I
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lect
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J
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)
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1
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er
202
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~
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79
I
SS
N:
2088
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: 1
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1
1
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.
v
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.i
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.
pp
25
70
-
25
79
2570
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ttp
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p
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Energ
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and su
perv
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Settat,
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h
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Facu
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tter
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ity
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Settat,
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h
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Facu
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a
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g
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re
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l
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n
t
h
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p
a
p
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p
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o
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a
n
e
w
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y
m
a
n
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g
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se
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rt
ifi
c
ial
n
e
u
ra
l
n
e
two
r
k
s
in
a
sm
a
rt
g
rid
.
Th
is
will
e
n
su
re
th
e
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o
n
ti
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u
o
u
s
su
p
p
l
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m
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m
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ra
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u
m
p
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e
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ti
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h
e
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a
l
sy
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m
is mo
d
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led
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n
d
sim
u
late
d
u
n
d
e
r
th
e
M
AT
LAB
/
S
imu
l
in
k
to
o
l.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
Ar
tific
ial
n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
B
id
ir
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tio
n
al
DC
/
DC
E
n
er
g
y
m
an
ag
e
m
en
t sy
s
tem
Ph
o
to
v
o
ltaic
p
a
n
el
R
en
ewa
b
le
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er
g
y
So
lar
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atter
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p
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v
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s
T
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s
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c
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ss
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rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
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SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
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r
:
J
ar
m
o
u
n
i E
zz
ito
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n
i
L
ab
o
r
ato
r
y
o
f
R
ad
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n
-
Ma
tter
an
d
I
n
s
tr
u
m
en
tatio
n
(
R
MI
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Hass
an
First Un
iv
er
s
ity
o
f
Set
tat,
T
h
e
Facu
lty
o
f
Scien
ce
s
an
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T
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h
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lo
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B
P: 5
7
7
,
r
o
u
te
d
e
C
asab
lan
ca
.
Settat,
Mo
r
o
cc
o
E
m
ail: e
zz
ito
u
n
i.ja
r
m
o
u
n
i@
g
m
ail.
co
m
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
D
u
e
t
o
cl
i
m
at
e
c
h
a
n
g
e
a
n
d
th
e
r
a
p
i
d
d
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p
l
et
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o
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c
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v
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s
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t
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w
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d
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s
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u
e
t
o
r
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d
u
c
t
i
o
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s
i
n
c
o
s
t
[
1
]
.
T
h
e
s
o
la
r
PV
s
y
s
t
e
m
c
a
n
r
e
d
u
c
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c
a
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p
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m
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d
d
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at
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d
y
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a
m
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cs
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o
r
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u
d
d
e
n
w
e
a
t
h
e
r
c
h
a
n
g
es
[
2
]
,
[
3
]
.
T
o
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
b
alan
ce
o
f
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
an
d
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
,
en
e
r
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
s
y
s
tem
s
ar
e
n
ee
d
e
d
.
An
d
f
o
r
t
h
e
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
to
b
e
m
o
r
e
r
eli
ab
le,
a
lin
k
to
th
e
p
u
b
lic
g
r
id
is
a
s
u
itab
le
s
o
lu
tio
n
,
esp
ec
ially
wh
en
we
h
a
v
e
a
cr
itical
lo
ad
.
I
n
a
b
id
t
o
m
ak
e
o
p
tim
al
u
s
e
o
f
th
e
en
e
r
g
y
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
an
d
t
o
co
v
er
t
h
e
en
er
g
y
n
ee
d
s
o
f
co
n
s
u
m
er
s
at
all
tim
es,
r
eliab
le
en
er
g
y
m
a
n
ag
em
en
t
tech
n
iq
u
es
b
etwe
en
th
e
e
n
er
g
y
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
an
d
th
e
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
ar
e
ess
en
tial.
W
ith
th
e
g
r
o
wth
in
th
e
r
ate
o
f
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
alo
n
g
with
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
s
o
u
r
ce
s
an
d
th
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
o
f
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
elec
tr
ic
p
o
wer
g
en
er
atio
n
u
n
its
,
en
er
g
y
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
s
y
s
tem
h
as
b
ec
o
m
e
m
o
r
e
in
te
r
esti
n
g
.
I
n
th
e
liter
atu
r
e
we
f
i
n
d
v
ar
io
u
s
p
ap
er
s
co
n
ce
r
n
i
n
g
elec
tr
ic
e
n
er
g
y
m
an
ag
e
m
en
t
s
y
s
tem
(
E
MS)
.
I
n
th
is
p
ar
t,
we
will
p
r
o
v
id
e
s
o
m
e
ex
am
p
les
;
C
h
en
g
et
a
l.
[
4
]
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
a
co
m
p
lete
r
ev
iew
o
f
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
694
E
n
erg
y
ma
n
a
g
eme
n
t sys
tem
a
n
d
s
u
p
ervis
io
n
in
a
micro
-
g
r
id
u
s
in
g
a
r
tifi
cia
l n
eu
r
a
l
… (
E
z
z
ito
u
n
i J
a
r
mo
u
n
i
)
2571
th
e
m
icr
o
g
r
id
en
er
g
y
m
an
ag
e
m
en
t
s
y
s
tem
.
Su
b
jects
co
v
er
e
d
in
clu
d
e
th
e
ess
en
tial
co
n
s
titu
en
ts
o
f
a
m
icr
o
g
r
i
d
,
co
m
p
ar
ab
ilit
y
b
etwe
en
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
,
ce
n
tr
alize
d
im
p
lem
en
tat
io
n
s
an
d
co
n
t
r
o
l
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es.
Sh
ar
ee
f
et
a
l.
[
5
]
co
n
s
id
er
ed
h
o
m
e
en
er
g
y
m
a
n
ag
em
en
t
s
y
s
tem
(
HE
MS)
with
r
esp
e
ct
to
th
e
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
o
f
d
em
an
d
r
esp
o
n
s
e
(
DR
)
,
in
tellig
en
t
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies an
d
in
tellig
en
t
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
.
R
esid
en
tial
d
em
an
d
r
esp
o
n
s
e
s
ch
em
es
in
th
e
HE
MS
s
y
s
tem
ar
e
co
n
tr
asted
,
a
n
d
a
r
tific
ial
in
tellig
en
ce
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
f
o
r
s
ch
ed
u
lin
g
t
h
e
lo
a
d
in
th
e
HE
MS
s
y
s
te
m
ar
e
also
m
ain
tain
ed
.
R
af
iq
u
e
an
d
J
ian
h
u
a
[
6
]
r
ep
o
r
ted
o
n
HE
MS,
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
a
n
d
l
o
ad
p
r
ed
ic
to
r
s
,
with
in
ten
s
iv
e
r
ev
iews
o
n
b
o
th
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
an
d
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
m
icr
o
-
g
r
id
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
,
in
clu
d
i
n
g
p
r
e
d
ictio
n
an
d
f
o
r
ec
asti
n
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
f
o
r
win
d
,
s
o
lar
an
d
lo
ad
.
Kh
a
n
et
a
l.
[
7
]
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
m
u
lti
-
ag
e
n
t
s
y
s
tem
s
f
o
r
d
is
tr
ib
u
te
d
m
icr
o
g
r
id
E
MS.
I
n
th
is
co
n
tex
t,
we
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
a
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
s
y
s
tem
,
a
b
atter
y
,
a
lo
ad
with
v
a
r
iab
le
d
e
m
an
d
e
d
p
o
wer
an
d
a
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
to
th
e
p
u
b
lic
g
r
id
.
T
h
e
g
lo
b
al
s
y
s
tem
will
b
e
co
n
tr
o
lled
an
d
m
an
ag
e
d
b
y
an
ar
tific
ial
n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
.
A
s
et
o
f
r
u
les
a
n
d
co
n
d
itio
n
s
ar
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
t
o
d
ev
elo
p
a
s
y
s
tem
m
a
n
ag
em
e
n
t
alg
o
r
ith
m
wh
ich
en
s
u
r
es
a
p
e
r
m
an
e
n
t
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
ly
t
o
th
e
co
n
s
u
m
e
r
s
.
T
h
e
r
a
n
d
o
m
b
eh
a
v
io
r
o
f
th
e
s
o
lar
s
y
s
tem
an
d
th
e
s
tate
o
f
ch
a
r
g
e
o
f
t
h
e
b
atter
y
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
tak
en
i
n
to
ac
c
o
u
n
t.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
af
o
r
em
en
ti
o
n
ed
r
u
les,
n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
s
ar
e
tr
ain
ed
an
d
u
s
ed
to
en
s
u
r
e
an
o
p
tim
al
an
d
r
eliab
le
m
an
ag
e
m
en
t
o
f
th
e
en
er
g
y
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
th
e
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
ltaic
s
y
s
tem
an
d
th
e
m
an
ag
em
en
t
o
f
th
e
b
atter
y
ch
a
r
g
e
an
d
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
(
Pro
tectio
n
a
g
ain
s
t
o
v
er
ch
ar
g
e
an
d
d
ee
p
d
is
ch
ar
g
e)
.
T
h
is
p
a
p
er
is
d
iv
id
ed
in
to
f
o
u
r
s
ec
tio
n
s
:
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
s
ec
tio
n
d
escr
ib
es
t
h
e
s
y
s
tem
u
n
d
er
s
tu
d
y
an
d
its
m
ain
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
s
ec
tio
n
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
s
tr
ateg
y
an
d
th
e
m
a
n
ag
em
en
t
t
o
o
l.
T
h
e
th
ir
d
s
ec
tio
n
d
ea
ls
with
th
e
n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
tr
ain
in
g
an
d
th
e
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
o
f
th
e
test
r
esu
lt
s
o
b
tain
ed
.
T
h
e
f
o
u
r
th
an
d
th
e
f
in
al
s
ec
tio
n
is
a
co
n
clu
s
io
n
th
at
s
u
m
m
ar
izes th
e
wo
r
k
d
ev
elo
p
ed
.
2.
P
RE
S
E
NT
AT
I
O
N
O
F
T
H
E
ST
UD
I
E
D
SYS
T
E
M
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
s
tu
d
ied
is
co
n
s
titu
ted
m
ain
ly
o
f
;
s
o
lar
p
an
els
[
8
]
.
A
DC
/DC
co
n
v
er
ter
,
wh
ic
h
allo
ws
to
r
ea
ch
th
e
p
o
in
t o
f
m
a
x
im
u
m
p
o
wer
u
s
in
g
th
e
MPPT
co
n
tr
o
l "
p
er
tu
r
b
o
b
s
er
v
e"
[
9
]
.
A
b
atter
y
,
wh
o
s
e
o
b
jectiv
e
is
to
s
to
r
e
en
er
g
y
i
n
o
r
d
er
to
c
o
m
p
en
s
ate
f
o
r
th
e
p
o
wer
lev
el
d
em
a
n
d
ed
b
y
th
e
lo
a
d
s
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
ab
s
en
ce
o
f
th
e
o
p
er
atin
g
c
o
n
d
itio
n
'
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
iatio
n
'
o
f
th
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
s
y
s
tem
[
1
0
]
.
A
b
id
i
r
ec
tio
n
al
DC
/D
C
co
n
v
er
ter
,
allo
ws
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
to
f
lo
w
in
t
wo
d
ir
ec
tio
n
s
in
o
r
d
er
to
m
an
ag
e
th
e
ch
ar
g
e
an
d
d
i
s
ch
ar
g
e
o
f
th
e
b
atter
y
[
1
1
]
,
[
1
2
]
.
T
h
e
f
lo
w
will
b
e
co
n
tr
o
l
led
b
y
th
e
n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
wh
i
ch
will
ass
ig
n
s
tates
to
th
e
s
wi
tch
(
S1
an
d
S2
)
.
A
DC
/A
C
in
v
er
ter
’
s
r
o
le
is
to
g
iv
e
an
alter
n
atin
g
cu
r
r
en
t
to
t
h
e
co
n
s
u
m
e
r
s
.
W
h
en
it
co
m
e
s
to
s
witch
es,
two
s
witch
es
(
SL
2
an
d
SL3
)
d
o
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
co
n
n
ec
tin
g
a
n
d
d
is
co
n
n
ec
tin
g
lo
a
d
s
,
an
d
o
n
e
(
S_
G)
f
o
r
s
witch
in
g
to
co
n
n
ec
t
m
o
d
e
[
1
3
]
,
[
1
4
]
.
As
s
h
o
ws
th
e
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
,
t
h
e
s
tu
d
i
ed
s
y
s
tem
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
.
T
h
e
s
elec
tio
n
o
f
th
e
s
o
lar
p
an
el
ca
n
b
e
b
ased
o
n
m
o
r
e
im
p
o
r
tan
t
f
ac
to
r
s
s
u
ch
as
p
o
wer
o
u
tp
u
t,
s
em
ico
n
d
u
ct
o
r
m
ater
ial
(
m
u
lti
-
cr
y
s
tallin
e,
m
o
n
o
cr
y
s
tallin
e,
am
o
r
p
h
o
u
s
s
ilico
n
)
,
b
atter
y
ch
ar
g
in
g
v
o
ltag
e.
T
h
e
T
ab
le
1
,
s
h
o
w
th
e
m
ain
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
th
e
u
s
ed
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
m
o
d
el.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
ied
s
y
s
tem
a
r
ch
itectu
r
e
T
ab
le
1
.
C
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
p
a
n
el
C
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
t
i
c
S
p
e
c
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
M
a
x
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
e
r
(
P
m
a
x
)
5
5
.
8
W
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
a
t
P
ma
x
1
7
.
8
V
C
u
r
r
e
n
t
a
t
P
ma
x
3
.
1
A
S
h
o
r
t
-
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
(
I
sc)
3
.
6
A
O
p
e
n
-
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
(
V
o
c
)
2
2
V
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
I
n
t J
Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i
Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
12
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
2
1
:
2
5
70
–
25
79
2572
3.
T
H
E
M
ANAG
E
M
E
NT
ST
R
AT
E
G
Y
Du
r
in
g
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
o
p
er
ati
o
n
,
a
b
atter
y
p
lace
d
in
a
g
r
id
ca
n
u
n
d
e
r
g
o
o
v
er
lo
ad
s
f
o
r
e
x
ce
ed
in
g
its
m
ax
im
u
m
s
tate
o
f
ch
ar
g
e
(
SOC
m
ax
)
,
d
ee
p
d
is
ch
ar
g
es
f
o
r
d
ec
r
ea
s
in
g
its
SOC
ab
o
v
e
it
s
m
in
im
u
m
s
tate
o
f
ch
ar
g
e
(
SOC
m
in
)
[
1
5
]
-
[
1
8
]
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
t
h
e
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
ly
t
o
th
e
in
s
tall
atio
n
ca
n
b
e
in
ter
r
u
p
ted
in
th
e
e
v
en
t o
f
a
lack
o
f
r
e
n
ewa
b
le
en
e
r
g
y
o
r
in
th
e
ca
s
e
o
f
a
b
atter
y
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
(
SOC
<SOCmin
)
.
B
ased
o
n
th
ese
r
em
ar
k
s
,
we
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
a
m
an
ag
e
m
en
t
alg
o
r
i
th
m
f
o
r
o
u
r
s
y
s
tem
,
wh
ich
w
ill
b
e
u
s
ed
as
a
b
asis
f
o
r
t
h
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
o
f
an
in
tel
lig
en
t
m
an
ag
e
m
en
t
m
o
d
e
l
'
ar
tific
ial
n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
'
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
el
ANN
s
h
o
u
ld
;
p
r
o
te
ct
th
e
b
atter
y
f
r
o
m
d
ee
p
d
is
ch
ar
g
es
an
d
o
v
e
r
ch
ar
g
in
g
,
g
u
ar
a
n
tee
th
e
c
o
n
tin
u
o
u
s
s
u
p
p
ly
o
f
th
e
in
s
tallatio
n
b
y
s
witch
in
g
to
th
e
p
u
b
lic
elec
tr
icity
n
etwo
r
k
i
n
th
e
ca
s
e
o
f
ab
s
en
ce
o
f
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
ies
o
r
b
atter
y
d
is
ch
a
r
g
e,
u
s
e
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
as
m
u
ch
as
p
o
s
s
ib
le
an
d
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
d
ia
g
r
am
s
h
o
ws
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
th
at
ca
n
b
e
en
co
u
n
ter
e
d
d
u
r
in
g
s
y
s
tem
o
p
er
atio
n
an
d
th
e
ac
tio
n
s
to
b
e
tak
en
.
T
h
e
m
a
n
ag
em
en
t
s
tr
ateg
y
is
s
h
o
wn
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
2
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
T
h
e
m
an
a
g
em
en
t c
h
ar
t o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
ie
d
s
y
s
tem
3
.
1
.
Sy
s
t
e
m
f
o
r
ca
lcula
t
ing
t
he
po
wer
dem
a
nd
by
t
he
lo
a
ds
T
h
e
lo
ad
s
y
s
tem
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
th
r
ee
lo
ad
s
,
th
e
f
ir
s
t
is
a
cr
itical
lo
ad
p
er
m
a
n
en
tly
c
o
n
n
ec
te
d
,
t
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
an
d
th
e
th
ir
d
lo
a
d
co
n
n
ec
tin
g
an
d
d
is
co
n
n
ec
tin
g
to
th
e
g
r
i
d
in
a
r
an
d
o
m
way
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
s
h
o
ws
t
h
e
p
o
wer
d
em
an
d
e
d
b
y
th
e
lo
ad
is
r
ec
o
g
n
ized
v
ia
th
e
s
tates
o
f
s
witch
es
SL2
an
d
SL3
.
T
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
u
m
m
ar
izes
th
e
ca
lcu
latio
n
o
f
th
e
p
o
wer
d
e
m
an
d
e
d
b
y
th
e
th
r
ee
l
o
ad
s
in
KW
.
T
h
e
ca
lcu
latio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
is
im
p
lem
en
ted
in
a
MA
T
L
AB
f
u
n
ctio
n
t
h
at
tak
es
th
e
s
tate
o
f
th
e
s
witch
es
SL2
an
d
SL3
an
d
r
etu
r
n
s
th
e
p
o
wer
d
em
an
d
e
d
b
y
th
e
co
n
s
u
m
er
s
.
P
L
_
D
=
P
L
1;
I
f
(S
L
2
=
0
&
SL
3
=
0)
T
h
e
n
P
L
_
D
=
P
L
1;
El
se
i
f
(S
L
2
=
1
&
SL
3
=
0)
T
h
e
n
P
L
_
D
=
P
L
1
+
P
L
2;
El
se
i
f
(S
L
2
=
0
&
SL
3
=
1)
T
h
e
n
P
L
_
D
=
P
L
1
+
P
L
3;
El
se
i
f
(S
L
2
=
1
&
SL
3
=
1)
T
h
e
n
P
L
_
D
=
P
L
1
+
P
L
2
+
P
L
3;
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
694
E
n
erg
y
ma
n
a
g
eme
n
t sys
tem
a
n
d
s
u
p
ervis
io
n
in
a
micro
-
g
r
id
u
s
in
g
a
r
tifi
cia
l n
eu
r
a
l
… (
E
z
z
ito
u
n
i J
a
r
mo
u
n
i
)
2573
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
T
h
e
p
o
we
r
d
em
a
n
d
e
d
b
y
th
e
co
n
s
u
m
e
r
s
3
.
2
.
Art
if
ici
a
l
neura
l net
wo
rk
I
n
th
e
f
ac
e
o
f
i
n
cr
ea
s
in
g
en
e
r
g
y
d
em
an
d
a
n
d
d
ec
r
ea
s
in
g
f
o
s
s
il
en
er
g
y
s
u
p
p
l
y
[
1
9
]
,
th
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
n
ew
m
an
ag
em
en
t
tech
n
i
q
u
es
h
as
b
ec
o
m
e
an
o
b
lig
atio
n
.
I
n
th
is
s
ec
tio
n
,
we
wi
ll
p
r
esen
t
a
n
elec
tr
ical
en
er
g
y
m
an
ag
em
en
t
s
y
s
tem
b
ased
o
n
m
u
ltil
ay
er
p
er
ce
p
tr
o
n
‘
ar
tific
ial
n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
s
.
T
h
e
AN
N
m
o
d
el
h
as
th
r
ee
in
p
u
t
v
ec
to
r
s
wh
ich
a
r
e
th
e
p
o
wer
g
en
er
ated
b
y
th
e
PV
ar
r
ay
(
Pp
v
)
,
th
e
s
tate
o
f
c
h
ar
g
e
o
f
th
e
b
atter
y
(
SOC
)
an
d
th
e
p
o
wer
d
em
a
n
d
ed
b
y
th
e
lo
ad
s
(
PL)
.
On
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
s
id
e
th
er
e
ar
e
also
th
r
ee
v
ec
to
r
s
,
two
o
u
tp
u
t
v
ec
to
r
s
(
S1
an
d
S2
)
f
o
r
c
o
n
tr
o
llin
g
th
e
ch
ar
g
e
an
d
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
o
f
th
e
b
atter
y
an
d
th
e
th
ir
d
(
S_
G)
o
u
tp
u
t
v
ec
to
r
is
u
s
ed
to
co
n
tr
o
l
th
e
c
o
n
n
ec
t
ed
an
d
d
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
m
o
d
e
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
with
th
e
p
u
b
lic
g
r
i
d
.
T
o
ev
al
u
ate
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
t
h
e
v
a
r
io
u
s
d
e
v
elo
p
ed
m
o
d
els,
we
u
s
ed
two
s
tatis
tical
in
d
icato
r
s
:
T
h
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
co
e
f
f
icien
t
R
an
d
th
e
m
ea
n
s
q
u
a
r
e
er
r
o
r
MSE
[
2
0
]
,
[
2
1
]
.
T
o
d
ete
r
m
in
e
th
e
m
o
s
t
s
u
ited
a
r
ch
itectu
r
e
o
f
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
to
b
e
u
s
ed
,
we
v
ar
ied
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
h
id
d
en
lay
er
s
,
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
n
eu
r
o
n
s
in
a
h
id
d
en
lay
er
,
th
e
tr
an
s
f
er
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
,
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
iter
atio
n
s
an
d
th
e
lear
n
in
g
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
[
2
2
]
.
3
.
3
.
Cha
ra
c
t
er
is
t
ics o
f
t
he
A
NN
m
o
del
Af
ter
s
ev
er
al
test
s
,
we
d
ec
id
e
d
to
wo
r
k
with
a
th
r
ee
-
lay
er
m
o
d
el,
a
n
in
p
u
t
lay
e
r
,
a
n
o
u
tp
u
t
lay
er
a
n
d
a
h
id
d
en
lay
e
r
.
I
n
o
r
d
e
r
to
ch
o
o
s
e
th
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
th
e
ANN
m
o
d
el
ad
eq
u
ate
f
o
r
o
u
r
p
r
o
b
lem
(
T
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
n
e
u
r
o
n
s
i
n
th
e
h
id
d
e
n
lay
er
,
th
e
lear
n
in
g
alg
o
r
ith
m
an
d
th
e
ac
tiv
atio
n
f
u
n
ctio
n
…)
,
s
ev
er
al
test
s
ar
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
[
2
3
]
.
W
h
ich
ca
n
b
e
s
u
m
m
ar
ized
in
th
r
ee
m
ain
ca
s
es
;
i
n
th
is
s
ec
tio
n
,
we
p
r
esen
t
a
p
a
r
t
o
f
th
e
wo
r
k
th
at
we
h
av
e
d
o
n
e
to
f
in
d
th
e
b
est
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
f
o
r
o
u
r
n
etw
o
r
k
.
T
h
r
ee
m
ain
ca
s
es
ca
n
b
e
s
tu
d
ied
in
ea
ch
ca
s
e
a
lear
n
in
g
alg
o
r
ith
m
h
as b
ee
n
s
et.
An
d
we
v
ar
ied
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
n
eu
r
o
n
s
in
t
h
e
h
id
d
en
lay
er
an
d
th
e
ac
tiv
atio
n
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
s
ev
e
r
al
tim
es,
in
o
r
d
er
to
g
et
ac
ce
p
tab
le
r
esu
lts
.
T
h
e
ch
o
ice
o
f
th
e
tr
ain
in
g
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
s
h
o
wn
in
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
th
r
ee
ca
s
es
h
as
b
ee
n
m
ad
e
af
ter
v
ar
io
u
s
test
s
.
A
n
d
th
e
ch
o
s
en
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
ar
e
th
e
o
n
es
th
at
h
a
v
e
g
iv
en
m
o
r
e
ac
ce
p
tab
le
r
esu
lts
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
o
th
e
r
s
.
T
he
ca
s
e
1
:
I
n
th
is
ca
s
e,
w
e
ch
o
s
e
th
e
al
g
o
r
ith
m
L
ev
e
n
b
er
g
-
Ma
r
q
u
ar
d
t
an
d
we
ch
an
g
ed
th
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
n
eu
r
o
n
s
o
f
t
h
e
h
id
d
en
lay
e
r
,
t
h
e
ac
tiv
atio
n
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
th
e
h
id
d
en
lay
e
r
an
d
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
lay
er
.
Af
ter
war
d
s
,
t
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
ea
ch
test
h
av
e
b
ee
n
t
ak
en
.
T
ab
le
2
,
s
h
o
ws th
e
d
i
f
f
e
r
en
t o
b
tain
e
d
r
esu
lts
.
T
ab
le
2
.
T
h
e
L
ev
en
b
er
g
-
Ma
r
q
u
ar
d
t a
lg
o
r
ith
m
H
i
d
d
e
n
l
a
y
e
r
O
u
t
p
u
t
l
a
y
e
r
La
b
e
l
s
A
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
R
f
a
c
t
o
r
M
S
E
(
x
1
0
-
4
)
N
u
mb
e
r
o
f
i
t
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
s
P
u
r
e
l
i
n
P
u
r
e
l
i
n
PP
[3
-
8
-
3]
0
.
9
0
8
43
2
29
P
u
r
e
l
i
n
Lo
g
si
g
PL
[3
-
9
-
3]
0
.
9
9
4
1
3
3
0
77
P
u
r
e
l
i
n
Ta
n
s
i
g
PT
[3
-
4
-
3]
0
.
9
9
6
3
.
8
4
49
Ta
n
s
i
g
Ta
n
s
i
g
TT
[3
-
14
-
3]
0
.
9
9
8
4
.
1
4
37
Ta
n
s
i
g
P
u
r
e
l
i
n
TP
[3
-
8
-
3]
0
.
9
9
6
1
.
9
9
54
Ta
n
s
i
g
Lo
g
si
g
TL
[3
-
11
-
3]
0
.
9
6
6
1
3
1
0
51
Lo
g
si
g
Lo
g
si
g
LL
[3
-
5
-
3]
0
.
9
9
8
1
3
2
0
85
Lo
g
si
g
Ta
n
s
i
g
LT
[3
-
7
-
3]
0
.
9
9
6
2
.
8
9
1
4
4
Lo
g
si
g
P
u
r
e
l
i
n
LP
[3
-
8
-
3]
0
.
9
9
8
9
.
1
3
1
1
0
T
he
ca
s
e
2
:
I
n
th
is
ca
s
e,
we
ch
o
s
e
T
h
e
R
esil
ien
t
B
ac
k
p
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
,
a
n
d
s
im
ilar
to
ca
s
e
1
,
we
ch
an
g
ed
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
n
eu
r
o
n
s
in
th
e
h
id
d
e
n
lay
e
r
,
th
e
ac
ti
v
atio
n
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
th
e
h
id
d
e
n
l
ay
er
an
d
th
e
o
u
t
p
u
t
lay
er
.
T
ab
le
3
,
s
h
o
ws th
e
d
if
f
e
r
en
t r
esu
lts
o
b
tain
ed
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
I
n
t J
Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i
Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
12
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
2
1
:
2
5
70
–
25
79
2574
T
ab
le
3
.
T
h
e
r
esil
ien
t b
ac
k
p
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
H
i
d
d
e
n
l
a
y
e
r
O
u
t
p
u
t
l
a
y
e
r
La
b
e
l
s
A
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
R
f
a
c
t
o
r
M
S
E
(
x
1
0
-
4
)
N
u
mb
e
r
o
f
i
t
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
s
P
u
r
e
l
i
n
P
u
r
e
l
i
n
PP
[3
-
7
-
3]
0
.
7
9
9
0
5
46
P
u
r
e
l
i
n
Lo
g
si
g
PL
[3
-
9
-
3]
0
.
9
7
6
1
3
5
0
2
0
0
P
u
r
e
l
i
n
Ta
n
s
i
g
PT
[3
-
6
-
3]
0
.
9
7
8
1
0
1
82
Ta
n
s
i
g
Ta
n
s
i
g
TT
[3
-
8
-
3]
0
.
9
9
0
4
6
.
5
6
2
1
Ta
n
s
i
g
P
u
r
e
l
i
n
TP
[3
-
5
-
3]
0
.
9
8
1
8
7
.
8
1
9
1
Ta
n
s
i
g
Lo
g
si
g
TL
[3
-
6
-
3]
0
.
9
9
6
1
3
3
0
2
7
1
Lo
g
si
g
Lo
g
si
g
LL
[3
-
5
-
3]
0
.
9
8
7
1
3
4
0
6
3
2
Lo
g
si
g
Ta
n
s
i
g
LT
[3
-
11
-
3]
0
.
9
9
6
1
0
.
2
1
3
0
Lo
g
si
g
P
u
r
e
l
i
n
LP
[3
-
5
-
3]
0
.
9
8
5
5
6
.
9
9
2
1
8
T
he
ca
s
e
3
:
I
n
th
is
ca
s
e,
we
ch
o
s
e
th
e
s
ca
led
co
n
ju
g
ate
g
r
ad
ien
t
alg
o
r
ith
m
,
an
d
lik
e
ca
s
es
1
an
d
2
,
we
ch
an
g
ed
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
n
eu
r
o
n
s
in
th
e
h
id
d
e
n
lay
e
r
,
th
e
ac
ti
v
atio
n
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
th
e
h
id
d
e
n
l
ay
er
an
d
th
e
o
u
t
p
u
t
lay
er
.
T
ab
le
4
,
s
h
o
ws th
e
d
if
f
e
r
en
t r
esu
lts
o
b
tain
ed
.
T
ab
le
4
.
T
h
e
s
ca
led
co
n
ju
g
ate
g
r
ad
ien
t a
lg
o
r
ith
m
H
i
d
d
e
n
l
a
y
e
r
O
u
t
p
u
t
l
a
y
e
r
La
b
e
l
s
A
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
R
f
a
c
t
o
r
M
S
E
(
x
1
0
-
4
)
N
u
mb
e
r
o
f
i
t
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
s
P
u
r
e
l
i
n
P
u
r
e
l
i
n
PP
[3
-
9
-
3]
0
.
7
7
6
9
8
.
7
40
P
u
r
e
l
i
n
Lo
g
si
g
PL
[3
-
16
-
3]
0
.
9
7
1
1
3
6
0
1
2
1
P
u
r
e
l
i
n
Ta
n
s
i
g
PT
[3
-
5
-
3]
0
.
9
8
5
6
6
.
7
1
4
8
Ta
n
s
i
g
Ta
n
s
i
g
TT
[3
-
10
-
3]
0
.
9
9
2
2
9
.
8
83
Ta
n
s
i
g
P
u
r
e
l
i
n
TP
[3
-
7
-
3]
0
.
9
7
7
1
1
1
2
6
4
Ta
n
s
i
g
Lo
g
si
g
TL
[3
-
6
-
3]
0
.
9
8
8
1
3
4
0
1
0
7
Lo
g
si
g
Lo
g
si
g
LL
[3
-
5
-
3]
0
5
6
8
1
9
5
0
73
Lo
g
si
g
Ta
n
s
i
g
LT
[3
-
4
-
3]
0
.
9
9
3
2
7
.
7
1
7
4
Lo
g
si
g
P
u
r
e
l
i
n
LP
[3
-
9
-
3]
0
.
9
9
5
2
4
.
1
1
9
5
3
.
4
.
Co
m
pa
riso
n bet
wee
n t
he
t
hree
a
lg
o
rit
hm
s
T
ab
le
5
,
s
h
o
ws
th
e
b
est
r
esu
lts
o
b
tain
ed
in
th
e
th
r
ee
te
s
t
ca
s
es.
W
e
ca
n
s
ee
,
th
at
with
th
e
L
ev
en
b
er
g
-
Ma
r
q
u
ar
d
t
alg
o
r
ith
m
we
h
av
e
o
b
tain
e
d
th
e
b
est
v
alu
es
o
f
th
e
MSE
an
d
o
f
th
e
R
co
e
f
f
icien
t.
T
h
e
m
ea
n
s
q
u
ar
ed
e
r
r
o
r
ar
r
iv
ed
in
th
is
c
ase
at
th
e
v
alu
e
1
.
9
9
.
1
0
-
4
at
5
4
iter
atio
n
s
,
th
is
v
alu
e
m
ea
n
s
th
at
we
h
a
v
e
a
g
o
o
d
co
n
v
er
g
en
ce
o
f
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
o
u
tp
u
t
to
t
h
e
d
esire
d
o
u
tp
u
t
[
2
4
]
,
[
2
5
]
.
T
h
e
ANN
m
o
d
el
c
h
o
s
en
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
,
c
o
n
s
is
ts
o
f
th
r
ee
l
ay
er
s
,
th
r
ee
o
u
tp
u
t
v
ec
to
r
s
,
t
h
r
ee
in
p
u
t
v
ec
to
r
s
,
ea
c
h
v
ec
t
o
r
is
o
f
d
im
en
s
io
n
6
0
0
0
x
1
.
T
h
e
in
p
u
t a
n
d
o
u
tp
u
t
lay
er
co
n
tain
t
h
r
ee
n
e
u
r
o
n
s
an
d
th
e
h
id
d
en
lay
e
r
co
n
tain
s
eig
h
t n
eu
r
o
n
s
.
T
ab
le
5
.
C
o
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
o
f
th
e
b
e
s
t r
esu
lts
o
b
tain
ed
in
th
e
th
r
ee
ca
s
es.
A
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
ms
La
b
e
l
s
A
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
R
f
a
c
t
o
r
M
S
E
(
x
1
0
-
4
)
Le
v
e
n
b
e
r
g
-
M
a
r
q
u
a
r
d
t
TP
[3
-
8
-
3]
0
.
9
9
6
1
.
9
9
R
e
si
l
i
e
n
t
B
a
c
k
p
r
o
p
a
g
a
t
i
o
n
LT
[3
-
11
-
3]
0
.
9
9
6
1
0
.
2
S
c
a
l
d
e
C
o
n
j
u
g
a
l
e
G
r
a
d
i
e
n
t
LP
[3
-
9
-
3]
0
.
9
9
5
2
4
.
1
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
T
h
e
n
e
u
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
694
E
n
erg
y
ma
n
a
g
eme
n
t sys
tem
a
n
d
s
u
p
ervis
io
n
in
a
micro
-
g
r
id
u
s
in
g
a
r
tifi
cia
l n
eu
r
a
l
… (
E
z
z
ito
u
n
i J
a
r
mo
u
n
i
)
2575
4.
DIS
CU
SS
I
O
N
O
F
T
H
E
RE
SUL
T
S
T
h
is
p
ar
t
is
s
u
b
d
iv
id
ed
in
to
t
wo
p
h
ases
;
i
n
th
e
f
ir
s
t
p
h
ase,
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
s
tep
s
an
d
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
ANN
m
o
d
el
s
im
u
latio
n
will
b
e
p
r
esen
ted
,
ac
co
m
p
an
ied
b
y
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
s
o
f
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
b
tain
e
d
.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
p
h
ase
will b
e
d
ev
o
ted
t
o
th
e
test
in
g
a
n
d
v
alid
atio
n
o
f
t
h
e
ANN
m
o
d
el
u
n
d
er
a
v
ar
ie
ty
o
f
s
y
s
tem
te
s
t c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
.
4
.
1
.
T
ra
ini
ng
o
f
t
he
cho
s
en
m
o
del und
er
M
A
T
L
A
B
T
h
e
Fig
u
r
e
5
s
h
o
ws
th
e
r
elati
o
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
e
n
th
e
o
b
s
er
v
e
d
v
alu
es
an
d
th
o
s
e
esti
m
ated
b
y
th
e
ANN
m
o
d
el
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
p
h
ases
(
T
r
ain
in
g
,
v
alid
atio
n
a
n
d
test
)
.
T
h
is
p
ar
t,
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
f
ac
to
r
s
th
at
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
m
o
d
el
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
.
T
h
e
Fig
u
r
e
6
s
h
o
ws
th
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
n
eu
r
al
u
n
d
er
MA
T
L
AB
s
u
ch
as
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
s
o
f
in
p
u
ts
/o
u
tp
u
ts
,
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
lay
er
s
an
d
ac
tiv
atio
n
f
u
n
ct
io
n
s
u
s
ed
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
R
-
f
ac
to
r
f
o
r
th
e
ch
o
s
en
m
o
d
el
[
3
-
8
-
3]
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
T
h
e
n
e
u
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
I
n
t J
Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i
Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
12
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
2
1
:
2
5
70
–
25
79
2576
4
.
2
.
T
he
m
a
na
g
em
ent
m
o
del
un
der
diff
er
ent
co
nd
it
io
ns
o
f
t
est
T
o
test
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
an
d
th
e
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
o
f
t
h
e
ANN
m
a
n
ag
em
en
t
m
o
d
el,
we
will
p
u
t
th
e
s
y
s
tem
u
n
d
er
d
if
f
er
e
n
t te
s
t c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
.
−
Po
wer
d
em
an
d
e
d
b
y
th
e
lo
a
d
s
T
h
e
F
ig
u
r
e
7
s
h
o
ws
th
e
p
o
wer
d
em
an
d
e
d
b
y
th
e
co
n
s
u
m
e
r
s
r
elate
d
to
th
e
s
tate
o
f
th
e
s
witch
es
(
SL2
an
d
SL3
)
co
n
n
ec
tin
g
th
e
lo
ad
s
to
t
h
e
ele
ctr
ical
g
r
id
.
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
T
h
e
p
o
we
r
d
em
a
n
d
e
d
b
y
th
e
lo
ad
s
T
he
ca
s
e
1
:
T
he
ba
t
t
er
y
cha
rg
e
is
hig
her
t
ha
n t
he
SO
Cm
in
I
n
th
is
ca
s
e
if
th
e
ir
r
ad
iatio
n
is
in
s
u
f
f
icien
t
f
o
r
th
e
PV
ar
r
ay
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
t
h
e
d
em
a
n
d
ed
p
o
wer
,
th
e
b
atter
y
b
ec
o
m
es
th
e
m
ain
g
e
n
er
ato
r
t
o
s
u
p
p
ly
th
e
co
n
s
u
m
er
.
Fo
r
a
b
etter
an
a
ly
s
is
o
f
t
h
e
F
ig
u
r
e
8
,
we
will
tak
e
two
-
tim
e
in
ter
v
als
;
T
he
f
irst
f
ro
m
0
.
2
s
t
o
0
.
3
s
:
T
h
e
p
o
wer
g
e
n
er
ated
b
y
th
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
g
en
er
ato
r
is
h
ig
h
er
th
an
th
e
p
o
wer
d
em
an
d
e
d
b
y
t
h
e
lo
ad
,
as
a
co
n
s
eq
u
en
ce
o
f
th
ese
co
n
d
iti
o
n
s
,
th
e
ANN
m
an
ag
e
m
en
t
m
o
d
el
im
p
o
s
es
th
e
ch
ar
g
in
g
o
f
t
h
e
b
atter
y
(
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
ltaic
s
y
s
tem
)
b
y
s
ettin
g
th
e
s
witch
S2
to
1
.
T
he
s
ec
o
nd
f
ro
m
0
.
9
s
t
o
1
s
:
T
h
e
p
o
wer
g
en
er
ate
d
b
y
t
h
e
P
V
ar
r
ay
is
lo
wer
th
an
th
e
p
o
w
er
d
em
a
n
d
ed
b
y
t
h
e
lo
ad
,
as
a
r
esu
lt
o
f
th
ese
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
th
e
ANN
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t
m
o
d
el
i
m
p
o
s
es
th
e
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
o
f
th
e
b
atter
y
(
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
s
u
p
p
ly
o
f
elec
tr
icity
to
th
e
c
o
n
s
u
m
er
)
b
y
s
ettin
g
t
h
e
s
witch
S1
to
1
.
I
n
th
is
ca
s
e,
th
e
s
witch
s
tate
S
_
N
is
u
n
ch
an
g
ed
b
ec
a
u
s
e
th
e
b
atter
y
is
in
a
s
tate
o
f
ch
a
r
g
e
(
SOC
>
SO
C
m
in
)
,
s
o
n
o
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
t
o
th
e
p
u
b
lic
g
r
id
is
n
ee
d
e
d
.
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
T
h
e
ca
s
e
1
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
694
E
n
erg
y
ma
n
a
g
eme
n
t sys
tem
a
n
d
s
u
p
ervis
io
n
in
a
micro
-
g
r
id
u
s
in
g
a
r
tifi
cia
l n
eu
r
a
l
… (
E
z
z
ito
u
n
i J
a
r
mo
u
n
i
)
2577
T
he
ca
s
e
2
:
T
he
ba
t
t
er
y
cha
rg
e
is
belo
w
t
he
SO
Cm
in
I
n
th
is
ca
s
e
th
e
b
atter
y
s
tate
o
f
ch
ar
g
e
is
in
s
u
f
f
icien
t
(
SOC
<SO
C
m
in
)
to
r
ep
lace
th
e
P
V
ar
r
ay
,
wh
en
th
e
p
o
wer
d
e
m
an
d
e
d
b
y
th
e
l
o
ad
is
h
ig
h
er
t
h
an
th
e
p
o
wer
g
en
er
ated
b
y
th
e
PV
s
y
s
tem
.
L
ik
e
ca
s
e
1
,
f
o
r
a
b
etter
an
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
Fig
u
r
e
9
,
we
will tak
e
two
-
tim
e
in
ter
v
a
ls
;
T
he
f
irst
f
ro
m
0
.
2
s
t
o
0
.
3
s
:
T
h
e
p
o
wer
g
e
n
er
ated
b
y
th
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
g
en
er
ato
r
is
h
ig
h
er
th
an
th
e
p
o
wer
d
em
an
d
e
d
b
y
th
e
lo
ad
,
as
a
r
e
s
u
lt
o
f
th
ese
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
,
th
e
A
NN
m
an
ag
em
en
t
m
o
d
el
im
p
o
s
es
th
e
ch
ar
g
in
g
o
f
th
e
b
atter
y
(
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
l
taic
s
y
s
tem
)
b
y
s
ettin
g
th
e
s
witch
S2
to
1
.
T
he
s
ec
o
nd
f
ro
m
0
.
9
s
t
o
1
s
:
T
h
e
p
o
wer
g
en
er
ate
d
b
y
t
h
e
P
V
ar
r
ay
is
lo
wer
th
an
th
e
p
o
w
er
d
em
a
n
d
ed
b
y
t
h
e
lo
ad
,
a
s
a
r
esu
lt
o
f
th
ese
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
th
e
ANN
m
an
ag
em
en
t
m
o
d
el
im
p
o
s
es
th
e
ch
ar
g
in
g
o
f
th
e
b
atter
y
(
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
u
b
lic
g
r
id
)
b
y
s
ettin
g
s
witch
S1
to
1
,
an
d
t
h
e
s
witch
o
v
er
to
co
n
n
ec
ted
m
o
d
e
b
y
s
ettin
g
S_
N
to
1
.
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
T
h
e
ca
s
e
2
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
W
i
t
h
t
h
e
f
a
s
t
g
r
o
w
i
n
g
o
f
s
m
a
r
t
g
r
i
d
s
a
n
d
t
h
e
c
o
m
b
i
n
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
e
l
e
c
t
r
ic
a
l
e
n
e
r
g
y
s
o
u
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[3
]
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Ra
ll
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M
.
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e
y
o
,
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Je
we
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M
.
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[4
]
Z.
Ch
e
n
g
,
J.
Du
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n
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n
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M
.
-
Y
u
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Ch
o
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To
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[5
]
H.
S
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M
.
S
.
A
h
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d
,
A
.
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E.
Al
Ha
ss
a
n
,
“
Re
v
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m
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Acc
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[6
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.
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.
Ra
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Jia
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,
“
En
e
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.
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.
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[7
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M
.
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M
.
M
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Xio
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in
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ies
S
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[8
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S
.
Ra
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H.
Ab
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Ra
h
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,
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trica
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o
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ter
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),
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l.
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2
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[9
]
A.
M
.
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ll
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h
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A.
Y.
Ab
d
e
laz
iz,
a
n
d
R.
S
.
J
u
m
a
a
h
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“
Im
p
lem
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n
tatio
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o
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rtu
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a
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rv
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with
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rters
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rg
in
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T
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trica
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El
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In
stru
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n
g
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.
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0
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d
i
,
B.
M
o
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a
m
m
a
d
i,
S
.
Ja
v
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d
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n
d
A.
Re
z
a
Kh
o
d
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i,
“
En
e
r
g
y
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ra
g
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sy
ste
m
s,”
i
n
Distrib
u
t
e
d
Ge
n
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ra
ti
o
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S
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ste
ms
De
sig
n
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2
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3
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1
]
K.
S
.
R.
M
a
wo
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,
A.
Ed
d
a
h
e
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h
,
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Du
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E.
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o
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Be
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u
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.
M
e
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r,
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Li
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C
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ti
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s,
”
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ECON
2
0
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h
An
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2
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.
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.
d
.
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.
J.
G
ra
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,
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A.
Ro
c
h
a
Alv
e
s,
a
n
d
W
.
de
Qu
e
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Lam
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sig
n
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3
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A.
Ch
a
k
ir
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a
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.,
“
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ti
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V
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s
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,”
in
En
e
rg
y
Re
p
o
rts
,
v
o
l.
6,
pp.
2
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-
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,
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0
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.
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.
[1
4
]
V.
M
.
J
y
o
t
h
i,
T.
V.
M
u
n
i
,
a
n
d
S
.
Lalit
h
a
,
“
An
o
p
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m
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l
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y
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m
fo
r
P
V/
b
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ry
sta
n
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l
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e
sy
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m
,
”
in
In
ter
n
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n
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l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
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c
trica
l
a
n
d
C
o
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ter
En
g
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(IJ
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)
,
v
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l.
6
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
2
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3
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-
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5
4
4
De
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5
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e
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ru
d
d
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n
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n
d
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.
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a
n
a
s,
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n
e
wa
b
le
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e
rg
y
m
a
n
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g
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m
e
n
t
t
h
ro
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g
h
m
icro
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rid
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tral
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e
sig
n
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a
p
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ro
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h
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o
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ra
te so
lar,
win
d
a
n
d
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i
o
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a
ss
with
b
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ry
,
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, v
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.
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y
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6
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3
.
[1
6
]
A.
M
e
ra
b
e
t,
K.
T.
A
h
m
e
d
,
H.
Ib
ra
h
im,
R.
Be
g
u
e
n
a
n
e
,
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n
d
A.
M
.
Y.
M
.
G
h
ias
,
“
En
e
rg
y
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
c
o
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tro
l
sy
ste
m
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r
la
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o
ra
t
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ry
sc
a
le
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icro
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ri
d
b
a
s
e
d
Wi
n
d
P
V
-
b
a
tt
e
ry
,”
I
EE
E
T
r
a
n
s
a
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
S
u
st
a
i
n
a
b
l
e
En
e
rg
y
,
v
o
l.
8
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
4
5
–
1
5
4
,
Ja
n
.
2
0
1
7
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
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9
/T
S
T
E.
2
0
1
6
.
2
5
8
7
8
2
8
.
[1
7
]
M
.
S
.
Tam
rin
a
n
d
M
.
R.
A
h
m
a
d
,
“
S
imu
latio
n
o
f
a
d
a
p
ti
v
e
p
o
we
r
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
c
ircu
it
fo
r
h
y
b
ri
d
e
n
e
rg
y
h
a
rv
e
ste
r
a
n
d
re
a
l
-
ti
m
e
se
n
sin
g
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Po
we
r
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
Dr
ive
S
y
ste
m
(IJ
PE
DS
)
,
v
o
l.
1
1
,
n
o
.
2
,
Ju
n
e
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
5
9
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/i
jp
e
d
s.v
1
1
.
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.
p
p
6
5
8
-
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6
6
.
[1
8
]
M
u
h
a
r
d
ik
a
,
a
n
d
S
y
a
fii
,
“
De
sig
n
o
f
a
rd
u
i
n
o
-
b
a
se
d
l
o
a
d
i
n
g
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
sy
ste
m
to
imp
r
o
v
e
c
o
n
t
in
u
it
y
o
f
so
lar
p
o
we
r
su
p
p
l
y
,
”
I
n
d
o
n
e
sia
n
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
C
o
mp
u
ter
S
c
ien
c
e
,
v
o
l.
2
0
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
1
6
7
7
-
1
6
8
4
,
De
c
e
m
b
e
r
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
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s.v
2
0
.
i
3
.
p
p
1
6
7
7
-
1
6
8
4
.
[1
9
]
F
.
M
a
rti
n
s,
C.
F
e
lg
u
e
iras
,
M
.
S
m
it
k
o
v
a
,
a
n
d
N
.
Ca
e
tan
o
,
“
An
a
ly
sis
o
f
fo
ss
il
f
u
e
l
e
n
e
rg
y
c
o
n
su
m
p
ti
o
n
a
n
d
e
n
v
iro
n
m
e
n
tal
imp
a
c
ts
in
e
u
r
o
p
e
a
n
c
o
u
n
tr
ies
,”
En
e
rg
y
Pro
c
e
d
ia
,
v
o
l.
1
5
3
,
p
p
.
1
0
7
-
1
1
1
,
M
a
rc
h
2
0
1
8
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
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.
e
g
y
p
ro
.
2
0
1
8
.
1
0
.
0
5
0
.
[2
0
]
S
.
Alti
k
a
t
,
A.
G
u
lb
e
,
H.
K.
K
u
c
u
k
e
rd
e
m
,
a
n
d
A.
Alti
k
a
t,
“
Ap
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
o
f
a
rti
f
icia
l
n
e
u
ra
l
n
e
two
rk
s
a
n
d
h
y
b
rid
m
o
d
e
ls
fo
r
p
re
d
ictin
g
CO2
flu
x
fro
m
so
i
l
t
o
a
tmo
sp
h
e
re
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
En
v
iro
n
me
n
t
a
l
S
c
ien
c
e
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
v
o
l.
17
,
n
o
.
1
2
,
p
p
.
4
7
1
9
-
4
7
3
2
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
0
7
/s
1
3
7
6
2
-
0
2
0
-
0
2
7
9
9
-
6.
[2
1
]
A.
F
.
M
.
No
r
,
S
.
S
a
li
m
i
n
,
M
.
N.
Ab
d
u
l
lah
,
a
n
d
M
.
N.
Ism
a
il
,
“
Ap
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
o
f
a
rti
ficia
l
n
e
u
ra
l
n
e
tw
o
rk
i
n
siz
in
g
a
sta
n
d
-
a
lo
n
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
lt
a
ic
sy
ste
m
:
a
re
v
iew
,”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Po
we
r
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
Dr
ive
S
y
ste
m
(IJ
PE
DS
)
,
v
o
l.
1
1
,
n
o
.
1
,
M
a
rc
h
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/
ij
p
e
d
s
.
v
1
1
.
i
1
.
p
p
3
4
2
-
3
4
9
.
[2
2
]
G
.
M
u
sta
fa
ra
ja,
“
P
re
d
ictio
n
o
f
r
o
o
m
tem
p
e
ra
tu
re
a
n
d
re
lativ
e
h
u
m
id
it
y
b
y
a
u
t
o
re
g
re
ss
iv
e
li
n
e
a
r
a
n
d
n
o
n
li
n
e
a
r
n
e
u
ra
l
n
e
two
r
k
m
o
d
e
ls
f
o
r
a
n
o
p
e
n
o
ffice
,
”
E
n
e
rg
y
a
n
d
Bu
il
d
i
n
g
s
,
v
o
l
.
4
3
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
1
4
5
2
-
1
4
6
0
,
Ju
n
e
2
0
1
1
,
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j.
e
n
b
u
il
d
.
2
0
1
1
.
0
2
.
0
0
7
.
[2
3
]
A.
Zo
u
id
i
,
M
.
S
tam
b
o
u
li
,
A.
Ch
a
a
ri
,
a
n
d
F
.
F
n
a
iec
h
,
“
No
n
li
n
e
a
r
c
o
n
ti
n
u
o
u
s
ti
m
e
m
o
d
e
li
n
g
o
f
a
h
i
g
h
p
re
ss
u
r
e
m
e
rc
u
ry
v
a
p
o
r
d
isc
h
a
r
g
e
lam
p
u
sin
g
fe
e
d
fo
rwa
rd
b
a
c
k
-
p
ro
p
a
g
a
ti
o
n
n
e
u
ra
l
n
e
two
rk
s,”
i
n
IEE
E
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
I
n
d
u
stria
l
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
(ICIT
)
,
Ya
sm
in
e
H
a
m
m
a
m
e
t,
Tu
n
isie,
2
0
0
4
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/ICIT
.
2
0
0
4
.
1
4
9
0
1
4
7
.
[2
4
]
F
.
S
a
a
d
a
o
u
i,
K.
M
a
m
m
a
r,
a
n
d
A,
Ha
z
z
a
b
,
“
M
o
d
e
li
n
g
o
f
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ic
sy
ste
m
with
m
a
x
imu
m
p
o
we
r
p
o
i
n
t
trac
k
i
n
g
c
o
n
tro
l
b
y
n
e
u
ra
l
n
e
two
r
k
s”
,
in
I
n
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Po
we
r
E
lec
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
Dr
ive
S
y
ste
m
(
IJ
PE
DS
)
,
v
o
l.
1
0
,
no.
3
,
p
p
.
1
5
7
5
-
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5
9
1
,
S
e
p
2
0
1
9
,
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o
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1
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j
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s.
v
1
0
.
i3
.
p
p
1
5
7
5
-
1
5
9
1
.
[2
5
]
N.
H.
Ch
risti
a
n
se
n
,
P
.
E.
T
.
Vo
ie,
O.
Wi
n
t
h
e
r,
a
n
d
J.
Hø
g
sb
e
rg
,
“
Co
m
p
a
riso
n
o
f
n
e
u
ra
l
n
e
two
r
k
e
rro
r
m
e
a
su
re
s
fo
r
sim
u
latio
n
o
f
sle
n
d
e
r
m
a
rin
e
stru
c
tu
re
s
,”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Ap
p
li
e
d
M
a
th
e
ma
ti
c
s
,
v
o
l.
4
,
p
p
.
1
-
11
,
2
0
1
4
,
doi
:
1
0
.
1
1
5
5
/2
0
1
4
/
7
5
9
8
3
4
.
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c
o
.
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re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
st
fo
c
u
se
s
o
n
e
m
b
e
d
d
e
d
s
y
ste
m
s,
wire
les
s
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
a
n
d
in
fo
rm
a
ti
o
n
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
.
Lab
o
ra
to
ire
d
’In
g
é
n
ierie
,
d
e
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
In
d
u
striel
e
t
d
’In
n
o
v
a
ti
o
n
(LI
M
II)
F
a
c
u
lt
é
´
d
e
s
S
c
ien
c
e
s
e
t
t
e
c
h
n
iq
u
e
s
(F
S
T)
Ha
ss
a
n
F
irst
Un
iv
e
rsité
BP
:
5
7
7
,
ro
u
te
d
e
Ca
sa
b
lan
c
a
.
S
e
tt
a
t,
M
o
ro
c
c
o
.
Ema
il
:
a
h
m
e
d
.
m
o
u
h
se
n
@u
h
p
.
a
c
.
m
a
Mo
h
a
m
e
d
La
m
h
a
m
d
i
,
h
o
l
d
s
a
P
h
D
(
2
0
0
8
)
i
n
m
a
teria
ls
a
n
d
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
o
f
e
lec
tro
n
ics
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
fr
o
m
P
a
u
l
S
a
b
a
ti
e
r
Un
iv
e
rsity
T
o
u
l
o
u
se
F
ra
n
c
e
.
Af
t
e
r
fo
u
r
y
e
a
rs’
re
se
a
rc
h
e
n
g
in
e
e
r
G
ra
n
d
G
a
p
Re
c
ti
fier
p
r
o
jec
t
a
t
S
T
M
icro
e
lec
tro
n
ics
&
G
REM
AN
-
Un
iv
e
rsity
o
f
To
u
rs.
i
n
No
v
e
m
b
e
r
2
0
1
1
h
e
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
a
n
a
ss
istan
t
p
r
o
fe
ss
o
r
a
t
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
sc
h
o
o
l
o
f
a
p
p
li
e
d
sc
ien
c
e
k
h
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rib
g
a
M
o
ro
c
c
o
,
wh
e
re
h
e
b
e
c
a
m
e
th
e
tec
h
n
ica
l
m
a
n
a
g
e
r
o
f
t
h
e
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
S
ig
n
a
ls
a
n
d
S
y
ste
m
s
(ES
S
)
g
ro
u
p
.
in
Ja
n
u
a
ry
2
0
1
8
,
h
e
jo
in
e
d
t
h
e
fa
c
u
lt
y
o
f
sc
ien
c
e
a
n
d
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
in
S
e
tt
a
t,
M
o
ro
c
c
o
,
wh
e
re
h
e
b
e
c
a
m
e
m
e
m
b
e
r
o
f
th
e
RM
I
Lab
o
ra
to
r
y
(Ra
y
o
n
n
e
m
e
n
t
-
M
a
ti
è
re
&
In
stru
m
e
n
tatio
n
).
Cu
rre
n
t
re
se
a
rc
h
to
p
ics
i
n
c
lu
d
e
,
M
EM
S
se
n
so
rs
fo
r
RF
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s,
m
a
teria
ls
sc
ien
c
e
s,
in
telli
g
e
n
t
sy
ste
m
s
a
n
d
e
n
e
rg
y
.
Ema
il
:
m
o
h
a
m
e
d
.
lam
h
a
m
d
i@g
m
a
il
.
c
o
m
H
icha
m
O
u
l
d
z
ira
,
h
e
o
b
tain
e
d
h
is
d
o
c
to
ra
te
fro
m
Ha
ss
a
n
I
Un
i
v
e
rsity
in
2
0
2
0
.
in
2
0
2
0
,
h
e
jo
in
e
d
T
h
e
Na
ti
o
n
a
l
S
c
h
o
o
l
o
f
Ap
p
li
e
d
S
c
ien
c
e
s
o
f
S
AFI,
La
b
o
ra
to
r
y
o
f
M
e
c
h
a
n
ica
l,
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
I
n
d
u
strial
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
In
n
o
v
a
ti
o
n
,
Th
e
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
S
c
ien
c
e
s
a
n
d
Tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
Ha
ss
a
n
1
st
Un
i
v
e
rsity
,
P
O
Bo
x
5
7
7
,
S
e
tt
a
t,
M
o
ro
c
c
o
.
His
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
st
fo
c
u
se
s
o
n
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
e
n
g
in
e
e
r
in
g
,
i
n
tern
e
t
o
f
th
i
n
g
s,
e
m
b
e
d
d
e
d
sy
ste
m
s
.
Ema
il
:
o
d
z
ira@y
a
h
o
o
.
f
r
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