
ro
u
n
d
fa
u
lt,
i
n
t
h
is
case
,
i
s
a
p
p
lie
d
a
t
B
2
i
n
F
i
gur
e
(
2
)
a
t
t
=
3
5
s
e
c
a
nd
l
as
ts
f
or
0
.
1
se
c.
F
i
gur
es
1
7
-
21
bel
o
w
sh
o
w
r
e
s
ponse
s
i
n
B
2
w
i
t
h
a
n
d
w
itho
u
t
STATCOM
,
a
nd
w
h
o
S
T
ATCOM
wo
r
k
i
n
sup
p
o
r
t
o
f
the
vol
tage
i
n
B
2
.
Fig
u
r
e 17
.
Th
e
en
larg
e
d
scal
e
o
f
th
ree p
h
a
se cu
r
ren
t
at B2
F
i
gur
e 1
8
.
The
enla
rge
d
sc
a
le
o
f thre
e
pha
se
v
o
l
tage
a
t
B
2
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N: 2
0
8
8
-
86
94
I
n
t
J Po
w El
ec &
D
ri S
y
s
t
Vo
l. 1
0
,
No
. 4
,
D
e
c
2
0
19
:
1
977
–
1
985
1
984
Fig
u
r
e 19
.
Th
e
en
lar
g
e
d
scale o
f activ
e po
wer at
B
2
Figure
2
0
.
The e
n
large
d
sca
l
e
of
rea
c
tiv
e
at B
2
F
i
gure
2
1
.
The
e
n
l
a
rge
d
s
cale
of
i
n
j
ec
ted r
eac
t
i
ve
p
ower
fr
o
m S
TATCOM
Tab
l
e
2
il
lus
t
ra
t
e
s
a
com
p
ar
i
s
on
o
f
t
h
e
s
y
s
t
e
m
w
it
h
an
d
wit
h
o
u
t
S
T
A
T
C
O
M
f
o
r
r
e
a
c
t
i
v
e
p
o
w
e
r
,
vo
l
t
age
an
d
cu
r
r
e
nt
a
t
bu
s
2.
Ta
bl
e
2
.
C
o
m
pa
ri
son
o
f
syst
e
m wi
t
h
a
nd
w
i
t
h
out
S
TATC
OM
R
a
t
e
d Wit
h
ST
A
TC
O
M
W
ithout
S
T
A
TC
O
M
Ca
s
e
1:
A
t
t
w
o
li
n
e
t
o
grou
nd
f
a
ult
Re
ac
tive
powe
r
10
8
(
M
VAR)
Vol
t
a
g
e
(
pu)
0
.
01
0.
001
C
u
rr
e
n
t
(p
u)
1
.
9
4
2
Ca
s
e
2:
A
t
t
h
r
e
e
pha
s
e
t
o
groun
d
f
a
ult
R
e
a
c
ti
ve
powe
r
(M
V
A
R
)
3
.
5
2
V
o
lta
g
e
(
pu)
0
.
0
1
0.
0
0
1
C
u
r
r
e
n
t
(
pu)
3
.
8
4
3
.
9
8.
CONCLUSION
D
i
ffe
r
e
nt
t
ypes
of
f
aults
(
sym
m
e
tr
ica
l
a
nd
unsym
me
t
r
i
c
al)
ar
e
a
ppli
e
d
at
a
h
igh
volt
a
ge
o
f
tr
a
n
sfor
m
e
r
a
t
bus
2
(
B
2
)
of
(
D
F
I
G
)
to
i
nve
stigate
the
pe
r
f
or
ma
nce
of
(
D
F
IG)
.
P
a
r
ticle
S
w
a
rm
O
pti
m
iza
t
ion
(
P
S
O
)
is
u
se
d
w
ith
(
P
I
)
contr
o
ller
to
c
hoose
the
optimum
m
agnit
ude
o
f (
P
I)
gains.
Ther
efore
,
t
h
e
fault cur
r
ent
m
a
gnitude
u
sing
(
P
I
-
P
S
O
)
i
s
r
e
duced.
P
o
w
e
r
system
w
it
h
w
i
nd
fa
r
m
pe
r
f
or
m
a
nc
e
enha
nced
u
sing
one
o
f
(
F
ACTS) devic
e
s (S
TATCOM).
The
p
o
s
i
t
i
on
of
(
S
T
A
T
CO
M
)
i
s
i
mpr
o
v
i
n
g
t
he
s
ystem
st
a
b
i
lit
y
le
a
d
s
t
o
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
a
l
l
t
h
e
e
l
e
m
e
n
t
s
o
f
pow
e
r
e
qua
l
ity
o
f gr
i
d
f
o
r
b
ot
h
a
b
nor
m
a
l
a
n
d
nor
m
a
l
co
n
d
i
t
i
o
n,
t
h
e
n
r
ed
u
c
e
l
o
sses
i
n
al
l
sys
t
em
d
ue
t
o
powe
r
f
act
or
(
P
F
)
i
mpr
ove
me
n
t
b
y
r
e
duc
i
n
g
t
h
e
c
u
r
r
ent
dr
a
w
n
an
d
ther
e
f
o
r
e,
t
he
p
ropo
se
d
u
s
e
(
S
TATC
OM
)
wi
th
a
farm
w
in
d
tu
r
b
i
n
e (DF
I
G).
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
E
l
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
IS
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
En
ha
nce
m
en
t
t
r
an
si
e
n
t
stab
i
lity
of wi
nd po
we
r
system
of
D
o
u
b
l
y-Fe
d
…
(
Sha
im
a
a
S
h
uk
r
i
A. Al
ha
l
i
m
)
1
985
APPENDIX
P
a
rame
ters
o
f
the
D
F
I
G
u
sed
i
n
t
he
p
a
p
er.
The
pa
ram
e
ter
s
v
alue
s
o
f
Do
ubl
y
-
F
e
d
In
du
cti
on
G
e
ne
rator
(D
F
I
G
)
u
sed in t
he
simula
t
i
o
n ar
e
i
l
l
u
s
t
r
a
te
d i
n
T
abl
e
3
.
Tab
l
e
3.
P
a
r
ameter
s
of
D
ou
bl
y-F
e
d
Induc
ti
on
G
e
ne
rator
(DF
I
G
)
.
Ra
t
e
d Output
P
owe
r
(
MW
)
9
M
W
(
6*1.
5)
Ra
t
e
d Volta
ge
V
(L-
L
)
(
V
)
400
V
F
r
e
que
n
c
y
(Hz
)
50
(H
z
)
P
a
irs
of pol
e
s
(
P)
3
S
t
a
t
or
w
inding
re
si
st
a
n
ce
(
)
(
p
u
)
0.
00706
St
at
o
r
l
eak
a
g
e i
n
d
u
c
t
an
ce (
) (pu)
0.
171
R
o
t
o
r
w
i
nding
re
sist
a
n
c
e
(
) (
p
u)
0.
005
R
o
t
o
r
le
a
k
a
g
e
induc
t
a
n
c
e
(
)
(
p
u
)
0.
156
Ma
gne
ti
z
i
ng
induc
ta
n
c
e
(
)
(
pu
)
2.
9
Ra
t
e
d wind
spe
e
d
a
t
point
C
(
m
/
s)
1
2
Cu
t-
in
sp
eed
(
m
/
s)
4
C
u
t
-
out
s
pe
e
d
(
m
/
s
)
2
5
Ma
xi
m
u
m
pit
c
h a
n
gle
(
d
e
g
.
)
4
5
Ma
xi
m
u
m
ra
t
e
o
f
c
h
a
n
g
e
o
f
pit
c
h a
n
gl
e
(de
g
.
/
s)
2
Ine
r
tia
c
onst
a
nt
(
K
g
)
5.
04
REFE
RENCES
[1]
W
a
heed
A
.
O
y
e
k
anm
i
,
Gh
adi
r
R
ad
man
,
"
Ef
f
e
c
t
o
f
St
a
t
i
c
V
AR
C
om
pen
sat
o
r
p
o
s
i
t
i
o
n
i
ng
on
a
Gri
d
-co
nnect
e
d
w
i
n
d
t
urbin
e
-driv
e
n
S
q
ui
rrel
Cag
e
I
nd
ucti
on
Gen
erator,
"
IE
EE
co
n
f
er
ence p
ubl
icati
o
n
s
,
p
p
.
24
7
– 25
2,
201
3.
[2]
S
r
eed
har
Reddy
G
ud
a,
"
M
o
d
e
ling
an
d
P
o
wer
M
a
nag
e
men
t
o
f
a
Hyb
r
id
W
indm
icroTurbine
Power
Generat
i
on
Syst
e
m
,"
El
e
c
t
r
ical
Eng
i
neeri
n
g
, M
ontan
a S
t
a
t
e Un
iv
ers
i
t
y
,
Bozem
an,
M
ont
ana,
2
0
05.
[3]
M
.
P
ackias
u
d
h
a
1
, S
.
S
u
j
a2
, "F
A
C
T Devi
ce f
o
r Reac
t
i
v
e
P
ow
er Com
p
ensatio
n i
n
th
e
Deregu
l
at
ed E
lectri
cal P
o
w
er
E
n
viron
m
en,
"
Inter
n
a
t
i
onal Jou
r
na
l of
Po
wer Elect
ro
ni
c
s
a
n
d
Dr
ive Syst
em
(
I
JPED
S
)
,
v
o
l
.
6
(
4
)
,
p
p
.
7
3
0
-
7
3
5
,
20
15
.
[4]
Q.
F
.
Lu,
Z.
T
.
Cao
and
E
.
R
itchie,
"
M
o
del
o
f
S
ta
tor
In
ter-t
u
r
n
S
h
o
rt
C
i
r
cui
t
F
ault
in
D
ou
bly-f
e
d
Ind
u
ctio
n
G
e
nerat
o
rs
f
or W
ind
Tu
rb
i
n
e",
IE
EE
C
onferen
ce
P
u
b
l
i
c
a
t
io
n
s
, V
ol
. 2
, p
p.
93
2
-
93
7 2
0
0
4
.
[5]
V
i
n
cenz
Din
k
h
a
us
er
a
n
d
F
ri
edrich
W
.
F
u
ch
s,
"
R
o
to
r
T
u
rn
-to-T
u
rn
F
a
u
lts
o
f
Doubl
y-F
e
d
Ind
u
ct
ion
Generat
o
rs
i
n
Wind
E
ne
r
g
y
Pla
n
t
s
-Mo
d
e
ll
in
g,
S
imu
l
a
t
io
n
a
n
d
De
te
c
t
io
n,"
IE
EE
Confer
ence
Pub
l
i
c
at
ions
,
no
.
1
7
,
p
p
.
18
19-1
8
2
6
,
20
08.
[6]
S
h
ahram
Karimi
,
Arnau
d
G
aillard,
P
hili
pp
e
Po
ure
and
S
h
ah
r
o
k
h
S
a
adate,
"
F
P
GA-Bas
e
d
Real-Tim
e
P
o
wer
Co
nv
erter
F
a
il
ure
Diag
no
sis
f
o
r
Wi
nd
Energ
y
C
o
n
v
e
rsi
on
S
y
st
e
m
s,
"
IE
E
E
Tran
sacti
ons In
dus
t
rial Elect
ron
i
c
s
,
v
o
l
.
5
5(1
2
),
p
p.
4
2
99-4
3
0
8
,
2008.
[7]
O
l
um
id
e
Aluk
o
,
T
ravis
M.
S
mith
a
n
d
L
eo
n
M
.
T
o
l
bert
,
"
B
eh
av
io
r
o
f
D
o
u
b
l
y
-F
ed
I
n
duct
i
o
n
G
en
erator
u
n
d
er
N
earby
W
in
d
Plan
t
F
a
ul
t,
"
IEEE Con
f
er
ence Pu
bli
c
a
t
io
n
s
, Po
wer
and
En
ergy S
o
ciet
y Gener
a
l
Meeti
n
g
,
(4),
p
p.
1
-
5,
2
0
10.
[8]
M.
H
.
H
aq
ue, "Use
o
f Ser
i
e
s
and
S
hu
n
t
FAC
T
S
D
evices to I
m
p
r
ov
e F
i
r
st
S
wi
n
g
S
tabi
li
t
y
L
i
m
it
,
"
IEE
E
,
20
11
.
[9]
M.
M
.
F
a
rd
e
t
a
l
.,
"
U
P
F
C
Usin
g
f
or
T
h
e
C
on
ge
s
tio
n
Ma
na
g
e
me
n
t
L
i
nes
i
n
E
l
e
ct
rici
ty
M
arket
Res
t
ruct
ured
Usin
g
P
S
O
a
nd
GA
Algo
rit
h
m
,
"
Re
st
ru
c
t
u
r
e
d
Us
ing
PS
O a
n
d
G
A
A
l
go
r
i
th
m
,
v
o
l
.
5
(10
)
,
20
11
.
[10]
Jing
hu
a
Zh
on
g
,
"
P
I
D Co
ntro
lle
r
Tun
ing
a
Sh
o
r
t
Tu
tor
i
a
l
,"
M
ech
ani
cal
En
g
i
neering
, Pur
du
e Un
i
v
ersit
y
, 20
0
6
.
[11]
G
u
i
l
l
e
r
m
o
J
.
C
o
s
t
a
,
"
T
u
n
i
n
g
a
P
I
D
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
,
"
p
o
w
e
r
t
r
a
n
s
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
en
gi
neerin
g,
2
011.
O
n
li
ne
w
w
w
.
powert
r
an
smi
ssion.
co
m
.
[12]
Y
a
ser
M.
A
bi
d,
"
Desi
gn
o
f
Int
e
l
l
i
g
ent
Cont
ro
ll
er
f
or
S
olar
T
rac
k
i
n
g
S
yste
m
Ba
se
d
on
FPGA,"
M.Sc
.
The
s
is,
Uni
versity o
f
Technology
,
Elect
r
i
cal
En
g
i
neeri
ng
Dep
a
r
t
men
t
,
2014.
[13]
Ling
W
a
n
g,
"
A
No
ve
l
Prob
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
B
inary
Particl
e
S
warm
O
pti
m
iz
at
ion
Algor
i
th
m
and its
A
pplicati
o
n,"
Jo
ur
nal
o
f
So
ftwa
re
,
v
o
l
.
3
(
9),
p
p.
2
8
-
35,
2008
.
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