In
te
r
n
ation
a
l Jou
rn
al
o
f Po
we
r
Elec
tron
ic
s an
d
D
r
ive S
y
stem
(IJ
PED
S
)
V
o
l.
10, N
o.
3, S
ep 2019,
pp.
1
4
2
7
~1
4
3
6
ISSN: 2088-
8694,
DOI
:
10.11591
/ijpeds.
v10.
i
3.pp1427-1436
1427
Jou
rn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
:
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tp:
//i
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score
.
com
/
j
o
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na
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x
.
p
hp/IJ
PED
S
Bridgeless PFC single e
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continuou
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No
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M
o
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Abdul Aziz,
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c
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f
Elect
rical
En
g
i
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eerin
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a
c
u
l
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of En
g
i
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Univ
e
rs
iti Tekn
ol
ogi M
alaysi
a, M
al
a
y
si
a
Art
i
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e In
fo
ABSTRACT
A
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tic
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o
r
y
:
R
e
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e
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v
e
d
Oct
2
7
,
2
018
Re
vise
d F
e
b 2,
201
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ar 2
3
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Thi
s
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p
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n
de
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p
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r
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du
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s
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nti
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(CCM)
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w
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r F
a
c
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or
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orre
ction
(P
FC)
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pyri
gh
t © 2
019 In
stit
u
t
e
of Advanced
En
gi
neeri
n
g
an
d
S
c
ien
ce.
All
rights
res
e
rv
ed.
Corres
pon
d
i
n
g
Au
th
or:
No
r
Ak
mal
Rai
,
Fac
u
l
t
y
of
En
g
i
n
ee
ri
ng
,
Un
iv
e
r
sit
i
Tekn
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ud
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i
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ail:
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u
t
m.my
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non
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gh
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factor
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n
d
r
edu
c
e
s
h
a
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oni
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i
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s
u
p
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l
y
.
N
o
rm
ally,
a
con
v
e
nti
ona
l
P
F
C
c
a
n
be
ac
com
p
lis
he
d
by
usin
g
a
ful
l
bri
dge
d
io
d
e
r
ec
tif
i
e
r
an
d
dc-
d
c
c
onv
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r
t
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r.
E
v
e
n
t
h
o
ugh
b
ri
dg
e
rec
t
i
f
i
e
r
h
a
s
t
h
e
a
b
ili
ty
t
o
p
r
odu
c
e
d
c
ou
tpu
t
b
ut
i
t
s
d
rawb
ack
w
hi
c
h
p
rodu
c
e
a
n
a
b
s
o
lu
te
s
in
uso
i
da
l
vo
lt
a
g
e
w
i
th
h
i
g
h
rip
p
l
e
and c
u
rr
ent tha
t
are
h
i
g
hly n
o
n
sin
u
s
o
i
d
a
l
[
1]
. A
dc
vol
tage pro
duce
d
b
y t
h
e
re
ctifier is qu
i
t
e
lar
ge a
nd n
e
ed t
o
be
r
eg
ul
ate
d
t
o
a
re
qu
ired va
l
ue.
Inte
nd
e
d
t
o
t
h
is
r
easo
n
,
a dc
to
dc
c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
are
use
d
t
o
r
e
gu
la
te
a
n
act
ual
dc
vo
lta
ge
w
ith
a
c
t
ua
l
c
u
rre
nt
w
a
v
efor
m
shape
a
nd
l
o
w
o
u
t
p
u
t
r
ip
p
l
e
[2]
.
M
oreo
ve
r,
t
his
te
c
h
n
i
que
e
n
h
an
ce
d
t
o
P
F
C w
ith
l
ow
har
mon
i
c
dist
o
r
ti
on [3]
.
Th
ere
a
r
e
v
a
ri
ou
s
of
d
c
-
d
c
c
on
v
e
rt
er
t
op
olog
i
e
s
u
s
ed
i
n
P
F
C
ci
r
c
u
it
.
SEPI
C
c
onv
ert
e
r
i
s
p
opu
l
a
r
du
e
to
i
t
s
a
dva
n
t
ag
e
s
over
an
ot
he
r
dc
t
o
d
c
c
o
nve
rter.
This
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
er
p
rod
u
c
e
s
a
n
out
pu
t
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
tha
t
i
s
l
e
ss
or
mo
re
t
h
a
n
th
e
i
npu
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vo
lt
ag
e
,
b
ut
w
ith
no
pol
a
r
i
t
y
r
e
v
ersal
[
1
,
4]
.
H
o
w
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ver
,
S
EP
I
C
c
on
ver
t
e
r
i
s
a
4
t
h
or
der
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o
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t
e
r
s
i
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c
e
i
t
h
a
s
4
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t
o
r
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g
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l
e
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e
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n
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o
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e
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t
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m
a
k
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t
se
ld
om
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se
s
d
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e
t
o
d
ifficu
l
t
y
in
d
es
ign
the
con
t
ro
l
l
er
[
5].
N
e
verthe
l
e
ss,
t
h
i
s
c
on
verter
o
ffers
a
surpl
u
s a
dva
nta
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o
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2
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onve
rter
w
her
e
a
l
o
w
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r
i
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p
u
t
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urre
nt
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ip
p
l
e
is pos
si
ble
to a
ch
ieve
[
5,
6
].
Li
ter
a
t
u
re
s
tu
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es
s
t
a
t
e
t
ha
t
a norm
a
l
bri
dge
S
EP
IC
c
o
n
v
ert
e
r
r
e
c
tifier pro
duce
s
h
i
g
h
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
loss
at
i
n
p
u
t
bri
d
g
e
d
io
de
h
e
n
ce
r
educe
s
o
vera
ll
effi
c
i
e
n
cy
o
f
the
c
o
nve
r
t
e
r
.
This
i
s
du
e
t
o
a
b
r
i
dge
r
e
c
tif
ier
con
s
is
t
s
o
f
4
d
i
o
d
e
s
t
ha
t
pr
o
d
u
ce
h
i
gh
c
o
nd
uc
ti
on
l
o
ss
dur
i
n
g
o
pe
ra
ti
o
n
.
It
i
s
p
o
ss
ib
le
t
o
e
lim
i
n
ate
t
h
i
s
h
ig
h
c
o
ndu
c
tio
n
l
o
ss
w
it
h
b
r
idg
e
le
ss
conv
e
r
t
e
r.
T
h
e
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
of
t
h
ese
c
o
n
v
e
rte
r
s
is
i
m
p
ro
ved
by
re
mo
vi
ng
t
h
e
in
put
b
ri
d
g
e
d
i
o
d
e
of
t
he
c
on
ve
nt
iona
l
brid
ge
S
EP
IC
c
on
ve
rter.
In
t
h
e
b
ri
dg
el
es
s
c
o
nv
ert
e
r
nu
mb
e
r
o
f
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N: 2
0
8
8
-
86
94
I
n
t
J Po
w
Elec
&
Dr
i
Sy
st,
Vo
l. 1
0
,
No
. 3
,
S
e
p
2
019
:
1
4
2
7
–
1
436
1
428
e
l
e
m
e
n
ts
c
o
n
d
u
ct
dur
in
g
ea
c
h
c
yc
l
e
a
r
e
r
e
duce
a
s
c
om
par
e
t
o
the
b
r
i
d
g
e
re
ctifier.
T
his
si
gn
ifica
n
t
l
y
r
e
d
u
c
e
s
lo
sses
i
n
t
he
c
ir
c
u
it
as
r
e
por
ted
i
n
[
7-
1
4
]
.
T
he
B
r
i
dge
les
s
S
EP
I
C
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
o
f
f
e
r
r
e
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
c
o
s
t
,
l
i
g
h
t
,
incr
ease
s
e
ffic
ie
ncy
at
t
he
s
a
m
e
tim
e
m
a
in
ta
in
ing
ne
ar
u
n
i
ty
p
o
w
e
r
f
a
c
t
o
r
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
.
I
t
i
s
p
o
s
s
i
b
l
e
f
o
r
t
h
e
c
o
n
v
er
ter
to
o
p
e
r
a
te
i
n
CC
M
a
nd
d
i
sc
o
n
t
i
nu
o
u
s
c
o
nduc
tio
n
mode
(
DC
M
)
d
e
p
end
s
on
i
t
s ap
pl
i
cat
i
o
n
.
I
n
C
C
M
,
t
h
e
i
nduc
tor
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
i
s
a
l
w
a
ys
p
osit
i
v
e
w
h
i
l
e
f
o
r
D
C
M
i
n
duc
t
o
r
cur
r
ent
is
c
ha
r
acte
r
ize
d
by
c
u
r
r
e
nt
r
et
ur
n
i
ng
t
o
ze
r
o dur
i
ng e
v
er
y
pe
r
i
o
d
.
D
C
M
c
a
u
s
e
s
lar
ge
v
ol
t
a
ge
s
tr
ess,
conse
q
u
e
nt
l
y
g
iv
es i
m
p
ac
t on
e
l
e
c
tr
om
agne
t
i
c
i
n
t
er
fer
e
nce
(EMI)
in
to
lin
e
[5].
F
urtherm
o
re
,
a
t
h
igh
pow
er
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
io
n,
c
ur
r
e
nt
s
tr
e
s
s
an
d
vo
l
t
age
s
t
ress
in
D
CM
bec
om
e
to
o
l
a
rge
wh
i
c
h
affec
t
in
g
t
h
e
effi
ci
en
cy
o
f
t
h
e
co
nv
e
r
t
e
r
[5
,
1
5
]
.
Hen
c
e
,
D
C
M
n
o
r
mal
l
y
u
sed
f
o
r
lo
w
po
wer a
p
pli
cat
io
n
u
s
ua
l
l
y
l
e
ss
t
h
a
n
20
0
W
w
hil
e
CCM
p
opul
arl
y
u
sed
fo
r
me
dium
a
n
d
hi
g
h
p
ow
er
a
ppl
ica
t
io
n
[
16-
1
8
]
.
T
his
i
s
due
t
o
C
C
M
has
l
o
w
e
r
co
n
duc
te
d
noi
se,
low
e
r
con
d
u
ct
i
on
los
s
es
i
n
the sem
i
co
n
d
u
c
tor
s
a
nd
i
n
d
u
c
t
or
,
a
n
d
l
o
w
e
r
in
d
u
ct
or
c
or
e
l
o
ss
[
8,
1
8]
.
A
ddi
tio
na
l
l
y,
i
t
ha
s
low
ou
t
p
u
t
v
ol
t
a
ge
r
i
p
p
le.
H
o
w
e
v
e
r
,
t
he
d
e
s
i
g
n
of
C
CM
c
o
n
tr
oller
i
s
m
or
e
c
o
mple
x
a
s
c
o
m
p
a
r
e
d
t
o
D
C
M
.
D
C
M
h
a
s
p
r
o
p
e
r
t
i
e
s
of
s
e
l
f
P
F
C
s
i
n
c
e
i
ts
c
apa
b
il
i
t
y
to
g
ive
hig
h
e
r
pow
er
f
ac
t
o
r
by
t
he
n
a
t
ur
e
o
f
t
he
ir
t
o
p
o
l
o
gie
s
[
19,
2
0]
.
H
e
nce
,
D
C
M
has
sim
p
le
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
a
n
d
ca
n
ac
hie
v
e
P
F
C
by
us
in
g
s
i
m
p
le
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
sys
t
em
.
CC
M
re
q
u
i
r
e
d
c
o
m
ple
x
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
syste
m
a
nd
r
e
q
u
ir
ed
c
l
o
se
d
lo
o
p
c
on
tr
ol
t
o
ac
hi
e
v
e
P
F
C
.
Cur
r
ent
m
ode
c
on
tro
l
t
yp
ic
all
y
w
or
k
for
con
v
e
r
ter
o
p
era
t
e
i
n
C
C
M
.
A
m
ong
a
l
l
cu
r
r
ent
c
ontr
o
l
m
ode,
A
C
M
C
o
ffe
r
s
s
e
v
er
a
l
a
dva
nta
g
e
s
s
u
c
h
a
s
t
he
a
bil
i
t
y
t
o
s
e
n
se
a
n
d
c
o
n
tr
o
l
a
ver
a
ge
i
nd
uc
tor
cur
r
ent
w
h
i
l
e
o
ffe
r
i
n
g
imm
uni
t
y
t
o n
o
i
s
e [
2
1]
.
I
n
PF
C
app
l
i
c
at
i
o
n
,
a
not
her
si
g
n
i
f
i
ca
n
t
f
e
a
t
ur
e
of
A
C
M
C nea
r
t
he
z
er
o
c
r
ossin
g
o
f
t
h
e
line
v
o
l
tage,
the
c
o
n
v
erter
o
p
e
r
ate
s
w
it
h
t
h
e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
d
ut
y
cy
cl
e
.
A
s
a
re
su
l
t
,
t
h
e
d
ead
a
ng
l
e
pe
r
i
od
w
h
ic
h
e
n
c
o
u
n
t
e
r
in
p
e
a
k
c
ur
r
e
nt
m
o
d
e
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
is
g
r
e
atl
y
r
e
d
u
c
e
d
[2
2,
2
3]
.
Most
o
f
P
F
C
a
p
p
lic
atio
n
s
ha
s
bee
n
w
ide
l
y
a
d
o
p
t
e
A
M
M
C
a
s
a
c
ont
r
o
l
tech
n
i
q
u
e
f
o
r
CCM
c
on
v
e
r
te
r
s
[
24,
25]
.
B
r
idge
less
S
E
P
I
C
conve
r
t
er
i
n
[
7
-
1
2]
f
oc
us
a
t
l
o
w
p
o
w
er
a
pplica
t
i
o
n
o
per
a
te
d
i
n
D
CM
u
si
ng
vo
l
t
age
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
.
T
his
c
o
n
t
r
o
ll
er
d
esi
gn
is
s
i
m
ple
s
i
nce
a
l
l
z
e
r
o
a
n
d
po
l
e
a
re
l
o
c
at
ed
a
t
le
ft
h
and
p
l
an
e
mak
e
a
tu
n
i
n
g
p
r
o
c
e
ss
e
asier
.
H
ow
e
v
er
,
th
is
c
on
tr
ol
ler
pr
o
v
i
des
hi
g
h
c
ur
r
e
n
t
a
nd
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
s
t
r
e
ss
f
or
m
e
d
i
u
m
pow
e
r
a
p
p
lica
tio
n
w
h
i
c
h
c
a
u
s
e
som
e
pow
er
l
oss
t
o
c
on
ve
r
t
er
.
I
n
t
his
pa
per
,
C
C
M
w
i
t
h
A
C
M
C
a
pp
lie
d
to
b
r
i
d
g
ele
s
s
S
E
PI
C
c
o
nver
t
e
r
pr
op
ose
d
i
n
[9,
1
0
]
ar
e
st
ud
ie
d.
T
h
i
s
pape
r
is
o
r
g
a
n
ized
a
s
f
o
ll
ow
s.
T
he
b
r
i
d
g
el
ess
S
E
P
IC
c
on
v
e
r
t
er
d
et
a
i
l
c
i
rcui
t
op
era
tio
n
wi
th
a
v
e
r
a
g
e
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
a
r
e
d
i
s
c
u
s
s
e
d
i
n
S
e
c
t
i
o
n
2
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
c
i
r
cu
it
p
a
r
amet
er,
si
mul
a
tio
n
re
su
lt
a
nd
pr
el
i
m
inar
y
r
e
su
lt
of
h
ar
dw
a
r
e
pr
ot
oty
p
e
a
r
e
pr
esents
i
n
S
ectio
n
3.
F
ina
l
l
y
,
the
c
o
n
c
lu
si
o
n
i
s
pr
esent
i
n
S
ectio
n
4.
2.
RESEARCH METHOD
2.
1.
Ci
rc
ui
t o
p
er
a
t
i
o
n
B
r
idge
less
S
E
P
I
C
c
o
n
v
er
te
r
a
s
p
r
o
pose
d
i
n
[9,
1
0
]
as
i
n
F
i
gur
e
1,
a
r
e
s
imula
t
e
d
i
n
C
C
M
w
i
t
h
a
n
a
v
er
a
g
e
c
u
r
r
e
nt
m
ode
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
.
The
c
i
r
c
ui
t
cons
is
t
of
t
hr
ee
i
n
duc
t
o
r
s
,
t
h
r
ee
capa
c
i
t
o
r
s
,
tw
o
di
ode
a
n
d
t
w
o
MOS
F
ET
apart
from
a
r
esisto
r
as
i
ts l
oad.
F
i
gur
e
1.
B
r
i
dg
e
l
ess
S
E
P
I
C
c
i
r
c
ui
t
T
h
i
s
c
i
r
cui
t
h
as
t
h
e
s
ame
op
era
t
i
o
n
in
b
o
t
h
c
y
c
l
es,
wh
e
r
e
ea
ch
sw
itc
h
w
ill
o
nly t
u
r
n
o
n in po
s
it
ive
or
ne
ga
t
i
ve
h
a
l
f
c
y
cle.
D
ur
in
g
t
h
e
posi
t
i
ve
h
a
l
f
cycle
,
o
n
l
y
n
i
n
e
elem
ent
s
c
o
n
duc
t
w
h
ic
h
is
L
1,
L
2,
S
1,
D
s2,
C1
,
L3,
D
1
,
C3
a
n
d
R
a
s
s
how
n
in
F
i
g
ur
e
2
.
I
n
n
ega
t
ive
ha
lf
c
ycle
L
1
,
L
2
,
S2,
D
s
1,
C
2,
L
3,
D
2,
C
3
a
n
d
R
ar
e
co
nd
u
c
t
a
s
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
F
i
gu
r
e
3
.
Thi
s
b
ridg
e
l
es
s
SEP
I
C
c
onv
ert
e
r
r
e
duc
ed
num
ber
o
f
c
o
m
pone
n
t
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
dur
in
g
hal
f
c
ycle.
A
t
eac
h
ha
lf
c
yc
le
o
f
br
i
dge
le
ss
S
EP
I
C
c
onv
e
rters,
it
o
p
e
r
ates
a
s
ba
s
i
c
dc-
d
c
S
E
PI
C
con
v
ert
e
r.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
P
o
w
Elec
&
D
r
i
S
y
st
I
S
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
Bri
dge
less PF
C si
ng
le e
n
ded
prim
ary
i
nduc
tanc
e
co
nve
r
te
r
in co
nt
i
n
u
o
u
s
curren
t m
ode
(
N
or Ak
m
a
l Ra
i)
1
429
(a
)
(b
)
F
i
gur
e
2.
O
per
a
ti
o
n
o
f
the
br
i
dge
le
ss
S
EP
I
C
c
onve
r
t
er
i
n
:
(
a)
p
osi
t
i
v
e
ha
lf
c
ycle
(
b)
n
ega
t
i
v
e
ha
lf
c
yc
le
B
r
idge
less
S
EP
I
C
oper
a
t
e
i
n CCM
a
n
d
i
t
co
ns
ists
o
f t
w
o
m
ode
o
pe
r
a
ti
on p
e
r
cyc
l
e
.
F
or
pos
it
ive ha
l
f
c
y
cle
i
t
i
s
o
p
e
r
ated
i
n
m
ode
1
a
nd
m
ode
2
a
s
s
h
ow
n
in
F
ig
ur
e
3.
T
h
e
w
a
v
ef
or
m
of
v
olta
ge
a
n
d
c
ur
r
e
nt
ope
r
a
ti
o
n
f
or
b
r
i
d
g
eles
s
S
E
PI
C
co
nver
t
er
a
r
e
s
how
n
i
n
F
ig
ur
e
4.
(a)
(b
)
F
i
gur
e
3.
P
osit
ive
hal
f
c
yc
l
e
o
per
a
t
i
on
i
n
(
a
)
m
ode
1
(
b)
m
ode
2
I
n
m
ode
1
,
S
1
a
nd
D
s
2
ar
e
o
p
e
r
a
te,
cur
r
e
nt
w
il
l
f
l
ow
t
hr
o
u
gh
S
1
a
n
d
D
s2
.
L1
a
nd
L2
c
ha
r
g
e
and
ar
e
incr
ease
l
i
n
ear
l
y
t
o
it
s
pea
k
d
epe
n
ds
o
n
i
t
s
du
ty
c
ycle.
I
n
m
od
e
2,
S
1
w
i
l
l
t
ur
n
o
f
f
a
nd
D
1
t
ur
n
o
n
,
w
hich
al
lo
w
cu
rrent
t
h
r
ou
gh
i
t.
C
u
rren
t
acr
o
ss
L1
d
ecrease
lin
e
ar
ly
d
ue
t
o
d
i
sc
h
a
r
g
i
ng
pr
oce
s
s
t
h
r
o
u
gh
t
h
e
C1,
C3
an
d
lo
ad
. Sin
ce
th
e circu
it
op
e
r
at
io
n
is
s
y
mmetrical,
th
e mod
e
s
o
f
o
p
era
tio
n f
o
r the
ne
ga
t
i
ve
h
al
f c
y
cl
e ar
e n
o
t
sh
o
w
n
h
e
re.
S
y
mmet
r
i
ca
l
fe
a
t
u
r
e o
f
t
h
e
conve
rt
e
r
i
n
C
C
M
i
s
d
i
s
c
usse
d in
d
e
t
a
il
in
[
9,
1
0
]
.
F
i
gur
e
4.
W
av
e
f
or
m
of
c
ur
r
e
nt
a
n
d
v
ol
t
a
ges
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-
8694
Int J
P
o
w
El
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
,
V
ol.
10,
N
o.
3
, S
e
p
2
0
1
9
:
142
7
– 1
436
1
430
I
n
m
ode
1
,
S
1
a
nd
D
s
2
a
r
e
o
p
e
ra
t
e
,
curr
ent
w
i
l
l
f
l
o
w
t
h
ro
u
gh
S
1
a
n
d
D
s
2
.
L
1
a
n
d
L
2
c
h
a
r
g
e
a
n
d
a
r
e
incre
a
se
l
i
n
ea
rl
y to i
ts pea
k de
pe
n
d
s o
n
i
ts du
t
y cyc
l
e
The
v
o
lta
ge
a
cross in
du
ct
or,
L1
(
1
)
The
v
o
lta
ge
a
cross in
du
ct
or,
L2
2
(
2
)
The
curr
ent ac
ross ser
i
e
s
ca
p
a
c
it
or,
C1
(
3
)
The
curr
ent ac
ross o
u
t
p
ut
c
a
p
acit
o
r,
C
3
(
4
)
I
n
m
ode
2
,
S
1
w
ill
tur
n
o
ff
and
D
1
t
ur
n
on,
w
hic
h
a
l
l
o
w
c
urre
n
t
t
hr
o
u
g
h
i
t.
C
urre
nt
acr
oss
L
1
dec
r
ea
se
l
ine
a
r
ly
d
ue
t
o
dis
c
ha
rg
in
g
proc
e
s
s
thro
u
g
h
t
h
e
C1,
C3
a
n
d
l
o
ad.
S
i
nce
the
c
i
rc
uit
o
p
er
atio
n
is
symm
etrica
l, the
m
ode
s o
f
o
per
a
t
i
o
n
for th
e
ne
g
a
t
i
v
e
ha
lf
cyc
le
a
re s
i
m
i
l
a
r as in
p
o
si
t
i
ve
c
ycle
b
ut in
o
p
p
o
si
te
direc
t
i
o
n.
The
v
o
lta
ge
a
cross in
du
ct
or,
L1
(
5
)
The
v
o
lta
ge
a
cross in
du
ct
or,
L2
(
6
)
The
curr
ent ac
ross ser
i
e
s
ca
p
a
c
it
or,
C1
(
7
)
The
curr
ent ac
ross o
u
t
p
ut
c
a
p
acit
o
r,
C
3
(
8
)
2.2.
Math
emat
i
c
a
l
m
od
e
l
I
n
o
r
d
er
t
o
d
e
si
gn
t
h
e
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
,
i
t
i
s
m
a
ndat
o
ry
t
o
obta
i
n
t
h
e
t
r
an
sfe
r
f
un
c
t
ion
ba
se
d
on
ma
them
at
i
c
al
m
odel
to
s
im
pli
f
ie
d
c
o
n
t
r
o
ller
tun
i
n
g
.
B
a
se
d
o
n
m
o
de
o
f
opera
t
i
o
n
o
f
br
id
ge
l
e
ss
S
E
P
I
C
con
v
er
t
e
r
i
n
C
CM,
the
sta
t
e
space
a
vera
g
i
n
g
m
ode
lli
ng
t
e
chn
i
que
[
2
5
-2
7],
a
r
e
appl
ie
d
based
o
n
K
CL
a
nd
K
V
L
o
f c
i
r
c
ui
t
duri
ng t
u
rn O
N
and
turn O
F
F
s
ta
t
e
a
s
in equa
ti
on
(
1-8).
S
t
eady
sta
t
e
dc
m
odel:
0
(
9
)
A
C
sm
a
ll si
gn
al m
odel
:
(
1
0
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
E
l
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
IS
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
Bridge
l
e
ss
PF
C
sing
le
en
de
d
prim
ary
i
n
duc
ta
nce
co
nv
er
te
r in c
o
nti
n
u
o
u
s
curren
t
m
ode (
N
or
Akm
a
l Ra
i)
1
431
-
V
e
c
tor
of state
var
i
a
bl
e
-
V
e
c
t
or of
ou
t
p
u
t
s
ys
tem
I
,
)
A
-S
tate
v
ect
or
(
,
,
,
)
B
- I
nput
m
a
t
rix
C
- M
a
t
r
i
x
whi
ch
co
n
n
ect
o
utp
u
t
to
t
h
e
st
a
t
e
v
ari
a
b
l
e
-
I
nput var
i
a
b
l
e
(
.
-
D
u
ty ra
tio
v
a
r
iat
i
o
n
for
C
CM
[
2
7
]
Th
e
av
e
r
a
g
e
ma
t
r
i
c
e
s
f
o
r
s
t
e
a
d
y
st
at
e
a
n
d
line
r smal
l
s
i
g
n
a
l
st
a
t
e
space equation
o
f
bridgeless
S
E
PI
C
con
v
er
t
e
r
base
d on
(9)
and (
1
0) ob
t
ai
n a
s
bel
low
:
⎣
⎢
⎢
⎢
⎡
⎦
⎥
⎥
⎥
⎤
.
⎣
⎢
⎢
⎢
⎡
⎦
⎥
⎥
⎥
⎤
.
.
(11)
.
⎣
⎢
⎢
⎢
⎡
⎦
⎥
⎥
⎥
⎤
(
1
2
)
W
h
ere:
A=
⎣
⎢
⎢
⎢
⎢
⎢
⎡
⎦
⎥
⎥
⎥
⎥
⎥
⎤
,
B=
⎣
⎢
⎢
⎢
⎢
⎢
⎡
⎦
⎥
⎥
⎥
⎥
⎥
⎤
,
=
⎣
⎢
⎢
⎢
⎡
⎦
⎥
⎥
⎥
⎤
,
C
=
(
11)
a
n
d
(
1
2
)
cons
is
ts of the
a
c
p
e
r
t
u
rbat
i
o
n. By us
ing Lap
l
a
c
e
t
ra
ns
form
at
i
o
n
i
n
(
1
1
)
a
n
d (12),
yie
l
d
a
form
of transfe
r
f
unc
t
i
o
n
of
bri
d
g
e
less S
E
PIC c
o
n
v
erter
.
.
.
(13)
Whe
r
e
i
s
a
unity
m
a
t
r
i
x,
base
d
on e
x
pa
ns
ion
and
so
lv
i
ng o
f
e
quat
i
on
1
3
,
t
h
e tra
n
s
f
er
fun
c
t
i
o
n of i
n
n
er
l
o
o
p
and
ou
te
r lo
op
a
r
e:-
(14)
(15)
W
ith
:
1
,
1
,
2
,
1
1
,
1
,
1
,
1
1
1
,
1
,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-
8694
Int J
P
o
w
El
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
,
V
ol.
10,
N
o.
3
, S
e
p
2
0
1
9
:
142
7
– 1
436
1
432
2.3.
Co
nt
ro
l
metho
d
Av
era
g
e
cu
rren
t
m
od
e
c
ont
ro
l
i
s
e
mp
l
o
y
e
d
t
o
c
o
n
t
r
ol
t
h
e
b
ri
dg
el
ess
S
E
P
I
C
conv
e
r
ter
opera
ted
in
C
C
M
.
I
n
[
9
,
1
0
]
t
h
e
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
i
s
o
p
e
r
a
t
e
d
i
n
D
C
M
u
s
i
n
g
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
c
o
ntrol
a
nd
sui
t
a
b
le
t
o
be
u
sed
a
t
l
ow
er
p
o
w
e
r
a
pp
li
c
a
ti
on
.
Th
e
p
r
opose
d
c
ont
ro
l
l
e
r
f
o
r
t
h
e
c
o
n
v
e
rte
r
m
a
inly
f
oc
u
s
on
m
e
d
i
um
p
o
w
er
a
p
p
lic
a
t
i
o
n
is
ill
us
trate
d
i
n
F
i
g
u
re
5
.
A
v
e
r
age
c
u
rren
t
m
ode
c
o
n
t
rolle
r
c
ons
i
s
ts
o
f
tw
o
lo
o
p
s
(c
asca
de).
I
nner
loop
i
s
for
curr
ent c
o
nt
r
o
l
l
er
while o
u
t
er
lo
o
p
is for
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
con
t
ro
l
l
e
r
.
F
i
gure
5.
A
verage
c
urr
e
nt m
o
d
e
con
t
ro
l for
bri
dge
less S
E
PI
C
usi
ng
P
I
D
c
o
n
t
r
oll
e
r
I
n
o
uter
l
o
o
p
,
t
h
e
refe
renc
e
a
nd
ac
t
u
a
l
o
u
t
put
v
olta
g
e
o
f
c
o
n
v
e
rter
a
re
c
om
pared,
a
nd
the
error
is
f
ed
to
g
e
n
er
ate
t
h
e
in
d
u
ct
or
c
urrent
r
e
f
e
r
en
ce
f
o
r
i
nne
r
l
o
op.
O
ute
r
l
o
o
p
al
so
r
eg
ul
at
e
vo
l
t
a
g
e
a
n
d
t
o
m
a
i
nt
ai
n
i
t
preferr
e
d
set
p
o
i
n
t
.
M
eanw
h
i
l
e
f
o
r
in
ner
l
o
op
th
e
m
a
in
p
urp
o
sed
i
s
t
o
e
ns
ure
the
w
a
ve
s
ha
p
i
n
g
i
n
duc
t
o
r
curr
ent
w
i
th
l
e
a
d
t
o
i
mpro
ve
i
n
p
u
t
pow
er
f
a
c
t
or.
I
n
i
n
n
e
r
l
oo
p,
t
he
a
c
t
ua
l
in
du
c
t
or
c
urr
e
nt
i
s
com
p
a
r
e
d
w
i
t
h
the
refere
nce
c
u
r
r
ent
pro
d
u
c
e
d
b
y
ou
ter
vo
l
t
a
g
e.
A
n
y
cha
n
ges
in
i
nd
uc
tor
c
u
rr
ent,
t
he
c
urr
e
nt
l
o
o
p
com
p
en
sat
o
r
w
ill
a
lte
r
t
h
e
d
u
ty
r
ati
o
t
o
e
n
sur
e
t
he
o
u
t
p
u
t
v
o
l
t
ag
e
remai
n
s
a
s
i
t
s
d
e
s
i
r
ed
v
al
u
e
[
28
].
O
u
t
p
u
t
f
r
o
m
i
n
n
e
r
l
o
o
p
i
s
c
o
m
p
a
r
e
d
w
i
t
h
s
a
w
t
o
o
t
h
c
a
r
r
i
e
r
t
o
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
e
d
f
ix
ed
freq
u
e
n
c
y
pul
se
w
id
t
h
m
odu
l
a
t
i
o
n
(P
W
M
) signal.
S
i
nce
t
h
e
co
nv
erte
r
oper
a
tes
i
n
C
C
M
,
m
u
lt
ipl
i
ca
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
d
iv
i
d
in
g
si
g
n
al
(
MD
B)
a
re
u
se
d
to
obta
i
n
the
refere
nce
c
u
rre
n
t
i
n
p
u
t
.
I
t
i
s
a
n
e
a
s
y
w
a
y
to
o
bt
ai
n
hig
h
p
ow
e
r
f
ac
t
o
r
by
usi
n
g
th
is
m
e
t
h
od
s
i
nce
t
h
e
refere
nce
c
u
rre
nt
w
a
v
e
f
orm
is
p
rop
o
rt
io
na
l
to
t
he
i
np
u
t
v
ol
tage
w
a
v
e
f
orm
based
o
n
m
ul
t
i
pl
ier
te
ch
n
i
qu
e
[24,
2
9
]
.
M
D
B
c
o
ns
i
s
t
o
f
m
ult
i
pli
e
r
an
d
di
vid
i
ng
o
f
vo
lt
ag
e
i
n
p
u
t
re
c
tifie
d,
│Vin│,
P
I
voltage
e
rr
or
a
n
d
a
vera
g
e
com
p
o
n
e
n
t o
f
i
npu
t
rec
t
ifie
d
v
o
lta
ge,
V
d
c.
The
c
o
ntro
l
l
er
i
s
de
s
i
g
n
u
s
i
ng
S
IS
O
tool
i
n
MA
TLA
B/S
i
m
u
li
nk
t
o
o
b
ta
i
n
d
e
s
ire
d
P
I
co
ntr
o
l
l
er
f
or
in
ner
an
d
ou
ter
lo
o
p
.
By
u
s
i
n
g
t
r
a
nsfer
fu
nc
ti
on
a
s
i
n
sec
t
i
on
2.2,
t
he
i
n
n
e
r
lo
op
ba
ndw
idt
h
i
s
d
e
sig
n
e
d
t
o
be
one
d
eca
de
l
o
w
e
r
f
rom
sw
it
chi
n
g
freq
u
e
n
c
y
t
o
e
n
s
u
re
h
igh
s
t
a
b
il
it
y
o
f
c
on
tro
l
s
i
g
na
l.
S
inc
e
t
ha
t
c
o
nver
t
er
sw
it
c
h
i
n
g
fre
q
uenc
y
is
2
5
kH
z,
t
he
n
th
e
in
ne
r
loo
p
i
s
de
si
gn
t
o
b
e
2.
5
k
H
z
.
O
uter
l
oo
p
ba
ndw
id
t
h
i
s
s
e
t
to
b
e
20 H
z
.
The c
ont
r
o
ller
is de
s
i
gn t
o
h
a
v
e
a lo
w
voltage
r
ipp
l
e
an
d fast d
y
n
a
m
ic r
esponse.
3.
RESULT
S
A
N
D
ANALY
S
IS
3.1.
D
e
sign
p
ar
am
et
er
The
pr
opose
d
c
i
r
cu
it
is
d
e
s
ig
n
base
d
o
n
t
he
p
ara
m
e
t
e
r
a
s
i
n
t
a
b
le
1
.
A
ll
pa
ram
e
te
r
a
r
e
de
signs
b
ase
d
on
[30,
3
1]
t
o
ac
hie
v
e
C
C
M
oper
a
tio
n
of
t
h
e
b
rid
g
e
l
ess
S
E
P
I
C
co
nve
r
t
er.
Sim
u
latio
n
w
o
rk
u
sin
g
MA
TLA
B/S
i
mul
i
n
k
o
n
t
he
p
rop
o
se
d c
o
nvert
er
is bein
g do
n
e
base
d
o
n the
con
t
ro
l
l
er
a
nd de
sig
n
p
ara
m
e
t
e
r
.
Ta
b
l
e
1: D
e
s
ig
n
P
a
ra
m
e
ter
of the
C
ircu
i
t
P
a
ra
m
e
te
rs
V
a
l
u
e
s
L
i
ne
F
re
qu
e
n
c
y
,
50
H
z
S
w
i
t
c
h
ing
F
r
e
que
n
c
y
,
25
kH
z
Inp
u
t Volta
g
e
,
120
V
r
m
s
Inp
u
t
induc
t
o
r
,
,
25.
5
m
H
In
t
e
rm
e
d
i
a
t
e
i
nductor,
&
12.
3
m
H
Inte
r
m
e
d
i
a
te C
a
p
ac
itor,
&
2
u
F
Ou
tp
u
t
C
ap
acit
o
r
,
480
0
u
F
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
P
o
w
Elec
&
D
r
i
S
y
st
I
S
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
Bri
dge
less PF
C si
ng
le e
n
ded
prim
ary
i
nduc
tanc
e
co
nve
r
te
r
in co
nt
i
n
u
o
u
s
curren
t m
ode
(
N
or Ak
m
a
l Ra
i)
1
433
O
u
tput
R
e
s
istor,
R
34
Ω
Out
put
V
ol
ta
g
e
,
100V
d
c
P
o
we
r
Ou
tp
u
t
,
300
W
3.
2.
S
i
mulati
on
result
F
i
gur
e
6
sh
ow
s
t
h
e
in
p
u
t
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
a
n
d
in
pu
t
vo
l
t
age
o
f
p
r
o
pos
ed
c
o
nv
er
te
r
.
B
ot
h
inp
u
t
c
ur
r
e
nt
a
n
d
in
p
u
t
v
o
lta
ge
a
r
e
i
n
pha
se
a
n
d
pow
e
r
f
ac
tor
o
f
t
he
c
o
n
v
er
te
r
i
s
0
.
9
8.
T
h
i
s
si
gnif
y
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
pr
o
pose
d
c
o
n
v
er
t
e
r
w
o
r
k
p
e
r
f
e
ct
l
y
a
s
P
F
C.
F
i
gur
e
7,
t
he
i
npu
t
c
u
r
r
ent
o
p
er
a
t
e
s
i
n
CC
M
.
I
t
suc
c
e
s
sfu
l
l
y
ach
ie
v
e
s
th
e
o
ry
o
f
CC
M
by usin
g
t
h
e
p
r
op
ose
d
a
ver
a
g
e
c
ur
r
e
nt
m
ode
c
on
tr
ol.
The
o
u
t
put
vo
lta
ge
s
how
n
i
n
F
i
gur
e
8
a
c
hie
v
e
t
h
e
t
a
r
g
e
t
w
i
t
h
5
%
v
o
lta
ge
r
i
p
p
l
e.
T
he
c
ur
r
e
nt
o
ut
p
u
t
o
f
pr
o
pose
d
c
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ve
r
t
e
r
is
s
how
n
in
F
ig
ur
e
9
w
i
t
h
5
%
c
u
r
r
ent
r
i
p
p
le.
The
a
v
er
age
ou
tp
u
t
power
o
f
t
h
e
brid
g
e
less
S
EP
IC
c
onv
e
r
t
e
r
su
cc
e
s
sf
ully
a
ch
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v
e
s
300
W
a
s
an
t
i
c
i
p
at
e.
F
i
gur
e
6.
I
npu
t
vol
ta
ge
a
nd
i
n
pu
t
c
u
r
r
e
nt
F
i
gur
e
7.
I
npu
t
c
u
r
r
e
nt
(
iL1
)
F
i
gur
e
8.
O
ut
p
u
t
vo
lta
ge
F
i
gur
e
9.
O
utp
u
t
cur
r
en
t
3.
3.
P
rel
im
inar
y har
d
war
e
resu
l
t
B
a
se
d o
n
s
i
m
u
l
at
i
on,
t
he
pr
o
t
o
t
y
pe o
f
br
i
d
ge
less
S
E
P
I
C
conve
r
t
e
r
have
b
ee
n imp
l
e
m
e
n
t
to
v
er
i
f
y
the
ope
r
a
ti
o
n
o
f
con
v
er
te
r
in
C
C
M
.
D
S
11
04
dig
ita
l
si
g
n
a
l
pr
o
c
ess
i
ng
a
nd
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
e
n
g
i
nee
r
i
ng
(
d
S
P
A
CE)
co
nt
r
o
l
l
e
r
b
o
a
rd
a
nd
b
a
s
ys3
f
i
eld
p
r
og
ramma
b
l
e
g
a
t
e
a
r
r
a
y
(FPG
A
)
are
u
s
e
d
a
s
con
t
ro
l
l
e
r
i
nt
e
r
fa
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o
pe
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or
m
A
C
M
C
.
dS
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E
C
on
tr
o
l
de
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c
o
n
t
r
o
l
an
d
se
nse
the
i
n
p
u
t
v
o
lta
ge
,
in
p
u
t
curre
nt
a
n
d
o
u
t
pu
t
vo
l
t
a
g
e
as
p
ropo
s
e
d
.
H
o
w
ev
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r
,
d
S
P
A
C
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r
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s
t
r
i
c
t
e
d
on
l
o
w
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r
s
ampl
in
g
ti
me
wi
th
m
ake
t
h
e
a
c
c
u
r
acy
a
n
d
p
rec
i
si
on
o
f
pr
oto
t
ype
d
e
f
e
r
f
r
o
m
sim
u
l
a
tio
n.
B
y
com
b
ini
n
g
dS
P
A
CE
a
n
d
F
P
G
A
3
5us
s
a
m
p
l
i
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ti
m
e
a
r
e
a
c
h
i
e
v
e
d.
T
he
pr
el
i
m
inar
y
r
e
sul
t
f
or
i
np
u
t
c
u
r
r
e
nt,
in
p
u
t
v
o
l
t
age
,
out
pu
t
c
u
r
r
e
nt
a
nd
o
u
t
p
u
t
v
o
l
t
a
ge
a
r
e
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
F
i
gur
e
10.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N: 2
0
8
8
-
86
94
I
n
t
J Po
w
Elec
&
Dr
i
Sy
st,
Vo
l. 1
0
,
No
. 3
,
S
e
p
2
019
:
1
4
2
7
–
1
436
1
434
F
i
gur
e
1
0
.
I
nput
v
o
lta
ge,
I
n
p
u
t
cur
r
e
n
t
,
O
u
tpu
t
v
ol
ta
ge
a
n
d
O
ut
pu
t
c
u
r
r
e
nt
The
e
x
p
e
r
i
m
e
n
t
r
esu
lt
sh
ow
s
tha
t
,
t
h
e
i
n
pu
t
cur
r
e
nt
a
nd
in
pu
t
v
o
l
t
a
ge
a
r
e
i
n
p
h
a
s
e
a
nd
i
t
s
sha
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e
ar
e
ne
ar
l
y
s
inus
o
i
d
a
l
as
s
im
ula
tio
n
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e
su
l
t
.
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o
u
tp
ut
c
ur
r
e
n
t
a
nd
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t
a
g
e
r
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p
p
l
e
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a
b
out
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%
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me
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s
si
mu
l
a
t
i
on
bu
t
sl
ig
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tly
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ave
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e
l
oss
in
t
he
h
ar
d
w
are
test.
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o
re
d
e
t
a
il
a
na
lys
i
s
of
t
he
w
ave
f
or
m
and
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
pe
rform
a
nc
e
of the
b
ri
dge
less
S
E
PI
C
con
v
er
te
r will be
dis
cu
ssed
i
n
f
u
tur
e
w
or
k.
4.
CONCLUSION
I
n
t
h
i
s
pa
pe
r
,
a
n
a
v
er
a
g
e
cur
r
ent
mo
de
c
on
t
r
oller
for
as
i
n
g
l
e
p
h
a
se
P
FC
b
ri
dg
e
l
ess
SE
PI
C
con
v
e
r
t
er
o
p
e
rat
e
d
in
CCM
i
s
p
r
opo
s
e
d
an
d
v
e
r
i
f
e
d
th
ro
ugh
s
i
m
ul
a
t
i
o
n
stu
d
i
e
s
in
M
ATLAB
/
Si
muli
nk
.
It
i
s
sh
o
w
n
t
h
at
the
c
o
n
t
rol
l
er
i
s
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
l
y
a
c
h
ie
ve
d
un
i
t
y
p
owe
r
f
ac
t
o
r
for
a
m
e
di
u
m
pow
er
a
ppl
ica
t
i
o
n
(
3
0
0
W
)
.
A
pr
oto
t
ype
o
f
c
o
n
v
er
t
e
r
is
b
uilt
t
o
v
er
ify
th
e
perform
ance
o
f
th
eo
re
ti
cal
d
e
s
ign
.
B
a
s
e
d
o
n
th
e
p
r
el
imi
n
ary
r
e
su
l
t
,
t
h
e
i
np
ut
c
u
rren
t
a
nd
vo
l
t
a
g
e
s
ho
w
a
g
ood
a
g
r
e
e
m
e
n
t
wi
t
h
0.
9
2
p
o
w
e
r
fac
to
r
w
h
i
l
e
at t
h
e
ou
t
put
s
ide
,
a
sm
oo
t
h
d
c
cur
r
ent
an
d
dc
v
o
l
t
a
ge
w
it
h
appr
o
x
i
m
ate
l
y
5%
r
i
p
p
l
e
a
r
e
obta
i
n
e
d.
ACKNOWLEDGE
ME
N
T
S
Th
is
w
or
k
w
a
s
sup
por
te
d
b
y
Rese
a
r
c
h
U
n
i
v
er
si
t
y
G
r
a
nt
(
Q
.
J13
0
0
0
0
.
2
4
23.
15J
4
0
a
n
d
Q
.
J130
000.
2
4
2
3
.
14J
3
4
)
pr
ovi
de
d
b
y
U
ni
ver
s
i
t
i
Te
k
nol
o
g
i
Ma
la
ysia
.
REFERE
NC
E
S
[1]
D
.
W
.
H
art
.
,
P
o
wer
El
ectr
onics
.
McGraw-Hi
l
l
C
o
mp
an
i
e
s, In
c
, New
Y
o
r
k,
20
1
1
.
[2]
C.
C
h
a
n
and
K
.
C
hau
.,
"
P
o
w
er
e
lect
ron
i
cs
c
h
a
llen
ges
i
n
e
l
e
ct
ric
v
e
h
i
c
l
e
s
,
"
Int
e
rnati
o
n
a
l
Co
n
f
eren
ce o
n
Ind
u
s
t
r
i
a
l
Ele
c
t
ro
n
i
c
s
, Co
n
t
ro
l,
an
d In
st
ru
m
e
ntat
io
n,
P
r
o
c
e
e
din
g
s
o
f
the
I
E
C
O
N
’
93
,
pp.
7
0
1–70
6,
1
9
93.
[3]
D
.
B
org
o
n
o
v
o
,
Jos
e
,
P
.
R
em
or,
Ivo
Barb
i
&
A
r
nal
do
J.
P
eri
n
.,
"
A
s
elf-co
n
t
r
o
l
le
d
po
wer
f
acto
r
c
orrecti
o
n
si
ng
le-
p
h
as
e bo
ost p
r
e-reg
u
l
a
to
r,"
IEEE 3
6
th Po
wer
Ele
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s S
p
ecia
l
ist
s
Co
n
f
eren
ce
,
pp
.
2
351
-23
5
7
,
J
un
20
05.
[4]
T.
M
.
Und
e
la
nd
,
W.
P
.
Rob
b
i
ns
&
N
.
Mo
ha
n.
,
Po
wer Elect
ronics
Co
nvert
e
rs
,
A
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
an
d
D
e
si
gn
.
Wiley,
New Yo
rk
, N
Y,
U
SA
, 20
0
3
[5]
S
i
dh
arth
S
aby
a
sachi
an
d
P
r
at
yu
sha
M
ohan
t
y
,
"
S
t
ab
ilit
y
an
aly
s
is
o
f
S
E
P
I
C
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
u
s
i
n
g
m
a
t
l
a
b
/
S
i
m
u
l
i
n
k
,
"
In
ter
n
a
t
i
onal
J
our
na
l o
f
Elect
ri
cal
,
El
ectr
onics
a
n
d D
a
ta Co
mmuni
catio
n
,
v
o
l.
2
(6),
J
un
20
14
.
[6]
H
.
Y
.
Kan
aan
a
nd
K
.
A
l
-Had
dad
.,
"
S
m
a
l
l
-s
ign
a
l
averag
ed
m
od
el
a
n
d
ca
rri
er-b
as
ed
lin
ear
c
ont
rol
of
a
S
E
P
IC-ty
p
e
Power
Fac
t
or
C
orrect
ion
circuit,"
in
Tel
ecom
m
u
n
ica
t
i
o
n
s
En
erg
y
Con
f
er
ence,
INT
E
L
E
C
,
IE
EE
3
0
t
h
In
t
e
rna
t
i
onal
,
pp
.
1
-
6
, 2
00
8.
[7]
Ja
e
-
Wo
n
Ya
n
g
a
nd
H
yu
n-La
rk
D
o.
,
"
B
rid
g
e
l
e
s
s
S
E
PIC
Con
v
e
rte
r
w
it
h
a
R
i
pple-Free
Input
Curre
nt,
"
IE
EE
T
r
an
sactio
ns
on
Po
wer E
l
ectro
nics
, vo
l
.
28
(7
),
J
u
l
20
1
3
.
[8]
M
o
ham
m
ad
M
a
h
d
a
vi
a
n
d
H
os
ein
F
a
rzan
ehf
a
rd.
,
"
Brid
gel
e
ss
S
EP
IC
P
F
C
Re
ct
ifier
w
i
t
h
R
edu
ced
C
om
po
nen
t
s
an
d
Co
nd
ucti
on
Lo
s
ses,
"
IE
EE T
r
ansa
c
ti
on
s o
n
In
dust
r
i
a
l El
ectro
n
i
cs
,
v
o
l
. 58
(
9)
, Sep
2
01
1
.
[9]
S
a
h
i
d
,
M
.
R
a
n
d
Y
a
t
i
m
,
A
.
H
M
.
,
"
M
o
d
e
l
i
n
g
a
n
d
s
i
m
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
a
n
ew
B
ri
dg
eless
S
E
P
I
C
p
o
wer
f
act
or
c
orrect
io
n
ci
rcuit,"
Si
mulation Mode
lling
Pr
acti
ce and Theory
, v
ol
.
1
9
, p
p
. 59
6
-6
11
, 20
1
1
.
[10]
S
a
h
i
d
,
M
.
R
,
A
.
H
.
M
.
Y
a
t
i
m
,
&
T
a
u
f
i
k
T
a
u
f
i
k
.
,
"
A
n
e
w
A
C
-
D
C
c
o
n
vert
er
u
s
i
n
g
b
rid
g
el
ess
S
E
P
I
C,"
IE
CON 2010-
3
6
t
h
A
n
n
ual Confer
ence o
n
IEEE
Ind
u
strial Electr
o
n
i
cs
So
ciet
y
,
20
10
.
Input
C
urrent
I
n
pu
t
Cu
rr
en
t
Ou
t
put
v
o
l
t
a
ge
Output Curre
n
t
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
E
l
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
IS
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
Bridge
l
e
ss
PF
C
sing
le
en
de
d
prim
ary
i
n
duc
ta
nce
co
nv
er
te
r in c
o
nti
n
u
o
u
s
curren
t
m
ode (
N
or
Akm
a
l Ra
i)
1
435
[11]
E
s
a
m
H
.
I
s
m
a
i
l
.
,
"
B
r
i
d
g
e
l
e
s
s
S
E
P
I
C
r
e
c
t
i
f
i
e
r
w
i
t
h
u
n
i
t
y
P
o
w
e
r
f
act
or
a
n
d
r
e
d
uced
c
on
du
ctio
n
losses
,
"
I
E
EE
Tran
sac
t
io
ns
on
Ind
u
str
i
a
l
Ele
c
tr
on
ic
s
,
vol.
5
6(4
)
,
Ap
r
20
09.
[12]
A.
J
.
S
a
b
zali
,
E
.
H
.
I
sm
ail
,
M
.
a.
A
l
-
S
a
ff
ar
&
A
.
a.
F
ard
o
u
n
.,
"New
b
ri
dg
eles
s
D
C
M
S
e
p
i
c
an
d
Cu
k
P
F
C
rectif
i
e
rs
with
l
ow
c
on
duct
i
o
n
a
nd
s
witch
i
n
g
l
o
s
s
e
s,
"
IE
EE T
r
an
sac
t
io
ns
o
n
Industry App
l
ication
s
,
vol.
47(2),
p
p
.
8
7
3
-
881
,
20
11
.
[13]
Lee,
S
in
-
Wo
o,
a
nd
H
y
u
n
-
Lark
D
o
.
,
"Eff
i
c
ien
t
b
rid
g
el
ess
P
F
C
convert
er
w
i
t
h
red
u
ced
v
o
l
t
age
s
t
res
s
,"
International
Jou
r
n
a
l
o
f
Cir
c
u
i
t T
h
eory
an
d
A
p
p
licati
ons,
201
5.
[14]
Singh,
S
.
Si
ngh
,
B
&
B
huvaneswar
i,
G
.
,
"
Improved
p
ower
q
u
a
lity
S
M
P
S
f
or
c
om
p
u
ters
u
sing
brid
gel
e
ss
P
F
C
con
v
erter
at
f
ro
nt
e
n
d
,"
IEEE
6th
India
Intern
a
t
io
nal Co
n
f
eren
c
e
on
P
o
wer Electro
ni
cs
(
I
ICPE)
20
14
,
p
p
.
1–6,
20
14
.
[15]
Geg
n
er,
Jo
el
P
a
nd
C
.
Q
.
L
ee.
"
Li
near
p
eak
c
urr
e
nt
m
o
d
e
con
t
ro
l
:
a
s
i
m
p
l
e
active
po
wer
f
actor
c
o
rrec
t
io
n
con
t
ro
l
tech
niq
u
e
f
o
r
co
nt
in
uous
c
on
duc
t
i
o
n
m
o
d
e.
"
P
o
wer
El
ectr
o
n
i
cs
Sp
e
c
i
a
l
i
s
t
s
Con
f
er
ence, 1
9
9
6
.
P
E
S
C'96
Reco
rd
.,
27
th
An
nu
al
IEEE
,
vo
l. 1
, 1
99
6
.
[16]
O.
G
arci
a
an
d
J
.
A
.
Co
bo
s
.,
"Sin
gle
P
h
as
e
P
o
w
e
r
F
actor
C
orrect
i
on:
A
S
urv
e
y,
"
IEEE
Tr
an
sactio
ns o
n
Po
wer
El
ectro
n
i
cs
,
v
o
l
.
18
(3), p
p
. 74
9
-7
55
, May 2
00
3
.
[17]
K
i
m
,
J
W
.
C
h
o
i
,
S
M
&
K
i
m
,
K
T
.
,
"
V
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
O
n
-
t
i
m
e
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
o
f
t
h
e
Crit
ical
C
on
ductio
n
M
o
d
e
B
oo
st
P
o
w
er
F
act
or
Correcti
o
n
Co
nv
erter
to
I
m
p
rove
Z
ero
-
cros
sin
g
D
i
s
t
o
rt
io
n
,
"
20
05 In
t Conf
Powe
r
Electro
n Drives S
y
st,
vo
l.
2,
p
p
.
15
42
-6,
20
05
.
[18]
Ros
se
t
t
o,
L
.
,
G
.
S
p
i
azzi,
&
P.
T
en
ti.,
"Con
trol
t
echni
qu
es
f
o
r
p
o
w
er
f
acto
r
c
orr
ect
ion
co
nvert
er
s,"
pro
c
.
PEMC
,
v
o
l.
9
4
(
9),
19
94
.
[19]
H.
W
ei
and
I
.
B
a
t
a
rs
eh.
,
"Co
m
p
ari
s
o
n
of
bas
i
c co
n
v
er
t
e
r
t
opo
l
o
g
i
e
s
f
o
r
power
f
act
or
c
orrection,"
IE
EE
Pr
oceedi
n
g
s
So
ut
heas
tco
n
,
p
p
. 3
48
-35
3
, 1
99
8.
[20]
S
i
n
gh,
B
a
nd
A
nan
d
,
A.,
"P
ow
er
F
actor
C
o
rrectio
n
i
n
M
o
d
ifi
e
d
S
E
PIC
F
e
d
S
w
it
ched
R
eluctanc
e
Motor
Drives
,"
In
: IEEE T
r
an
sa
c
t
io
ns
on
Ind
u
s
tr
y
Ap
pl
ic
at
io
ns
,
v
o
l.
5
4(5
)
,
pp
.
4
4
9
4
-4
505
,
2
01
8.
[21]
Ryan,
RT.
H
a
y
e
s,
JG.
M
orris
o
n,
R
J
&
H
ogan,
DN.,
"Im
p
roved
Z
e
ro-
Cros
sing
D
isto
rti
on
of
A
B
o
und
ary-
Co
nd
uc
tion
-Mo
d
e
B
oo
st
C
on
v
e
rte
r
w
i
t
h
Dig
ita
l
Ave
r
a
g
e
-
Curre
nt-Mo
d
e
C
ontro
l,
",
20
18
IEEE Ap
p
l
Po
wer
E
l
e
c
t
r
o
n Co
nf
E
x
p
o
,
pp
.
1
846
-5,
2
0
18.
[22]
L.
H
.
D
i
xon
,
A
v
erag
e cur
r
ent
m
o
de con
t
r
o
l of switchin
g
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
lied
.
U
n
itro
d
e
po
wer
su
pp
ly
D
esi
g
n
Se
m
i
nar
Han
d
b
ook
,
1
99
0
.
[23]
C.
Z
ho
u
an
d
M.
J
o
v
an
ov
ic.
,
"
D
e
si
gn
t
rad
e
-off
s
in
c
on
ti
nuous
c
u
r
re
n
t
-m
ode
c
o
n
t
r
oll
e
d
b
o
ost
p
o
wer-f
actor
correct
ion
circu
i
t
s
,"
in
P
r
o
c
. H
i
g
h
-Fr
e
quen
cy Po
wer Co
nvers
i
o
n
Co
nf
,
p
p
.
2
0
9
-
219,
1
99
2.
[24]
Yo
ng
Z
han
g
;
W
e
is
heng
X
u
&
Y
o
u
lin
g
Y
u
,
"Th
e
P
F
C
w
ith
Av
erage
Cur
r
e
nt
-M
od
e
an
d
V
o
lt
age
F
u
zzy
C
on
trol
le
r
fo
r
th
e
O
u
tp
ut
V
o
l
t
a
ge
,
"
Pr
oceedi
n
g
s
of In
te
l
l
igen
t In
forma
ti
o
n
T
echn
o
lo
gy
App
l
i
c
a
t
ion, 2
0
0
8
.
IITA '0
8. S
econ
d
I
n
te
r
n
at
io
na
l S
y
mp
os
i
u
m
,
2
0-2
2
De
c
20
08
.
[25]
V.
E
n
g
,
U
.
P
in
sop
o
n
,
a
nd
C
.
Bu
nla
k
sa
n
a
nu
so
rn,
"
M
od
e
l
in
g
o
f
a
S
E
P
I
C
co
nv
erter
op
erati
n
g
i
n
c
on
ti
nu
ou
s
con
d
u
c
tio
n
m
ode,
"
i
n
E
l
ect
ric
a
l
Eng
i
n
eering/
El
ectro
n
i
cs, Comp
ut
er, Tel
ecom
m
un
ica
t
i
o
n
s
a
n
d
Inf
o
rm
atio
n
T
echn
o
lo
gy,
20
0
9
.
ECT
I-CON
20
0
9
.
6
t
h Inter
natio
na
l Co
n
f
erence
on
,
v
o
l
.
1
, pp
.
1
36
-1
39
,
2
0
0
9
.
[26]
H.
Y
.
Ka
na
a
n
a
n
d
K
.
Al-Ha
d
d
a
d,
“
Sm
a
ll-
sign
a
l
a
ve
ra
ge
d
mod
e
l
a
n
d
carrier-b
ase
d
l
in
ear
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
o
f
a
SEP
I
C-ty
pe
P
o
w
e
r
F
acto
r
C
o
rrecti
on
circu
it,”
in
T
e
leco
mm
u
n
icatio
ns
E
n
er
gy Conf
eren
ce,
I
N
T
E
LE
C,
IEEE
30t
h Int
e
rn
a
tional
,
20
08
,
p
p
.
1
–6
.
[27]
M
i
d
d
leb
r
oo
k,
R
D
an
d
Cu
k,
S
.
,
"
A
g
e
neral
un
ified
app
r
oach
t
o
m
o
d
elli
ng
swit
c
h
i
ng-co
nv
erter
p
o
wer
stag
es,"
InP
o
wer Electroni
cs S
p
ecialists
Co
nf
erence,
pp
.
1
8
-34
,
1
97
6.
[28]
Krei
n
,
P.T
.,
El
ement
s
of
Power
El
ectr
onics
(
1
s
t
ed
.).
Oxford University
Press
, Ne
w
York
, 19
9
8
.
[29]
M
.
V
.
M
.
E
w
e
r
l
i
n
g
a
n
d
C
.
H
.
I
.
F
o
n
t
.
,
"
S
i
n
g
l
e
-
s
t
a
g
e
A
C
/
D
C
c
o
n
v
e
rter
b
as
ed
on
S
E
P
I
C
to
po
lo
gy
o
p
erati
n
g
in
con
t
i
nuo
us
c
onduct
i
o
n
m
od
e,
"
2
0
1
7
Br
azil
ian
Po
wer El
ectro
ni
c
s
Con
f
er
ence
(
COBEP)
,
pp
.
1-
6
,
J
u
i
z
de
F
o
r
a
,
20
17
.
[30]
Seb
a
sti
a
n
,
J
.,
J
.
A
.
C
o
b
o
s
.
,
J.
M
.
Lop
e
ra,
&
U.
U
ceda.,
"Th
e
d
e
te
rm
in
a
t
i
on
of
t
he
b
oun
dari
es
b
etween
c
o
n
ti
nu
ou
s
and
d
i
s
c
ontin
uous
c
o
ndu
cti
o
n
m
o
d
e
s
in
P
WM
D
C-t
o
-DC
converters
u
sed
as
p
o
w
er
f
a
c
t
o
r
prereg
ulat
ors
.
"
IE
E
E
tr
an
sa
c
t
i
o
n
s
o
n
p
o
wer
electr
onics
,
vol.
10
(5),
p
p.
5
7
4
-58
2
,
19
95.
[31]
Kon
g
,
Pu
i
Yee,
J
.
A.
A
z
i
z,
M
.
R.
S
ah
id,
&
L
o
w
W
e
n
Yao
.,
"A
b
ri
d
gel
e
ss
P
F
C
c
o
n
v
e
rt
er
f
or
o
n
-
bo
ard
batt
ery
charg
e
r,
"
In E
n
er
gy Con
vers
i
o
n
(
C
E
N
CO
N), 20
1
4
IEE
E
Co
n
f
eren
c
e
on
,
p
p
.
3
83
-388
,
2
01
4.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N: 2
0
8
8
-
86
94
I
n
t
J Po
w
Elec
&
Dr
i
Sy
st,
Vo
l. 1
0
,
No
. 3
,
S
e
p
2
019
:
1
4
2
7
–
1
436
1
436
BIOGRAPHI
E
S
OF
AUT
HORS
No
r
Ak
m
a
l
Ra
i
recei
ved
her
B.E
(Elect
rical
)
deg
r
e
e
fro
m
Un
iv
e
r
s
it
i
S
a
i
n
s
M
a
l
a
y
s
i
a
(
US
M
)
i
n
20
11
and
the
M
a
s
t
er
i
n
Electri
cal
E
ngineeri
n
g
(P
ow
er)
from
Un
iv
ers
iti
Teknol
ogi
Malays
i
a
(UTM
)
i
n
2
0
1
5
.
S
he
i
s
cu
rrent
ly
p
urs
u
in
g
P
h
.D
d
eg
ree
at
F
acult
y
o
f
Electri
c
a
l
En
gi
neeri
ng,
Universiti
Tekn
ologi
Ma
laysi
a
(
UTM)
,
Malays
ia.
Her
research
i
nt
eres
ts
i
ncl
ude
p
ower
f
acto
r
correcti
o
n
, p
owe
r
e
lectro
ni
c
and
elect
ric v
e
hicl
e c
h
a
r
g
e
r.
M
ohd
J
un
aid
i
A
bd
ul
A
ziz
recei
ved
h
i
s
B.S.
a
nd
M
.S.
deg
r
ees
i
n
E
l
ectrical
E
nginee
r
i
n
g
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
Universiti
T
e
knologi
M
a
l
aysi
a
(UT
M
),
K
ua
la
L
umpur
,
M
alaysia,
i
n
2
0
0
0
and
20
02
,
resp
e
c
t
i
v
e
ly
;
an
d
h
i
s
Ph
.D.
in
E
lectri
cal
E
n
g
ineeri
ng
f
r
om
T
he
Univers
i
t
y
o
f
Nott
ingha
m
,
No
tti
n
g
h
a
m
,
E
n
g
l
an
d,
U
K,
i
n
2
008
.
S
i
n
ce
20
08
,
he
h
as
b
e
e
n
with
the
Fa
culty
o
f
E
l
e
c
t
r
ica
l
En
gin
eerin
g
,
U
TM
,
where
h
e
i
s
pres
ent
l
y
an
a
s
s
oci
a
te
p
rof
e
ss
or.
H
i
s
c
u
r
ren
t
r
es
earch
i
nteres
ts
in
clud
e
po
wer
el
e
c
t
r
on
ics
and
e
l
ectri
c
veh
i
cles
w
ith
a
s
p
e
c
i
al
fo
cus
on
b
att
e
ry
m
an
agem
ent
syste
m
s.
M
ohd
R
od
hi
S
ah
id
r
eceived
h
i
s
Deg
r
ee
in
B
ach
elor
o
f
El
e
c
t
r
ical
Engin
eerin
g,
M
ast
e
r
in
El
ec
t
r
ical
E
ng
ine
e
ri
ng
(
P
o
wer)
an
d
Do
cto
r
o
f
P
h
ilo
so
ph
y
(El
e
ct
r
i
c
a
l
)
from
U
nive
r
s
iti
T
e
k
n
o
log
i
in
y
ear
200
0,
2
0
0
3
and
2
012
,
res
p
ect
ivel
y.
H
e
has
be
en
w
ith
t
h
e
F
acul
t
y
of
E
l
e
ct
rica
l
En
gin
eerin
g
,
U
T
M
,
w
h
ere
h
e
i
s
presen
tl
y
a
S
e
ni
or
L
ect
urer.
His
cu
rrent
r
e
s
earch
i
nt
e
r
es
ts
in
clud
e
area
of
i
n
t
erest
i
n
cl
udes
pow
er
f
act
or
c
orre
cti
o
n
,
D
C-D
C
conv
erter
s
a
n
d
pow
er
electro
ni
c.
S
h
ahri
n
Md
A
yob
r
eceiv
e
d
h
i
s
Deg
r
ee
in
B
achel
or
o
f
El
ectrical
E
n
g
i
n
eering
,
M
ast
e
r
in
El
ec
t
r
ical
E
ng
ine
e
ri
ng
(
P
o
wer)
an
d
Do
cto
r
o
f
P
h
ilo
s
o
p
h
y
(
El
ec
t
r
i
c
a
l
)
from
U
nive
r
s
iti
T
e
k
n
o
log
i
in
y
ear
2
00
0,
2
0
0
3
an
d
2
0
1
0
,
res
p
ect
ivel
y
.
C
urrent
ly
h
e
is
a
n
a
ss
oci
a
te
p
rof
e
ss
o
r
i
n
Sch
ool
o
f
El
ec
t
r
ical
E
ngineereing,
Facul
t
y
of
E
ngineeri
ng,
U
niversiti
Tek
no
lo
gi
M
alay
si
a.
H
e
was
a
chai
r
of
P
ower
E
l
ectro
nics
S
o
c
iety
M
al
ays
i
a
Ch
apt
e
r
i
n
y
ear
2
01
7-2
0
1
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