I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
P
o
wer
E
lect
ro
nics
a
nd
Driv
e
S
y
s
t
em
s
(
I
J
P
E
DS
)
Vo
l.
12
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
2
1
,
p
p
.
23
22
~
23
35
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
,
DOI
: 1
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.
1
1
5
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1
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ijp
ed
s
.
v
1
2
.
i
4
.
pp
23
22
-
23
35
2322
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//ij
p
e
d
s
.
ia
esco
r
e.
co
m
A new
direc
t
cu
rr
ent
cir
cuit
breake
r wit
h
curr
ent
re
g
eneratio
n
ca
pa
bility
S.
M.
Sa
nza
d
L
um
en,
Ra
m
a
ni
K
a
nn
a
n,
No
r
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a
iha
r
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ha
y
a
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
of
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
El
e
c
tro
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ics
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
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Un
iv
e
rsiti
T
e
k
n
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i
P
ET
RON
AS,
S
e
ri
Isk
a
n
d
a
r,
Ip
o
h
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M
a
lay
sia
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
S
T
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
May
1
1
,
2
0
21
R
ev
is
ed
Oct
4
,
2
0
21
Acc
ep
ted
Oct
11
,
2
0
21
Dire
c
t
c
u
rre
n
t
(DC)
p
o
we
r
sy
ste
m
s
a
re
b
e
c
o
m
in
g
v
e
ry
p
o
p
u
lar
d
u
e
to
b
e
tt
e
r
c
o
n
tro
l
a
b
il
it
y
a
n
d
e
q
u
i
p
m
e
n
t
re
li
a
b
il
it
y
th
a
n
k
s
to
t
h
e
c
o
n
ti
n
u
o
u
s
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
p
o
we
r
e
lec
tro
n
ic
s.
A
DC
c
ircu
it
b
re
a
k
e
r
(DCCB
)
u
se
d
f
o
r
c
u
rre
n
t
in
terr
u
p
t
io
n
in
a
DC
n
e
t
wo
rk
is
a
m
a
jo
r
p
a
rt
o
f
th
e
sy
ste
m
.
It
p
lay
s
th
e
v
it
a
l
r
o
le
o
f
iso
lati
n
g
n
e
two
rk
s
d
u
rin
g
fa
u
lt
c
lea
rin
g
a
s
we
ll
a
s
d
u
ri
n
g
n
o
rm
a
l
lo
a
d
sw
it
c
h
in
g
.
Bre
a
k
i
n
g
th
e
DC
c
u
rre
n
t
is
a
m
a
jo
r
c
h
a
ll
e
n
g
e
a
s
it
d
o
e
s
n
o
t
h
a
v
e
a
n
y
n
a
tu
ra
l
z
e
ro
c
ro
ss
in
g
p
o
i
n
ts
li
k
e
th
e
AC
c
u
rr
e
n
t
h
a
s.
In
a
d
d
it
i
o
n
,
e
n
e
rg
y
st
o
re
d
in
th
e
n
e
two
rk
in
d
u
c
tan
c
e
s
d
u
ri
n
g
n
o
rm
a
l
o
p
e
ra
ti
o
n
o
p
p
o
se
s
t
h
e
i
n
sta
n
tan
e
o
u
s
c
u
rre
n
t
b
re
a
k
i
n
g
.
He
n
c
e
,
a
ll
t
h
e
c
o
n
v
e
n
ti
o
n
a
l
DC
c
ircu
it
b
re
a
k
e
r
to
p
o
l
o
g
ies
u
se
l
o
ss
y
e
lem
e
n
ts
to
d
issi
p
a
te
th
is
sto
r
e
d
e
n
e
rg
y
a
s
h
e
a
t
d
u
rin
g
th
e
c
u
rre
n
t
b
re
a
k
i
n
g
o
p
e
ra
ti
o
n
.
Ho
we
v
e
r,
it
is
p
o
ss
ib
le
to
sto
re
th
is
e
n
e
r
g
y
a
n
d
re
u
se
i
t
late
r
b
y
d
e
v
e
lo
p
in
g
a
n
imp
r
o
v
ise
d
t
o
p
o
lo
g
y
.
In
t
h
i
s
p
a
p
e
r,
th
e
p
ro
s
p
e
c
ts o
f
e
n
e
rg
y
re
c
o
v
e
ry
a
n
d
re
u
se
i
n
DC circ
u
it
b
re
a
k
e
rs h
a
v
e
b
e
e
n
stu
d
ie
d
,
a
n
d
a
n
e
w
to
p
o
lo
g
y
with
re
g
e
n
e
ra
ti
v
e
c
u
rre
n
t
b
re
a
k
in
g
c
a
p
a
b
il
it
y
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
p
r
o
p
o
se
d
.
T
h
is
n
e
w
to
p
o
lo
g
y
c
a
n
fe
e
d
t
h
e
sto
r
e
d
e
n
e
rg
y
o
f
th
e
n
e
two
rk
b
a
c
k
i
n
to
th
e
sa
m
e
n
e
two
rk
a
fter b
re
a
k
in
g
t
h
e
c
u
rre
n
t
a
n
d
t
h
u
s
c
a
n
imp
ro
v
e
th
e
o
v
e
ra
ll
sy
ste
m
e
f
ficie
n
c
y
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
C
u
r
r
en
t b
r
ea
k
in
g
DC
cir
cu
it b
r
ea
k
er
Fau
lt c
u
r
r
en
t
Pro
tectio
n
R
eg
en
er
atio
n
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
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ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
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s
p
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ing
A
uth
o
r
:
R
am
an
i K
an
n
an
Dep
ar
tm
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t o
f
E
lectr
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an
d
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lectr
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in
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r
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Un
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s
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Ser
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k
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p
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Ma
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am
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CL
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S
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So
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cu
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R
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So
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in
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So
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L
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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&
Dr
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s
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I
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N:
2
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8
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8
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A
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S
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a
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)
2323
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
I
n
th
e
p
r
esen
t
er
a
,
d
ea
lin
g
wit
h
d
ir
ec
t
cu
r
r
e
n
t
(
DC
)
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
s
h
as
b
ec
o
m
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
ea
s
ie
r
d
u
e
to
th
e
s
tu
n
n
in
g
ad
v
an
ce
m
en
t
o
f
s
em
ico
n
d
u
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r
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
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d
th
e
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
p
o
wer
elec
tr
o
n
ics.
W
ith
r
ap
id
g
r
o
wth
in
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
r
eso
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r
ce
s
(
R
E
S)
an
d
in
cr
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s
in
g
d
em
an
d
f
o
r
s
m
ar
t
an
d
ef
f
icie
n
t
lo
ad
s
,
DC
p
o
wer
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
ca
n
b
ec
o
m
e
th
e
m
o
s
t
s
u
itab
le
o
p
tio
n
f
o
r
m
an
y
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
.
Me
an
wh
ile,
th
er
e
ar
e
a
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
ap
p
licatio
n
a
r
ea
s
wh
er
e
DC
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
s
ar
e
alr
ea
d
y
in
u
s
e,
s
u
ch
as
DC
m
icr
o
g
r
id
,
HVDC
t
r
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
,
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icle,
an
d
elec
tr
ic
tr
ac
tio
n
lo
ad
[
1
]
.
I
t
is
wid
ely
ag
r
ee
d
th
at
DC
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
ar
e
also
s
u
p
er
io
r
to
AC
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
in
m
an
y
way
s
,
s
u
ch
as
in
ter
m
s
o
f
co
n
tr
o
l
s
im
p
licity
,
ef
f
icien
cy
,
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
R
E
S
in
teg
r
atio
n
,
an
d
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
o
f
DC
lo
ad
s
.
Ho
wev
er
,
d
es
p
ite
h
av
in
g
m
an
y
ad
v
an
tag
es,
d
esig
n
i
n
g
an
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
p
r
o
tectio
n
s
ch
em
e
f
o
r
a
DC
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
p
o
s
es a
s
i
g
n
if
ican
t c
h
allen
g
e
[
2
]
.
B
asically
,
th
e
ch
allen
g
e
o
r
ig
in
ates
f
r
o
m
th
e
n
at
u
r
e
o
f
D
C
f
au
lt
cu
r
r
en
t,
wh
ich
d
u
r
in
g
a
s
u
d
d
en
f
au
lt
ca
n
r
ap
id
ly
r
is
e
to
s
ev
er
al
tim
es
t
h
e
n
o
r
m
al
lo
a
d
c
u
r
r
en
t
an
d
h
a
s
n
o
n
atu
r
ally
o
cc
u
r
r
in
g
ze
r
o
cr
o
s
s
in
g
p
o
i
n
t
lik
e
AC
h
as.
Fas
t
an
d
ef
f
icien
t
f
au
lt
d
etec
tio
n
tech
n
iq
u
es,
f
a
u
lt
cu
r
r
e
n
t
lim
itin
g
m
eth
o
d
s
,
p
r
o
p
er
g
r
o
u
n
d
i
n
g
s
y
s
tem
s
an
d
an
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
DC
cir
cu
it
b
r
e
ak
er
(
DC
C
B
)
ar
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
to
a
d
d
r
ess
th
e
ch
alle
n
g
es
o
f
DC
s
y
s
tem
p
r
o
tectio
n
[
3
]
.
T
h
e
DC
C
B
u
s
e
d
f
o
r
cu
r
r
en
t
in
ter
r
u
p
tio
n
in
a
DC
n
etwo
r
k
,
is
an
in
teg
r
al
p
ar
t
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
.
I
n
th
is
p
ap
er
,
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
ty
p
es
o
f
DC
C
B
to
p
o
lo
g
ies
h
av
e
b
ee
n
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
to
ex
p
lo
it
th
eir
lim
itatio
n
s
,
an
d
a
n
ew
to
p
o
lo
g
y
with
a
u
n
i
q
u
e
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
b
r
ea
k
i
n
g
f
ea
tu
r
e
h
as
b
ee
n
p
r
esen
ted
an
d
ev
al
u
ated
.
T
h
is
p
ap
er
is
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
as
s
h
o
wn
in
:
s
ec
tio
n
2
g
iv
es
a
b
r
ief
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
o
f
th
e
to
p
ic
alo
n
g
with
liter
atu
r
e
r
ev
iews,
r
elate
d
wo
r
k
s
,
an
d
p
r
o
b
lem
s
tatem
en
t.
Sectio
n
3
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
an
d
d
is
cu
s
s
es
th
e
n
ew
DC
C
B
to
p
o
lo
g
y
.
Sectio
n
4
d
escr
ib
es
th
e
r
esear
ch
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
in
d
et
ail
with
a
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
f
lo
w
ch
ar
t
an
d
later
d
is
cu
s
s
es
th
e
m
ath
em
atica
l
m
o
d
ellin
g
a
n
d
wo
r
k
in
g
p
r
in
c
ip
le
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
to
p
o
lo
g
y
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
ly
.
Sectio
n
5
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
r
esu
lts
,
co
m
p
ar
es th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
with
t
h
at
o
f
th
e
co
n
v
en
ti
o
n
al
to
p
o
l
o
g
ies an
d
f
in
ally
v
al
id
ates th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
co
n
ce
p
t th
r
o
u
g
h
ex
p
er
im
en
tati
o
n
.
2.
B
ACK
G
RO
UND
S
T
UDY
C
ir
cu
it
b
r
ea
k
er
s
ar
e
s
witch
in
g
d
ev
ices
u
s
ed
t
o
b
r
ea
k
th
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
in
an
y
elec
tr
ical
n
etwo
r
k
.
C
ir
cu
it
b
r
ea
k
er
s
eith
er
d
ep
lo
y
m
ec
h
a
n
ical
co
n
tacts
to
m
ak
e
a
b
r
ea
k
in
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
p
ath
b
y
is
o
latin
g
th
e
co
n
tacts
o
r
u
s
e
a
s
o
lid
s
tate
tu
r
n
o
f
f
m
ec
h
an
is
m
to
ac
h
iev
e
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t b
r
ea
k
in
g
.
As th
e
co
n
tacts sep
ar
ate
in
a
m
ec
h
an
ical
tu
r
n
o
f
f
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
an
ar
c
is
in
it
iated
in
b
etwe
en
th
em
,
an
d
th
is
ar
c
m
u
s
t
b
e
ex
tin
g
u
is
h
ed
q
u
ick
ly
to
b
r
ea
k
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
ef
f
icien
tly
as
well
as
to
k
ee
p
th
e
co
n
tacts
u
n
d
am
ag
e
d
.
I
n
a
n
alter
n
atin
g
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
(
AC
)
n
etwo
r
k
,
d
u
e
to
th
e
s
in
u
s
o
id
al
n
atu
r
e
o
f
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t,
a
n
atu
r
al
cu
r
r
e
n
t
ze
r
o
s
itu
atio
n
ar
is
es
twice
in
a
f
u
ll
cy
cle.
Usi
n
g
d
if
f
er
en
t
ar
c
ex
tin
g
u
is
h
in
g
te
ch
n
iq
u
es,
th
e
cir
cu
it
b
r
ea
k
e
r
u
s
u
ally
b
r
ea
k
s
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
at
th
ese
cu
r
r
en
t
ze
r
o
in
s
tan
ce
s
.
T
h
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
cu
r
r
en
t
b
r
ea
k
in
g
is
q
u
ite
s
tr
aig
h
tf
o
r
war
d
in
an
AC
n
etwo
r
k
,
b
u
t
i
n
a
DC
n
etwo
r
k
it
is
n
o
t
th
at
s
im
p
le.
Na
tu
r
al
cu
r
r
en
t
ze
r
o
is
n
o
t
av
ailab
le
in
th
e
DC
cu
r
r
en
t
an
d
th
at
m
ak
es
t
h
e
b
r
ea
k
in
g
o
f
DC
cu
r
r
en
t
u
s
in
g
co
n
v
en
ti
o
n
al
cir
cu
it
b
r
ea
k
e
r
s
v
er
y
ch
allen
g
in
g
[
4
]
,
[
5
]
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
w
h
en
cu
r
r
e
n
t
f
lo
ws
in
a
DC
n
etwo
r
k
u
n
d
e
r
n
o
r
m
al
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
e
n
er
g
y
is
s
to
r
ed
in
t
h
e
in
d
u
ctan
ce
o
f
th
e
lin
e
as
well
as
in
th
e
f
ilter
elem
en
ts
o
f
th
e
DC
/DC
co
n
v
er
ter
s
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
cu
r
r
en
t
in
th
is
n
etwo
r
k
ca
n
n
o
t
b
e
b
r
o
k
e
n
in
s
tan
tan
eo
u
s
ly
,
o
th
er
wis
e
it
will
cr
ea
te
h
ig
h
p
o
ten
tial
s
tr
ess
o
n
th
e
b
r
ea
k
er
co
n
tacts,
cr
ea
te
an
d
m
ain
tain
an
ar
c
f
o
r
a
lo
n
g
er
p
er
io
d
o
f
tim
e,
an
d
d
am
a
g
e
t
h
e
co
n
tacts
in
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
[
6
]
,
[
7
]
.
Similar
ly
,
in
th
e
ca
s
e
o
f
a
s
o
lid
s
tate
tu
r
n
o
f
f
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
a
s
u
d
d
en
ce
asin
g
o
f
cu
r
r
en
t
f
lo
w
in
a
n
in
d
u
ctiv
e
DC
n
etwo
r
k
will
d
ev
elo
p
a
h
ig
h
p
o
ten
tial
s
tr
ess
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
d
ev
ice
an
d
m
ay
d
a
m
ag
e
it.
Fo
r
s
af
e
a
n
d
e
f
f
icien
t
b
r
ea
k
in
g
o
f
DC
cu
r
r
en
t,
it
m
u
s
t
b
e
r
ed
u
ce
d
to
ze
r
o
an
d
th
e
s
to
r
ed
e
n
er
g
y
o
f
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
m
u
s
t
b
e
d
is
s
ip
ated
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
Sn
u
b
b
er
n
etwo
r
k
s
o
r
im
p
ed
an
ce
n
etwo
r
k
s
o
r
n
o
n
li
n
ea
r
r
esis
to
r
s
o
r
a
co
m
b
in
ati
o
n
o
f
th
em
ar
e
u
s
u
ally
u
s
ed
i
n
th
e
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
DC
C
B
to
p
o
lo
g
ies to
ab
s
o
r
b
a
n
d
d
is
s
ip
ate
th
e
s
to
r
ed
en
er
g
y
a
s
h
ea
t a
n
d
to
ass
is
t in
th
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t r
ed
u
ctio
n
.
2
.1
.
L
it
er
a
t
ure
r
e
v
iew
As
p
er
liter
atu
r
e,
DC
cir
cu
it b
r
ea
k
er
s
ar
e
m
ain
ly
d
iv
id
e
d
in
t
o
f
o
u
r
ca
te
g
o
r
ies:
(
1
)
Me
c
h
an
i
ca
l
cir
cu
it
b
r
ea
k
er
s
;
(
2
)
So
lid
-
s
tate
cir
cu
it
b
r
ea
k
er
s
;
(
3
)
Hy
b
r
id
cir
cu
it
b
r
ea
k
er
s
an
d
(
4
)
Z
-
s
o
u
r
ce
cir
cu
it
b
r
ea
k
er
s
[
8
]
.
So
m
e
m
o
d
if
ied
v
er
s
io
n
s
o
f
th
ese
ca
teg
o
r
ies
ar
e
also
f
o
u
n
d
i
n
liter
atu
r
e.
A
b
r
ief
d
escr
ip
tio
n
o
f
t
h
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
a
n
d
wo
r
k
in
g
p
r
in
cip
les o
f
th
ese
to
p
o
lo
g
ies is
p
r
esen
ted
in
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
s
u
b
-
s
ec
tio
n
s
.
2
.
1
.
1
.
M
ec
ha
nica
l
circ
uit
br
ea
k
er
T
h
e
b
asic
m
ec
h
an
ical
cir
cu
it
b
r
ea
k
er
(
MCB
)
is
co
m
p
o
s
ed
o
f
a
m
ec
h
an
ical
s
witch
,
a
co
m
m
u
tatio
n
cir
cu
it,
an
d
a
v
o
ltag
e
lim
iter
cir
cu
it.
T
h
e
ty
p
ical
s
ch
em
es
o
f
MCB
with
p
ass
iv
e
an
d
a
ctiv
e
co
m
m
u
tatio
n
cir
cu
its
ar
e
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
(
a)
.
Un
d
er
n
o
r
m
al
o
p
er
atin
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
t
h
e
m
ec
h
an
ical
s
w
itch
(
C
B
)
co
n
d
u
cts
th
e
lo
ad
c
u
r
r
e
n
t.
On
ce
th
e
b
r
ea
k
er
r
ec
eiv
es
a
tr
ip
s
ig
n
al,
t
h
e
m
ec
h
a
n
ical
s
witch
o
p
en
s
t
h
at
cr
ea
tes
an
a
r
c
ac
r
o
s
s
it.
T
h
e
ar
c
v
o
lta
g
e
f
o
r
c
es
th
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
to
s
h
if
t
f
r
o
m
th
e
m
ec
h
an
ical
s
witch
to
th
e
c
o
m
m
u
tatio
n
cir
c
u
it.
T
h
en
th
e
co
m
m
u
tatio
n
cir
c
u
it
co
n
s
is
tin
g
o
f
a
ca
p
ac
ito
r
an
d
in
d
u
cto
r
i
n
s
er
ies
g
en
er
ates
a
s
in
u
s
o
id
al
cu
r
r
en
t
o
s
cillatio
n
at
its
n
atu
r
al
r
eso
n
an
t
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
.
W
h
ile
th
e
am
p
litu
d
e
o
f
th
e
o
s
cillatin
g
co
m
m
u
tatio
n
cu
r
r
e
n
t
(
I
c
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
I
n
t J
Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i
Sy
s
t,
Vo
l.
12
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
2
1
:
23
22
–
23
35
2324
b
ec
o
m
es
s
u
f
f
icien
tly
lar
g
e,
z
er
o
-
cr
o
s
s
in
g
p
o
in
ts
ar
e
cr
ea
te
d
in
th
e
m
ec
h
a
n
ical
s
witch
cu
r
r
en
t
(
I
n
)
a
n
d
t
h
e
m
ec
h
an
ical
s
witch
ex
tin
g
u
is
h
e
s
th
e
ar
c
an
d
in
ter
r
u
p
ts
th
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
at
th
e
f
i
r
s
t
ze
r
o
cr
o
s
s
in
g
p
o
in
t.
A
m
etal
o
x
id
e
v
ar
is
to
r
(
MO
V
)
lim
its
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
s
witch
.
T
h
e
m
ain
ad
v
an
ta
g
es
o
f
MCB
s
ar
e
lo
w
p
o
wer
lo
s
s
,
s
im
p
le
ar
ch
itectu
r
e,
an
d
r
elativ
ely
lo
w
c
o
s
t.
Ho
wev
er
,
s
lo
w
r
esp
o
n
s
e
tim
e
a
n
d
lim
ited
cu
r
r
en
t
in
ter
r
u
p
tio
n
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
a
r
e
th
e
m
ain
d
is
ad
v
an
tag
es
[
9
]
,
[
1
0
]
.
2
.
1
.
2
.
So
lid
-
s
t
a
t
e
circ
uit
brea
k
er
Sem
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
b
ased
s
witch
es
s
u
ch
as
th
y
r
is
to
r
,
g
ate
tu
r
n
-
o
f
f
th
y
r
is
to
r
(
GT
O
)
,
i
n
teg
r
at
ed
g
ate
-
co
m
m
u
tated
th
y
r
is
to
r
(
I
GC
T
)
,
an
d
in
s
u
lated
g
ate
b
ip
o
lar
tr
an
s
is
to
r
(
I
GB
T
)
.
ar
e
u
s
ed
as
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
in
ter
r
u
p
tin
g
elem
e
n
t
in
s
o
lid
-
s
tate
cir
cu
it
b
r
ea
k
er
(
SS
C
B
)
to
ad
d
r
ess
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
o
f
s
lo
w
ti
m
e
r
esp
o
n
s
e
[
1
1
]
.
A
ty
p
ical
SS
C
B
is
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
(
b
)
.
T
h
e
o
p
er
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
o
f
SS
C
B
is
v
er
y
s
i
m
p
le.
Dev
ices
lik
e
GT
O,
I
GC
T
an
d
I
GB
T
ar
e
f
u
ll
y
co
n
tr
o
llab
le,
an
d
th
ey
ca
n
b
e
tu
r
n
ed
o
n
o
r
tu
r
n
ed
o
f
f
ea
s
ily
b
y
co
n
t
r
o
l sig
n
al.
B
u
t
th
y
r
is
to
r
r
eq
u
ir
es
a
n
e
x
tr
a
co
m
m
u
tatio
n
cir
c
u
it
to
b
e
tu
r
n
ed
o
f
f
,
an
d
it
tak
es
l
o
n
g
e
r
ti
m
e,
an
d
th
is
d
elay
ca
n
lead
to
h
ig
h
f
a
u
lt
cu
r
r
en
t.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
co
n
d
u
ctio
n
lo
s
s
in
th
y
r
is
to
r
s
is
th
e
lo
we
s
t,
a
n
d
s
u
ch
a
lo
w
o
n
-
s
tate
lo
s
s
r
esu
lts
in
a
r
ed
u
ctio
n
in
th
e
o
v
er
all
s
ize
a
n
d
co
s
t
o
f
th
e
SS
C
B
[
1
2
]
.
A
MO
V
co
n
n
ec
ted
in
p
ar
allel
to
th
e
s
o
lid
-
s
tate
s
witch
in
g
d
e
v
ice
lim
its
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
s
u
r
g
e
ac
r
o
s
s
it
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
in
ter
r
u
p
tio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
o
u
g
h
SS
C
B
h
as
s
im
p
le
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
es
f
aster
r
esp
o
n
s
e,
h
ig
h
e
r
co
n
d
u
ctio
n
lo
s
s
,
lack
o
f
g
alv
a
n
ic
is
o
latio
n
,
an
d
b
u
lk
y
c
o
o
lin
g
s
y
s
tem
s
ar
e
a
f
ew
o
f
th
e
lim
itatio
n
s
[
1
3
]
.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
1.
T
y
p
ical
DC
C
B
to
p
o
lo
g
y
;
(
a
)
Me
ch
an
ical
cir
c
u
it
b
r
ea
k
er
;
(
b
)
So
lid
-
s
tate
cir
cu
it
b
r
ea
k
er
2
.
1
.
3
.
H
y
brid
circ
uit
brea
k
e
r
Hy
b
r
id
cir
cu
it
b
r
ea
k
er
(
HC
B
)
is
a
co
m
b
in
ed
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
th
at
in
teg
r
ates
b
o
th
th
e
MCB
an
d
t
h
e
SS
C
B
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
HC
B
s
p
o
s
s
es
s
th
e
ad
v
an
tag
es
of
b
o
th
an
d
o
f
f
er
f
aster
o
p
er
atio
n
,
lo
w
p
o
wer
l
o
s
s
,
an
d
n
eg
lig
ib
le
ar
cin
g
.
As
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
(
a)
,
a
b
asic
HC
B
s
ch
em
e
h
as
th
r
ee
m
ain
p
ar
ts
,
in
clu
d
in
g
a
f
ast
-
m
ec
h
an
ical
s
witch
(
FMS)
,
a
h
ig
h
-
v
o
ltag
e
s
o
lid
s
tate
(
SS
)
s
witch
as
th
e
ma
in
b
r
ea
k
er
(
MB),
an
d
a
MO
V
[
1
4
]
.
Un
d
e
r
n
o
r
m
al
o
p
er
atin
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
p
ass
es
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
FMS.
W
h
en
a
tr
ip
s
ig
n
al
is
r
ec
eiv
ed
,
th
e
FMS
s
tar
ts
o
p
en
in
g
an
d
s
en
d
s
a
tu
r
n
-
on
s
ig
n
al
to
th
e
MB.
Du
e
to
th
e
ar
c
v
o
ltag
e
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
FM
S,
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
s
h
if
ts
n
atu
r
ally
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
FMS
to
th
e
MB.
On
ce
th
e
FMS
g
ain
s
s
u
f
f
icien
t
b
r
ea
k
d
o
wn
s
tr
en
g
th
,
th
e
MB
is
tu
r
n
ed
o
f
f
,
w
h
ich
cr
ea
tes
a
v
o
ltag
e
s
p
ik
e
due
to
cir
cu
it
in
d
u
ctan
ce
s
.
T
h
e
MO
V
tu
r
n
s
on
to
clam
p
t
h
is
s
p
ik
e
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
now
c
o
m
m
u
tes
th
r
o
u
g
h
MO
V
a
n
d
d
ec
ay
s
to
ze
r
o
.
On
c
e
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
b
ec
o
m
es
ze
r
o
,
th
e
r
esid
u
al
cu
r
r
e
n
t
b
r
ea
k
e
r
(
R
C
B
)
o
p
en
s
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
co
m
p
let
e
g
alv
an
ic
is
o
latio
n
[
1
5
]
.
De
s
p
ite
h
av
in
g
m
an
y
ad
v
an
tag
es,
HC
B
h
as
f
ew
ch
allen
g
es
as
well.
M
is
m
atch
es
in
r
ea
ctio
n
tim
es
of
th
e
FMS
b
r
an
ch
an
d
MB
b
r
an
ch
,
m
is
m
atch
es
in
th
eir
c
u
r
r
en
t
r
atin
g
s
,
d
e
p
en
d
e
n
cy
of
th
e
FMS
o
p
er
atio
n
on
th
e
f
a
u
lt
m
ag
n
itu
d
e,
an
d
r
eq
u
ir
em
e
n
t
f
o
r
a
h
ig
h
er
ar
c
v
o
ltag
e
f
o
r
cu
r
r
e
n
t
co
m
m
u
tatio
n
,
ar
e
f
ew
of
th
e
c
h
allen
g
es
[
1
6
]
.
2
.
1
.
4
.
Z
-
s
o
urce
circ
uit
brea
k
er
Z
-
s
o
u
r
ce
cir
c
u
it
b
r
ea
k
er
(
Z
S
C
B
)
is
an
u
p
g
r
ad
ed
v
er
s
io
n
of
th
e
SS
C
B
.
A
ty
p
ical
Z
SC
B
s
ch
em
e
is
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
(
b
)
.
W
h
ile
in
o
p
er
atio
n
,
o
n
ce
a
s
h
o
r
t
cir
cu
it
f
au
lt
o
cc
u
r
s
,
th
e
f
au
lt
cu
r
r
en
t
is
d
r
awn
f
r
o
m
th
e
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
as
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
in
d
u
cto
r
can
not
ch
an
g
e
in
s
tan
tan
eo
u
s
ly
.
At
th
is
p
o
in
t,
b
o
th
th
e
ca
p
ac
ito
r
cu
r
r
en
t
s
in
cr
ea
s
e
to
r
ea
ch
th
e
p
r
e
f
au
lt
in
d
u
cto
r
cu
r
r
en
t.
W
h
en
th
e
ca
p
ac
ito
r
cu
r
r
en
t
eq
u
als
th
e
in
d
u
cto
r
c
u
r
r
e
n
t,
th
e
SC
R
cu
r
r
en
t
b
ec
o
m
es
ze
r
o
,
f
o
r
ci
n
g
th
e
SC
R
to
tu
r
n
o
f
f
.
In
th
e
n
ex
t
s
t
ag
e,
th
e
two
s
er
ies
(
L
-
C
)
b
r
an
c
h
es
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
f
au
lt
f
o
r
m
r
eso
n
an
ce
a
n
d
h
en
ce
c
u
r
r
en
t
o
s
cillatio
n
is
cr
ea
ted
.
Du
r
in
g
t
h
is
o
s
cillatio
n
,
th
e
d
io
d
es
tu
r
n
on
to
b
y
p
ass
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
r
esis
to
r
,
ca
u
s
in
g
th
e
in
d
u
cto
r
cu
r
r
e
n
t
to
cir
cu
late
in
th
e
in
d
u
cto
r
/r
esis
to
r
/d
io
d
e
lo
o
p
u
n
til
it
d
ec
ay
s
to
ze
r
o
[
1
7
]
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
Z
SC
B
h
as
s
o
m
e
b
en
ef
its
o
v
er
MCB
an
d
SS
C
B
,
it
o
n
ly
o
p
e
r
ates
r
eliab
ly
in
s
ev
er
e
f
au
lt
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
.
M
o
r
eo
v
er
,
Z
SC
B
also
h
as
d
r
awb
ac
k
s
lik
e
u
n
d
esira
b
le
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
r
esp
o
n
s
e,
not
h
av
i
n
g
co
m
m
o
n
g
r
o
u
n
d
,
an
d
h
ig
h
s
p
ik
e
cu
r
r
en
t
d
u
r
i
n
g
tu
r
n
in
g
on
[
1
8
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
A
n
ew d
ir
ec
t c
u
r
r
en
t c
ir
cu
it b
r
ea
ke
r
w
ith
cu
r
r
en
t reg
en
era
ti
o
n
ca
p
a
b
ilit
y
(
S
.
M.
S
a
n
z
a
d
L
u
men
)
2325
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
2.
T
y
p
ical
DC
C
B
to
p
o
lo
g
y
;
(
a
)
h
y
b
r
id
cir
c
u
it
b
r
ea
k
e
r
;
(
b
)
Z
-
s
o
u
r
ce
cir
cu
it
b
r
ea
k
er
2
.
1
.
5
.
M
o
dified
t
o
po
lo
g
ies
Ap
ar
t
f
r
o
m
th
e
c
o
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
t
o
p
o
lo
g
ies,
s
o
m
e
m
o
d
if
ied
an
d
u
p
d
ated
s
ch
em
es
ar
e
also
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
th
e
liter
atu
r
e,
s
u
ch
as
th
e
p
r
o
ac
tiv
e
h
y
b
r
id
cir
cu
it
b
r
ea
k
er
[
1
9
]
,
Su
p
er
c
o
n
d
u
cto
r
b
ased
h
y
b
r
id
cir
cu
it
b
r
ea
k
e
r
[
2
0
]
,
h
y
b
r
id
cir
c
u
it
b
r
ea
k
e
r
with
co
m
m
u
tatio
n
b
o
o
s
ter
[
2
1
]
,
co
u
p
led
-
i
n
d
u
cto
r
s
o
lid
s
tate
cir
cu
it
b
r
ea
k
e
r
[
2
2
]
,
Z
SC
B
b
ased
on
co
u
p
led
in
d
u
c
to
r
s
,
f
ast
cu
r
r
en
t
r
elea
s
in
g
SS
C
B
t
o
p
o
lo
g
y
[
2
3
]
,
a
n
d
g
as
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
tu
b
e
(
GDT
)
b
ased
cir
cu
it
b
r
ea
k
er
[
2
4
]
.
T
a
b
le
1
s
u
m
m
ar
izes
th
e
a
d
v
an
ta
g
es
an
d
d
is
ad
v
a
n
tag
es
of
t
h
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
to
p
o
lo
g
ies.
T
ab
le
1.
A
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
s
tate
m
en
t
of
c
o
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
DC
cir
cu
it
b
r
ea
k
er
to
p
o
l
o
g
ies
S
.
L.
Ty
p
e
A
d
v
a
n
t
a
g
e
s
D
i
sad
v
a
n
t
a
g
e
s
R
e
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
s
C
o
n
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
a
l
T
o
p
o
l
o
g
y
1
M
e
c
h
a
n
i
c
a
l
C
i
r
c
u
i
t
B
r
e
a
k
e
r
1
.
Lo
w
c
o
n
t
a
c
t
r
e
si
s
t
a
n
c
e
2
.
V
e
r
y
l
o
w
p
o
w
e
r
l
o
sses
3
.
R
e
l
a
t
i
v
e
l
y
l
o
w
c
o
s
t
4
.
P
r
o
v
i
d
e
s
g
a
l
v
a
n
i
c
i
s
o
l
a
t
i
o
n
1
.
S
l
o
w
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
n
g
s
p
e
e
d
2
.
Li
m
i
t
e
d
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
i
n
t
e
r
r
u
p
t
i
o
n
c
a
p
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
3
.
Lo
w
l
i
f
e
t
i
me
[
9
]
,
[
1
0
]
2
S
o
l
i
d
-
S
t
a
t
e
C
i
r
c
u
i
t
B
r
e
a
k
e
r
1
.
U
l
t
r
a
f
a
st
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
2
.
V
e
r
y
l
o
n
g
l
i
f
e
t
i
m
e
1
.
H
i
g
h
o
n
-
st
a
t
e
l
o
sses
2
.
R
e
l
a
t
i
v
e
l
y
c
o
st
l
i
e
r
3
.
B
i
g
s
i
z
e
d
u
e
t
o
h
e
a
t
si
n
k
4
.
N
o
g
a
l
v
a
n
i
c
i
s
o
l
a
t
i
o
n
[
1
1
]
–
[
1
3
]
3
C
o
n
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
a
l
H
y
b
r
i
d
C
i
r
c
u
i
t
B
r
e
a
k
e
r
1
.
Lo
w
p
o
w
e
r
l
o
ss
e
s
2
.
A
r
c
f
r
e
e
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
b
r
e
a
k
i
n
g
3
.
R
e
a
so
n
a
b
l
e
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
s
p
e
e
d
4
.
P
r
o
v
i
d
e
s
g
a
l
v
a
n
i
c
i
s
o
l
a
t
i
o
n
1
.
C
o
mp
l
e
x
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
2
.
C
u
r
r
e
n
t
c
o
mm
u
t
a
t
i
o
n
r
e
l
i
e
s
o
n
t
h
e
a
r
c
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
3
.
V
e
r
y
e
x
p
e
n
s
i
v
e
[
1
4
]
–
[
1
6
]
4
Z
-
S
o
u
r
c
e
C
i
r
c
u
i
t
B
r
e
a
k
e
r
1
.
A
u
t
o
m
a
t
i
c
t
r
i
p
p
i
n
g
f
o
r
c
r
i
t
i
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,
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6
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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2
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8
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I
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Po
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12
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4
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Dec
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b
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2
0
2
1
:
23
22
–
23
35
2326
T
ab
le
1.
A
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
s
tate
m
en
t
of
c
o
n
v
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n
tio
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al
DC
cir
cu
it
b
r
ea
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to
p
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l
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g
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s
(
co
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tin
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)
M
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d
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d
H
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T
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3
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1
P
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C
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F
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2
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2
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V
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[
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3
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2
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C
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3
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M
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T
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4
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1
Bi
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M
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2
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4
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R
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4
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2
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1
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2
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M
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1
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c
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B
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4
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R
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3
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M
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1
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2
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3
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R
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l
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[
2
4
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2
.
2
.
P
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blem
s
t
a
t
e
m
ent
E
ac
h
of
th
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DC
C
B
to
p
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s
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Alm
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th
e
s
to
r
ed
en
er
g
y
of
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
as
h
ea
t
d
u
r
in
g
ea
ch
cu
r
r
e
n
t
b
r
ea
k
i
n
g
o
p
er
atio
n
.
T
h
is
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
cu
r
r
en
t
b
r
ea
k
in
g
tech
n
iq
u
e
m
ak
es
th
e
DC
C
B
an
in
ef
f
icien
t
d
ev
ice
in
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
.
B
ec
au
s
e
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
am
o
u
n
t
of
en
e
r
g
y
is
wasted
d
u
r
in
g
ev
er
y
cu
r
r
e
n
t
b
r
ea
k
in
g
o
p
er
atio
n
in
a
h
ig
h
cu
r
r
en
t
n
et
wo
r
k
.
B
u
t
in
s
tead
of
d
is
s
ip
atin
g
,
th
e
s
to
r
ed
e
n
er
g
y
can
be
r
eu
s
ed
in
a
s
im
ilar
w
ay
lik
e
th
e
r
eg
en
e
r
ativ
e
b
r
ak
i
n
g
in
a
n
elec
tr
ical
d
r
iv
e
s
y
s
tem
wo
r
k
s
.
As
we
ar
e
s
tr
iv
in
g
f
o
r
m
o
r
e
en
er
g
y
e
f
f
icien
t
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
f
o
r
ev
e
r
y
d
a
y
ap
p
licatio
n
f
o
r
a
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
f
u
tu
r
e,
if
th
er
e
is
a
s
lig
h
test
s
co
p
e
of
e
n
er
g
y
co
n
s
er
v
atio
n
,
it
s
h
o
u
ld
be
g
r
asp
ed
wh
o
le
h
ea
r
ted
ly
.
Ho
wev
er
,
f
r
o
m
th
e
k
n
o
wled
g
e
of
th
e
liter
atu
r
e,
th
er
e
is
h
a
r
d
ly
an
y
s
tu
d
y
th
at
d
ea
ls
with
th
e
en
er
g
y
r
eu
s
e
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
of
a
DC
C
B
.
A
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
r
e
v
iew
o
f
th
e
liter
atu
r
e,
as we
ll a
s
s
ch
o
lar
ly
an
d
p
aten
t
-
r
elate
d
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
f
r
o
m
[
2
7
]
,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
at
t
h
e
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
r
eg
e
n
er
ativ
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
b
r
ea
k
in
g
in
cir
cu
it b
r
ea
k
e
r
s
is
n
o
v
el.
T
h
o
u
g
h
s
tu
d
ies
s
u
ch
as
[
2
5
]
,
[
2
6
]
h
av
e
p
r
esen
ted
to
p
o
lo
g
ies
wh
ich
u
tili
ze
n
et
wo
r
k
en
er
g
y
to
o
p
er
ate
th
em
s
el
v
es
an
d
do
n
o
t
r
eq
u
ir
e
an
y
ex
ter
n
al
p
o
wer
,
th
o
s
e
ar
e
not
d
ea
lin
g
with
th
e
g
r
ea
ter
d
o
m
ain
of
e
n
er
g
y
r
eg
en
e
r
atio
n
.
Hen
ce
,
th
is
p
ap
er
will
ex
p
lo
r
e
th
e
s
co
p
es
an
d
tech
n
iq
u
es
of
cu
r
r
en
t
b
r
ea
k
in
g
with
r
eg
e
n
er
atio
n
in
DC
C
B
,
wil
l
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
a
n
ew
to
p
o
l
o
g
y
with
en
er
g
y
r
eg
en
e
r
atio
n
ca
p
ab
i
lity
,
will
b
u
ild
t
h
e
m
ath
e
m
atica
l
m
o
d
ellin
g
an
d
v
alid
ate
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
c
o
n
ce
p
t
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
im
u
latio
n
a
n
d
ex
p
er
i
m
en
tatio
n
.
3.
P
RO
P
O
SE
D
WO
RK
R
eg
en
er
ativ
e
b
r
ak
in
g
is
a
we
ll
-
k
n
o
wn
tech
n
iq
u
e
u
s
ed
in
e
lectr
ical
d
r
iv
e
s
y
s
tem
s
.
T
h
e
r
o
to
r
of
a
r
u
n
n
in
g
m
o
t
o
r
s
to
r
es
m
ec
h
an
i
ca
l
en
er
g
y
in
th
e
f
o
r
m
of
r
o
t
atio
n
al
k
in
etic
en
er
g
y
.
W
h
en
th
is
r
u
n
n
in
g
m
o
to
r
n
ee
d
s
f
aster
d
ec
eler
atio
n
,
th
e
d
r
iv
e
s
y
s
tem
m
an
ip
u
lates
th
e
m
o
to
r
s
u
p
p
ly
v
o
lta
g
e
in
s
u
ch
a
way
t
h
at
th
e
m
o
to
r
en
ter
s
in
to
g
en
er
atin
g
m
o
d
e.
T
h
e
d
r
iv
e
s
y
s
tem
n
o
w
ab
s
o
r
b
s
elec
tr
ical
en
er
g
y
f
r
o
m
it
an
d
f
ee
d
s
th
is
elec
tr
ical
en
er
g
y
b
ac
k
in
to
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
.
As
th
e
m
ec
h
a
n
ical
en
e
r
g
y
of
th
e
r
o
to
r
is
a
b
s
o
r
b
ed
,
a
n
eg
ativ
e
t
o
r
q
u
e
is
g
e
n
er
ated
wh
ich
d
ec
eler
ates
th
e
m
o
to
r
f
aster
.
In
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
e
n
er
g
y
a
b
s
o
r
b
ed
by
th
e
d
r
iv
e
s
y
s
tem
is
r
eu
s
ed
to
r
ec
h
ar
g
e
th
e
b
atter
y
if
b
atter
y
was
u
s
ed
as
a
s
o
u
r
ce
or
s
im
p
ly
u
s
ed
to
s
u
p
p
ly
o
th
er
lo
ad
s
co
n
n
ec
te
d
to
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
.
T
h
is
tech
n
iq
u
e
in
c
r
ea
s
es
th
e
o
v
er
al
l
ef
f
icien
cy
of
th
e
s
y
s
tem
on
a
g
r
ea
ter
s
ca
le.
Similar
ly
,
en
e
r
g
y
is
s
to
r
ed
in
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
i
n
d
u
ctan
ce
s
of
a
DC
n
etwo
r
k
in
ter
m
s
of
c
u
r
r
en
t,
a
n
d
wh
ile
b
r
ea
k
in
g
th
is
c
u
r
r
en
t
,
th
e
s
to
r
e
d
en
e
r
g
y
can
be
ab
s
o
r
b
ed
a
n
d
f
ed
b
ac
k
to
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
af
ter
war
d
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
(
a
)
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
DC
C
B
to
p
o
lo
g
y
,
wh
ich
co
n
s
is
t
s
of
m
ec
h
an
ical
s
witch
es,
th
y
r
is
to
r
s
,
d
io
d
es,
I
GB
T
,
ca
p
ac
ito
r
,
an
d
in
d
u
cto
r
.
As
p
er
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
r
eg
en
er
ativ
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
b
r
ea
k
in
g
co
n
ce
p
t,
u
p
o
n
r
ec
eiv
in
g
a
tr
ip
s
ig
n
al,
th
e
lo
ad
cu
r
r
e
n
t
is
d
iv
er
ted
f
r
o
m
th
e
m
ai
n
b
r
an
ch
to
th
e
im
p
e
d
an
ce
n
et
wo
r
k
(
L
-
C
n
etwo
r
k
)
in
s
id
e
th
e
cir
cu
it
b
r
ea
k
er
to
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
to
ze
r
o
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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t J Po
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8
8
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8
694
A
n
ew d
ir
ec
t c
u
r
r
en
t c
ir
cu
it b
r
ea
ke
r
w
ith
cu
r
r
en
t reg
en
era
ti
o
n
ca
p
a
b
ilit
y
(
S
.
M.
S
a
n
z
a
d
L
u
men
)
2327
in
itially
;
an
d
to
s
to
r
e
th
e
en
e
r
g
y
with
in
th
e
ca
p
ac
ito
r
in
ter
m
s
of
v
o
ltag
e.
On
ce
t
h
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
b
ec
o
m
es
ze
r
o
,
th
e
lo
ad
is
d
is
co
n
n
ec
te
d
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
s
id
e
a
n
d
,
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
tl
y
,
th
e
s
to
r
e
d
en
e
r
g
y
of
th
e
ca
p
ac
ito
r
is
f
ed
b
ac
k
to
war
d
s
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
,
co
m
m
e
n
ci
n
g
r
eg
en
e
r
atio
n
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
(
b
)
.
T
h
e
d
etail
ed
wo
r
k
in
g
p
r
in
cip
le
s
an
d
m
ath
em
atica
l
m
o
d
ellin
g
a
r
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
s
ec
tio
n
3.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
3.
Pro
p
o
s
ed
DC
C
B
to
p
o
lo
g
y
a
n
d
its
ap
p
licatio
n
;
(
a)
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
DC
C
B
to
p
o
lo
g
y
,
(
b
)
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
to
p
o
lo
g
y
u
s
ed
in
a
r
ad
ial
DC
n
etwo
r
k
4.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
d
escr
ib
es
th
e
r
es
ea
r
ch
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
,
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
f
lo
w
ch
a
r
t,
an
d
f
in
ally
d
is
cu
s
s
es
th
e
m
ath
em
atica
l
m
o
d
ellin
g
an
d
wo
r
k
in
g
p
r
in
cip
l
e
of
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
to
p
o
lo
g
y
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
ly
.
4
.
1
.
M
et
ho
do
lo
g
y
A
d
etail
g
r
ap
h
ical
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
o
f
th
e
r
esear
ch
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
is
s
tated
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
th
at
s
h
o
ws
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
p
h
ases
o
f
th
e
r
ese
ar
ch
.
T
h
e
r
esear
c
h
wo
r
k
wa
s
co
n
d
u
cted
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
im
u
latio
n
,
an
aly
s
is
,
an
d
ex
p
er
im
en
tatio
n
an
d
was c
ar
r
ied
o
u
t in
f
o
u
r
p
h
ases
g
iv
en
b
y
:
−
Ph
ase
-
1
:
L
iter
atu
r
e
R
ev
iew
an
d
Simu
latio
n
o
f
th
e
E
x
is
tin
g
DC
C
B
Mo
d
els
:
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
s
tep
o
f
th
is
r
esear
ch
was
to
ex
ten
s
iv
ely
g
o
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
liter
atu
r
e
o
n
d
if
f
er
en
t
DC
C
B
to
p
o
lo
g
ies,
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
th
ei
r
wo
r
k
in
g
p
r
in
cip
les
an
d
to
r
ea
lize
th
eir
lim
itatio
n
s
.
Sp
ec
ial
f
o
cu
s
was
g
iv
en
to
th
eir
cu
r
r
en
t
b
r
ea
k
in
g
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
to
ex
p
lo
it th
e
d
r
a
wb
ac
k
s
an
d
to
g
en
er
ate
n
ew
i
d
ea
s
f
o
r
f
ea
s
ib
le
s
o
lu
tio
n
.
−
Ph
ase
-
2
:
Mo
d
elin
g
o
f
th
e
P
r
o
p
o
s
ed
R
eg
en
er
ativ
e
C
u
r
r
en
t
B
r
ea
k
in
g
T
ec
h
n
iq
u
e
:
T
h
e
m
ath
em
atica
l
m
o
d
el
o
f
b
o
th
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
b
r
e
ak
in
g
a
n
d
r
eg
e
n
er
atio
n
o
p
er
at
io
n
s
was
d
ev
el
o
p
ed
in
th
is
p
h
ase.
L
ater
,
a
n
ew
to
p
o
lo
g
y
was
d
ev
is
ed
to
b
e
b
est
f
itted
with
th
e
m
ath
em
atica
l
m
o
d
el,
f
o
llo
we
d
b
y
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
a
co
n
tr
o
l a
lg
o
r
ith
m
f
o
r
g
en
er
ati
n
g
co
o
r
d
in
ated
s
witch
in
g
s
ig
n
als f
o
r
th
e
to
p
o
lo
g
y
.
−
Ph
ase
-
3
:
Simu
latio
n
a
n
d
An
a
ly
s
is
:
I
n
th
e
t
h
ir
d
p
h
ase,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
DC
C
B
was
s
im
u
l
ated
in
PS
I
M
s
o
f
twar
e.
A
r
ad
ial
DC
n
etwo
r
k
with
s
o
u
r
ce
r
esis
tan
ce
an
d
i
n
d
u
ctan
ce
was u
s
ed
f
o
r
s
im
u
l
atio
n
wh
er
e
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
o
d
el
was
ap
p
lied
to
b
r
ea
k
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
cu
r
r
e
n
t
an
d
to
r
eg
en
e
r
ate
cu
r
r
en
t
af
ter
war
d
s
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
t
o
th
at,
p
r
o
p
e
r
ties
s
u
ch
as
cu
r
r
en
t
b
r
ea
k
in
g
tim
e,
v
o
ltag
e
s
tr
ess
,
an
d
v
o
ltag
e
d
is
t
u
r
b
an
ce
in
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
.
wer
e
t
h
o
r
o
u
g
h
ly
in
v
esti
g
ated
an
d
ev
alu
ate
d
.
−
Ph
ase
-
4
:
E
x
p
er
im
en
tal
Valid
atio
n
:
I
n
th
e
f
in
al
p
h
ase,
a
p
r
o
to
ty
p
e
m
o
d
el
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
DC
C
B
to
p
o
lo
g
y
was
b
u
ilt
f
o
r
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
v
alid
atio
n
.
T
h
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
b
r
ea
k
i
n
g
ca
p
a
b
ilit
y
,
alo
n
g
with
th
e
r
eg
en
er
atio
n
ef
f
ec
t,
was d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
an
d
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
was e
v
alu
ated
ac
co
r
d
i
n
g
ly
.
4
.
2
.
M
o
delin
g
Ma
th
em
atica
l
m
o
d
ellin
g
of
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
to
p
o
l
o
g
y
is
e
x
p
lain
ed
in
th
is
s
u
b
s
ec
tio
n
.
Nec
ess
ar
y
d
if
f
er
en
tial
e
q
u
atio
n
s
b
ased
on
s
im
p
le
cir
cu
ital
a
n
aly
s
is
ar
e
d
e
v
elo
p
ed
an
d
th
e
n
s
o
lv
ed
to
f
in
d
th
e
tim
e
d
o
m
ain
r
esp
o
n
s
es
wh
ich
ju
s
tify
th
e
wo
r
k
in
g
p
r
in
cip
le.
4
.
2
.
1
.
M
a
t
hem
a
t
ic
a
l
m
o
del f
o
r
curr
ent
brea
k
ing
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
r
e
g
en
er
ativ
e
cu
r
r
en
t
b
r
ea
k
in
g
tech
n
iq
u
e
is
f
o
r
m
u
lated
b
ased
on
th
e
c
o
n
c
ep
t
th
at
a
n
in
d
u
cto
r
an
d
a
ca
p
ac
ito
r
f
o
r
m
a
r
eso
n
an
t
ci
r
cu
it
th
at
cr
ea
tes
cu
r
r
e
n
t
o
s
cillatio
n
wh
en
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
a
v
o
ltag
e
s
o
u
r
ce
,
an
d
th
ey
s
to
r
e
en
er
g
y
cy
clica
lly
in
ter
m
s
of
cu
r
r
en
t
(
I
)
an
d
v
o
ltag
e
(
V
)
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
E
n
er
g
y
s
to
r
e
d
in
an
in
d
u
cto
r
an
d
a
ca
p
ac
ito
r
is
ca
lcu
lated
as
1
2
2
an
d
1
2
2
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
,
wh
er
e
L
s
tan
d
s
f
o
r
in
d
u
ctan
ce
an
d
C
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
I
n
t J
Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i
Sy
s
t,
Vo
l.
12
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
2
1
:
23
22
–
23
35
2328
f
o
r
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
.
As
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
5
(
a)
,
wh
en
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
i(
t)
=
I
o
f
lo
ws
in
th
e
DC
n
etwo
r
k
,
en
er
g
y
is
s
to
r
ed
in
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
in
d
u
ctan
ce
L
s
.
At
ti
m
e
t
=
t
o
,
th
e
b
r
ea
k
er
r
ec
eiv
es
a
tr
ip
s
ig
n
al
wh
ich
in
itiates
th
e
tr
ip
p
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
At
th
e
in
itiatio
n
of
tr
ip
p
in
g
,
t
h
e
f
ast
-
o
p
er
atin
g
m
ec
h
a
n
ical
s
witch
(
S2
)
o
p
en
s
,
an
d
an
ar
c
v
o
ltag
e
is
cr
ea
ted
.
At
th
e
s
am
e
tim
e,
g
at
e
p
u
ls
es
ar
e
s
en
t
to
th
e
th
y
r
is
to
r
s
(T1
&
T
2
)
.
Du
e
to
t
h
is
co
m
b
in
ed
ef
f
ec
t,
th
e
lo
ad
cu
r
r
e
n
t
is
co
m
m
u
tated
f
r
o
m
th
e
m
ain
b
r
a
n
ch
to
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
b
r
an
c
h
(
im
p
e
d
an
ce
n
et
wo
r
k
)
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
5
(
b
)
.
T
h
is
im
p
e
d
an
ce
n
etwo
r
k
co
n
s
is
tin
g
of
L
a
n
d
C
g
en
e
r
ates
a
c
u
r
r
en
t
o
s
cillatio
n
at
its
n
atu
r
al
r
eso
n
an
t
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
.
T
h
is
cu
r
r
en
t
o
s
cillatio
n
d
i
v
er
ts
th
e
m
a
in
b
r
a
n
ch
cu
r
r
e
n
t
co
m
p
letely
,
an
d
th
u
s
t
h
e
ar
c
v
o
ltag
e
ca
n
n
o
t
go
v
er
y
h
ig
h
,
a
n
d
th
e
ar
c
is
e
x
tin
g
u
is
h
ed
s
h
o
r
tly
.
T
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t
o
s
cillatio
n
is
g
o
v
er
n
ed
by
(
1
)
.
It
is
to
be
n
o
ted
t
h
at
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
c
u
r
r
en
t
a
n
d
th
e
l
o
ad
cu
r
r
en
t
ar
e
s
y
n
o
n
y
m
o
u
s
h
e
r
e.
Fig
u
r
e
4.
Me
th
o
d
o
lo
g
y
f
lo
w
c
h
ar
t
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
5.
C
u
r
r
e
n
t
b
r
ea
k
in
g
o
p
er
atio
n
in
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
cir
c
u
it
b
r
ea
k
er
;
(
a
)
s
o
u
r
ce
cu
r
r
e
n
t p
at
h
b
ef
o
r
e
tr
ip
p
i
n
g
in
itiated
,
(
b
)
s
o
u
r
ce
cu
r
r
en
t p
a
th
af
ter
tr
ip
p
i
n
g
in
itiated
(
+
)
(
)
+
(
+
)
(
)
+
1
∫
(
)
=
,
(
=
0
)
=
0
(
1
)
wh
er
e,
V
=
DC
s
o
u
r
ce
v
o
lt
ag
e,
R
s
=
s
o
u
r
ce
r
esis
tan
ce
,
L
s
=
s
o
u
r
ce
in
d
u
ctan
ce
,
R
L
=
lo
a
d
r
esis
tan
ce
,
i(
t)
=
s
o
u
r
ce
cu
r
r
en
t,
I
o
=
in
itia
l
v
alu
e
of
s
o
u
r
ce
c
u
r
r
en
t,
L
=
b
r
ea
k
er
in
d
u
cta
n
ce
,
C
=
b
r
ea
k
er
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
.
T
h
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
of
(
1
)
is
g
iv
en
by
(
2
)
wh
er
e,
=
(
+
)
2
(
+
)
is
th
e
d
am
p
in
g
f
ac
to
r
,
=
1
√
(
+
)
is
th
e
r
eso
n
an
t
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
,
=
√
2
−
2
,
=
0
an
d
=
−
+
0
(
+
)
(
+
)
.
(
)
=
−
(
c
os
+
s
in
)
(
2
)
As
s
h
o
wn
in
(
2
)
is
a
d
am
p
ed
o
s
cillatio
n
wh
ich
u
ltima
tely
d
ec
ay
s
to
ze
r
o
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
6
(
a)
.
B
u
t,
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
f
ir
s
t
ze
r
o
-
cr
o
s
s
in
g
p
o
in
t
of
th
is
o
s
cillatin
g
cu
r
r
en
t,
th
e
th
y
r
is
to
r
s
(T1
&
T
2
)
ar
e
tu
r
n
e
d
o
f
f
by
n
atu
r
al
co
m
m
u
tatio
n
an
d
t
h
e
c
ap
ac
ito
r
C
r
em
ain
s
ch
ar
g
ed
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
6
(
b
)
.
As
th
e
th
y
r
is
to
r
s
ar
e
now
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
A
n
ew d
ir
ec
t c
u
r
r
en
t c
ir
cu
it b
r
ea
ke
r
w
ith
cu
r
r
en
t reg
en
era
ti
o
n
ca
p
a
b
ilit
y
(
S
.
M.
S
a
n
z
a
d
L
u
men
)
2329
tu
r
n
ed
o
f
f
,
t
h
e
lo
ad
b
ec
o
m
es
t
o
tally
d
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
,
co
m
p
letin
g
a
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
cu
r
r
en
t
b
r
ea
k
i
n
g
o
p
er
atio
n
.
T
h
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
b
r
ea
k
in
g
tim
e
is
ca
lcu
lated
as
=
1
−
.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
6.
Dy
n
am
ic
r
esp
o
n
s
es
d
u
r
in
g
cu
r
r
e
n
t
b
r
ea
k
in
g
o
p
er
at
io
n
;
(
a)
c
u
r
r
en
t a
n
d
v
o
ltag
e
o
s
cillatio
n
as p
er
(
2
)
,
(
b
)
c
u
r
r
en
t
b
r
ea
k
in
g
an
d
ca
p
ac
ito
r
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
4
.
2
.
2
.
M
a
t
hem
a
t
ic
a
l
m
o
del f
o
r
re
g
ener
a
t
io
n
On
ce
th
e
th
y
r
is
to
r
s
ar
e
tu
r
n
e
d
o
f
f
,
th
e
r
e
g
en
er
atio
n
cy
cle
s
tar
ts
by
tu
r
n
in
g
on
th
e
I
GB
T
at
tim
e
t
=
t
2
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
th
e
ca
p
ac
ito
r
C
d
i
s
ch
ar
g
es
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
in
d
u
cto
r
L
,
an
d
t
h
u
s
th
e
s
to
r
ed
en
er
g
y
of
th
e
ca
p
ac
ito
r
is
tr
an
s
f
er
r
ed
to
th
e
in
d
u
cto
r
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
7
(
a)
.
T
h
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
r
esp
o
n
s
e
is
g
o
v
er
n
ed
by
(
3
)
wh
o
s
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
is
(
4
)
w
h
er
e
V
co
=in
itial
v
o
lta
g
e
of
th
e
ch
a
r
g
ed
ca
p
ac
ito
r
,
i
r
(
t)
=
r
eg
e
n
er
ated
cu
r
r
en
t
,
a
n
d
′
=
1
√
is
th
e
r
eso
n
an
t
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
.
H
en
ce
,
th
e
in
d
u
ct
o
r
cu
r
r
e
n
t
is
n
o
w
f
o
r
c
ed
to
f
lo
w
th
r
o
u
g
h
d
i
o
d
es
(
D1
&
D
2
)
t
o
war
d
s
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
7
(
b
)
.
(
)
+
1
∫
(
)
=
0
,
(
=
2
)
=
0
,
(
=
2
)
=
(
3
)
(
)
=
√
(
′
)
(
4
)
As
s
h
o
wn
in
(
4
)
is
a
s
im
p
le
s
in
u
s
o
id
al
r
esp
o
n
s
e
wh
ich
cy
clica
lly
tr
an
s
f
er
s
en
er
g
y
b
ac
k
an
d
f
o
r
th
b
etwe
en
L
an
d
C
,
as
ca
n
be
s
ee
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
8
(
a)
.
B
u
t
a
s
s
o
o
n
as
th
e
ca
p
ac
ito
r
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
s
co
m
p
letely
in
t
h
is
o
s
cillatio
n
,
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
s
y
s
tem
tu
r
n
s
o
f
f
t
h
e
I
GB
T
at
tim
e
t
=
t
3
.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
7.
R
eg
en
e
r
atio
n
o
p
er
ati
o
n
in
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
cir
c
u
it
b
r
ea
k
er
;
(
a)
c
a
p
ac
ito
r
tr
a
n
s
f
er
s
en
e
r
g
y
to
t
h
e
in
d
u
cto
r
,
(
b
)
I
n
d
u
cto
r
r
elea
s
es e
n
er
g
y
to
war
d
s
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
T
h
is
p
h
en
o
m
en
o
n
of
f
ee
d
in
g
e
n
er
g
y
b
ac
k
to
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
s
id
e
n
etwo
r
k
is
d
ef
in
e
d
as
r
eg
e
n
er
a
tio
n
.
T
h
e
eq
u
atio
n
f
o
r
th
e
r
eg
en
er
ate
d
cu
r
r
en
t
an
d
its
tim
e
d
o
m
ain
r
esp
o
n
s
e
ar
e
g
iv
en
by
(
5
)
an
d
(
6
)
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
an
d
th
e
r
esp
o
n
s
es a
r
e
v
is
u
alize
d
in
Fig
u
r
e
8
(
b
)
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
I
n
t J
Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i
Sy
s
t,
Vo
l.
12
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
2
1
:
23
22
–
23
35
2330
(
+
)
(
)
+
(
)
=
,
(
=
3
)
=
−
(
5
)
(
)
=
−
0
−
+
+
(
1
−
−
+
)
(
6
)
wh
er
e,
I
ro
=
i
n
d
u
ct
o
r
c
u
r
r
en
t
at
th
e
m
o
m
en
t
t
h
e
I
GB
T
tu
r
n
s
o
f
f
.
T
h
e
r
eg
en
e
r
ated
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
i(
t)
=
-
i
r
(
t)
h
as
a
p
ea
k
v
alu
e
of
-
I
ro
th
at
ex
p
o
n
en
tiall
y
r
ed
u
ce
s
to
ze
r
o
wh
ile
b
ein
g
f
ed
b
ac
k
.
On
ce
th
e
r
e
g
en
er
at
ed
cu
r
r
e
n
t
b
ec
o
m
es
ze
r
o
,
th
e
a
u
x
iliar
y
s
witch
(
S1
)
tu
r
n
s
o
f
f
an
d
t
h
e
b
r
ea
k
er
r
eset
s
f
o
r
th
e
n
e
x
t
o
p
e
r
atio
n
.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
8.
Dy
n
am
ic
r
esp
o
n
s
es
d
u
r
in
g
r
eg
e
n
er
atio
n
;
(
a
)
c
u
r
r
e
n
t a
n
d
v
o
ltag
e
o
s
cillatio
n
as p
er
(
4
)
,
(
b
)
r
e
g
en
er
ated
cu
r
r
e
n
t a
s
p
er
(
6
)
5.
RE
SU
L
T
S
AND
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
d
is
cu
s
s
es
th
e
r
esu
lts
of
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
a
n
d
e
x
p
er
im
en
tal
s
tu
d
ies
an
d
th
u
s
v
al
id
ates
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
co
n
ce
p
t.
Fo
r
s
im
p
licity
,
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
(
b
)
was
m
o
d
el
l
ed
an
d
s
im
u
lated
in
PS
I
M
s
o
f
twar
e.
L
ater
,
a
s
ca
led
d
o
w
n
p
r
o
to
t
y
p
e
of
t
h
e
DC
C
B
m
o
d
el
was
b
u
ilt
an
d
test
e
d.
B
o
th
t
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t
b
r
ea
k
in
g
an
d
r
eg
e
n
er
ativ
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
of
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
to
p
o
lo
g
y
wer
e
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ated
an
d
v
alid
ated
.
5
.
1
.
Sim
ula
t
i
o
n
T
h
e
PS
I
M
s
im
u
latio
n
m
o
d
el
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
9
was
s
i
m
u
lated
u
s
in
g
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
s
im
u
latio
n
p
ar
am
eter
s
:
V
DC
=4
0
0
V,
L
S
=
2
0
0
m
H,
R
S
=0
.
1
Ω
,
R
L
=0
.
9
Ω
,
L
=5
0
m
H,
an
d
C
=2
0
0
0
µ
F.
T
h
e
n
etwo
r
k
p
ar
am
eter
s
wer
e
ch
o
s
en
in
s
u
ch
a
way
th
at
it
b
ec
am
e
a
h
ig
h
-
c
u
r
r
en
t
n
etwo
r
k
with
m
o
d
er
ate
n
etwo
r
k
in
d
u
ctan
ce
.
T
h
e
cir
cu
it b
r
ea
k
e
r
p
ar
am
eter
s
wer
e
th
en
c
h
o
s
en
b
ased
o
n
th
e
d
esig
n
ca
lc
u
latio
n
s
in
lin
e
with
th
e
m
ath
em
atica
l m
o
d
elin
g
.
Fig
u
r
e
9.
PS
I
M
s
im
u
latio
n
m
o
d
el
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
A
n
ew d
ir
ec
t c
u
r
r
en
t c
ir
cu
it b
r
ea
ke
r
w
ith
cu
r
r
en
t reg
en
era
ti
o
n
ca
p
a
b
ilit
y
(
S
.
M.
S
a
n
z
a
d
L
u
men
)
2331
5
.
1
.
1
.
Curre
nt
b
re
a
k
ing
A
s
im
p
le
co
n
t
r
o
l
al
g
o
r
ith
m
g
en
er
ates
th
e
c
o
o
r
d
in
ated
s
witch
in
g
s
ig
n
als
f
o
r
th
e
s
witch
in
g
d
e
v
ices.
T
h
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
co
m
m
u
tatio
n
,
r
ed
u
ctio
n
,
an
d
r
eg
e
n
er
atio
n
alo
n
g
with
co
o
r
d
i
n
ated
s
witch
in
g
s
ig
n
als
ar
e
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
10
(
a)
wh
ich
s
h
o
ws
th
a
t
th
e
DC
C
B
tu
r
n
s
on
at
tim
e
t
=
0
.
0
5
5
s
u
p
o
n
r
ec
ei
v
in
g
a
cl
o
s
in
g
p
u
ls
e
an
d
t
h
e
s
o
u
r
ce
cu
r
r
en
t
I
S
r
is
es
an
d
r
ea
ch
es
to
4
0
0
A.
At
tim
e
t
=
1
.
5
s,
a
tr
ip
s
ig
n
al
is
r
ec
eiv
e
d
b
y
th
e
cir
cu
it
b
r
ea
k
e
r
an
d
th
e
tr
ip
p
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
s
tar
ts
.
At
th
e
in
itiatio
n
of
tr
ip
p
in
g
,
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
v
o
ltag
e
f
o
r
m
ain
c
o
n
tact
S2
g
o
es
lo
w
th
at
tu
r
n
s
it
o
f
f
af
ter
a
s
witch
i
n
g
d
elay
of
15
m
s
.
T
h
e
g
ate
p
u
ls
e
V
gT
tu
r
n
s
th
e
th
y
r
is
to
r
s
on,
an
d
th
e
ar
c
v
o
ltag
e
in
d
u
ce
d
d
u
e
to
th
e
s
ep
ar
atio
n
of
S2
co
n
tacts
f
o
r
ce
s
I
S
to
s
h
if
t
to
th
e
im
p
ed
an
ce
n
etw
o
r
k
an
d
t
h
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
b
ec
o
m
es
I
C
/I
L
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
10
(
a)
.
R
eso
n
an
ce
is
f
o
r
m
ed
in
th
is
im
p
ed
an
ce
n
etwo
r
k
,
wh
ich
cr
ea
tes
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
ze
r
o
p
o
i
n
t,
an
d
th
e
th
y
r
is
to
r
s
tu
r
n
o
f
f
at
th
is
ze
r
o
-
c
r
o
s
s
in
g
p
o
in
t
,
f
o
r
cin
g
I
S
a
n
d
I
L
O
A
D
to
b
ec
o
m
e
ze
r
o
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
5
1
.
7
5
ms
of
cu
r
r
en
t
b
r
ea
k
in
g
tim
e.
As
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
p
ass
es
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
im
p
ed
a
n
ce
n
etwo
r
k
,
it
ch
ar
g
es
th
e
ca
p
ac
ito
r
C
,
an
d
th
e
ca
p
ac
ito
r
v
o
ltag
e
V
C
r
is
es
an
d
r
em
ain
s
ch
ar
g
ed
u
n
til
it
d
is
ch
ar
g
es
d
u
r
in
g
r
e
g
en
er
atio
n
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
10
(
b
)
.
In
ad
d
itio
n
,
a
v
o
ltag
e
s
u
r
g
e
in
d
u
ce
d
due
to
h
ig
h
d
i/d
t
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t
b
r
ea
k
in
g
p
er
io
d
is
also
v
is
ib
le
in
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
v
o
ltag
e
V
S
a
n
d
s
witch
v
o
ltag
e
V
S2
.
M
o
r
eo
v
e
r
,
a
s
u
r
g
e
in
s
o
u
r
ce
p
o
wer
P
S
due
to
s
u
d
d
e
n
en
er
g
y
r
elea
s
e
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
in
d
u
ctan
ce
is
also
v
is
ib
le
in
Fig
u
r
e
10
(
b
)
.
T
h
is
is
th
e
en
er
g
y
wh
ich
is
u
s
u
ally
wasted
in
th
e
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
DC
C
B
to
p
o
lo
g
ies.
T
h
e
r
eg
en
er
atio
n
o
p
er
atio
n
is
ex
p
lain
ed
in
th
e
n
ex
t
s
u
b
s
ec
tio
n
.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
10.
C
o
n
tr
o
l
s
ig
n
als
an
d
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
ized
cu
r
r
en
t
a
n
d
v
o
ltag
e
r
esp
o
n
s
es
d
u
r
in
g
cir
c
u
it
b
r
ea
k
er
o
p
e
r
atio
n
;
(
a)
c
o
n
tr
o
l sig
n
als an
d
c
u
r
r
en
t
r
esp
o
n
s
es
,
(
b
)
c
o
n
tr
o
l sig
n
als
an
d
v
o
lta
g
e
an
d
p
o
wer
r
esp
o
n
s
es
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.