In
te
r
n
ation
a
l Jou
rn
al
o
f Po
we
r
Elec
tron
ic
s an
d
D
r
ive S
y
stem
(IJ
PED
S
)
V
o
l.
10, N
o.
2, June
2
01
9, pp.
744~
7
5
2
IS
S
N
: 2088-
86
94,
D
O
I
:
10.11
59
1
/ij
ped
s
.
v10
.
i
2.pp
7
44-
75
2
744
Jou
rn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
:
ht
tp:
//i
a
e
score
.
com
/
j
o
u
r
na
l
s
/
i
n
d
e
x
.
p
hp/IJ
PED
S
Recommendations and solutions
to remove some barriers to th
e
deploym
ent of smart
grid in Morocco
R
a
c
h
id
H
ab
ach
i
, A
c
h
r
af To
u
il,
A
b
d
ellah Bou
l
a
l
,
A
bdelkab
ir
C
har
k
ao
ui
,
Ab
de
l
w
a
h
ed E
chcha
t
bi
Lab
o
rat
o
ry
o
f
Mech
a
n
ical
En
g
i
n
eerin
g,
H
ass
a
n 1st Univ
ersity, Mo
ro
cco
Art
i
cl
e In
fo
ABSTRACT
A
r
tic
le hist
o
r
y
:
R
e
ce
i
v
e
d
Jan
1
2, 201
9
Re
vise
d Mar
3,
201
9
Ac
ce
p
t
ed
M
ar 2
3
,
2
019
In
t
hi
s
pa
pe
r,
w
e
id
e
n
tify
th
e
c
u
rre
nt
s
ta
te
a
nd
p
ro
sp
e
c
t
s
o
f
s
ma
r
t
g
r
i
ds
i
n
M
o
ro
cco.
W
e
b
egin
b
y
descri
bi
n
g
t
he
c
urrent
s
tate
o
f
the
Morocc
an
n
etw
o
rk
,
th
en
w
e
s
t
u
dy
th
e
o
b
st
acles
t
o
the
d
e
v
e
l
opm
en
t
of
s
m
a
rt
g
rid
s
i
n
M
o
rocco
and
internationa
l
l
y.
W
e
concl
ude
w
ith
r
ecommen
d
ati
o
n
s
a
n
d
s
ol
ut
io
ns
t
o
rem
o
v
e
s
om
e
barri
ers
to
t
he
d
eploym
en
t
of
i
nt
e
lligen
t
e
l
e
ct
rica
l
netw
ork
s
i
n
M
o
ro
cco.
K
eyw
ord
s
:
A
d
o
p
t
i
on
barri
e
r
s
Mor
o
cc
an ne
t
wor
k
Re
new
a
b
l
e
ene
r
gies,
S
m
a
r
t
grid sys
t
e
m
,
Co
pyri
gh
t © 2
019 In
stit
u
t
e
of Advanced
En
gi
neeri
n
g
an
d
S
c
ien
ce.
All
rights
res
e
rv
ed.
Corres
pon
d
i
n
g
Au
th
or:
R
ach
id
Hab
a
c
h
i
,
La
bo
rat
o
ry
o
f
M
e
ch
ani
cal
Eng
in
e
e
ring
,
Hassan
1st
Universit
y
,
P
O
B
ox
5
7
7
,
Setta
t,
M
oroc
c
o
.
Em
ail:
habac
h
ira
c
hi
d@
gm
ai
l
.
com
1.
I
N
TR
OD
U
C
TI
O
N
Mor
o
c
c
o
is
a
c
ou
n
t
ry
w
her
e
e
ne
rg
y
p
o
lic
y
is
p
ara
m
ou
nt
t
o
the
ex
am
p
l
e
of
e
m
e
r
g
i
n
g
c
ountr
i
e
s
.
The
evo
l
ut
ion
of
e
le
ctric
i
t
y
d
em
a
nd
is
d
ue
t
o
seve
ral
fac
t
ors.
T
he
ev
o
l
u
tio
n
of
t
he
p
o
p
u
l
a
t
ion
incr
ease
s
dom
est
i
c
con
s
um
pt
io
n,
t
he
m
oder
n
iza
t
i
on
of
lifes
ty
le
s
and
rur
a
l
e
l
e
c
t
rif
ica
tio
n
a
l
so
a
cc
ent
u
a
t
e
t
h
e
depe
n
d
e
n
ce
of
t
he
cit
i
ze
ns i
n
t
h
e
i
r
dail
y li
fe
o
f
the
ele
c
t
ric
net
w
ork.
More
over,
t
he
c
ou
n
t
ry
a
gree
s
an
d
kn
ow
s
the
ad
va
nta
g
e
of
h
ig
h
de
m
a
n
d
a
t
th
e
i
n
d
u
s
t
r
i
a
l
l
e
v
e
l
.
T
h
e
deve
l
opm
en
t
pl
a
n
s
a
n
d
su
pp
ort
i
n
d
u
stri
e
s
h
a
v
e
bee
n
i
ni
t
i
a
t
e
d
a
n
d
ha
ve
g
e
n
era
t
e
d
f
orei
g
n
a
n
d
l
oc
a
l
in
ves
t
m
e
n
t
s w
h
i
l
e
i
n
m
any h
e
avy
i
n
du
st
r
y
w
it
h hi
g
h
ene
rgy c
o
nsu
m
p
tio
n.
A
w
a
r
e
ness
of
t
hese
i
ssue
s
h
as
l
e
d
t
o
a
strate
gi
c
i
nve
stm
e
n
t
a
nd
d
e
v
el
o
p
m
e
nt
l
a
w
s
t
h
a
t
a
ut
h
o
rize
a
nd
sup
p
o
r
t
the d
i
ver
s
i
t
y
of
the
elec
tric
po
w
er
syst
e
m
in Mor
occ
o
.
P
r
ojec
t
s
l
a
u
nc
hed
a
t
n
at
i
ona
l
le
v
e
l
for
sev
e
r
a
l
ye
ars
foc
u
se
d
o
n
re
ne
w
a
ble
e
n
e
r
g
i
e
s
c
onf
i
r
m
an
ene
r
g
y
t
r
a
ns
i
t
i
on.
T
he
y
m
a
k
e
i
t
p
o
ssib
l
e
t
o
r
e
duce
t
h
e
depe
n
d
en
c
e
o
f
t
h
e
f
o
ss
il
f
ue
l
se
ct
o
r
s
ubje
c
t
to
enorm
o
us fluc
t
ua
ti
on
s.
[
1].
The
e
l
ec
t
r
i
c
it
y
gene
ra
te
d
i
n
M
or
occ
o
i
s
m
a
in
l
y
p
rod
u
ce
d
by
O
N
EE
a
n
d
t
hree
o
the
r
i
nde
pe
nde
n
t
pow
er
p
ro
d
u
c
e
r
s
[2]:
t
he
e
ner
g
y
c
o
m
p
a
ny
J
o
rfLa
sfar
(
JLEC
2
0
2
0
M
W)
,
t
h
e
A
bde
lk
ha
lek
Torre
s
w
i
n
d
pow
er
st
a
tion
(THEOLIA
50 MW) and th
e bas
i
c electrica
l
power
(
EET
380
M
W
)
.
M
o
ro
cc
o
h
a
s
a
d
opt
e
d
i
t
s
N
a
t
ion
a
l
En
ergy
S
t
r
at
egy
(NES)
wi
th
c
o
r
resp
o
ndi
ng
t
arg
e
t
s
f
o
r
202
0
i
n
20
0
9
a
nd
re
ne
w
e
d
i
t
i
n
P
a
r
i
s
at
t
he
e
n
d
of 2
0
1
5
w
i
t
h
t
ar
ge
t
s
u
n
t
i
l
2
0
3
0
.
A
ddress
i
ng
the t
h
ree
m
a
in
c
ha
l
l
en
ges
of
m
o
d
e
r
n
e
n
ergy p
o
lic
y,
s
e
c
u
r
it
y,
a
ffordab
i
lity
a
n
d
s
u
s
ta
i
n
a
b
i
l
ity.
The
NE
S
focuses o
n
f
our
m
ai
n
o
b
j
ec
tive
s
:
to
s
ec
ure
ene
r
gy
su
pp
l
y
,
to
c
on
t
r
o
l
e
ne
r
g
y
de
ma
nd,
t
o
g
e
n
e
ral
i
z
e
ac
cess
t
o
e
n
e
rg
y
fo
r
al
l
seg
m
e
n
ts
o
f
t
h
e
po
p
u
l
a
tio
n
at a
fforda
b
le
an
d
c
om
pet
i
tive
pric
es
a
nd
to
p
reser
v
e
t
h
e
e
nv
i
r
onme
n
t
[3
].
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
E
l
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
IS
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
R
ecom
m
e
n
d
a
t
i
ons a
n
d
so
lu
t
i
o
n
s
to
rem
o
ve
som
e
barrie
r
s
to
the de
p
l
oy
m
e
nt o
f
sm
ar
t .
.
. (Rac
hi
d H
a
b
a
c
h
i)
74
5
S
m
art
gr
ids
a
r
e
a
se
t
o
f
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
i
es,
co
nc
ep
ts
a
n
d
a
p
p
roac
hes,
a
l
l
o
w
in
g
th
e
i
n
te
g
r
a
t
i
o
n
t
h
e
gene
ra
ti
o
n
,
tra
n
sm
issi
on,
d
i
s
t
r
ib
uti
o
n
a
n
d
u
s
e
i
n
t
o
o
ne
i
nte
r
ne
t
b
y
f
ul
l
u
s
e
o
f
a
dva
nc
e
d
s
ens
o
r
me
asur
em
ent
tech
n
o
l
o
gy,
c
o
m
m
unica
ti
o
n
s
t
e
ch
n
o
l
ogy,
i
n
f
orm
a
ti
on
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
gy
,
co
mp
ute
r
t
e
c
hno
l
o
g
y
,
c
o
n
t
r
ol
t
e
c
h
nolo
g
y
,
new
e
n
ergy
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
i
es
[
4].
H
o
w
e
ver
,
S
ma
rt
G
rid
us
es
d
ig
ita
l
t
e
c
hno
l
o
g
y
t
o
c
ont
rol
gri
d
a
nd
c
ho
o
s
in
g
t
h
e
bes
t
m
ode
o
f
pow
e
r
d
istri
b
u
tio
n
to
r
ed
uc
e
ene
r
g
y
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
ti
on,
r
educ
e
cos
t
s,
i
ncre
ase
re
l
i
a
b
il
i
t
y
a
n
d
a
l
s
o
incre
a
se
t
ra
ns
pa
renc
y
in
t
he
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
.
The
r
efore,
t
he
s
ys
te
m
in
t
e
l
l
i
ge
n
t
w
il
l
ha
ve
a
s
ig
nif
i
c
a
n
t
i
mpa
c
t
in
t
he
fie
l
ds of fina
nc
e a
nd ec
on
omi
c
s
of the
p
ow
er
ind
ustry
[5].
The
i
n
c
r
ea
s
i
n
g
de
ve
l
opme
n
t
of
c
omp
u
te
r
s
y
stem
s
and
i
n
form
ati
o
n
n
e
t
w
orks,
pow
e
r
g
ri
ds
s
ho
uld
cha
nge
e
xte
n
si
vel
y
t
oo.
N
ow
a
d
ay
s,
s
u
b
sta
n
tia
l
m
o
vem
e
n
t
h
a
s
b
e
g
u
n
t
o
i
m
p
l
e
me
nt
t
he
S
mart
G
r
i
d
i
ndus
try
arou
nd
t
he
w
o
r
ld.
S
i
nce
w
i
t
h
t
he
c
rea
t
i
o
n
o
f
s
m
a
rt
e
l
e
c
t
ric
i
t
y
g
r
id
s,
i
t
i
s
p
o
s
sib
l
e
to
a
cc
es
s
t
h
e
i
n
t
e
rn
al
netw
ork
from
t
he
e
xter
na
l
s
p
ace
s,
i
t
i
s
a
ls
o
nec
e
ssary
t
o
pro
t
e
c
t
i
n
f
orm
a
tio
n
an
d
da
t
a
a
gai
n
st
una
u
t
ho
r
i
z
e
d
access.
T
heref
o
re,
a
firewall
sh
ould
b
e
u
sed
for
inform
ation
se
c
u
ri
t
y
.
The
fire
w
a
ll
b
as
ed
o
n
e
x
isti
ng
s
e
c
ur
ity
regu
la
ti
ons,
de
c
i
d
e
s
w
h
i
c
h
da
ta
i
s
i
n
c
o
m
i
n
g
t
o
the
ne
tw
o
r
k
or
g
o
i
ng
out
o
f
t
h
e
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
.
C
on
si
d
e
ri
ng
t
he
di
sc
ussi
o
n
s
o
f
p
assi
ve
d
efe
n
se
t
o
p
i
cs
a
t
th
e
nat
i
ona
l
le
v
e
l
an
d
a
l
s
o
th
e
hig
h
i
mp
ort
a
nce
o
f
i
nf
or
ma
ti
o
n
secur
ity
i
n
S
m
a
r
t
G
r
ids,.
A
ltho
u
gh
th
e
fire
w
a
ll
ha
s
a
m
a
jor
r
o
l
e
i
n
e
sta
b
l
i
sh
in
g
se
cur
i
ty,
a
n
d
its
i
ns
t
a
ll
a
t
ion
and
a
ppr
o
p
r
i
a
t
e
con
f
i
g
ura
tio
n
ca
n
on
l
y
b
e
one
o
f
the
pr
i
m
ar
y
ac
ti
v
itie
s
in
t
h
i
s
fie
l
d,
w
e
sh
ou
l
d
a
ls
o
ta
k
e
adva
n
t
a
g
e o
f
o
ther
s
ecur
i
t
y
mec
han
i
sms
t
o
e
nha
nc
e
the
sec
u
ri
t
y
o
f
the
S
mar
t
G
rid[6]
.
The
paper
is
o
rgan
ize
d
a
s
fo
llow
s
.
Se
ction
2
pre
s
e
n
t
s
t
h
e
c
urre
nt
s
ta
te
o
f
t
h
e
m
o
roc
c
a
n
ne
tw
or
k
N
e
xt,
sec
tio
n
3
d
i
sc
usse
s
t
h
e
obstac
l
es
t
o
the
deve
lo
pm
ent
a
nd
im
ple
m
e
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
sm
art
grid
s
i
n
m
orocc
o
.
F
i
nal
l
y
,
S
e
cti
o
n
4 pre
s
en
ts co
n
c
l
us
i
ons.
2.
CURRENT ST
A
TE
O
F THE M
O
ROCCAN NET
W
ORK
2.1.
Char
acte
ristic
s of
th
e
c
u
rre
nt
e
lec
t
ric
i
t
y
g
rid
M
o
ro
cc
o
h
a
s
a
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
co
mp
ri
si
ng:
300
0
k
m
o
f
400
KV
li
ne
s, n
e
a
r
l
y
968
0
k
m
o
f
2
2
5
KV li
n
e
s, 147
km
o
f
15
0
K
V
l
i
nes
an
d
a
p
pro
x
im
ate
l
y
1
200
0
km
o
f
6
0
K
V
line
s
[
7
].
O
N
EE
has
la
unc
he
d
a
pr
o
g
r
a
m
to
st
r
e
n
g
t
h
e
n
t
he
t
ra
nsm
i
ssi
on n
e
tw
orks
a
nd
t
h
eir
elec
tr
ici
t
y
s
u
p
p
l
y
w
ith
980
km
o
f
400KV
,
1292 km
o
f
225KV
and
38
2
km
o
f
60
K
V
.
T
h
i
s
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
w
a
s
b
u
i
l
t
f
i
f
t
y
y
e
a
r
s
a
g
o
a
n
d
i
s
a
m
i
x
o
f
o
l
d
a
n
d
n
e
w
t
e
c
h
nol
ogy
.
Th
e
maj
o
rit
y
o
f
netw
ork
c
o
m
p
on
e
n
t
s
a
re
o
bs
ole
t
e
a
n
d
c
o
n
tin
ue
t
o
age
d
u
e
to
c
o
n
s
tra
i
nt
s
su
ch
a
s
e
x
trem
e
tem
p
er
ature
s
,
vi
brat
i
ons,
w
a
ter
i
n
f
i
l
t
ra
ti
on
a
nd
dam
a
ge
from
civ
i
l
w
o
rks.
T
hi
s
prob
lem
ma
kes
th
e
distri
b
u
t
i
on
syste
m
vu
lne
r
ab
le
a
nd
d
anger
ous
f
or
M
or
occa
n i
n
du
stry
a
n
d
t
he
en
v
ir
onm
en
t.
O
n
t
he
o
the
r
h
and,
e
le
ctr
i
ci
ty
d
em
an
d
i
s
c
ur
rent
ly
g
r
o
w
i
n
g
at
7
%
pe
r
year
.
O
n
J
ul
y
28,
201
5,
d
ur
ing
t
h
e
p
e
riod
o
f
e
x
t
r
eme
h
eat
i
n
all
reg
i
on
s
o
f
M
o
r
o
cco
,
t
h
e
d
e
ma
n
d
for
e
l
ec
t
r
i
c
it
y
pe
ak
e
d
a
t
58
60
M
W
,
rea
c
hi
ng
3.4%
c
ompa
red
t
o
t
he
p
e
a
k
r
e
c
ord
e
d
in
2
0
1
4
,
mai
n
l
y
d
ue
t
o
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
e
l
e
c
t
ri
ci
t
y
.
a
i
r
con
d
itio
ni
n
g
and a
g
ric
u
lt
ural p
ump
i
n
g
. Th
us,
the
grow
t
h
and t
h
e l
o
a
d
of
the
cu
rre
n
t
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
s
yst
e
m
req
u
i
re
a
s
t
r
ong
n
e
e
d
for
impro
v
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
t
he
Mor
o
c
c
a
n e
l
ec
tric
it
y
ne
t
w
o
r
k.
The
ar
ch
it
e
c
t
u
r
e
of
t
he
M
or
oc
ca
n
elec
t
r
i
c
i
t
y
d
i
s
t
ri
bu
tio
n
ne
t
w
o
r
k
i
s
il
lu
st
r
a
te
d
i
n
F
igu
r
e.1
[8].
T
he
prima
r
y
fu
nc
ti
on
of
n
etw
o
rk
s
yst
e
ms,
is
d
esi
gne
d
t
o
s
u
p
p
o
rt
l
ar
ge
p
r
o
d
u
c
tio
n
fa
c
i
l
itie
s
servi
n
g
rem
o
te
c
o
n
s
u
m
e
r
s
,
v
i
a
t
w
o
m
a
i
n
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
t
h
a
t
c
o
n
n
e
c
t
t
o
t
h
e
t
r
a
n
s
p
o
r
t
a
nd
d
i
s
t
ri
b
u
t
i
o
n
l
e
ve
ls.
In
f
a
c
t,
t
he
transm
i
s
s
i
on
s
ys
tem
trans
por
ts e
lectr
i
ci
t
y
fr
o
m pow
er
s
tat
i
ons
o
n
hi
g
h vo
lt
a
g
e
t
r
ansmis
s
i
on
l
i
ne
s (
>
60
kV
) to
di
stri
b
u
t
i
on
s
u
b
sta
t
i
ons,
w
h
e
r
e
the
v
o
l
t
a
ge
l
e
v
el
i
s
c
o
n
v
erte
d
t
o
HV
a
n
d
d
i
st
ri
but
ed
t
o
n
e
t
w
o
r
ks
v
i
a
transm
i
s
s
i
on
l
i
ne
s
i
n
g
en
er
al
.
Clo
s
e
t
o
c
u
s
tom
e
rs,
the
vo
lta
ge
su
pp
l
y
i
s
for
d
o
me
st
ic
u
se
,
th
is
s
ys
te
m
is
essen
tia
l
l
y a
u
n
id
ire
c
t
i
o
n
a
l
p
ow
er
flow
.
Th
is
g
ri
d
w
a
s
bu
i
lt
fift
y
year
s
a
g
o
a
n
d
i
s
a
m
ix
o
f
o
l
d
a
n
d
new
t
ech
n
o
l
o
gy.
T
he
m
aj
ori
t
y
o
f
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
c
o
mp
on
en
ts
a
re
o
b
s
ol
e
t
e
an
d
con
t
in
u
e
t
o
a
g
e
du
e
t
o
s
t
r
esses
su
c
h
as
t
em
perature
e
xtre
m
e
s
,
v
i
b
r
a
t
i
o
n
,
w
a
t
e
r
in
filtra
t
i
on
a
n
d
da
ma
ge
c
ause
d
b
y
c
iv
il
w
o
r
k
s.
T
hi
s
pr
ob
l
e
m
ma
k
es
t
he
d
i
s
tri
b
ut
i
o
n
s
y
ste
m
v
u
l
ne
rab
l
e
and
dan
g
er
o
u
s
for
the M
o
roc
can
i
ndus
try
an
d for
the
env
i
ro
nm
ent.
O
n
t
h
e
o
t
h
e
r
h
a
n
d
,
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y
d
e
m
a
n
d
i
s
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
l
y
g
r
o
w
i
n
g
a
t
a
f
as
t
pac
e
(
7%
p
e
r
y
ea
r).
O
n
Ju
ly
28,
2
01
5,
elec
tr
ici
t
y
de
ma
nd
i
n
M
oro
c
c
o
r
e
ache
d
a
p
e
a
k
o
f
5
8
6
0
MW,
rea
c
hi
ng
3
.
4
%
co
mp
ar
ed
t
o
t
h
e
ma
x
i
mu
m
rec
o
rded
i
n
2
0
14,
m
ai
nl
y
du
e
t
o
t
he
u
se
o
f
air
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
on
ing
a
n
d
a
g
r
i
c
ul
tu
ra
l
pu
mp
i
ng
f
o
r
t
h
e
pu
rpose
of
'i
r
r
iga
tio
n.
P
e
r
io
d
o
f
e
xtre
me
h
ea
t
t
h
at
a
ll
r
e
g
io
ns
o
f
M
o
roc
c
o
[
9]
.
Th
us,
t
h
e
gr
ow
th
a
n
d
t
he
l
oa
d
of
t
h
e
curr
ent e
l
e
c
t
ric
a
l
s
yste
m
requi
re
an
urgent
n
e
e
d
t
o
u
p
g
rade
t
he
e
lec
t
ric
a
l ne
tw
or
k
.
The
arc
h
i
t
ec
tur
e
o
f
t
h
e
M
o
roc
c
a
n
el
ec
t
r
i
c
it
y
di
stri
b
u
t
i
o
n
ne
two
r
k
i
l
l
ustra
t
e
d
i
n
(F
ig
ure
1)
i
s
a
d
ap
te
d
to t
he
a
rc
h
i
tec
t
ur
e e
x
p
l
a
i
ne
d i
n
[1
0
].
The
prim
ary
f
unc
t
i
o
n
o
f
ne
t
w
ork
sys
t
em
s
is
d
e
s
i
g
ned
t
o
s
up
p
o
rt
large
pro
duc
t
i
o
n
f
a
c
ili
ti
es
s
er
vin
g
rem
o
te
c
ons
u
m
e
r
s
vi
a
tw
o
p
r
ima
r
y
system
s
tha
t
c
o
nnec
t
t
o
tra
n
sm
i
ssio
n
a
nd distri
b
u
t
i
o
n
l
e
v
el
s.
F
or
e
xam
p
l
e
,
the
transm
issi
o
n
s
ys
t
e
m
t
r
ans
por
ts
p
ow
er
f
rom
pow
er
s
ta
ti
ons
o
n
h
i
g
h-v
o
lta
ge
t
ransm
i
ssi
on
line
s
(
>
60
kV
)
to
d
is
tri
but
io
n
su
b
s
ta
t
i
o
n
s,
w
hic
h
c
o
nver
t
s
t
h
e
vo
lta
ge
l
e
v
e
l
t
o
m
e
d
i
um
v
ol
ta
ge
a
nd
d
i
s
t
ribute
s
i
t
t
o
n
e
t
w
o
rks
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N: 2
0
8
8
-
86
94
I
n
t
J Po
w
Elec
&
Dr
i
Sy
st,
Vo
l. 1
0
,
No
. 2
,
Ju
n
e
2
019
:
7
4
4
–
7
52
74
6
via
tr
a
n
sp
or
t
ne
tw
or
ks
i
n
ge
n
e
r
a
l.
C
l
o
se
t
o
cus
t
ome
r
s.
P
ow
e
r
s
u
pp
ly
a
t
t
h
e
vol
t
a
g
e
r
e
q
ui
re
d
fo
r
home
u
s
e;
Th
is sys
tem
is e
sse
n
t
i
a
l
ly a
u
ni
d
i
rec
tio
na
l p
o
we
r
flow.
F
i
gur
e
1.
T
he
a
r
c
hi
t
e
ct
ur
e
of
t
he
e
le
c
t
r
i
ci
t
y
d
is
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n
ne
t
w
or
k
[8]
2.
2.
Reg
u
l
a
to
r
y
fra
m
e
w
o
r
k
s fo
r
the e
l
ec
tri
c
i
t
y
se
cto
r
So
me
y
e
a
rs
a
f
t
e
r
i
t
s
i
nd
ep
ende
n
c
e,
M
o
r
o
c
co
t
oo
k
t
h
e
d
eci
si
on
t
o
t
ak
e
on
i
t
s
o
wn
a
cc
oun
t
a
s
t
rat
e
gi
c
se
ct
or
o
f
t
h
e
e
c
on
om
y
suc
h
a
s
e
c
ur
i
t
y
.
Th
us
h
e
o
v
e
r
saw
t
h
e
or
ga
n
i
z
a
t
i
on
o
f
t
h
e
transm
is
si
on
a
n
d
d
istr
i
b
u
tio
n
of
e
l
e
ctr
i
ca
l
e
n
e
r
g
y
.
I
t
h
a
s
,
how
e
v
e
r
,
pr
om
ot
e
d
a
r
eg
ul
ator
y
fr
amewo
r
k
wi
th
out
w
h
i
ch
t
h
e
m
an
a
g
e
m
en
t
of
th
is
s
e
c
t
or
w
ould
be
i
m
p
ossi
ble.
T
hr
ou
gh
a
lega
l
a
r
sena
l
in
t
he
f
or
m
of
l
a
w
s,
d
ah
ir
s
and
of
f
i
cia
l
d
ec
r
e
e
s
,
st
ak
eho
l
d
e
rs
i
n
th
e
secto
r
h
a
v
e
b
een
d
efin
e
d
b
y
sp
eci
fy
ing
th
e
i
r
res
p
o
n
s
i
bi
l
ities,
t
he
ir
f
i
e
ld
s
of
i
nt
erve
nti
o
n
a
nd t
h
e
i
r
respo
n
s
i
b
i
li
tie
s.
I
ndee
d
,
by
D
a
hir
1-
63-
2
2
6
o
f
A
u
g
u
s
t
5
,
19
63,
t
he
N
at
i
o
n
a
l
O
f
f
i
c
e
of
E
l
ectric
i
t
y
(
ONE)
w
a
s
c
re
ated
i
n
J
a
n
u
a
r
y
o
f
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
y
e
a
r
u
n
d
e
r
th
e
ad
minis
t
rativ
e
s
up
erv
i
sio
n
o
f
t
he
M
in
is
ter
of
P
u
b
l
i
c
Wor
k
s.
A
c
c
or
d
i
n
g
to
t
he
e
v
o
lu
ti
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
se
c
t
or
o
ver
the
yea
r
s
this
d
a
h
ir
h
as
b
e
e
n
c
om
p
l
e
t
e
d
a
nd
m
od
if
ie
d
by
t
he
d
ec
r
e
e
s
a
n
d
da
h
i
r
s
o
f
t
h
e
y
e
a
r
s
199
4,
2
0
0
2
,
20
06,
2
00
8,
2
0
1
5
,
20
16.
E
xce
p
t
t
h
e
r
e
s
t
r
i
c
t
i
o
n
s
o
f
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
3
o
f
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
d
a
h
i
r
a
nd
r
e
new
a
bl
e
e
n
er
g
i
es,
m
a
na
g
e
d by
law
1
3
-
09,
the
O
N
E
i
s
r
e
spon
s
i
bl
e
for
t
h
e
pu
bli
c
s
e
r
v
i
c
e
,
t
h
e
p
r
o
duct
i
on
of
t
he
t
r
a
nsmis
s
i
on
an
d
the
di
st
r
i
bu
t
i
o
n
o
f
el
ec
tr
ica
l
e
ner
g
y
[
11]
.
Law
N
°
48-
1
5
,
appe
ar
e
d
o
n
July
7
,
20
1
6
,
gave
b
ir
t
h
t
o
a
na
ti
on
a
l
a
ut
hor
it
y
of
r
eg
u
l
atio
n
o
f
t
he
sec
t
o
r
o
f
el
ectri
c
i
t
y
b
ea
ring
t
h
e
n
ame
ANR
E
.
T
h
i
s
l
a
w
a
l
so
p
re
s
cr
ibes
t
he
m
i
s
s
i
ons
o
f
t
h
e
ma
na
ger
of
t
he
na
ti
ona
l
e
l
ec
tric
it
y
tra
n
smiss
i
o
n
n
e
t
work
a
nd
t
he
d
istr
ib
uti
o
n
ne
t
w
or
k
o
p
er
ator
s.
I
n
a
ddi
ti
o
n
t
o
t
h
e
ta
sk
s
a
s
si
gne
d
t
o
i
t
by
La
w
N
o
.
13-
0
9
,
the
N
a
t
i
o
n
al
T
r
a
ns
m
i
ssi
on
S
y
s
t
e
m
O
pera
t
o
r
carr
i
es
out
its
d
u
t
i
e
s
i
n
a
ccor
d
a
n
ce
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
pr
ov
is
io
ns
o
f
th
is
l
aw
a
nd
t
he
c
la
use
s
o
f
i
ts
s
p
eci
fic
a
t
i
on
s
app
r
ov
ed
b
y
regu
l
a
t
i
o
n
.
T
h
e
m
a
na
ger
o
f
t
he
n
a
t
i
o
nal
tr
ans
m
i
ssi
on
g
r
i
d
is
r
espo
ns
ible
f
o
r
t
h
e
op
era
tio
n,
m
a
i
n
t
en
a
n
ce
a
n
d
d
ev
el
op
me
n
t
o
f
the
na
t
i
o
n
a
l
t
r
a
nsmiss
i
on
gr
i
d
a
n
d
,
w
h
e
r
e
ap
pl
ica
b
le
,
for
i
t
s
i
n
t
e
r
co
nn
ect
io
n
s
w
ith
t
h
e
e
l
ect
ri
ci
ty
t
ran
s
miss
ion
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
s
of
f
o
reign
co
untries
. Simi
larly
, h
e is r
esp
o
n
s
ible
f
o
r
[
12]
:
M
a
nage
t
he
f
lo
w
of
e
lec
t
r
i
c
a
l
e
ner
g
y
on
t
h
e
n
a
t
i
ona
l
tr
an
s
m
i
s
si
on
gr
id
;
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
E
l
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
IS
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
R
ecom
m
e
n
d
a
t
i
ons a
n
d
so
lu
t
i
o
n
s
to
rem
o
ve
som
e
barrie
r
s
to
the de
p
l
oy
m
e
nt o
f
sm
ar
t .
.
. (Rac
hi
d H
a
b
a
c
h
i)
74
7
To
e
ns
ure
a
re
al-t
ime
ba
lanc
e
be
tw
ee
n
pr
o
duc
t
i
o
n
c
a
p
ac
it
y
a
n
d
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
ti
on
n
ee
ds,
b
y
m
a
k
in
g
use
o
f
a
vai
l
a
b
le
p
rod
u
c
tio
n
ca
pac
i
t
i
es
a
nd
tak
i
ng
i
n
to
a
cc
ou
nt
e
x
ch
ang
e
s
wit
h
o
th
er
in
terc
on
ne
cte
d
n
etw
o
rks
;
Ens
u
re
t
he sa
f
e
t
y
of t
he
n
at
ion
a
l
transm
iss
i
on
system
,
i
ts sta
b
i
l
i
t
y,
re
l
ia
b
i
l
ity
a
nd
effi
c
i
e
n
c
y
.
La
w
N
o
.
13-
0
9
on
r
e
new
a
b
l
e
ene
r
g
i
es,
p
r
omul
gate
d
b
y
D
a
hi
r
N
o
.
1
-10-
16
o
f
26
S
a
far
143
1
(F
ebruar
y
11,
2
0
1
0
)
p
u
b
l
i
s
he
d
i
n
t
he
O
ffic
i
al
B
u
l
l
e
ti
n
N
o
.
58
2
2
o
f
t
h
e
1
s
t
Ra
bi
i
II
1
43
1
(Ma
r
ch
1
8,
2
0
1
0
)
ende
d
t
h
e
m
onop
o
l
y
of
t
he
p
r
o
d
u
c
tio
n
o
f
e
le
c
t
rica
l
ener
g
y
by
th
e
ONE
a
t
l
e
as
t
for
rene
wable
e
n
e
r
g
i
es.
Th
us,
by
t
h
i
s
l
aw
t
h
e
p
ro
duc
t
i
o
n
o
f
e
l
ec
tric
e
ne
rgy
fr
om
r
ene
w
able
e
n
e
r
g
y
s
ourc
e
s
is
p
ro
vide
d
b
y
t
he
O
N
E
,
concur
rently
w
i
t
h
lega
l
entities
of
publi
c
o
r
p
r
ivate
l
a
w
or
n
a
t
u
ral
per
s
o
n
s
,
i
n
ac
corda
n
c
e
w
ith
t
he
p
ro
v
i
sions
of
t
h
i
s law
and
t
e
xts.
Ta
k
en f
or its ap
p
l
i
ca
ti
on.
2.3.
Inte
rc
onn
ect
i
o
n
with
n
eighb
o
ring
c
oun
t
ri
e
s
To
e
nsure
c
o
n
tin
u
i
t
y
o
f
ele
c
t
rici
t
y
s
up
p
l
y,
t
h
e
M
orocc
a
n
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
i
s
r
e
i
nf
orc
e
d
by
i
nt
e
r
co
n
n
ectio
ns
w
ith
n
e
i
g
h
bor
ing
c
o
u
n
t
ries,
t
h
e
r
eb
y
g
u
a
r
an
t
e
e
i
n
g
t
he
r
el
ia
bi
l
i
t
y
of
s
up
pl
y,
s
ecur
i
t
y
,
an
d
t
h
e
mut
u
a
l
s
tab
i
lit
y
of
a
ll
n
e
tw
ork
s
.
The
s
e
i
n
terc
on
nec
t
i
o
ns
c
a
n
a
ls
o
in
cre
a
se
t
he
m
ax
i
m
u
m
c
ap
a
c
i
t
y
o
f
t
h
e
e
l
ect
ri
c
a
l
en
e
r
g
y
.
It
a
l
so
d
ev
el
op
s
t
h
e
t
e
chn
i
c
a
l
a
n
d
ec
ono
mi
c
e
x
p
l
oi
t
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
he
e
n
ergy
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
c
ti
on
a
nd
t
ra
nspo
rt
s
y
s
t
e
ms
of
t
he
i
n
t
e
r
co
n
n
e
c
te
d
c
o
un
tri
e
s.
C
urre
n
t
l
y
,
Mor
o
c
c
o
has
t
w
o
int
e
r
con
n
e
c
t
i
o
ns
w
i
t
h
S
p
ain
an
d
A
l
geri
a.
T
hese
i
n
t
e
rc
onn
e
c
ti
on
s
will
b
e
re
i
n
fo
rc
ed
b
y
doub
lin
g
t
h
e
c
a
p
a
c
i
ty
o
f
t
he
n
e
w
l
i
n
es
a
nd
th
e
othe
r
i
n
t
e
rco
nne
c
t
i
o
ns
w
ith
P
or
t
u
ga
l
and
Ma
uri
t
a
n
i
a
a
re
u
nd
e
r
c
ons
ide
r
at
io
n
.
T
he
s
tre
n
gt
h
e
ni
n
g
a
n
d
d
e
v
e
l
opm
ent
of
e
nergy
i
n
t
e
rc
onn
e
c
ti
on
s w
i
th
n
e
i
g
hbo
rin
g
c
oun
t
r
ie
s i
s
i
ll
u
s
t
r
at
e
d
in
F
i
gur
e 2
[1
3]
.
F
i
gure
2.
S
trengt
he
ni
n
g
a
nd d
e
ve
l
opm
en
t
o
f
the
e
ne
r
gy i
n
t
e
rcon
n
e
c
t
i
on
w
i
t
h
n
e
i
gh
b
o
ri
ng
cou
n
t
ries
[
13].
2.3.
1.In
t
erc
onn
ect
i
o
n
b
e
tw
een
Morocc
o
an
d
S
pain
Th
e
c
a
p
acit
y
o
f
t
h
e
ex
i
s
t
i
ng
in
t
e
rco
n
n
ect
i
on
b
e
t
w
ee
n
M
o
ro
c
c
o
an
d
S
p
a
i
n
is
1
40
0
MW
[
14].
A
ne
w
in
t
e
rco
n
n
ec
t
i
o
n
s
u
b
m
a
r
i
ne
w
it
h
S
p
a
i
n
of
700
M
W
g
u
a
rantee
s
secur
i
t
y
a
n
d
re
l
i
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
of
s
u
p
p
l
y
,
thu
s
con
t
ri
b
u
ti
ng
to
t
he
sta
bi
l
i
t
y
o
f
bot
h sys
t
e
m
s
as a
w
ho
le
[
1
5
].
2.3.
2.Mor
o
cc
o-
A
l
ge
ria in
ter
c
on
n
e
c
t
ion
The
first
22
5
KV
e
lectric
a
l
i
n
te
rco
n
n
ec
ti
o
n
b
e
t
we
en
M
o
r
occo
a
n
d
A
l
g
e
r
i
a
w
a
s
c
o
m
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
e
d
i
n
19
8
8
w
i
t
h
a
c
a
p
ac
it
y
of
200
M
W
[1
6].
Th
e
i
n
sta
l
l
a
tio
n
of
a
s
e
c
o
n
d
line
,
t
hen
a
th
ird,
c
omm
i
ssi
o
n
e
d
i
n
20
0
9
.The
c
a
p
a
c
it
y
o
f
t
he
p
la
nt
i
s
incr
ease
d
t
o
3
0
0
MW,
w
i
t
h
n
ew
d
o
uble
line
s
t
o
4
0
0
K
V
betw
e
e
n
S
i
d
A
li
Bouss
i
d
i
(
A
l
ger
i
a
)
a
nd Bo
urd
i
m (Morocc
o
) [17].
2.3.
3.Mor
o
cc
o-
Port
u
gal
i
n
t
e
rcon
n
e
c
tion
The
st
u
dy
for
th
e
pro
j
ec
t
beg
i
n
s
i
n
2
0
1
6
t
o
bu
i
l
d
a
n
i
nte
r
c
o
n
n
e
c
t
i
o
n
w
i
t
h
a
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
y
o
f
1
0
0
0
M
W
[1
8],
th
is
f
irst
i
nter
c
o
n
n
ec
ti
o
n
,
w
hich
w
il
l he
l
p
the
t
w
o
c
ou
nt
ri
e
s
t
o
ex
c
h
an
g
e
e
l
e
c
t
ri
city
.
Th
e
p
r
oj
ect
w
i
l
l
a
l
s
o
i
n
j
ect
el
ect
ri
ci
ty
f
ro
m re
n
e
wa
b
l
e
so
u
r
c
e
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-
8694
Int J
P
o
w
El
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
,
V
ol.
10,
N
o.
2
, June
20
1
9
:
744
–
7
52
74
8
2.3.
4.Mor
o
cc
o-
Mau
r
i
t
an
i
a
in
t
erc
on
n
ection
Th
is
i
nte
r
co
nn
ec
tio
n
has
ob
j
ecti
v
es
:
T
o
s
tre
n
g
t
he
n
the
de
vel
o
pm
e
n
t
o
f
r
enew
a
b
le
e
ne
r
g
ies
in
t
h
e
regi
on
b
y
c
o
nnec
t
in
g
t
h
e
We
s
t
e
r
n
E
u
ro
pea
n
a
nd
A
frican
e
lec
t
r
i
ci
ty
g
ri
d
t
h
r
o
u
gh
the
Mor
o
cc
o-
S
p
a
i
n
i
n
t
e
rc
onn
e
c
ti
on
[
19
].
2.4.
R
e
ne
w
a
bl
e
en
er
g
y
po
t
e
nt
i
a
l
i
n
M
o
r
o
c
c
o
Mor
o
c
c
o i
s
r
ea
dy
t
o
l
e
a
d
t
he
M
EN
A
re
gion (Mi
d
d
l
e
Ea
st
a
nd
N
o
r
t
h
A
frica
)
i
n
t
h
e
r
en
e
w
ab
l
e
e
n
e
rgy
sect
or.
The
l
i
m
i
ta
ti
o
n
o
f
c
o
n
v
e
n
t
i
ona
l
h
ydr
ocar
bo
n
re
sourc
e
s,
t
he
s
t
r
o
ng
i
m
p
o
rt
o
f
e
n
er
gy
fro
m
o
t
h
er
cou
n
t
ries
t
o
m
e
e
t
i
ts
e
ner
gy
de
ma
nd,
t
he
M
or
occa
n
gov
e
r
nm
ent
ha
s
his
t
orica
l
l
y
r
eso
r
te
d
t
o
t
he
i
mpor
t
o
f
foss
il
f
u
e
l
s
an
d
t
h
e
rap
i
d
i
n
cre
a
se
i
n
de
ma
nd
for
e
l
ectr
i
cit
y
h
ave
b
oos
t
e
d
t
h
e
de
ve
l
o
pm
ent
of
r
e
n
e
w
able
e
n
ergi
e
s
i
n
Mo
ro
c
c
o
an
d
p
r
o
v
e
d
to
b
e
st
ab
l
e
.
Inv
e
st
ment
o
bj
e
c
t
i
ve
i
n
t
h
e
e
n
erg
y
s
ec
t
o
r
[20].
To
s
o
l
ve
i
t
s
e
n
ergy
p
robl
ems,
t
h
e
K
i
ngdo
m
o
f
M
o
r
o
cco
i
s
tu
rni
n
g
to
t
h
e
d
e
v
el
op
men
t
o
f
re
n
e
wabl
e
en
e
r
g
i
es,
i
n
c
l
udi
ng
w
i
n
d
, solar
and
hydr
o.
Mor
o
c
c
o
ha
s
t
h
e
m
o
st
a
mb
i
tio
us
t
arge
t
s
f
o
r
r
ene
w
able
e
ne
rg
y
in
th
e
M
E
NA
re
gi
on,
p
l
e
d
g
in
g
to
incre
a
se
r
ene
w
able
e
ner
gy pr
od
uc
ti
o
n
to 4
2
%
o
f it
s e
l
e
c
tr
i
c
it
y
pro
d
u
ct
i
o
n
by
202
0
and
52%
b
y 20
3
0
.
2.4.
1.S
t
ate
an
d
p
r
os
p
e
cts
of win
d
en
e
r
gy
I
n
Mor
occ
o
, th
e
re are
som
e o
f
t
he w
orl
d
's la
r
ge
st
w
i
nd s
o
u
r
ce
s,
w
i
t
h 3,5
0
0
km
of c
o
a
s
t
l
i
n
e an
d w
i
nd
spee
ds
o
f
u
p
t
o
1
1
.5
m
/
s
a
t
a
he
ig
ht
o
f
8
0
m
.
The
tota
l
w
i
n
d
p
o
te
n
tia
l
in
M
orocc
o
i
s
es
tima
t
e
d
a
t
a
r
ou
nd
2
5
G
W
[
2
1
].
Morocc
o
's
t
ota
l
i
n
s
tal
l
e
d
w
ind
ca
p
acit
y
a
t
the
e
n
d
of
201
6
w
a
s
8
03
M
W
[
22].
2.4.
2.S
t
ate
an
d
p
r
osp
e
cts
of solar
e
n
e
rgy
S
i
milar
t
o
w
in
d
e
n
e
r
gy,
s
o
l
a
r
e
ne
rgy
depe
nds
o
n
w
eat
he
r
c
o
n
d
it
i
o
n
s
.
A
v
a
r
i
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
w
e
a
t
h
e
r
,
suc
h
a
s
c
l
ou
ds
a
n
d
e
nerg
y,
i
s
a
v
a
i
lab
l
e
o
n
l
y
dur
ing
su
ns
hi
ne
h
o
urs.
A
s
a
re
su
l
t
,
so
lar
ener
gy
pr
o
d
u
c
tio
n
varie
s
b
y sea
s
o
n
, loca
t
ion,
an
d
t
i
m
e
of da
y
.
Ma
ny
t
ec
h
n
o
l
o
g
ie
s
are
use
d
t
o
deve
l
o
p
s
o
la
r
radia
t
i
o
n,
i
nc
lu
d
i
n
g
so
l
a
r
the
r
m
a
l
ener
g
y
,
conce
n
t
r
ate
d
so
l
a
r
pow
er
p
la
nts
(
C
S
P
),
s
ola
r
c
him
n
e
y
s
or
s
o
l
ar
pow
e
r
p
l
a
nt
s,
a
s
wel
l
a
s
ph
oto
vol
t
a
i
c
s
y
s
t
e
ms.
O
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
a
d
v
a
nt
ag
es
o
f
p
hot
ovo
lt
a
i
c
t
e
c
h
nol
og
y
ov
e
r
o
th
er
t
ec
hnol
og
i
e
s
i
s
t
h
e
abi
l
i
t
y
t
o
int
e
g
r
at
e
a
PV
s
e
n
so
r
int
o
t
h
e
bu
ild
i
ng b
y
t
r
a
nsform
in
g
ex
te
r
i
or
w
alls,
w
i
n
d
ow
s
an
d
roo
f
s
int
o
a
P
V
sensor.
Ma
ny
t
e
ch
n
o
l
o
g
i
e
s
a
re
u
se
d
to
d
e
v
e
l
op
so
lar
r
a
dia
t
i
o
n,
i
ncl
u
d
i
n
g
so
l
a
r
therm
a
l
ener
g
y
,
conc
e
n
trate
d
s
o
l
ar
pow
er
p
l
a
n
t
s
(CS
P
),
s
ol
a
r
c
himne
y
s
or
s
olar
pow
er
p
la
nt
s,
a
s
w
e
l
l
as
p
ho
t
o
v
o
lt
ai
c
s
y
st
e
m
s.
O
n
e
o
f
th
e
a
d
v
a
nt
ag
es
o
f
p
hot
ovo
lt
a
i
c
t
e
c
h
nol
og
y
ov
e
r
o
th
er
t
ec
hnol
og
i
e
s
i
s
t
h
e
abi
l
i
t
y
t
o
int
e
g
r
at
e
a
PV
s
e
n
so
r
int
o
t
h
e
bu
ild
i
ng b
y
t
r
a
nsform
in
g
ex
te
r
i
or
w
alls,
w
i
n
d
ow
s
an
d
roo
f
s
int
o
a
P
V
sensor.
CSP
t
e
chn
o
l
o
gie
s
r
e
f
er
t
o
fac
i
l
i
t
i
es
t
ha
t
pro
d
u
ce
e
l
e
c
t
rica
l
en
ergy
u
si
ng
c
on
c
e
nt
ra
t
e
d
sol
a
r
ra
d
i
a
t
ion
.
In
g
ener
al,
CS
P
plan
ts
u
se
l
a
r
g
e
s
ur
fac
e
m
irr
o
rs
t
o
focu
s
sun
l
i
g
h
t
o
n
a
re
l
a
ti
ve
ly
s
ma
ll
ape
r
tur
e
r
ec
eiv
e
r.
D
ue
to
i
ts
g
e
o
gra
p
h
i
c
a
l
loc
a
t
i
o
n
,
M
o
r
o
cco
i
s
one
o
f
the
m
o
st
i
mport
a
n
t
s
o
lar
po
te
nt
ia
ls
i
n
t
h
e
w
o
rl
d,
e
sti
m
ated
a
t
mor
e
t
ha
n
5
k
W
h
/
m
2
/
d
a
y
(
t
o
i
ncre
ase
pr
oduc
tio
n
c
a
p
ac
i
t
y,
t
h
e
K
i
n
g
d
o
m
of
M
oroc
co
h
as
s
e
t
i
t
s
e
l
f
a
spec
ific
obje
c
t
i
ve
s
ola
r
e
ne
rg
y,
c
once
n
tra
t
e
d
s
ola
r
e
ne
rg
y
(CS
P
)
and
ph
o
t
o
v
o
lta
ic
(
P
V
)
by
14%
(
2
0
00
M
W
)
by 2
0
20 a
n
d 2
0
%
(45
60
MW)
by 20
30
of p
ro
du
ct
ion
ca
p
a
c
i
t
y
f
ro
m t
h
e
c
ou
nt
ry
Mor
o
c
c
o
'
s
t
o
ta
l
ins
t
a
lle
d
so
la
r
e
n
ergy
c
a
p
ac
i
t
y
c
o
nsist
i
ng
so
le
l
y
o
f
C
S
P
tech
n
o
l
o
gy
a
t
the
en
d
o
f
20
1
6
[
9]
w
a
s
1
80
M
W,
ie
1
6
0
M
W
f
o
r
the
O
u
ar
zaz
ate
N
oor
I
pr
o
je
c
t
cur
r
ent
l
y
in
se
rv
i
c
e
and
2
0
M
W of so
l
ar
therm
a
l
pow
er
p
la
n
t
s
a
nd
gas
-
A
i
nBn
i
Mat
h
a
r
[
23].
S
i
milar
l
y,
f
o
r
wi
nd
powe
r
,
t
h
e
Ki
ng
do
m
ai
ms
t
o
i
n
crea
se
the
i
n
sta
lle
d
c
a
pac
i
ty
o
f
so
lar
ph
oto
v
o
l
ta
ic
p
ow
er
a
nd
CS
P
p
r
od
uc
tio
n
t
o
a
t
lea
s
t
2,
000
M
W
by
2
0
2
0
a
nd
t
o
4,56
0
M
W
by
203
0
[9].
T
he
M
or
oc
can
S
o
l
ar
E
ne
rgy
A
g
e
n
cy
(
MA
S
E
N
)
is
r
e
s
po
n
s
i
b
le
f
or
m
any
a
s
p
e
cts
o
f
so
l
a
r
e
n
ergy
(
C
S
P
a
nd
P
V
)
in
t
he
c
ou
n
t
ry
a
n
d
O
N
EE
i
t
sel
f
p
la
ns
to
c
re
at
e
a
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
m
e
d
i
u
m-si
ze
d
p
hot
ovo
lt
ai
c
s
y
st
e
m
s [24
]
.
2.4.
3.Hyd
r
o
e
lect
ric
i
ty
The
i
n
sta
lla
t
i
o
n
o
f
hydr
o
pow
er
g
e
n
era
tio
n
c
a
pa
ci
ty
i
n
Moroc
c
o
s
tar
t
e
d
i
n
the
1
9
60s.
This
c
apac
it
y
has
i
n
cre
a
sed
eve
r
y
yea
r
.
C
u
rre
nt
l
y
,
M
o
roc
c
o
has
2
6
t
rad
i
tio
na
l
h
y
d
roe
l
e
c
tric
p
la
nts
w
i
th
a
c
apa
c
i
ty
o
f
1
3
6
0
M
W
a
n
d
4
6
4
M
W
o
f
pum
pe
d
ene
r
gy
st
ora
g
e
(P
ES
)
in
a
n
ove
n.
H
y
d
rop
ow
e
r
c
a
n
b
e
c
ons
ide
r
ed
a
t
r
a
di
tio
na
l
elem
en
t
of
M
o
r
occ
a
n
p
o
w
e
r
sta
t
i
o
ns
(
the
in
sta
l
le
d
c
a
pac
i
t
y
i
n
2
01
5
w
a
s
1,
77
0
MW)
an
d
i
t
s
p
o
t
en
t
i
al
i
s
w
e
l
l
e
x
plo
i
t
e
d
.
O
NEE
is
g
e
n
eral
ly
r
e
s
pon
si
bl
e
fo
r
th
e
con
s
t
r
u
c
t
i
on
o
f
hy
d
r
opo
we
r
p
r
oj
e
c
t
s
.
To
achi
e
v
e
i
t
s
2
0
00
M
W
t
a
r
g
e
t
b
y
2
0
2
0
,
O
N
E
E
p
l
a
n
s
t
o
b
u
i
l
d
a
n
e
w
3
5
0
M
W
P
E
S
a
t
t
h
e
Abd
e
l
m
oume
n
s
it
e,
b
ri
ng
ing
the
ca
paci
t
y
t
o 21
2
0
M
W [2
3].
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
E
l
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
IS
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
R
ecom
m
e
n
d
a
t
i
ons a
n
d
so
lu
t
i
o
n
s
to
rem
o
ve
som
e
barrie
r
s
to
the de
p
l
oy
m
e
nt o
f
sm
ar
t .
.
. (Rac
hi
d H
a
b
a
c
h
i)
74
9
2.4.
4.B
i
om
a
ss
en
e
r
gy
Th
e
v
a
st
M
o
r
oc
ca
n
ag
ri
cul
t
u
r
al
s
ect
o
r
a
n
d
t
h
e
f
a
c
t
t
h
a
t
a
la
rg
e
p
ar
t
of
t
h
e
w
aste
g
e
n
era
t
ed
c
o
n
s
i
s
t
s
of
o
rga
n
ic
c
o
m
pone
nts
fa
vor
t
he
p
r
o
duc
t
i
o
n
o
f
e
l
e
c
tr
ic
it
y
fr
om
bi
om
ass
an
d
b
i
oga
s
[25]
.
In
M
o
r
occ
o
,
part
icu
l
ar
ly
i
n
rura
l ar
eas, the
re
is a sig
n
ific
a
n
t a
m
ou
n
t
of f
ore
s
t
re
sid
u
es
a
nd c
r
o
p
s.
Th
is
h
e
l
ped
t
h
e
cou
n
t
ry
t
o
a
dva
nce
a
prom
is
i
n
g
r
e
new
a
b
l
e
ene
r
g
y
s
ou
rce
o
f
b
io
mass
en
e
r
g
y
.
B
i
o
ma
ss
i
s
an
orga
nic
subs
ta
nc
e
suc
h
a
s
crops,
w
o
o
d
a
n
d
anim
al
w
a
s
te
t
ha
t
can
b
e
use
d
a
s
a
sourc
e
o
f
e
n
er
gy.
M
o
r
occ
o
's
o
b
j
e
c
t
i
v
e
s
a
r
e
t
o
s
t
r
e
n
g
t
h
e
n
t
h
e
b
i
o
m
a
s
s
z
o
n
e
,
w
i
t
h
a
w
a
y
t
o
r
e
p
l
ace
o
il
i
n
t
h
e
in
d
u
stria
l
s
ec
tor
.
H
oweve
r
,
n
o
nat
i
ona
l
s
t
r
a
te
gy
is
c
ur
rent
l
y
i
n
p
l
a
ce
t
o
e
x
p
lo
it
th
i
s
p
o
t
e
n
t
i
a
l
,
a
l
t
h
o
u
g
h
some
s
ma
ll
b
u
s
iness
e
s
ha
ve
a
lr
eady
beg
u
n
to
ma
ke pr
o
g
r
ess in t
hi
s
ar
ea
[
26].
2.4.
5.Geoth
e
r
m
al e
n
ergy
G
e
ot
h
e
rm
al
e
n
e
r
gy
is
e
ner
g
y
a
v
ai
la
b
l
e
as
e
n
e
r
gy
i
n
c
l
u
d
e
d
o
r
sup
p
l
i
e
d
fro
m
the
e
a
rth
'
s
c
r
ust
[
27]
.
In
Mor
o
cc
o,
t
he
re
a
re
s
eve
r
al
i
m
por
tan
t
a
re
as
i
n
w
h
ich
ge
ot
h
e
r
m
a
l
e
n
ergy
c
o
u
l
d
be
u
se
d
more
f
or
g
ree
n
ho
use
s
,
aqua
c
u
lture
s,
h
ea
t
p
u
m
p
s,
e
tc
.
The
use
o
f
g
e
o
t
h
e
r
ma
l
ener
g
y
w
i
l
l
he
lp
M
o
r
oc
co
p
rod
u
ce
e
no
u
gh
f
o
o
d
f
or
i
t
s
dome
s
t
i
c
m
a
rk
e
t
a
s
w
e
l
l
a
s
fo
r
its
e
x
p
or
t
.
T
h
e
c
urre
nt
s
itua
tio
n
of
g
e
o
the
r
ma
l
e
n
erg
y
i
n Mor
o
cc
o
is
e
stim
ated
at
5
.0
2
MWt
(m
ega
w
att
t
h
e
r
m
a
l)
a
n
d
2
2
GWh
/
year
a
s
ann
u
a
l
u
se
f
o
r
sw
i
m
m
i
ng
a
nd
sw
i
m
m
i
ng
,
other
app
l
ica
t
i
o
ns su
c
h a
s
e
l
e
ctric
i
t
y
gene
r
a
t
i
o
n [2
8]
[29].
3.
OB
S
T
ACLES
TO THE D
E
VELOPMEN
T AND
IMPLE
M
E
N
TATION
O
F
S
M
A
R
T GRIDS
IN
MOROCCO
3.1.
The
existing
b
arr
i
er
s
i
n
the
l
i
t
erat
u
re
To
m
e
e
t the
re
quire
me
nt t
o i
n
tel
lig
en
t
l
y m
a
n
a
ge the
i
n
t
e
r
m
i
tte
n
c
y
o
f
rene
w
a
ble
ener
gy
source
s i
n
order
to a
v
o
id
f
u
t
ure
sup
p
l
y
f
ail
u
res,
w
hich pr
o
vide
an
exc
e
ll
e
n
t
o
p
p
o
rt
un
i
t
y f
o
r the
de
pl
oyme
n
t o
f
s
m
a
rt grid
t
e
c
hno
log
i
es, a
d
opt
i
o
n
mu
st
be c
o
n
s
i
d
e
r
ed
a e
x
c
e
l
l
e
nt
o
pport
u
n
i
ty
[
30
].
A
c
cordi
n
g
to
t
he
E
uro
p
ea
n
C
o
m
m
i
ssi
on,
t
h
e
c
os
ts
o
f
ach
i
e
vi
n
g
s
m
a
r
t
g
r
i
d
s
in
E
u
r
op
e
c
o
uld
reach
t
e
ns
o
f
bil
l
i
o
ns
o
f
eu
ro
s.
I
t
inc
l
ud
e
s
t
h
e
s
et
tin
g
u
p
o
f
30
m
il
l
i
o
n
s
m
a
r
t
m
e
t
e
r
s
a
t
a
c
o
s
t
o
f
4
b
i
l
l
i
o
n
e
u
r
o
s
o
v
e
r
8
ye
ars.
I
n
the U
n
i
t
e
d
S
ta
tes,
t
he i
m
p
ro
vem
e
n
t
of the
ne
t
w
o
r
k
(
pa
rtic
ular
ly
w
i
t
h
respe
c
t
t
o
pow
er
c
uts) w
ou
ld
sa
v
e
$
46
t
o
117
b
il
l
i
on
b
et
wee
n
2
010
a
n
d
202
3
.
Howeve
r,
t
he
s
et
tin
g
u
p
o
f
sm
art
elec
trica
l
n
etwor
k
s
rais
es
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
gi
c
a
l,
p
o
l
i
t
ica
l
a
n
d
s
oc
ie
tal
i
s
s
u
es
a
n
d
t
h
e
r
efo
r
e
rai
s
es
so
m
e i
ssu
e
s
[
31
].
H
uge
a
m
oun
t
of
i
nves
t
me
n
t
a
n
d
l
a
c
k
o
f
fina
nc
ia
l
resourc
e
s
:
H
uge
a
m
oun
t
o
f
i
nv
estm
en
t
i
s
re
qu
ired
t
o
i
n
st
all
sm
ar
t
gri
d
.
I
nves
t
or
s
a
r
e
n
o
t
in
ter
e
ste
d
t
o
i
n
v
es
t
i
n
s
m
a
rt
g
r
i
d
ins
t
al
la
ti
ons
u
n
t
il
un
i
v
ersa
l
st
a
n
d
a
rds a
r
e
adopte
d
a
nd r
e
t
u
rn on
inv
e
st
m
e
n
t
s is
gu
ara
n
t
e
ed
Mar
k
e
t
u
nce
r
t
a
in
ty:
D
u
e
t
o
l
ac
k
of
r
e
v
e
nue
u
nc
erta
i
n
t
y
a
nd
s
uf
f
ic
ie
nt
m
arke
t
bas
e
,
priva
t
e
in
ves
t
me
n
t
is d
i
sc
ourage
d
.
La
ck
o
f
re
gu
l
a
tor
y
f
ra
me
w
o
rk
:
Tr
ad
iti
o
n
a
l
re
gula
t
ory
sys
t
e
m
i
s
ne
e
d
ed
t
o
be
m
od
i
f
ie
d
t
o
e
n
co
urage
u
t
ili
tie
s to i
n
v
es
t in
t
he
sm
a
rt gr
i
d
insta
l
lat
i
on
s.
Low
pu
b
l
i
c
a
w
a
re
ness
an
d
enga
ge
me
nt
:
T
h
e
bene
f
i
ts
o
f
a
sm
ar
t
gr
id
can
b
e
achi
e
v
e
d
o
n
ly
i
f
c
u
stom
ers
are ful
l
y a
w
are
of
s
ma
rt grid
conc
e
p
t
an
d
the
y
u
s
e
a
l
l
of
its fea
t
u
re
s
Lac
k
o
f
i
nnov
a
t
iv
e
n
e
s
s
in
t
h
e
i
ndu
st
ry
:
Org
a
n
i
zati
o
n
a
l
a
tti
tud
e
s
t
o
w
a
rds
in
nova
tio
n
a
r
e
n
o
t
e
n
th
us
iast
i
c
.
They ha
v
e
fea
r
of ado
p
t
i
n
g newe
r te
chn
o
l
o
g
i
e
s
La
ck of i
n
fra
s
tr
u
c
t
u
re: A
d
d
i
ti
ona
l i
n
fra
s
t
r
uc
t
u
re
i
s
require
d
t
o de
p
l
o
y
sm
a
rt
g
ri
d tec
h
nol
o
g
ie
s
Tec
h
n
o
lo
gy
i
mmat
u
r
i
t
y
:
S
m
art
g
r
id
t
e
c
h
nol
ogi
es
a
re
s
ti
l
l
e
me
rg
i
n
g
a
nd
sta
nda
r
d
s
ar
e
t
o
b
e
de
ve
l
ope
d a
n
d
m
a
int
a
i
n
e
d
Lac
k
o
f
n
e
c
e
s
sa
ry
t
e
c
hni
cal
s
ki
ll
s
a
n
d
kn
owl
e
dg
e:
T
h
e
re
i
s
a
sh
orta
ge
o
f
t
r
ain
i
ng
a
n
d
t
e
ch
nic
a
l
staff re
qu
ired
f
or de
p
l
o
y
i
n
g
a
nd o
p
er
at
ing
es
pec
i
a
l
ly
i
n
t
ra
gri
d
co
ntro
l ap
p
lica
t
i
ons
Inte
grati
o
n
of
t
he
g
ri
d
w
i
t
h
l
ar
g
e
s
ca
l
e
r
e
n
ew
a
b
le
g
e
n
era
t
i
o
n:
In
tegra
t
i
o
n
of
i
nn
o
v
at
i
v
e
tec
h
n
o
lo
gi
es
like
re
new
a
ble
/
s
u
sta
i
nab
l
e
e
n
er
g
y
t
ec
h
nol
og
ies
an
d
d
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
e
d
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
,
i
n
t
o
e
x
ist
i
ng gri
d
s i
s
a
cha
l
l
e
ngi
ng
ta
s
k.
Ne
ed
o
f
a
dva
n
c
ed
b
i-
dire
ct
io
na
l
com
m
un
ic
a
t
i
o
n
s
y
s
t
em
:
The
b
i
-di
rec
tio
nal
c
o
mm
un
ic
ati
o
n
li
nks
m
a
y
be ha
r
m
e
d by
na
t
u
ral
d
i
sa
ste
r
s, m
an-ma
d
e
acc
ide
n
ts
a
nd
in
te
r
n
a
tio
na
l
attem
p
t
s
.
La
ck
o
f
o
p
e
n
s
ta
ndar
d
s:
M
a
n
y
pro
p
rie
t
ar
y
st
a
n
dards
use
d
t
oda
y
n
ee
d
t
o
b
e
re
pl
ace
d
by
ope
n
sta
ndar
d
s
w
o
rldw
i
d
e
C
yber
se
c
u
ri
ty
a
nd
da
ta
p
riv
a
cy:
S
m
ar
t
gri
d
c
om
mun
i
ca
t
i
on
te
c
h
n
o
l
og
ie
s
a
n
d
co
ns
um
er
d
a
t
a
a
r
e
ope
n
t
o
cybe
r-a
t
t
a
c
k
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-
8694
Int J
P
o
w
El
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
,
V
ol.
10,
N
o.
2
, June
20
1
9
:
744
–
7
52
75
0
3.2.
Bar
r
ier
s
to
the
d
e
p
l
oyme
n
t
of
s
mart
g
rid
s
i
n
M
o
rocc
o
The
inc
l
us
ion of ren
e
w
ab
le e
ner
g
i
e
s in t
he pro
duc
t
i
o
n
of e
l
ec
tr
ici
t
y,
M
oroc
co
i
s in
dis
p
e
n
sa
ble for i
t
s
soc
i
o-ec
o
n
o
mi
c
de
ve
lo
pm
en
t.
T
he
M
orocc
a
n
gove
rnm
e
n
t
a
nd
k
e
y
l
ea
ders
a
re
i
ss
u
i
ng
n
e
w
re
gu
l
a
ti
ons
t
o
de
a
l
w
ith
t
h
e
c
o
unt
ry's
e
nerg
y
t
r
ans
iti
on.
N
ew
p
ro
jects
a
r
e
p
l
a
nne
d
a
n
d
pr
o
duc
t
i
o
n
c
ap
ac
ity
w
il
l
c
o
n
t
i
n
ue
t
o
incre
a
se
t
o
me
et
g
r
o
wi
ng
de
ma
nd,
b
u
t
r
ene
w
ables
ar
e
o
n
l
y
a
sm
al
l
par
t
o
f
t
h
e
sma
r
t
gr
id.
T
h
e
la
t
t
er
r
equ
i
res
exte
ns
i
v
e
mon
i
t
o
ri
n
g
a
n
d
s
u
r
vei
lla
nce
,
i
n
f
o
r
ma
tion
a
nd
c
o
mm
unic
a
t
i
o
n
te
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
i
es
,
a
dvance
d
m
eter
ing
in
frastruc
tur
e
, di
s
tri
b
ute
d
g
e
n
er
a
tion,
clie
n
t
-si
d
e
sys
t
em
s and
an
EV
c
hargi
n
g in
fr
astruc
t
u
re
.
The
firs
t
ch
al
l
e
nge
l
ies
i
n
t
he
l
e
v
els
o
f
t
ran
s
m
i
ssi
o
n
an
d
d
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n
;
i
n
fa
ct,
t
h
ese
l
o
sse
s
re
ache
d
a
perc
en
tage
o
f
14.7
%
i
n
2
0
1
4
,
s
o
it
is
i
mpe
r
ati
v
e
t
o
r
e
d
uce
t
h
em
t
o
se
c
u
re
t
h
e
n
et
wo
rk
[
32
].
T
h
e
p
erc
e
n
t
ag
e
has
bee
n
r
is
in
g
si
nce
20
0
4
,
w
h
en
it
w
a
s
as
l
ow
a
s
5
%
[
3
2
].
I
n
o
rder
t
o
re
duce
los
s
es,
an
e
x
t
en
si
ve
surve
i
l
l
a
n
ce
n
e
t
work
n
ee
d
s
t
o
be
p
ut
i
n
p
l
ac
e.
W
ith
r
egar
d
t
o
t
he
t
ra
nsmi
ssion
i
n
fr
astr
u
c
ture
,
m
o
re
l
i
n
es
a
r
e
dep
l
oye
d
a
t
t
h
e
l
e
v
e
l
,
t
h
e
m
e
te
ri
n
g
i
nfra
s
t
r
u
c
t
ure
is
s
t
ill
ba
s
e
d
o
n
conv
e
n
ti
on
a
l
(
el
e
c
t
r
o
m
a
g
n
e
t
i
c
)
me
t
e
rs.
It
i
s
clea
r
t
h
a
t
a
n
MA
I
must
b
e
i
m
ple
m
e
n
t
e
d.
F
or
e
xa
mp
le,
i
n
lig
h
t
o
f
L
aw
58-
15,
t
he
i
nte
g
ra
tio
n
of
l
ow
v
o
l
tag
e
R
E
s
w
ill
req
u
i
re
a
m
eter
i
n
g
i
n
frastruc
t
ur
e
tha
t
w
ill
a
l
low
ut
i
l
i
t
i
es
t
o
bi
ll
c
u
st
om
ers
acc
ordi
n
g
ly
a
n
d
implem
e
n
t
a
p
a
r
t
ic
u
l
a
r
p
ric
i
n
g
s
ys
tem
.
I
n
add
i
ti
on,
i
f
Mo
ron
i
p
la
ns
t
o
im
plem
en
t
m
easur
es
t
o
m
i
n
i
m
i
z
e
pea
k
s,
it w
i
l
l
b
e
i
m
porta
nt
t
o
inv
o
l
ve
c
u
s
t
o
me
rs,
w
h
i
c
h c
a
n on
l
y be
do
n
e
w
ith
a
n
A
M
I.
The
i
n
tr
od
uc
tion
of
e
nerg
y
ma
nagem
e
n
t
s
ys
tem
s
a
nd
d
yna
mic
pric
i
ng
c
o
u
l
d
si
gn
i
f
ica
n
t
l
y
i
m
p
ro
ve
ene
r
g
y
e
f
f
ic
ie
ncy
an
d
op
t
i
m
i
ze
t
h
e
use
o
f
l
oc
al
ly
g
ener
a
t
ed
r
e
n
ew
a
b
l
e
e
ne
rg
y.
T
he
c
o
u
n
t
ry
w
il
l
have
t
o
i
m
p
l
e
m
en
t
s
o
c
i
al
a
w
a
ren
e
ss
in
i
t
i
a
tiv
e
s
to
p
ro
mo
t
e
t
h
e
u
se
o
f
di
s
t
ri
bu
te
d
ge
nera
t
i
o
n
.
Th
e
i
m
p
o
rta
n
c
e
o
f
t
h
e
S
G
m
ust
a
l
so
b
e
h
i
gh
l
i
ghte
d
a
nd
t
h
e
va
rio
u
s
dem
a
nd
re
s
p
o
n
se
p
ro
gram
s
m
u
st
b
e
e
x
p
l
aine
d
to
t
he
publ
ic
i
n
order
to
s
h
o
w
the
bene
fits
t
hat
c
u
s
t
ome
r
s
ca
n
deri
ve
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
i
nst
a
l
l
a
t
io
n
o
f
a
n
MA
I.
S
e
c
urity
i
s
als
o
a
c
h
a
l
l
e
n
g
e
i
n
i
m
p
l
e
m
e
n
t
i
n
g
a
n
S
G
.
T
h
e
c
o
u
n
t
r
y
n
e
e
d
s
t
o
s
e
c
u
r
e
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
s
ecure
n
e
twor
k
f
o
r
its
c
u
stom
ers
so
t
h
ey
ca
n
t
ru
st
pu
b
li
c
s
e
rv
i
c
es
a
n
d
sh
are
t
h
ei
r p
r
i
v
at
e d
a
t
a
.
3.3.
S
o
lu
tion
s an
d rec
omme
n
d
a
t
i
on
s for
th
e
d
e
vel
o
p
m
e
n
t
of smart
g
rid
i
n
mo
ro
c
c
o
Mor
o
c
c
o
is
f
i
r
m
l
y
com
m
itt
ed
t
o
t
h
e
lar
g
e
-
sca
l
e
deve
lopm
en
t
of
r
enew
ab
le
e
ner
gy
s
o
urce
s.
N
e
ve
rthe
less,
i
m
p
o
r
t
a
n
t
c
hal
l
en
ges
a
n
d
o
b
s
tac
l
es
s
t
i
l
l
n
e
e
d
t
o
be
r
e
s
olve
d
in
o
rde
r
t
o
un
lea
s
h
the
fu
ll
deve
l
opm
en
t
pote
n
tia
l
of
a
s
ustai
n
a
b
le
e
l
e
c
t
ric
i
t
y
s
ys
tem
.
T
he
fo
ll
owi
n
g
re
com
m
e
nda
ti
o
n
s
ar
e
i
n
t
e
n
d
e
d
t
o
sh
ed
l
i
ght
o
n
va
ri
ou
s
a
s
p
e
c
t
s
t
h
at
s
houl
d
b
e
i
mp
rov
e
d
t
o
a
c
h
i
e
v
e
a
n
i
n
t
e
g
ra
ted
a
nd
c
ohe
r
e
nt
d
eve
l
opm
e
n
t
of
rene
w
a
ble
ene
r
gy de
ve
lopm
en
t
i
n
M
or
occ
o
[
33]
[
3
4
]:
Im
prove
s
ect
o
r
a
l
i
n
t
er
act
i
o
n
w
ith
in
a
n
d
w
ith
in
g
o
v
e
r
nm
e
n
t
i
n
s
t
i
t
u
t
i
o
n
s
t
o
w
ork
t
o
get
h
er
f
or
re
new
a
bl
e
en
e
r
gy
b
y
p
r
o
mo
t
i
n
g
tran
spar
en
cy
a
n
d
c
olla
bor
ati
on
w
h
il
e
m
i
n
i
m
i
z
i
ng
i
ns
ti
tu
tio
na
l
f
r
a
g
me
n
t
atio
n
.
Inc
r
ea
se
N
a
t
i
ona
l
R
&
D
(Resea
rch
a
nd
D
e
ve
lo
pm
ent)
C
a
p
ac
i
t
y
i
n
R
e
n
e
wabl
e
En
e
r
gy
D
e
ploym
en
t
:
R
&
D
i
s
a
n
i
m
por
tan
t
e
le
m
e
nt
i
n
the
l
o
ng-
t
e
rm
c
on
t
ro
l
of
t
ech
nol
og
i
e
s,
t
he
deve
lopm
en
t of
k
n
o
w
-
ho
w
a
n
d the im
pro
v
e
m
ent o
f
t
he perform
ance
of r
e
n
ew
ab
le e
ne
r
g
i
e
s
.
The
deve
lopm
en
t
o
f
s
us
ta
ina
b
le
r
enew
ab
le
e
ner
gy
pro
g
ra
ms
i
n
M
o
roc
c
o
r
equ
i
re
s
a
c
r
it
i
cal
m
a
ss
o
f
R
&
D
a
n
d
a
c
o
mbi
n
a
t
io
n
o
f
t
he
m
a
i
n
op
e
r
ators
(u
t
i
l
itie
s,
i
nd
us
tr
i
e
s)
a
n
d
r
esea
rch
ce
n
t
er
s.
T
o
i
n
c
r
ea
se
t
h
e
d
e
v
el
op
me
nt
o
f
t
h
e
re
n
e
wab
l
e
e
n
ergy
s
ecto
r
,
f
o
u
r
m
ai
n
de
dica
t
e
d
s
t
a
t
e
a
g
enc
i
es
h
a
v
e
b
een
cre
at
ed
[34
] [
3
5
]
:
-The
R
e
s
ear
ch
I
nst
i
t
u
t
e
for
S
o
l
a
r
an
d
New
En
ergi
es
(IRESEN
)
was
c
rea
t
e
d
i
n
2
011
t
o
s
u
ppo
rt
the
nat
i
ona
l
s
t
rateg
y
a
n
d
t
r
a
ns
late
i
t
i
n
t
o
R
&
D
p
rojec
t
s
an
d
coop
e
r
at
e
wi
th
i
nt
e
r
n
a
ti
o
n
al
par
t
ne
rs from F
r
ance
,
G
e
rm
an
y
an
d
from
S
pai
n
.
-
T
h
e
M
o
r
o
c
c
a
n
S
o
l
a
r
E
n
e
r
g
y
A
g
e
n
c
y
(
M
A
S
E
N
)
h
a
s
t
h
r
e
e
m
a
i
n
r
e
s
p
o
n
si
bil
iti
e
s
:
a
)
d
eve
l
opi
ng
so
lar
ener
gy
and
o
t
her
ren
e
w
a
ble
e
n
erg
y
proje
c
ts,
b)
c
on
tri
b
ut
i
ng
t
o
t
he
d
eve
l
op
m
e
nt
o
f
nat
i
ona
l
s
k
i
l
ls,
and
c
)
p
r
o
p
o
s
i
n
g
r
e
g
iona
l
a
nd
na
tio
nal
p
l
ans
f
or
s
o
l
ar
e
nerg
y.
A
nd
o
t
her
E
R
tec
h
nol
o
g
i
e
s.
-The
N
ati
o
n
a
l
A
g
e
n
cy
f
or
R
e
n
e
w
ab
le
E
n
e
r
gy
a
n
d
Ener
gy
E
f
fic
i
e
n
c
y
(
ADEREE)
d
evelops
nat
i
ona
l,
r
egio
nal
an
d se
ct
ora
l
pla
ns
f
or
r
ene
w
able
e
ner
g
y
and
ener
gy ef
fic
i
enc
y
.
-Energy
Investment
C
or
p
o
r
a
t
i
o
n
(
S
I
E
)
:
a
c
c
o
r
d
i
n
g
t
o
i
t
s
o
w
n
m
i
s
s
io
n
st
atem
en
t,
t
he
c
om
pan
y
fa
ci
l
i
ta
te
s
a
n
d
d
e
ve
l
ops
p
ro
j
e
c
t
s
i
n
t
he
e
n
e
rgy
se
c
t
or
w
ith
t
he
s
u
p
por
t
of
i
n
v
e
s
t
o
r
p
a
rtne
rs,
deve
lope
rs a
n
d
t
he pr
i
va
te se
c
t
or
The
de
ce
n
t
ra
li
z
e
d
pro
d
u
ct
i
on
in
ject
i
on
has
a
si
g
n
i
fica
n
t
i
m
p
act
o
n
t
h
e
o
p
era
tio
n
o
f
t
he
m
e
d
ium
vo
l
t
a
g
e
ne
tw
or
k.
T
h
i
s
pr
i
m
ar
ily
c
o
n
ce
rns
t
h
e
d
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n
ne
tw
o
rk
m
a
n
ag
er,
as
h
e
i
s
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
i
b
l
e
for
ma
na
gi
ng
a
rea
s
ona
b
l
e
l
e
vel
o
f
r
e
l
i
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
,
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
a
n
d
se
c
u
r
i
t
y
.
T
h
e
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
m
a
n
a
g
e
r
i
s
incre
a
s
i
n
g
l
y
in
n
ee
d of
o
bse
r
v
a
bi
l
ity
v
i
a
p
ow
e
r
grid
t
o
ol
s.
I
n
c
r
e
a
s
e
t
h
e
r
o
l
e
o
f
u
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
i
e
s
a
n
d
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
e
r
s
i
n
i
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
na
l
kn
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
trans
f
e
r
t
o
i
n
cre
a
se
the
de
ve
lo
pm
e
n
t o
f
r
ene
w
abl
e
e
ner
g
y
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
E
l
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
IS
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
R
ecom
m
e
n
d
a
t
i
ons a
n
d
so
lu
t
i
o
n
s
to
rem
o
ve
som
e
barrie
r
s
to
the de
p
l
oy
m
e
nt o
f
sm
ar
t .
.
. (Rac
hi
d H
a
b
a
c
h
i)
75
1
4.
CONCL
U
S
ION
Mor
o
c
c
o
ha
s
an
e
xc
e
p
t
i
o
n
a
l
po
t
e
ntia
l
i
n
R
e
n
e
w
ab
le
E
ne
rg
y,
p
arti
c
u
larly
in
s
ol
ar
a
nd
w
i
n
d
e
ne
r
g
y
.
The
de
ve
l
o
pme
n
t
o
f
t
he
S
m
a
r
t
G
rid
in
M
or
o
c
co
d
oe
s
n
o
t
re
ac
h
ma
t
ur
it
y
a
s
i
n
E
u
r
ope
o
r
N
o
r
t
h
A
m
erica.
I
n
th
i
s
p
a
p
e
r
w
e
have
d
e
s
cri
b
e
d
t
he
M
orocc
a
n
n
etw
o
rk
a
nd
s
t
udie
d
t
he
b
arriers
to
d
eploym
en
t
of
s
m
a
rt
g
rids
i
n
mor
o
cco.
We ha
v
e
fi
nishe
d
b
y
sol
u
ti
ons a
nd
re
comm
e
n
da
tio
ns t
o
d
eve
l
opm
e
n
t t
h
e sm
ar
t
grids i
n
m
orocc
o
ACKNOW
LEDG
E
MEN
T
S
The
a
u
t
h
ors
are
very
m
uc
h
t
h
an
k
f
u
l
t
o
t
h
e
una
n
i
mo
us
r
e
v
iew
e
r
s
o
f
th
e
pape
r
a
n
d
ed
i
t
ors
of
t
he
jo
urna
l for t
h
ei
r
construc
t
i
ve
a
nd he
l
p
fu
l
co
mm
ents tha
t
im
prov
e
d
the
qua
l
ity o
f t
h
e
pa
per.
REFE
RENCES
[1]
Rachi
d
H
ab
achi
et
a
l.
“
M
a
nagem
e
n
t
a
nd
C
o
n
t
r
ol
o
f
S
m
art
Grid
S
ys
tems
:
Opport
unities
a
n
d
Chal
lenges
i
n
Mo
roc
c
o”
.
In
ter
nat
io
nal Jo
ur
nal o
f
M
a
t
h
emati
c
s and
Com
p
u
t
ationa
l
Scien
ce ISS
N
: 23
81
-701
1 (
P
ri
n
t
)
,
IS
SN,
2
3
8
1
-
70
2X
,
Vo
l. 3
,
N
o
. 2
, p
p.
6-
1
4
, 2
01
7.
[2]
M
i
nister
o
f
Energ
y
o
f
Min
e
s,
W
ater
a
n
d
E
nvi
ro
n
m
ent
(M
E
M
EE).
“
Th
e
S
t
ra
t
e
gy
of
R
enew
able
E
nerg
y
F
o
r
S
e
lf-
Con
s
u
m
pti
on
In T
he
I
n
d
u
s
t
r
y S
ect
or”.
Casab
l
anca
,
N
o
v
e
m
b
e
r
2014
.
[3]
In
te
rn
a
t
io
na
l
En
e
r
gy
Ag
e
n
c
y,
M
o
r
o
cco
201
4: E
n
er
gy p
o
l
i
c
i
es
b
e
yo
nd
IEA
cou
n
tries
,
P
ari
s
,
201
4.
[4]
C.
He-Ru
i
,
P
.
X
u,
"
S
t
ud
y
on
S
m
a
rt
G
rid
S
y
st
e
m
B
ased
on
S
y
s
t
em
D
y
namics
",
TE
L
K
OM
NIKA
Indo
nes
i
an
Jour
na
l
of
El
ectr
i
ca
l
E
n
gi
neer
in
g
, V
o
l
. 1
2,
N
o
.
12, p
p
. 797
9-7
9
8
6
, D
ecemb
e
r 20
14
[5]
S
h
ah
inzad
eh
H
,
Has
a
nali
zadeh
-K
ho
sro
s
hah
i
A
.
"Imp
lem
e
n
t
ati
o
n
o
f
S
m
art
Me
tering
S
y
s
tems:
Chall
e
nges
and
S
o
lu
ti
o
n
s
"
.
T
E
L
K
OMNIK
A
In
do
ne
sian
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Ele
c
t
ric
a
l En
gi
ne
e
r
in
g
, 1
2(7
)
,
2
0
14
.
[6]
Ay
la
H
asan
ali
z
adeh
-K
ho
sro
s
hah
i
e
t
al
“
S
ecuri
ty
T
ech
no
lo
gy
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
Fi
rew
a
l
l
f
or
S
mart
G
rid“.
Bulletin of
El
ectri
cal En
g
i
neeri
n
g
and
In
f
o
r
m
atics
ISSN: 230
2-92
85
,
Vol.
5
,
No.
3
,
pp.
3
66
~
3
7
2
,
S
e
p
t
ember
20
16
,
DO
I:
1
0
.1
15
91
/e
e
i
.v5
i
3.61
5
[7]
ON
EE, O
U
R
SPECIA
L
TI
E
S
. h
ttp
://www.
one
ecop2
2.m
a
,
2016.
[8]
Gao
J
,
“
A
s
u
rv
ey
o
f
co
mm
uni
cati
on/netwo
r
ki
ng
in
S
m
a
rt
G
rids
”.
Fut
u
r
e
G
e
nera
ti
on
Co
mputer
S
y
stem
s (
E
lsevier)
,
pp
.
3
91-4
0
4
,
2
0
1
2.
[9]
Nat
i
on
al
O
ffice
o
f
E
l
e
c
t
ricity,
An
nu
al
A
c
t
iv
it
y
Rep
o
rts
of
O
N
E
E
v
e
r
si
on
;
2
0
1
4
.
[o
nl
in
e
]
A
va
i
l
a
b
le
:
ww
w.one
.
org.ma
[10]
Gao
J
,
“
A
s
u
rv
ey
o
f
co
mm
uni
cati
on/netwo
r
ki
ng
in
S
m
a
rt
G
rids
”.
Fut
u
r
e
G
e
nera
ti
on
Co
mputer
S
y
stem
s (
E
lsevier)
,
pp
.
3
91-4
0
4
,
2
0
1
2.
[11]
Offi
cial
b
ulleti
n
n
u
m
b
er
2
65
0
o
f
0
9.
0
8
.
1
96
3
Dah
i
r
n
°
1-63
-22
6
(14
rebia
I
1383)
cre
a
t
i
ng
t
he
N
a
t
iona
l
Off
i
ce
of
El
ectr
i
city.
[12]
Offi
cial
B
u
lleti
n
No.
46
-80
-
2 ch
aoual
1
437
(7-7
-
20
16
) Law
No
.
4
8-15
on
t
h
e reg
u
latio
n o
f
t
he el
e
c
t
ric
i
ty
s
ect
or an
d
th
e creati
on
o
f
t
h
e
N
ati
ona
l
E
l
ect
ri
cit
y
R
eg
ula
t
ory
Au
th
ori
t
y
.
[13]
M
E
MEE
.
R
eg
io
nal
in
tegratio
n
s
t
rat
e
gic
choice
o
f
M
orocco
,
“
S
t
r
en
gt
hen
i
ng
an
d
d
e
vel
opm
en
t
o
f
e
nerg
y
in
tercon
nect
io
n
wit
h
n
ei
gh
bori
ng
co
un
-t
ries
”,
A
vai
l
ab
le
f
ro
m
:
ht
tp:/
/ww
w
.
m
e
m
.
g
ov
.m
a/SiteP
a
ges
/
CP
2
016/CP
09Ju
i
n
16.
asp
x
,
20
1
6
.
[14]
Nat
i
on
al
O
ffice of
Electri
cit
y
an
d
W
ater (
ON
EE
)
, htt
p
://
www.one
.
o
rg
.m
a/,
20
15.
[15]
RedE
léctri
ca de E
sp
aña, 2
èm
e interco
n
n
e
x
i
o
n
él
ectri
que Esp
agn
e
-
M
a
ro
c. w
ww
.
r
ee.es
[16]
B.
M
o
h
am
ed,
B.
A
s
s
a,
&
B
.
Ilh
e
m.
“
E
l
ectri
c
n
e
two
r
k
intercon
ne
ct
io
n
of
M
ag
hreb
A
rab
co
unt
ries”.
Proc
e
e
ding
s o
f
10th internation
a
l confer
ence on envi
ro
nment and el
ectr
i
cal
engineering (
EEEI
C)
,
R
o
m
e
,
I
t
a
l
y
,
8
–
1
1
,
4
p
p
,
M
a
y
20
11
.
[17]
T
.
K
o
u
s
k
s
o
u
,
P
.
B
r
u
e
l
,
A
.
J
a
m
i
l
,
T
.
E
l
R
h
a
f
i
k
i
,
&
Y
.
Z
e
r
a
o
u
l
i
.
“En
e
rg
y
st
orage:
A
pp
licatio
ns
a
nd
c
h
a
ll
e
n
ges
.
S
olar
En
ergy
M
a
t
e
ria
l
s
an
d
S
o
lar
Cells"
,
1
2
0
,
5
9-8
0
,
20
1
4
[18]
F
easi
b
ilit
y
Stu
d
y
on
M
oro
cco-P
o
r
t
u
g
a
l
Elect
ric
Interco
n
n
ectio
n
Lau
n
ched
.
h
t
t
p
s:/
/
ww
w
.
m
o
roccoworl
dn
ews
.
com
,
20
16
.
[19]
P
r
esen
tati
on
b
y
B
rahim
Oum
o
u
n
ah.
"Int
égration
d
e
s
énerg
i
es
r
eno
uv
elabl
e
s
dan
s
l
es
s
ys
tèm
e
s
électri
qu
e
s
n
a
tion
a
u
x"
.
ON
E
E
-C
OP
22
, h
t
t
p
://www.o
nee
c
op
22
.ma,
2
01
6
.
[20]
ON
EE, O
U
R
SPECIA
L
TI
E
S
. h
ttp
://www.
one
ecop2
2.m
a
,
2016.
[21]
M
E
NA-SELECT,
“Co
untry
F
a
c
t
S
h
eet
M
o
r
occo
E
nergy
and
D
e
vel
o
p
m
en
t
a
t
a
g
l
an
ce
2
0
1
6
”
.
Av
ail
a
b
l
e
f
r
om
:
ht
tps://g
e
rm
anwa
t
c
h.
org/
en/
downl
oad
/
15
12
1.
p
d
f.
[22]
Morocc
an Agency f
o
r
Solar E
n
e
r
gy
(MA
SE
N)
.
h
t
t
p
://www
.mase
n
.ma/a
r/
pro
j
ets/,
20
17
.
[23]
C. Ri
c
hts. “T
h
e M
o
roccan
s
ol
ar pl
a
n. A co
m
parati
ve an
a
lysis of
CS
P
and
P
V
u
tili
zatio
n
until
2
02
0
”
.
2
01
2.
[24]
B.
M
o
h
am
ed,
B.
A
s
s
a,
&
B
.
Ilh
e
m.
“
E
l
ectri
c
n
e
two
r
k
intercon
ne
ct
io
n
of
M
ag
hreb
A
rab
co
unt
ries”.
Proc
e
e
ding
s o
f
10
th
in
tern
a
t
io
n
a
l co
nfer
ence o
n
en
vir
onm
ent
a
n
d el
ectri
ca
l
eng
i
n
eerin
g
(
E
EE
IC)
,
4
pp
,
Ro
me
,
Ita
l
y
,
8
–1
1
Ma
y
20
11
.
[25]
Afilal
M
E
,
N
.
B
el
khad
i
r,
Z
.
Merzak.
“
B
io
gas
p
r
odu
cti
o
n
f
r
o
m
a
na
ero
b
ic
d
i
g
es
tio
n
o
f
m
anu
r
e
was
t
e:
M
oro
ccan
case”.
Glob
al
J
S
c
i
F
r
on
t
Re
s,
201
3.
[26]
M
o
ro
cc
an
Ag
e
n
c
y
f
o
r Ren
e
wabl
e En
ergy
Dev
elopm
ent
and
En
ergy
Eff
i
c
iency; htt
p://
www.aderee
.m
a/
[27]
A
.
R
i
m
i
,
Y
.
Z
a
r
h
l
o
u
l
e
,
A
E
.
B
a
r
k
a
o
u
i
,
C
o
r
r
e
i
a
c
A
n
t
o
n
i
o
,
J
.
C
a
r
n
e
iro
,
M
.
V
e
rdoya,
F
.
L
u
cazea
u
.
“
T
o
ward
s
a
de-
carbo
nized
e
ner
g
y
s
y
s
t
em
i
n
nort
h
east
e
rn
M
o
r
occo:
pro
s
p
ectiv
e
g
e
o
th
erm
a
l
re
so
urce”.
Renew
a
bl
e
Su
stain
a
b
l
e
Energy Rev
,
1
6
:
22
07
16,
2
0
1
2
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-
8694
Int J
P
o
w
El
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
,
V
ol.
10,
N
o.
2
, June
20
1
9
:
744
–
7
52
75
2
[28]
J
W
.
Lun
d
,
D
H
.
F
r
eest
o
n
,
T
L.
B
o
y
d
.
“
D
i
rect
u
tili
zati
on
of
g
eo
t
h
e
rm
al
e
nergy
worldw
i
d
e
revi
e
w
”.
Pr
oceedi
n
g
s
wor
l
d geo
t
her
m
a
l
co
ngr
ess
,
Ba
li,
Ind
on
e
s
ia
;
Ap
r
i
l
20
10
.
[29]
T.
K
ou
sksou
, A
.
Al
l
o
uh
i,
M
. B
elatt
a
r,
A
.
Ja
mil,
T
. E
l Rh
a
f
ik
i,
A. Ari
d, &
Y
.
Zeraou
li.
“
Renew
a
ble
energy
p
oten
tial
and
n
a
tio
nal
p
o
li
cy
d
i
r
ectio
ns
f
o
r
s
ust
a
in
abl
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
nt
i
n
M
oro
c
co
”.
Rene
wa
ble an
d Su
stain
a
b
l
e Ener
gy
Revi
ews
,
4
7
,
46-57,
2
0
1
5
.
[30]
Brow
n
M
A
,
Z
h
o
u
S
.
“
Smart
-
gridpo
li
c
i
es
:
an
i
nternati
on
al
r
ev
iew
”
.
W
iley Int
e
r
d
isci
p Rev:
E
n
er
gy
E
n
vi
ron
;
2(
2):
12
1–
39,
2
0
1
3
.
[31]
S
.
L
ut
hra,
S
.
K
u
m
a
r,
R
.
K
h
arb,
M
.
F
.
A
nsari,
a
n
d
S
.
L
.
S
himmi,
"
A
do
ption
o
f
s
m
a
rt
g
rid
te
c
h
no
lo
g
i
e
s
:
An
a
na
lys
i
s
of
i
nt
eractio
ns
a
m
o
n
g
b
arriers,
"
Els
evier
,
vol.
33,
n
o.
R
en
ewabl
e
a
n
d
S
u
s
ta
i
n
ab
le
E
nergy
Revi
ews
,
pp.
5
54
-
565
,
20
14
.
[32]
Wo
rld
Bank
G
ro
up
,
"Th
e
W
orld
B
an
k".
IE
A S
t
ati
s
t
i
cs,
2
014
.
[
O
nl
ine
]
.
Avai
labl
e:
ht
tp:/
/da
t
a.
wo
rldban
k
.
o
rg/i
ndicator/
.
[
Retri
e
ved
Apri
l,
2
0
18].
[33]
“
T
h
e
R
enew
able
E
n
e
rgy
S
ecto
r
i
n
N
o
rt
h
Af
rica”:
C
urren
t
S
itu
ati
o
n
a
n
d
Prosp
e
c
t
s,
Su
br
egio
na
l No
rt
h
Afri
ca
Off
i
ce
of
th
e
Unit
ed
Nati
ons E
c
ono
mi
c Com
m
issi
on
fo
r
Afr
i
ca
(
U
NE
CA)
,
2
01
2.
[34]
MENA-S
E
LEC
T
,
“Co
u
n
t
ry
F
a
c
t
Sh
e
e
t
M
oro
c
c
o
E
ne
rg
y
a
n
d
De
ve
lo
pme
n
t
a
t
a
glan
ce
20
16
”.
A
v
a
il
ab
lef
r
om
:
ht
tps://g
e
rm
anwa
t
c
h.
org/
en/
downl
oad
/
15
12
1.
p
d
f.
[35]
K
Chou
kri,
A
N
ad
dam
i
,
S
H
a
yan
i
,
“Renewab
le
e
nergy
i
n
e
m
e
rg
ent
c
ou
ntri
es:
l
e
sso
ns
f
ro
m
en
erg
y
t
rans
iti
o
n
in
Mo
roc
c
o”
.
E
n
ergy, Sustainab
ilit
y and Societ
y
,
Spri
ng
er,
2
0
17.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.