Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of
P
ower E
le
ctr
on
i
cs a
n
d
Drive
S
ystem
(I
J
PE
D
S
)
Vo
l.
11
,
No.
4
,
Decem
be
r 202
0
, p
p.
2073
~
2082
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8694
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ij
peds
.
v11.i
4
.
pp
2073
-
2082
2073
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ij
pe
ds
.i
aescore.c
om
Propos
ed ene
rgy ma
nage
ment f
or a dece
ntrali
zed DC
-
mic
rogri
d
based PV
-
WT
-
HE
SS for
an isolat
ed com
munity
Hafsi Ou
ssam
a
1
,
Ab
delk
ha
l
ek O
th
m
an
e
2
,
Ha
r
tani M
oha
mmed
Amine
3
,
C
hakar
Abd
esel
em
4
,
So
ume
ur
M
ohammed
Ami
n
e
5
1
,2,3,4,
5
Smart
Gri
ds
and
Ren
ewa
b
le
Ene
rgi
es
L
abo
rat
ory
SG
RE, U
nive
rsity
of
Ta
hr
i
Moham
ed, Be
c
har
,
Alg
eria
3
La
bora
tory
of
d
ura
ble de
v
el
opm
ent
and inform
a
t
ic
s L
DD
I, Unive
rsity
of
Ahm
ed
Draia
,
Adrar
,
Al
ger
ia
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
Ja
n
2
1,
20
20
Re
vised
A
pr
2
6
, 2
0
20
Accepte
d
J
un
10
, 20
20
Microgr
ids a
r
e
s
ma
ll
-
s
ca
l
e
powe
r
sys
te
ms de
stin
ed
to
supply
isol
at
ed
v
il
l
age
s
and
opt
im
um
ut
il
izati
on
of
ren
e
wable
ene
rg
ie
s.
For
thi
s
re
ason,
thi
s
p
ape
r
pre
sents
a
DC
-
MG
of
150
Kw
p
to
fe
ed
an
isl
a
nd
vi
ll
ag
e.
Th
e
conf
iguration
of
th
e
proposed
sys
te
m
consist
s
of
four
in
te
r
con
nec
t
ed
sub
-
sec
tions
supplie
d
by
the
ce
n
tralize
d
unit
through
P
V
and
W
ind
Dis
tri
bute
d
En
erg
y
Resourc
es
DERs,
in
addi
t
i
on
to
the
supe
r
ca
pa
ci
tor
storag
e
dev
ic
e
.
In
th
e
othe
r
hand
,
int
ern
al
b
atter
i
es
of
ea
ch
sub
-
sec
t
ion
cov
er
it
s
load
demand
sep
arate
ly
,
wher
e
el
e
ct
ri
ca
l
and
ch
em
i
ca
l
storag
e
d
evi
c
es
c
an
b
e
a
dvant
ag
eous
hy
brid
en
erg
y
storage
sys
te
m
HESS
for
the
sys
te
m.
Thus,
th
e
cont
rol
stru
ct
ur
e
of
the
DC
-
MG
is
base
d
o
n
cur
r
ent
hyster
esis
method
to
assure
th
e
cha
r
ge/
disch
arg
e
oper
ation
and
the
st
abi
l
it
y
of
the
DC
-
bus
volt
ag
e,
the
n
a
proposed
ma
nag
em
en
t
str
at
egy
to
m
ana
g
e
th
e
sha
red
en
erg
y
of
th
e
DC
MG
sys
te
m.
The
sys
te
m
b
ehavior
is
te
st
ed
un
der
var
i
able
par
a
me
t
ers
and
cond
it
ions
using
Matl
ab/
Si
mul
ink
.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Con
tr
ol a
nd m
anag
e
ment
DC
micr
ogri
d
DC/DC c
onve
r
te
r
Energ
y
st
or
a
ge
sy
ste
m
Re
new
a
ble e
ne
rg
ie
s
This
is an
open
acc
ess arti
cl
e
un
der
the
CC
BY
-
SA
l
ic
ense
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Haf
si
O
us
sama
,
Smart
Gr
i
ds
&
Re
new
a
ble E
ne
rg
ie
s
Lab
or
at
ory
S
GRE
-
L,
Dep
a
rtme
nt of
Ele
ct
rical
En
gi
neer
i
ng,
Un
i
ver
sit
y o
f Ta
hr
i
Mo
hame
d,
Bec
har,
Alge
ria
The
i
nd
e
pe
nd
e
nce street,
PB
417
Be
c
har Al
ger
ia
,
Emai
l:
h
afsi.
ou
ssama@
pg.
un
i
v
-
bec
har
.
dz
,
oussama
5bm
@
gm
ai
l.
co
m
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
In
t
he
la
st
yea
rs,
the
re
is
a
quic
k
i
ncr
ease
of
cl
ea
n
a
nd
s
us
ta
ina
ble
ene
r
gy
-
based
re
ne
wab
le
e
nerg
y
so
urces
REs
in
po
wer
s
ys
te
m
s
[
1].
To
ma
ke
the
be
st
util
izati
on
of
renew
able
e
nerg
y,
M
ic
r
ogrids
ha
ve
bee
n
widely
stu
die
d
an
d
ha
ve
a
n
imp
or
ta
nt
r
ole
i
n
t
he
fu
t
ur
e
en
ergy
[
2]
,
to
de
crease
t
he
c
on
su
m
mati
on
of
fo
ssil
energ
y
a
nd
t
o
create
a
s
olu
ti
on
for
rem
ote
areas.
A
M
ic
r
ogri
d
s
ys
te
m
i
ntegr
at
es
se
ver
al
ty
pes
of
REs
to
fee
d
the
hous
e
ho
l
d
and
in
dustria
l
l
oad.
It
ca
n
be
c
la
ssifie
d
t
o
AC
an
d/or
DC
M
i
crogr
i
d.
DC
-
MG
c
ombines
va
rio
us
REs
su
c
h
as
phot
ovoltai
c
P
V,
wind
tu
r
bine
WT,
F
uel
ce
ll
FC
and
biomass,
i
n
ad
diti
on
to
st
or
a
ge
dev
ic
es
su
c
h
as
che
mica
l
batte
ries,
e
le
ct
rical
su
pe
r
capaci
tor
SC
a
nd
fl
ywheel,
a
nd
DC
loa
ds
[
3].
DC
-
M
G
s
yst
ems
pr
ese
nt
m
ore
adv
a
ntage
s
c
ompa
red
to
tra
diti
on
al
AC
-
MG,
w
her
e
we
neg
le
ct
al
te
r
na
ti
ve
pa
rameter
s
an
d
disturba
nces
[
2].
I
n
li
te
ratu
r
e,
DC
-
MG
is
more
a
dv
a
ntag
eous
co
m
par
e
d
with
AC
-
MG
in
te
r
m
of
t
he
init
ial
cost, t
he net sa
ving
value, t
he
p
a
yb
ac
k pe
rio
d
a
nd the
sy
ste
m effic
ie
nc
y
[
4].
In
rece
nt
yea
rs,
resea
rc
he
rs
are
go
i
ng
towa
r
d
DC
-
MG
fiel
d,
es
pe
ci
al
ly
with
in
creasin
g
it
s
app
li
cat
io
ns
i
n
E
V,
data
a
nd
te
le
com
munic
at
ion
center
s,
reside
ntial
ci
ti
es
…
et
c.
[
5].
He
nce,
t
he
use
of
ren
e
wa
ble
an
d
non
-
re
new
a
ble
DERs
res
ults
in
ma
ny
t
yp
es
of
MGs,
wh
ic
h
var
ie
s
f
r
om
si
mp
le
to
c
ompli
cat
ed
config
ur
at
io
ns
fo
ll
owin
g
t
he
us
e
d
to
po
l
og
y
an
d
t
he
volt
age/p
ow
e
r
le
ve
l
of
t
he
syst
em.
I
n
[6],
t
he
auth
or
s
hav
e
pro
posed
PV
/B
at
te
ry
DC
-
M
G
,
P
V/WT/Ba
tt
ery
to
po
l
ogy
in
[
7],
wh
il
e
[
8]
stu
dies
a
DC
-
MG
ba
se
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
11
, N
o.
4
,
D
ecembe
r
2020
:
2073
–
2082
2074
PV
/W
T/FC
/B
at
te
ry
.
Ot
her
re
searche
r
dealt
with
EV
i
n
F
C/
Ba
tt
ery
/SC
topolo
gy
[
9].
I
n
DC
-
MG,
s
ui
ta
ble
topolo
gy
de
pe
nd
s
on
the
ne
eded
a
ppli
cat
i
on
a
nd
re
gion
conditi
on.
Be
sides,
we
disti
nguis
h
two
op
erati
on
modes,
Gr
i
d
-
off
m
ode
w
he
n
the
DC
-
MG
operates
a
utonomo
us
ly
a
nd
se
par
at
el
y
from
t
he
main
gr
i
d.
In
the
oth
e
r
side
,
the
MG
op
e
rates
in
pa
rall
el
with
the
gri
d
in
Gr
i
d
-
Tie
d
m
ode,
w
her
e
the
mismat
che
d/ex
ceede
d
energ
y
is s
uppl
ie
d/abs
orbed b
y
the
grid
side
resp
ect
ivel
y [10].
This
pa
pe
r
pr
esents
sim
ulati
on,
co
ntr
ol
an
d
ma
nag
e
ment
of
the
pro
pos
ed
dece
ntr
al
iz
ed
DC
-
MG
base
d
P
V/W
T/HESS
unde
r
s
pecified
loa
d
s
chedule
a
nd
va
riable
s
un
po
te
ntial
of
the
stu
died
zo
ne.
T
he
goal
of this st
udy
is
to ensu
re th
e
foll
ow
i
ng
:
-
U
ni
nterru
ptable ope
rati
on of the
wh
ole sys
te
m dur
i
ng normal
, cr
it
ic
al
and eme
r
gen
c
y
c
ases.
-
Co
ntr
ol the
c
harge/disc
harg
e cycles
of the
HES
S
d
e
vices
base
d on it
s ene
rgy/p
ower
de
ns
it
ie
s.
-
M
ana
ge
t
he
s
har
e
d
e
nerg
y/powe
r
i
ns
ide t
he
D
C
-
MG
unde
r
a stable
DC
bus
vo
lt
a
ge
The
propose
d
DC
-
MG
sho
w
n
in
Fi
gure
1
consi
sts
of
PV
and
WT
as
D
ERs,
super
cap
aci
tor
an
d
4
su
b
-
sect
io
ns
,
e
ach s
ub
-
sect
io
n has l
ocal b
at
t
eries an
d
l
oads
.
In
this
st
udy,
we
us
e
d
Se
mi
-
act
ive
topolo
gy
w
her
e
t
he
superca
pacit
or
is
connecte
d
dir
ect
ly
to
DC
-
bu
s
, while
Bi
di
recti
on
al
c
onve
rters B
DC c
o
nt
ro
l t
he
f
unct
io
ning
of the l
oc
al
b
at
te
ries [
11
,
12
].
Figure
1. Pro
pose
d
str
uctu
re
of the st
ud
ie
d DC
-
MG
2.
MO
DELIN
G
OF THE
D
C
-
MG
In
the
pr
opos
e
d
DC
-
MG,
P
V
is
c
onsidere
d
as
the
pri
nci
pa
l
source
a
nd
WT
is
the
sec
onda
ry,
wh
il
e
the
HE
SS
ai
m
s
to
en
sure
th
e
powe
r
bala
nc
e
an
d
the
sta
bili
ty
of
t
he
s
ys
te
m.
This
order
is
base
d
on
th
e
avail
abili
ty
of
the
D
ERs,
a
nd
especial
ly
the
am
ount
of
the
delive
red
e
nergy
of
eac
h
DE
R.
Th
e
siz
in
g
of
th
e
sy
ste
m
DERs
is not c
on
si
der
e
d
in
this a
rtic
le
.
2
.
1.
PV
p
an
el
T
he
PV
sou
rc
e
can
be
repre
sented
by
a
n
e
qu
i
valent
ideal
curre
nt
sour
ce
co
nn
ect
e
d
with
se
ries
an
d
par
al
le
l resist
ors, i
n
a
dd
it
io
n
t
o
a
pa
y bass
di
od
e
. E
quat
ion (
1) d
esc
ribes
th
e outp
ut curre
nt
o
f
the
PV
:
[5,
13].
=
(
,
+
.
∆
)
.
(1)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
&
D
ri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
Propose
d ener
gy man
ag
e
me
nt
for a
decen
tr
alized
DC
-
Mi
c
ro
gri
d b
as
e
d
P
V
-
WT
-
H
ES
S
f
or…
(
H
afsi
Ou
s
sa
m
a)
2075
Wh
e
re
IPV
is
t
he
a
rr
a
y
c
urrent
(
A)
,
I
P
V,
N
i
s
the
STC
(
Sta
nd
a
r
d
Te
st
C
onditi
on)
v
al
ue
o
f
I
PV, KI
is
the
s
hort
ci
rc
uit
cu
rr
e
nt
te
mp
e
ratur
e
c
oe
ff
ic
ie
nt,
∆_T
is
the
diff
e
re
nce
betwee
n
act
ual
an
d
no
minal
te
mp
erat
ur
e
, G
is the act
ual s
un irr
a
diati
on (W/m²)
and
G
n i
s the S
TC
v
al
ue of
the s
un ir
rad
ia
ti
on.
2
.2
.
W
ind
tu
r
bine ge
nera
t
or
a
n
d P
MSG
The
wi
nd
tu
r
bi
ne
is
use
d
f
or
t
he
c
onve
rsi
on
of
kin
et
ic
energ
y,
the
re
are
man
y
of
ge
ner
at
or
s
to
trans
fer
the
me
chan
ic
al
po
wer t
o
el
ect
rical
p
ow
e
r,
P
M
S
Gs are b
ec
om
i
ng
i
ncr
easi
n
gl
y
po
pu
la
r
f
or
wind
powe
r
app
li
cat
io
ns
[14,
3],
it
can
ge
ner
at
e
t
he
el
ect
rical
powe
r
i
n
var
ia
ble
wi
nd
sp
ee
d.
T
he
t
opol
ogy
t
hat
use
d
in
thi
s
study
is
''
P
MSG
direct
-
dri
ve
n''
with
non
-
con
t
ro
ll
ed
rect
ifie
r,
ass
ociat
e
d
with
a
DC/
DC
c
onver
te
r.
The
mecha
nical
po
w
er
obtai
ne
d b
y ro
t
or
blade
s i
s:
=
1
2
ρπ
R
2
V
3
C
P
(
β
,
)
(2)
Wh
e
re,
is
th
e
ai
r
de
ns
it
y
(
kg/m3
),
R
is
the
rad
i
us
of
wind
tur
bin
e
blade
(
m),
V
is
wind
sp
ee
d
(
m/s)
and
(
,
)
is
t
he
powe
r
c
oeffici
ent,
wh
ic
h
expresses
the
r
el
at
ion
sh
i
p
bet
ween
the
ti
p
s
peed
rati
o
a
nd
the
pitch a
ng
le
.
2
.
3.
B
attery
The
batte
ry
in
this
w
ork
is
a
Lead
-
aci
d
t
ype
beca
us
e
of
it
s
wide
ad
va
ntages
s
uc
h
as
l
ow
cost
a
nd
high
rate o
f rec
ycling 9
7%
[5,
15]. T
he ou
t
put v
oltage
of th
e b
at
te
r
y
is
=
−
= E
0
−
−
∗
+
exp
(
−
∗
)
−
∗
∗
−
(3)
Wh
e
re
U
_b
is
the
batte
r
y
outp
ut
vo
lt
a
ge,
E
is
open
-
ci
r
cuit
volt
age
,
E0
is
th
e
batte
ry
inter
na
l
equ
i
valent v
olt
age,
K
is
pola
ri
zat
ion
c
on
sta
nt,
Q
is
the
ma
ximu
m b
at
te
r
y
c
apacit
y,
it
is
th
e
extracte
d
cap
aci
ty,
Rb
is
inte
rn
al
i
mp
e
dan
ce
,
i
b
i
s
the
batte
ry
c
urren
t,
an
d
i
*
i
s
the
filt
ered
ba
tt
ery
c
urren
t.
Po
lres
is
po
la
ri
zat
ion
resist
ance.
2
.
4.
S
uperc
apacit
or
SC
The
SC
ca
n
rel
ease
or
a
bsor
b
high
cu
rr
e
nt
s
pi
kes
duri
ng
a
s
hort
ti
me
in
mi
ll
ise
con
ds
due
to
it
s
high
powe
r
de
ns
it
y
[16],
in
a
dd
it
i
on
t
o
it
s
high
-
eff
ic
ie
nc
y
c
ycle
a
bout
(
100
%)
an
d
m
ore
c
harge/disc
harg
e
cycle
com
par
e
d
to
t
he
chemical
batt
eries
[
17].
In
[
18],
detai
le
d
m
od
el
li
ng
of
the
superca
pacit
or
is
deliberate
d.
The
SC ene
rgy ES
C i
s d
esc
ribe
d by it
s volt
age
VS
C a
nd ca
pa
ci
ta
nce CSC [
16]:
=
2
2
(4)
.
2.5.
El
ectr
on
ic
power
c
onver
ters
In
ou
r
DC
MG,
DC/DC
c
on
ve
rters
are
re
pr
e
sente
d
by
s
witc
hing
models,
w
here
pulse
with
modu
la
ti
on
P
W
M
sche
mas
are
impleme
nt
ed
co
ns
i
der
in
g
losses
a
nd
ha
rm
on
ic
s.
This
mode
re
quires
high
switc
hing
fr
e
quenc
y
t
hat ma
ke
the
sim
ulati
on m
ore ti
me c
onsumi
ng.
(a)
(b)
(c)
Figure
2. Ci
rcui
ts of
t
he DC/
D
C p
ow
e
r
c
onve
rters: (a
)
B
oost, (b)
Buc
k
-
B
oo
st, (c
)
BDC
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t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
11
, N
o.
4
,
D
ecembe
r
2020
:
2073
–
2082
2076
2
.
5
.1
.
B
oost
conver
ter
B
oo
st
c
onver
te
r
is
a
non
-
isola
te
d
DC
-
DC
co
nv
e
rter
a
ble
to
boos
t
the
ou
t
put
volt
ag
e
grea
te
r
than
the
input
,
it
is
al
s
o
known
as
st
ep
up
co
nvert
er
[
1
9
]
a
s
s
hown
in
fig
ur
e
(2
-
a
)
.
The
bo
ost
co
nv
e
rter
ha
s
two
op
e
rati
on
pe
rio
ds
.
Durin
g
fir
s
t
per
io
d,
the
c
ontr
olled
switc
h
S1
is
O
N,
wh
i
le
S1
is
tur
ned
OF
F
in
t
he
se
cond
per
i
od [14].
The d
uty
c
ycl
e
form
ulati
on
of th
e boost
con
ver
t
er is:
=
1
−
(5)
2
.
5
.2
.
B
uck bo
os
t
conver
ter
DC/DC
B
uck
-
boos
t
c
onve
rte
r
s
how
n
i
n
fig
ur
e
(
2
-
b)
is
ab
le
to
ge
ner
at
e
an
i
nv
e
rted
outpu
t
volt
age
gr
eat
er
t
ha
n
or
le
ss
than
t
he
input
volt
age
,
wh
e
re
it
operat
es
in
the
bu
c
k
mode
w
he
n
k
<
0.5
an
d
i
n
th
e
boos
t
mode
wh
e
n k >
0
.
5
[
14]
. T
he
duty
c
ycle ca
n be
fin
d b
y
=
+
(6)
2.5.3.
Bi
dire
ct
iona
l
buck
-
b
oost
conver
ter
BDC
BDC
is
a
n
el
ect
ro
nic
int
erf
ace
bet
wee
n
t
he
DC
-
bus
an
d
t
he
ba
tt
ery
,
w
hich
assu
re
t
he
charge/disc
harge
ope
rati
on
.
T
he
BDC
has
tw
o
m
od
e
s,
bo
os
t
mode
w
he
n
th
e
batte
ry
disch
arg
e
(S3:
O
N
&
S4
:
OF
F
),
a
nd
bu
c
k
wh
e
n
t
he
batte
ry
c
harge
(S3:
O
FF
&
S
4:
ON).
The
tw
o
sw
it
ches
of
the
BDC
are
co
nt
ro
ll
ed
com
plimentar
y
via
t
he
PWM
sig
nal
c
om
m
ands
of
the
ca
scade
-
cl
os
e
d
l
oop
(
vo
lt
age
&
c
urren
t
hyst
eresis)
[
20
].
2
.
6.
L
oads
The
pr
opos
e
d
sy
ste
m
s
upplie
s
bo
t
h
DC
a
nd
AC
loads
,
w
he
re
AC
ty
pe
c
on
sist
s
of
to
w
02
hous
i
ng
with 5
0
K
wp
f
or
eac
h,
a p
ol
yc
li
nic
and
pri
m
ary
scho
ol
of 22 K
w
p.
Th
e f
ourt
h
DC
l
oad
of
28 Kwp
is de
sti
ned
for
a
n
a
gr
ic
ultur
e
appli
cat
ions.
3.
CONTR
OL A
ND
ENE
RGY
MAN
AGE
M
ENT
STR
ATI
GY
The
ma
nag
e
m
ent
s
ys
te
m
pol
ic
y
M
SP
ai
ms
to
prov
i
de
t
he
load
side
wit
h
un
i
nterru
ptable
ene
r
gy
in
add
it
io
n
to
protect
the
sy
ste
m
com
pone
nts
[21]
.
The
global
co
ntr
ol
structu
re
co
ns
ist
s
of
tw
o
to
polog
ie
s
,
wh
ic
h
a
re:
1
-
M
PP
T c
on
t
ro
ll
er
of
t
he
c
onve
rsion c
hains
of
PV
/W
T s
ource
s.
2
-
Cl
os
ed
c
ontr
ol
loops
of the
D
C/
DC BDC
of
local
b
at
te
ries.
The
c
on
t
ro
l
str
at
egy
of
t
he
de
centrali
zed
c
on
fig
ur
at
io
n
ai
ms
to
ma
nag
e
t
he
sh
are
d
e
nerg
y
inside
a
nd
betwee
n
the
int
ercon
nected s
e
ct
ion
s se
pa
ratel
y
th
rou
gh thei
r
local
c
ontr
ollers LC
of the
BDC o
f batt
eries
.
3.1.
C
on
tr
ol s
t
ructure
of
th
e
PV
c
onversi
on ch
ain
:
I
n
this
pa
rt,
t
he
PV
is
c
on
t
ro
l
le
d
du
rin
g
s
un
ny
ho
ur
s
by
th
e
MPPT co
ntr
ol
le
r
to
e
xtract
i
ts
maxim
um
powe
r usin
g
c
onve
ntio
nal P
&
O
met
hod wit
h PI re
gu
la
to
r
t
o mai
ntain
the
bus
vo
lt
a
ge.
Figure
3. Co
m
mon c
on
t
ro
l st
r
uctu
re
o
f
PV
/
WT
s
ources
ba
sed MP
PT
.
The
op
e
rati
on
pr
i
nciple
of
th
is
method
is
t
o
adj
us
t
the
operati
ng
vo
lt
a
ge
in
te
r
ms
of
powe
r
unti
l
achievin
g
t
he r
el
at
ion
sh
i
p dP/
dV =
0
[
2
2,
23
].
3.2.
C
on
tr
ol s
t
ructure
of
th
e
WT co
nv
ersi
on ch
ain
The
pr
opos
e
d
con
t
ro
l
meth
od
re
qu
i
res
onl
y
powe
r
outp
ut
meas
u
re
ment
of
the
c
onve
r
sion
c
hain
of
WT.
T
his
ca
n
be
achie
ved
f
rom
the
DC
li
nk’s
c
urren
t
a
nd
volt
age
wit
hout
re
quirin
g
any
s
pee
d
or
wind
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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ow Elec
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ri S
ys
t
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-
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694
Propose
d ener
gy man
ag
e
me
nt
for a
decen
tr
alized
DC
-
Mi
c
ro
gri
d b
as
e
d
P
V
-
WT
-
H
ES
S
f
or…
(
H
afsi
Ou
s
sa
m
a)
2077
measu
reme
nt
s
or
an
oth
e
r
me
chan
ic
fact
or
[
24,
25
]
.
M
axi
mu
m
power
operati
on
f
or
a
WT
reali
zed
w
hen
the
rati
o
of
the
po
wer
va
riat
ion
on
the
s
peed
va
riat
ion
eq
ual
to
zer
o.
I
n
ad
di
ti
on
,
t
he
bac
k
-
emf
of
a
PMSG
is
pro
portion
al
t
o t
he rotat
io
nal
sp
ee
d
ω
, a
nd hence it
ca
n be s
how
n
that
[
2
4
=
0
(7)
Using
t
he
de
fe
ren
ce
power
dP
a
nd
c
reasin
g
or
dec
reasin
g
the
DC
-
bus
volt
age
ca
n
be
achieve
the
M
PP
at
pr
act
ic
al
sp
ee
d
r
otati
on
al
.
by
util
iz
at
ion
P&
O
or
Hill
-
Cl
imbing
S
earch
HC
S
[
25
]
to
e
xtract
the
MPP
from
avail
a
ble
wind
sp
ee
d
an
d
t
o
giv
e
t
he
V
d
c
ref
e
re
nce
a
s
s
hown
i
n
fig
ure
3
to
PI
c
ontr
oller
t
o
re
gu
la
t
e
the
ou
t
pu
t
powe
r
a
t 400 V.
3.3.
Bu
ck
-
boo
st
bidi
rec
tiona
l
converter
contr
ol
The
c
on
tr
ol
str
uctu
re
s
how
n
i
n
fig
ur
e
6
desc
ribes
the
opera
ti
on
pr
i
ncip
le
of
the
cha
rg
e/
di
scharge
of
the
batte
ry.
Th
e
casca
de
t
opol
ogy
ai
ms
t
o
mit
igate
the
bus
volt
age
va
ri
at
ion
s
by
the
PI
re
gu
la
t
or
a
nd
the
n
gen
e
rate
s
th
e r
efere
nce c
urre
nt to
t
he hyst
er
esi
s r
e
gu
la
to
r,
ei
ther
to
ch
a
r
ge
or
discha
rg
e
cases.
Figure
4
.
Co
ntr
ol str
uctu
re
of
t
he
B
DC of t
he l
ocal b
at
te
ries.
3.4.
M
anag
e
m
ent
s
tr
at
e
gy
The
f
ollow
i
ng
flo
wc
har
t
des
cribes
the
ene
r
gy
ma
na
geme
nt
strat
e
gy
of
the
DCMG,
w
hich
ai
ms
t
o
con
t
ro
l
a
nd
pr
otect
the
s
ys
te
m
pa
rts
,
wh
e
re
fou
r
m
od
e
s
ar
e
us
e
d
to
super
vise
the
DERs
op
e
rati
on,
c
ontrol
the
charge/disc
harge
of the l
ocal
batte
ries a
nd
a
ssu
re
the
loa
d dema
nd. Ta
ble
1
il
lustrate
the
selec
te
d
m
ode
s.
Figure
5. Flo
w
char
t
of the
po
wer ma
nag
e
me
nt poli
cy o
f D
C
-
MG.
Table
1.
E
xpla
nation o
f
t
he
m
anag
e
ment
m
odes.
Mod
es
Descripti
o
n
Mod
e 1
In th
is m
o
d
e,
th
e s
elected b
attery is
t
u
rned
OFF
an
d
the
load
su
p
p
lied
via renewab
le so
u
rces, th
e E
MS
giv
e an ord
er
to
r
en
ewable so
u
rc
es to
chan
g
e the con
trol m
o
d
e f
ro
m
MPPT
to d
roo
p
con
trol m
o
d
e.
Mod
e 2
In th
is case, the
ge
n
erate
d
po
wer mo
r
e than
the d
em
an
d
p
o
wer
an
d
the SO
C o
f
th
e battery
b
e
tween 9
0
% and
20
%,
so
th
e asso
ciated b
attery is charg
in
g
.
Mod
e 3
The d
em
an
d
po
we
r
m
o
re
th
an
the in
j
ected p
o
wer
at
the
DC
-
b
u
s fr
o
m
r
en
e
wab
le so
u
rces a
n
d
th
e SOC of cha
rge
o
f
th
e
ass
o
ciated b
attery
m
o
re
th
an
20
%,
so
here the battery
i
s d
isch
argin
g
to c
o
v
er
th
e mis
sin
g
power
.
Mod
e 4
In th
is case, the
as
so
ciated b
attery ar
r
iv
ed
to th
e lim
it
an
d
the d
em
an
d
po
wer
less
than
the in
j
ected p
o
wer
in
the
ass
o
ciated s
ectio
n
,
h
ere
to
avo
id
the
b
lack
-
o
u
t case the
o
th
er
sectio
n
s wh
o
hav
e a
SOC
m
o
r
e
th
an
20
,
th
e batt
eri
es
sh
aring
the p
o
wer t
o
cov
er
th
e m
iss
in
g
po
wer
to
f
eedi
n
g
the
d
am
ag
ed
secti
o
n
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
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:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
11
, N
o.
4
,
D
ecembe
r
2020
:
2073
–
2082
2078
4.
SIMULATI
O
N RESULTS
AND DIS
C
USSION
In
t
his
sect
io
n,
the
stu
die
d
m
od
el
was
simu
la
te
d
in
M
at
la
b
Sim
ulin
k
s
oft
war
e,
w
her
e
the
ob
ta
in
e
d
resu
lt
s
are
pr
es
ented
a
nd
disc
us
se
d
t
o
ve
rif
y
the
se
rv
ic
ea
bili
ty
a
nd
e
ff
ic
ie
nc
y
of
t
he
pro
po
sed
syst
em.
T
he
use
of
va
riable
we
at
her
co
ndit
ions
fi
gure
6
ai
m
s
to
te
st
the
vi
abili
ty
of
t
he
s
ys
te
m
unde
r
s
uch
disturba
nc
e
a
nd
their ef
fects
on
the
ob
ta
in
ed
re
su
lt
s,
in
addit
ion t
o
t
he
sel
ect
ed
sc
he
du
le
of
the s
ub
sect
io
ns l
oads.
(a)
(b)
Figure
6. Va
riable p
r
of
il
e of s
olar
a
nd
wind s
olar para
mete
r
s:
(a)
The
v
a
riat
ion o
f
ir
ra
diati
on
a
nd tempe
rat
ur
e
of PV s
our
ce.
(
b) T
he
wind s
pee
d prof
il
e
of
WT.
Con
ce
rn
i
ng
t
he
irrad
ia
ti
on
a
nd
te
m
pe
rature
saw
in
fi
gur
e
(6
-
a),
t
he
da
y
an
d
the
nigh
t
pr
ofi
le
has
been
re
present
ed.
A
bout
t
he
wind
s
pee
d
fig
ur
e
(6
-
b),
we
f
ocused
on
t
hr
e
e
re
gimes
fro
m
wi
nd
s
peed
:
rated
sp
ee
d
m
ode,
w
eek
s
pee
d
mod
e
w
her
e
the
W
T
is
tu
r
ned
off
an
d
t
he
t
hir
d
mode
w
her
e
th
e
WT
power
i
s
not
op
ti
mal.
Re
gardin
g
the
powe
r
pro
file
dema
nd,
we
re
pr
ese
nt
the
po
wer
pro
file
simi
la
r
to
reali
ty.
The
powe
r
dema
nd
was
great
er
in
t
he
midd
le
of
the
day
especial
ly
in
s
um
me
r,
w
her
e
t
he
powe
r
de
man
d
e
xce
eds
the
assigne
d
a
mou
nt
as
i
n
fi
gure
(8
-
b).
Exactl
y,
the
rated
pow
er
of
t
his
loa
d
sect
ion
is
50
Kwp
a
nd
reac
hed
7
0
Kwp
t
o
e
xami
ne
the
r
eact
io
n of t
he
s
ys
te
m
a
nd the e
ff
ect
i
ve
ness o
f
the
m
anag
e
ment
d
ec
isi
on
s i
n
s
uc
h
c
ases.
Figure
7
.
P
ow
e
r bala
nce
of th
e D
ERs
(
P
V,
WT) an
d SC.
Figure
7
sho
ws
the
pro
file
of
t
he
ge
ne
r
at
ed
ene
rgy
of
the
DERs
a
nd
t
he
SC.
T
he
P
V
s
ource
interve
ne
d
dur
ing
s
unny
hours
betwee
n
(
17
-
83)
s,
where
it
s
ma
ximum
ge
ner
at
e
d
powe
r
was
ab
out
100
k
W
appr
ox
imat
el
y
at
50
s
i
n
the
midd
le
of
the
day.
T
he
rated
ou
t
pu
t
powe
r
of
WT
at
rated
wind
s
pee
d
10
m/s
is
50
Kwp
as
see
n
in
the p
eri
od
f
r
om
(
67
-
75)
s.
Thus,
the g
ene
rated
po
wer
s of
the
D
ERs
are
interr
up
ti
ble due
t
o
the
inte
rmitt
en
t
natu
re
of
t
he
us
e
d
ren
e
wa
bles
as
seen
between
(
33
-
43)
s
w
her
e
the
wind
s
pee
d
was
le
ss
tha
n
the
cut
-
i
n
sp
ee
d.
T
he
bi
g
ad
va
ntage
of
the
s
up
e
rca
pacit
or
SC
is
to
gen
e
r
at
e/
abso
r
b
fast
current
s
pik
es
to
th
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
&
D
ri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
Propose
d ener
gy man
ag
e
me
nt
for a
decen
tr
alized
DC
-
Mi
c
ro
gri
d b
as
e
d
P
V
-
WT
-
H
ES
S
f
or…
(
H
afsi
Ou
s
sa
m
a)
2079
load
durin
g
tra
ns
ie
nt
reg
imes
du
e
t
o
it
s
hi
gh
powe
r
de
ns
it
y
in
ad
diti
on
t
o
mainta
in
the
bus
vo
lt
age
wit
hin
it
s
sp
eci
fied
li
mit
s.
In
a
dd
it
io
n,
the
fast
res
ponse
ti
me
of
the
S
C
duri
ng
s
udde
n
ca
ses
ca
n
s
olv
e
the
disa
dv
antag
e
of the
batte
r
y b
ecause
of it
s slow dy
namic a
nd
respo
ns
e ti
m
e as see
n
in
70 s.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Figure
8
.
Th
e
powe
r bala
nce
of the
fou
r
s
ubsy
ste
ms:
(a) Fi
rst secti
on, (b
) Sec
ond sec
ti
on
, (
c
)
T
hir
d
sect
ion
and (
d)
F
ourth
sect
ion
.
Figure
8
il
lust
rates
the
pow
er
balance
of
the
s
ub
s
ys
te
m
s
of
the
DC
-
M
G
,
wh
e
re
t
he
local
loa
d
dema
nds
a
re
pl
otted
with
it
s
batte
ry
e
nerg
y
and
the
a
bsor
be
d/g
e
ner
at
e
d
powe
r
f
rom/
to
the
c
ommo
n
D
C
bu
s
of
t
he
DC
-
M
G
.
As
viewe
d
i
n
each
s
ubsy
ste
m,
the
l
ocal
lo
ad
wa
s
s
upplied
fir
stl
y
by
t
he
ren
e
wa
ble
ene
rgy
of
the
ce
ntrali
zed
powe
r
plant,
w
hile
the
local
ba
tt
eries
inter
ve
ne
t
o
c
ope
with
t
he
e
nerg
y
m
ismat
ch
betwe
en
t
he
load
a
nd
t
he
r
enew
a
ble
ene
r
gy.
Ex
act
ly,
t
he
cha
r
ge/disc
harge
of
the
l
ocal
batte
ries
is
con
tr
olled
by
the
casca
de
-
c
ontr
ol
-
loop
base
d
on
t
he
var
ia
ti
on
of
t
he
c
ommo
n
bus
volt
age
t
o
ge
ner
at
e
t
he
ref
e
ren
ce
c
urre
nt
to
the
a
ppr
opriat
e
batte
r
y.
Duri
ng
night
hours
,
the
wind
t
urbine
is
t
he
a
ss
ign
e
d
res
ource
to
s
upply
the
loa
d,
wh
il
e
t
he
perm
anen
t
excee
de
d
a
nd
/
or
l
acke
d
powe
r
is
a
bsor
be
d
a
nd
/
or
ge
ner
at
e
d
by
the
local
batte
ries
and
by
the
superca
pac
it
or
to
c
op
e
wi
th
fast
cu
rr
e
nt
sp
ikes
.
I
f
the
centrali
zed
renewable
e
nerg
y
do
es
not
m
uc
h
the
total
load
de
m
and
of
t
he
w
ho
le
sy
ste
m,
the
l
ocal
batte
ries
discha
rg
e
fo
ll
owin
g
their
sta
t
e
of
c
harge,
ei
t
her
t
o
su
ppl
y
it
s local
load o
r
t
o
s
hare ene
rgy
t
o
the
co
m
mon
DC
bus
with t
he oth
er sub
s
ys
te
m
s.
Th
us
,
t
he
glob
al
sh
are
ene
rgy
betwee
n
the
DERs
a
nd
the
stora
ge
dev
ic
e
s
are
c
ontrolle
d
re
ga
rd
i
ng
the
var
ia
ti
on o
f
the
volt
age
of the
c
ommo
n
D
C
li
nk
.
D
uri
ng
the
per
i
od
(
17
-
50)
s,
th
e
PV
pow
e
r
inc
rease
to
it
s
maxim
um
pea
k,
wh
il
e
the
w
ind
s
ource
pro
vid
es
it
s
lo
w
powe
rs.
I
n
this
per
i
od,
the
fou
rth
s
ub
-
sect
io
ns
are
su
ppli
ed
via
the
a
vaila
ble
re
new
a
ble
e
ne
rgy
a
nd
th
e
batte
ries
c
ov
e
r
t
he
missi
n
g
powe
r.
For
t
he
t
hir
d
s
ub
-
sect
ion
,
i
n
the
half
-
da
y,
the
powe
r
dema
nd
decr
ease
s
te
m
porar
il
y
so
t
he
corres
pondent
un
it
sto
rag
e
a
bs
or
bs
the
excess
po
wer.
I
n
the
th
ird
pe
rio
d,
fro
m
the
half
-
da
y
to
the
s
uns
et
(5
0
-
83)
s,
t
he
P
V
powe
r
sta
rts
decr
easi
ng,
the
avai
la
ble w
in
d
po
wer
ac
hieve
d
it
s
rate
d
duri
ng (
67
-
75)
s,
where
the
w
in
d
s
peed was
12
m
/s
as
represe
nted
in
fig
ur
e
(6
-
b)
.
I
n
this
pe
rio
d
,
t
he
SO
C
of
batte
ries
w
e
re
in
t
he
range
(30
-
90
),
s
o
batte
ries
wer
e
charge
d/d
isc
ha
rg
e
to
c
over
t
he
load
po
wer
dema
nd
an
d
a
ss
ur
e
the
DC
-
bu
s
volt
age
f
ol
lowing
the
re
f
eren
c
e
value 4
00 V.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
11
, N
o.
4
,
D
ecembe
r
2020
:
2073
–
2082
2080
In
t
he
ni
gh
t
pe
rio
d
(
83
-
100)
s
,
the
th
ree
sub
-
loads
ha
ve
a
m
inimum
powe
r
consu
mp
ti
on
f
or
li
ghti
ng
and
ot
her
smal
l
app
li
cat
io
ns
,
wh
il
e
th
e
f
ourt
h
s
ub
-
loa
ds
w
hich
re
pr
ese
nt
the
ag
ricult
ure
ap
plica
ti
on
,
do
not
consu
me
a
ny
powe
r.
I
n
t
his
pe
rio
d,
the
a
va
il
able
re
new
a
ble
s
ources
a
r
e
the
WT
i
n
pa
rall
el
with
t
he
local
batte
ries.
Exac
tl
y
at
(7
0
)
s,
t
he
batte
r
y
of
t
he
fir
st
s
ub
-
s
ys
te
m
was
disc
onnected
out
fro
m
the
s
ys
te
m
cause
d
by
ei
ther
if
it
s
SO
C
bec
om
es
le
ss
the
30
%
or
due
t
o
a
n
el
ect
rical
f
ault
a
s
il
lustrate
d
in
Figure
(8
-
a)
.
B
ecause
of
t
his
prob
le
m,
the
centr
al
iz
ed
un
it
via
re
new
a
ble
resou
r
ces
sup
plies
th
e
load
of
this
s
ub
-
s
ys
te
m
c
omplet
el
y,
wh
il
e
t
he
local
batte
ries
at
t
he
oth
e
r
sub
-
sy
st
ems
in
te
rv
e
ne
t
o
s
uppl
y
thei
r
l
ocal
loa
ds
.
He
nce,
t
he
batte
ri
es
are
more
stresse
d
durin
g
this
per
i
od,
w
her
e
t
he
bu
s
volt
age
is
aff
ect
ed
by
a
f
ast
ov
e
rsho
ot
in
ad
diti
on
t
o
af
fecti
ng
the
total
sta
bili
ty
of
the
DC
-
M
G
,
w
her
e
th
e
D
ERs,
the
s
up
e
rca
pacit
or
and
batte
rie
s
c
op
e
with
t
he
ne
eded
energ
y
to
mit
ig
at
e the bus
v
a
ri
at
ion
s a
nd
pro
vid
e t
he
la
c
ked ene
rgy
t
o
the
appr
opriat
e loa
d.
Figure
9. Ba
tt
eries an
d SC st
a
te
o
f
ch
a
rg
e
.
Figure
9
re
pr
e
sents
the
SO
C
of
batte
ries
of
each
s
ub
-
sect
i
on
a
nd
the
SC
.
As
ca
n
be
observ
e
d,
t
he
SO
C
ref
le
ct
s
t
he
us
e
d
e
nerg
y
of
the
stora
ge
dev
ic
es
du
r
ing
t
he
powe
r
bala
nce
prof
il
e
.
T
he
batte
ries
are
discha
rg
i
ng
es
pecial
ly
at
the
half
day
w
he
n
the
de
man
d
power
be
gr
eat
e
r,
bu
t
w
her
e
t
he
dema
nd
lo
a
d
powe
r
be
le
ss
the
po
wer
ge
ner
at
e
d
the
batte
ries
a
r
e
chargin
g
(th
e
third
an
d
th
e
fou
rth
s
ub
-
se
ct
ion
s)
,
the
fir
st
and
seco
nd
batte
rie
s
are
disc
harging
at
al
l
ti
me
because
of
t
he
dema
nd
powe
r
great
er
tha
n
t
he
gen
e
rated
powe
r.
At
ni
gh
t
an
d
a
fter
70s
the
sta
te
of
batte
ries
be
al
m
os
t
sta
bl
e
beca
us
e
the
load
de
man
d
powe
r
will
be
l
ow
e
r
excep
ti
ng
t
he
f
irst
sub
-
sect
io
n,
the
batte
ries
be
off
-
li
ne,
a
nd
the
c
onti
nu
at
ion
of
t
he
disc
hargin
g
batte
ries
w
e
exp
la
in
it
by t
he
inter
nal r
esi
st
ance.
The
SC
has
a
big
r
ole
i
n
t
h
e
beg
i
nn
i
ng
as
s
een
a
nd
i
n
the
transient
pe
rio
ds
beca
us
e
it
de
li
ver
s
high
powe
r
wit
h ver
y fast res
ponse
ti
me to e
nsure
the sta
bili
ty of
the
dc
-
bus.
Figure
10.
DC
-
bu
s
volt
age
of
the D
C
-
M
G
.
Figure
10
re
presents
the
bus
vo
lt
age
of
t
he
DC
-
M
G
s
ys
te
m
wit
h
a
re
fere
nce
value
of
400
V.
Th
e
var
ia
ti
on
of
th
e
co
mm
on
bus
volt
age
of
the
sy
ste
m
in
dica
te
s
the
a
mou
nt
of
the
a
vaila
bl
e
energ
y
i
n
th
e
DC
-
M
G
a
nd
c
on
se
qu
e
ntly
ref
le
ct
s
it
s
total
sta
bili
ty.
The
bu
s
volt
age
ha
s
a
fa
st
respo
ns
e
ti
me
(abo
ut
0.2
7
s
)
an
d
small
o
ve
rs
hoot
(a
bout
6
V
).
D
uri
ng
the
fast
cha
ng
e
i
n
the
ge
ner
at
e
d
powers
of
th
e
ren
e
wa
ble
so
urces
because
of
the
unpre
dicte
d
weathe
r
c
onditi
on
s
,
the
s
up
e
r
capaci
tor
inter
ven
e
s
fi
rstly
t
o
c
ops
with
tr
ansien
t
sp
ikes
to
be
f
ollow
e
d
by
th
e
local
batte
ri
es
ei
ther
to
c
ha
rg
e
or
to
disc
harge
t
o
meet
the
powe
r
difference
betwee
n
l
oad
s
an
d
DERs.
The
obser
ve
d
dro
ps
i
n
t
he
bus
volt
age
are
du
e
to
t
he
fast
reacti
ons
of
the
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
&
D
ri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
Propose
d ener
gy man
ag
e
me
nt
for a
decen
tr
alized
DC
-
Mi
c
ro
gri
d b
as
e
d
P
V
-
WT
-
H
ES
S
f
or…
(
H
afsi
Ou
s
sa
m
a)
2081
su
pe
rca
pacit
or
reg
a
rd
i
ng
the
f
ast
cha
ng
e
i
n
t
he
a
vaila
ble
powe
r
at
the
co
mmon
DC
li
nk
,
w
hich
is
co
nnect
e
d
directl
y
t
o
the
dc bus.
In
ge
ner
al
,
the
volt
age
of
t
he
com
mon
D
C
li
nk
was
ne
arly
c
onsta
nt
arou
nd
it
s
ref
e
ren
ce
with
a
minimu
m
of 399V a
nd a
max
imum
of
406V.
5.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
In
this
wor
k,
a
pro
posed
D
C
-
MG
is
stu
died
a
nd
pr
ese
nt
ed
as
a
s
olu
ti
on
f
or
isl
an
d
vill
ag
es
a
nd
commu
niti
es
at
the
s
ou
t
h
of
Alge
ria.
T
hus,
the
pro
posed
sy
ste
m
is
co
nt
ro
ll
ed
via
casc
ade
-
c
ontrol
-
lo
op
s
to
regulat
e
the
c
ommo
n
bus
vo
lt
age
a
nd
pla
nn
i
ng
the
c
harge
-
discha
rg
e
of
th
e
local
batte
rie
s
of
each
subs
yst
em.
Hen
ce
,
a
n
e
ne
rgy
mana
g
eme
nt
poli
cy
E
MP
is
dev
el
op
e
d
to
ma
na
ge
t
he
s
har
e
d
ene
rgy
i
ns
ide
t
he
w
ho
le
rem
ote
DC
-
MG
i
nclu
ding
re
new
a
ble
e
ne
rgi
es
DERs
,
HE
SS
a
nd
var
ia
ble
AC/DC
loa
ds.
Among
co
nt
ro
ll
ers
,
M
PP
T
is
us
e
d
to
extract
th
e
maxim
um
po
wer
of
t
he
re
ne
wab
le
s
ource
s
PV
a
nd
wi
nd.
T
he
sel
ect
e
d
semi
-
act
ive
topolo
gy
f
or
Ba
tt
eries/
SC
has
it
s
ad
va
ntages
a
nd
di
sad
van
ta
ges
ba
sed
on
t
he
pro
po
s
ed
s
ys
te
m
,
wh
e
re
the
main
obje
c
ti
ve
is
to
mit
ig
at
e
the
va
riat
io
ns
of
t
he
c
ommo
n
DC
li
nk
in
a
dd
it
io
n
to
s
upply
the
fast
current
sp
ikes
to
prote
ct
the
che
mica
l
batte
ries
beca
us
e
of
their
slo
w
dyna
mic.
From
the
ob
ta
ine
d
simulat
io
n
re
su
lt
s
,
the imp
or
ta
nce
o
f
t
he
HE
SS wit
h
the
ren
e
w
able DERs is
well
shown in
the presente
d p
ow
e
r bala
nce
pro
file
s.
The
pro
posed
EMP
is
te
ste
d
unde
r
normal,
crit
ic
al
and
e
mer
gen
c
y
c
ase
s
to
ge
ne
rate
t
he
a
ppr
opriat
e
sig
nal
comma
nds
P
W
M
to
the
powe
r
c
onve
rters
as
see
n
i
n
the
ca
se
of
the
s
udde
n
a
bs
e
nce
of
the
batte
r
y
at
th
e
fir
st
su
bsyste
m.
E
xa
ct
ly,
the
w
hole
DC
-
M
G
ha
s
pro
ve
d
it
s
s
erv
ic
ea
bili
ty,
e
ff
ic
ie
nc
y
a
nd
reli
abili
ty
duri
ng
the
enti
re
ap
plied
disturba
nce
s
uc
h
as
var
ia
ble
weathe
r
co
ndit
ion
s
a
nd
une
xpect
ed
fau
lt
s
t
hat
can
occ
ur
in
the
netw
ork
el
eme
nt and c
omp
onents.
ACKN
OWLE
DGE
MENTS
Au
t
hors
ack
no
wled
ge
t
he
fin
ancial
s
upport
of
t
he
Ge
neral
Directi
on
of
Scie
ntific
R
esearch
a
nd
Tech
no
l
og
ic
al
Dev
el
opment
, DGRS
DT
thro
u
gh t
he
PR
FU
Pr
oject
(N°
A01L
07UN0
8012
012018
0007)
.
REFERE
NCE
S
[1]
D
abba
ghjamanes
h
,
Morteza,
K
a
vousifar
d
,
Abdol
la
h,
M
ehr
a
ee
n
,
Shahab,
et
al.
,
“
Sensiti
vit
y
Anal
ysis
of
Rene
w
ab
l
e
Ene
rgy
In
te
gra
tion
on
Stocha
st
i
c
En
erg
y
Mana
gem
en
t
of
Auto
ma
t
ed
Re
conf
ig
ura
ble
Hybrid
AC
-
DC
Microgr
id
Cons
ide
ring
DL
R
Secur
i
ty
Cons
tra
int,”
IE
EE Tr
ansacti
ons on
In
dustrial
Informatic
s
,
2019.
[2]
YU
,
Yue
et
W
a
da
,
Keiji.
,
“
Sim
ula
ti
on
Study
of
Pow
er
Man
ageme
nt
for
a
High
ly
R
el
i
abl
e
Dist
ribut
ion
Sys
te
m
using a
Tri
pl
e
A
ct
iv
e
Bridg
e
Co
nver
te
r
in
a
DC
Microgr
id
,
”
Ener
gie
s
,
vol
.
11
,
no
.
11
,
p
p
.
3178
,
2
018
.
[3]
H.
Ous
sama
,
A.
Othma
n
e,
C
.
Abdesel
em
,
H
.
Mohammed
A
mi
ne
,
“
Wi
nd
tu
rbine
g
ene
r
at
or
base
d
on
PM
SG
conne
c
te
d
to
D
C
microgrid
sys
t
em
,
”
Inte
rnat
ion
al
Jo
urnal
o
f
Co
ntrol,
Ene
rg
y
an
d
E
le
c
tric
al
Eng
ine
ering
,
v
ol.
7
,
pp.
40
-
43
,
2019
.
[4]
Ghanba
ri,
Niloo
far
&
Mobarre
z,
Maz
i
ar
&
Mad
adi
,
Mehrna
z
&
Bhat
tacha
ry
a,
Subhashish,
“
Co
mpre
hensiv
e
Co
st
Compa
rison
and
Analysis
of
Buil
ding
-
Scale
Solar
DC a
nd
AC Mi
cro
grid
,
”
2019
.
[5]
H
an
,
Ying,
C
he
n
,
W
ei
rong
,
e
t
LI,
Qi
,
“
Modeling,
con
trol,
and
ene
rgy
ma
n
ageme
nt
f
or
DC
m
i
cro
grid.
In
:
Sm
a
rt
Pow
er
Distribut
i
on
Sys
te
ms
,”
A
c
ademic
Press
. p
p
.
69
-
90
,
2019
.
[6]
B
onkil
e
,
Mayur
P.
et
R
am
ad
esig
an
,
Venk
at
asa
ila
nat
han
.
,
“
Pow
er
ma
nag
em
en
t
co
ntrol
stra
te
gy
usi
ng
physics
-
base
d
bat
t
ery
mod
el
s
i
n
standalone
PV
-
bat
t
ery
hybri
d
s
ystem
s
,”
Journa
l
of
Ene
rg
y
Stor
age
,
vo
l. 23, p
p
.
258
-
268
,
2019
.
[7]
HU
,
Jiefe
ng
,
S
han
,
Yinghao
,
X
u
,
Yin
li
ang
,
et
a
l.
,
“
A
coor
din
ated
cont
rol
of
hybrid
a
c/
dc
m
ic
rogr
id
s
with
PV
-
wind
-
bat
t
ery
under
v
ari
ab
le
g
ene
r
at
i
on
and
loa
d
co
ndit
ions
,”
Int
ernati
onal
Journal
of
Elec
tri
cal
Powe
r
&
Ene
r
gy
Syste
ms
,
vol
.
10
4,
p
p
.
583
-
592
,
2019
.
[8]
D
uma
n
,
A.
Ca
n
e
t
G
üle
r
,
Önder,
“
Techno
-
economic
an
al
ysis
of
off
-
grid
P
V/wind/fue
l
ce
l
l
hybr
id
sys
tem
com
b
in
at
ions
wi
th
a
com
p
ari
son
of
reg
ul
arl
y
and
sea
sonall
y
occu
pie
d
househo
lds,
”
Sustainable
C
i
ti
es
and
Societ
y
,
vol.
42
,
p
p
.
107
-
126
,
2018
,
2017
.
[9]
A
ll
aoua
,
Boum
edi
en
e,
A
snou
ne
,
Khad
idj
a
,
et
M
eb
ark
i
,
Brahi
m
,
“
En
erg
y
ma
n
agem
ent
of
PEM
fue
l
ce
l
l/
superc
apaci
t
or
hy
brid
power
source
s
for
an
e
l
ec
tr
ic
veh
icle,”
I
nte
rnational
jou
rnal
of
hydroge
n
ene
rgy
,
vo
l.
42
,
no
33,
p
p
.
21158
-
21166
,
2017
.
[10]
T
abata
ba
ei
,
Nas
er
Mahda
vi
,
K
a
bal
c
i
,
Ersa
n,
et
B
iz
on,
Ni
cu,
“
O
ver
vie
w
of
Mi
cr
ogrid.
In:
Micro
grid
Archi
t
ectur
es,
Control
and
Prot
ec
t
ion
Methods
,”
Springer,
Cha
m
. p
p
.
3
-
19
,
202
0
.
[11]
J
ing
,
We
n
long,
L
ai
,
Ch
ea
n
Hun
g,
W
ong
,
Shung
Hui
W
al
l
ace,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Ba
tt
ery
-
su
per
ca
p
acitor
hyb
rid
ene
rgy
stora
ge
sys
te
m
i
n
st
a
ndal
one
DC
mi
cro
gr
ids
:
arevie
w,”
I
ET
R
ene
wabl
e
Pow
er
Gene
rat
ion
,
vol
.
11,
no
4,
p
p
.
461
-
469
,
20
16
.
[12]
K
uma
r
,
Jayn
end
ra,
A
ga
rwal
,
A
nshul,
e
t
A
gar
wal
,
“
Vine
et
a
.
A
rev
ie
w
on
o
ver
all
con
trol
o
f
DC
microgrid
s,”
Journal
of
En
ergy
Storage
,
vo
l.
21,
p
p
.
113
-
138
,
2019
.
[13]
Hus
sain
A.
At
tia,
“High
per
for
ma
nc
e
PV
sys
tem
base
d
on
ar
ti
f
ic
i
al
neur
a
l
n
et
work
MP
PT
wit
h
PI
con
trol
l
er
f
or
dire
c
t
cur
ren
t
wate
r
pump
appl
i
c
at
ions”
,
Inte
rnat
ional
Journal
of
Pow
er
E
lectron
ic
s
and
Dr
ive
S
y
stems
(IJ
P
EDS)
,
vol.
10
,
no
.
3
,
pp
.
1329
-
1338
,
20
19
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
11
, N
o.
4
,
D
ecembe
r
2020
:
2073
–
2082
2082
[14]
Ed
-
dahmani
Ch
afi
k,
Mahmoud
i
Hass
ane,
B
ako
uri
Anass
,
and
El
A
zz
aou
i
Mar
ouan
e,
“A
New
Adapt
ive
Anti
-
Wi
ndup
Con
trol
l
er
for
Wi
nd
En
er
gy
Conversion
S
ystem
B
ase
d
on
PM
S
G”
,
vol
.
9
,
no.
3
,
pp
.
1321
–
1329
,
2018
.
[15]
B
angue
ro
,
Ed
ison,
C
orr
ec
he
r
,
Antonio,
P
érez
-
nav
arr
o,
Ángel
,
et
al.,
“
A
r
eview
on
bat
t
ery
cha
rging
and
disch
arg
ing
cont
rol
strat
egie
s: Appl
icat
ion
to
ren
ew
abl
e
en
er
gy
sys
te
ms,”
En
ergie
s
,
vo
l. 11, n
o
4,
p
p
.
1021
,
20
18
.
[16]
Y
in
,
Chang
ji
e
,
W
u
,
Hongw
e
i,
L
ocment,
Fabri
ce
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
En
erg
y
m
ana
g
em
e
nt
of
DC
micr
ogrid
base
d
on
photovol
taic
co
mbi
ned
with
d
ies
e
l
g
ene
r
at
or
an
d
superc
apaci
tor
,
”
En
ergy
conve
rs
ion
and
mana
geme
nt
,
vo
l.
13
2,
p
p
.
14
-
27
,
2017
.
[17]
A
kamel
,
Ahm
e
d,
R
ezk
,
Heg
az
y
,
S
heh
at
a
,
Nabila,
et
a
l.
,
“
En
erg
y
Mana
g
em
en
t
of
a
DC
Mi
cro
g
rid
Composed
o
f
Photovolt
aic/Fu
el
C
el
l
/Ba
t
te
ry/S
uper
ca
p
acitor
Sy
stem
s,”
Batteri
e
s
,
vol. 5, no
3
,
p
p
.
63
,
2019
.
[18]
Soumeur
M.,
Ga
sbaoui
B.
,
Abd
elkhale
k
O.
,
Hart
a
ni
M.,
Hafsi
O.
,
“E
ner
gy
Man
ag
em
en
t
for
a
Hyb
rid
Fuel
c
el
l
/SC
for
Four
-
Wheel
Drive
E
lectr
i
c
Vehi
cl
e
,”
in
El
e
ct
rotehn
ic
a
,
El
e
ct
ronica
,
Au
t
omatic
a
(E
EA
)
,
vol
.
67
,
no.
3
,
pp.
58
-
64
,
2019
.
[19]
M
ore
no
-
val
en
zu
el
a
,
Jav
ie
r
et
G
arc
í
a
-
alarc
ón
,
O
ct
av
io,
“
On
con
trol
of
a
boost
DC
-
DC
power
conve
rt
er
und
er
constra
in
ed
inpu
t
,”
Comple
xi
t
y
,
2
017.
[20]
R
avi
,
De
epa
k
,
R
eddy
,
Band
i
Mal
li
kar
jun
a,
S
him
i
,
S.
L.,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Bi
dire
c
ti
ona
l
dc
to
dc
Conver
te
rs:
An
Overvi
ew
of
Vari
ous
Topo
lo
gie
s,
Sw
it
chi
ng
Sche
me
s
and
Control
Techni
ques,
”
Int
ernational
Journal
o
f
Engi
n
ee
ring
a
nd
Technol
ogy
,
vo
l. 7, no
4
,
pp
.
5
,
2
018
.
[21]
Soumeur,
Moha
mm
ed
Am
ine
,
Brahi
m
Gasbao
ui,
Othm
ane
A
bdel
kha
le
k,
Ja
me
l
Ghoui
li
,
T
ofi
k
Toumi,
an
d
Abdesel
em
Ch
a
kar
.
“
Compa
r
at
i
ve
study
of
ene
r
gy
ma
nag
ement
strat
eg
ie
s
for
hy
brid
proton
exc
h
ange
m
em
br
ane
fue
l ce
l
l
fou
r
wh
ee
l
drive ele
ct
ri
c
vehicle,”
Journ
al
of
Powe
r
Source
s
,
vo
l.
462
,
20
20.
[22]
Hart
ani
M
A,
H
am
ouda
M,
Abd
el
k
ha
le
k
O
,
Haf
si
O,
“M
ana
ge
me
nt
of
MP
PT
Te
chn
ic
s
and
E
ner
gy
Storag
e
o
n
Rene
wabl
e
Hybrid
Pow
er
Sys
te
ms”,
in
E
lectrote
hni
ca,
Elec
troni
ca,
Aut
o
matic
a
(E
EA
)
,
vol.
67
,
no.
3,
pp.
22
-
36
,
2019
.
[23]
O.
Ze
br
aoui,
M
.
Bouz
i,
“Im
pro
ved
MP
PT
controls
for
a
stand
al
one
PV
/win
d/ba
ttery
hybrid
e
ner
gy
sys
te
m
”,
Inte
rnational
Jo
urnal
of Powe
r
El
e
ct
ronics
and
Dr
iv
e
Syst
ems (I
JP
EDS)
,
vol
.
11
,
no.
2,
pp.
988
-
1
001
,
2020
.
[24]
Z
am
m
it
,
Dani
el,
S
ta
ine
s
,
C.
Spi
t
eri
,
M
ic
a
ll
e
f
,
Al
exa
nder
,
et
al
.
,
“
MP
PT
with
cu
rre
nt
cont
rol
for
a
PM
SG
smal
l
wind
t
urbine
in
a
grid
-
conne
c
te
d
DC
mi
cro
gr
id.
In:
Rese
arc
h
an
d
innova
t
ion
on
wind
ene
rgy
o
n
expl
oi
ta
t
ion
in
urba
n
env
ironme
nt
co
ll
oquiu
m,”
Springer,
Cham,
p
p
.
205
-
219
,
20
17
.
[25]
M
ousa
,
Hos
sam
HH
,
Y
ouss
ef
,
Abdel
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aheem
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et
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,
“
Vari
able
step
size
P&O
MP
P
T
al
gorit
h
m
for
o
pti
mal
power
e
xtra
c
ti
on
of
mu
lt
i
-
phas
e
PM
SG
base
d
win
d
ge
ner
ation
sys
te
m
,”
Inte
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rical
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