Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of
P
ower E
le
ctr
on
i
cs a
n
d
Drive
S
ystem
(I
J
PE
D
S
)
Vo
l.
11
,
No.
3
,
Septem
be
r 2020
, pp.
16
10
~
16
16
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8694
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ij
peds
.
v11.i
3
.
pp
16
10
-
16
16
1610
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ij
pe
ds
.i
aescore.c
om
An ap
proach of
contr
olling th
e inverte
r
-
based gen
erato
r
for use i
n an islande
d mi
crogri
d
Such
art
Jan
jornmani
t,
Sako
rn P
an
t
a, Vis
hnu
Th
onglek
Depa
rtment
o
f
.
El
e
ct
ri
ca
l
Eng
in
ee
ring
,
R
aj
a
ma
n
gal
a
Univer
sity
of
Technol
ogy
L
anna
,
Th
ai
l
and
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
Ja
n
18
, 2
0
20
Re
vised
A
pr
2
2
, 2
0
20
Accepte
d
M
a
y
5
, 2
0
20
The
con
trol
s
o
f
power
g
ene
ra
ti
on
by
the
in
ver
te
r
-
b
ase
d
ge
ner
at
or
are
proposed
in
thi
s
work.
Th
e
propo
sed
cont
ro
l
adj
u
sts
the
activ
e
po
wer
output
by
var
ying
the
phase
ang
le
inste
ad
of
the
conv
ent
ion
al
fr
eque
n
cy
var
i
ation.
The
b
ene
fi
t
of
o
per
ating
th
e
ne
t
work
by
a
f
ixe
d
fre
quenc
y
is
th
at
it
era
d
ic
a
te
s
the
prob
le
ms
associate
d
wi
th
th
e
fre
quenc
y
dev
ia
t
io
n.
The
PID
co
ntrol
s
with
rec
om
me
nded
g
ai
n
ad
justm
en
t
a
re
proposed
to
c
ontrol
th
e
power
gene
r
at
ion
.
The
power
g
e
ner
ation
sche
m
es
are
ada
p
te
d
from
th
e
c
la
s
sica
l
powe
r
gene
ra
ti
on
by
th
e
synchronous
gene
ra
tor,
wher
e
the
mod
es
of
oper
ation
ar
e
Sw
ing,
PV
and
PQ
mode
.
Th
e
proposed
thr
e
e
mode
s
of
op
era
t
ion
ar
e
ade
qua
te
to
op
era
t
e
ful
ly
in
a
smal
l
-
sc
ale
po
wer
sys
te
m
suc
h
as
in
an
isla
nded
microg
rid.
A
c
ase
stu
dy
of
op
erati
ng
the
proposed
c
ontrol
s
in
a
mi
cro
gr
id
by
simul
ation
is
used
to
dem
o
nstrat
e
th
e
f
eas
ibi
li
ty
o
f
im
plementat
ion of t
he
con
trol
s
.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Acti
ve powe
r
c
on
t
ro
l
Angle c
on
t
ro
l
M
ic
r
ogrid
Power ge
ner
at
i
on contr
ol
Re
act
ive pow
e
r
c
on
tr
ol
This
is an
open
acc
ess arti
cl
e
un
der
the
CC
BY
-
SA
l
ic
ense
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Su
c
har
t Ja
njor
nm
a
nit,
Dep
a
rtme
nt of
Ele
ct
rical
En
gi
neer
i
ng,
Ra
ja
mang
al
a
Un
i
ver
sit
y o
f Te
ch
no
l
ogy La
nn
a
,
128 H
uay K
ae
w
Ro
ad
, A.
Muen
g, Chia
ng
M
ai
,
T
haila
nd.
Emai
l:
su
c
har
t
@r
m
utl.ac.t
h
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
The
mic
rogr
i
d
con
ce
pt
is
gai
ning
at
te
ntio
n
in
powe
r
s
ys
te
m
en
gin
ee
r
co
mmunit
ie
s
no
wad
a
ys
.
The
need
to
se
pa
ra
te
the
po
wer
s
ys
te
m
i
nto
a
micro
gr
i
d
in
s
om
e
a
rea
is
grow
i
ng
.
It
has
been
f
or
eca
st
that
the
capaci
ty
of
t
he
micr
ogrid
will
increase
to
si
x
ti
mes
of
to
da
y
’
s
ca
pacit
y
i
n
t
he
ne
xt
dec
ade
[
1
].
Its
operati
on
and
co
ntr
ol
ar
e
sti
ll
in
the
de
velo
ping
sta
ge
an
d
re
main
c
halle
ng
i
ng
.
T
he
main
resou
rc
e
of
po
wer
s
uppl
y
in
the
micr
ogrid
i
s
ren
e
wa
ble
en
ergy
[2]
.
T
he
gro
wing
c
on
ce
r
n
ove
r
cl
imat
e
change
wh
ic
h
i
s
majorl
y
ca
use
d
by
ov
e
rc
on
s
umpti
on
of
f
os
sil
f
ue
l
is
dri
ving
t
he
tre
nd
of
m
ov
i
ng
to
ward
ren
e
wa
ble
s
ources
.
M
a
ny
c
ount
ries
,
su
c
h
as
th
os
e
i
n
Eu
rope
are
r
edu
ci
ng
thei
r
c
arbo
n
footp
rint
s
by
welc
om
i
ng
re
new
a
ble
s
ources
.
A
c
hal
le
ng
e
for
powe
r
s
ys
t
em
e
ng
i
neer
s
is
interc
onnecti
ng
po
wer
ge
ne
rati
on
by
co
nv
entional
f
os
sil
fu
el
ge
ner
at
or
s
an
d
ren
e
wa
ble
sour
ces
.
The
powe
r
ge
ner
at
e
d
by
the
co
nv
e
ntio
na
l
hydro
a
nd
f
os
sil
source
is
mo
stl
y
delive
r
ed
by
the
s
yn
c
hro
no
us
ge
ner
at
or
.
M
ea
nwhile
,
t
he
re
new
a
ble
source
co
nverts
e
nerg
y
to
the
ne
twork
by
the
inv
e
rter
-
base
d
ge
ne
rato
r
.
A
mai
n
feat
ur
e
of
po
wer
ge
ner
at
io
n
by
the
s
yn
c
hro
nous
ge
ner
at
or
is
t
hat
the
act
ive
powe
r
ou
t
pu
t
is
va
ried
by
a
djust
ing
the
out
pu
t
vo
lt
age
f
re
qu
e
nc
y
.
T
his
re
la
ti
on
sh
i
p
is
ma
ni
pula
te
d
t
o
us
e
i
n
t
he
con
t
ro
l
of
pow
er
ge
ner
at
i
on
i
n
the
mic
rog
rid,
cal
le
d
“
dro
op
co
ntr
ol
”
,
s
uc
h
as
in
[
3
-
8
].
Applic
at
ion
s
of
dro
op
con
t
ro
l
ca
n
be
fou
nd
i
n
rece
nt
publica
ti
ons
s
uch
as
in
[
9
-
15
].
Droop
-
ba
sed
co
ntro
l
has
ga
ined
popula
rity
d
ue
to
it
s
simpli
ci
ty
a
nd
a
ut
onomo
us
op
e
rati
on
.
H
ow
e
ver,
t
his
imi
ta
ti
on
of
the
operati
on
of
t
he
s
yn
c
hro
nous
gen
e
rato
r
is
some
w
hat
pro
ble
mati
c
.
With
ou
t
us
in
g
pr
op
e
rly
ch
os
e
n
dr
oop
gai
n
coe
ff
ic
i
ents,
the
s
ys
te
m
can
become
unsta
bl
e
[
8,
16
-
1
9
].
Du
e
to
it
s
dra
wb
ac
k,
th
e
s
yn
thesis
of
dro
op
will
be
el
imi
na
te
d
i
n
t
he
pro
po
s
ed
con
t
ro
l
.
It
ha
s
al
so
bee
n
repo
rted
that
dro
op
co
ntro
l
does
not
w
ork
pro
perl
y
with
resist
iv
e
li
ne
[
19
-
21
].
Ther
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8
694
An a
pp
r
oach
of
co
ntr
olli
ng th
e invert
er
-
base
d gen
e
ra
t
or
fo
r
u
se
in a
n
isl
an
ded
…
(
Such
art
Ja
nj
ornm
anit
)
1611
is
no
pro
blem
relat
ed
to
t
he
resist
ive
li
ne
for
the
pro
pos
ed
c
on
tr
ol
.
In
add
it
io
n
,
t
he
f
al
lou
t
of
f
re
quency
dev
ia
ti
on,
s
uc
h
as
the
f
requ
ency
sta
bili
ty,
is
con
si
der
e
d
a
crit
ic
al
issue
for
the
s
ecu
re
micro
gri
d
op
e
rati
on
.
The
fr
e
quenc
y
de
viati
on
will
be
el
imi
nated
in
the
pro
pose
d
c
on
t
ro
ls
.
T
he
re
are
works
t
hat
at
te
mp
t
t
o
adjust
the
phase
a
ng
l
e
instea
d
of
fr
e
qu
e
nc
y
[
22
-
24
].
T
hese
work
s
us
e
the
a
ngle
dro
op
t
o
co
ntr
ol
the
po
wer
s
har
i
ng
in
the
micr
ogrid
.
T
he
c
ontr
ols
nee
d
a
GPS
t
o
s
yn
c
hro
nize
the
ope
rati
on,
wh
ic
h
is
no
t
re
li
able
.
W
hile
a
ct
ive
powe
r
ge
ner
at
ion
is
al
so
co
nt
ro
ll
ed
by
a
dju
s
ti
ng
t
h
e
phase
ang
le
in
the
propose
d
co
ntr
ol,
it
needs
no
dro
op
equ
at
io
n
an
d
GP
S
s
ys
te
m
t
o
co
ntr
ol
the
phase
an
gle
a
dj
ust
ment
.
The
w
ork
in
[
25
]
av
oi
ds
us
i
ng
dr
oop
co
ntr
ol
com
plete
ly
by
app
li
cat
io
n
of
instanta
ne
ous
powe
r
the
ory,
to
ap
pro
ximate
the
li
ne
impe
dan
ce
.
Howe
ve
r,
t
he
appr
ox
imat
io
n
can
no
t
guara
nt
ee
the
pe
rfo
r
mance
of
the
powe
r
ge
ne
rati
on
.
T
her
e
is
no
need
to
us
e
the
li
ne
impeda
nce
v
al
ue or
it
s appro
ximati
on to
formulat
e the
propo
s
ed
contr
ol
.
In
this
w
ork,
P
ID
co
ntr
ol
sc
he
me
is
us
e
d
to
con
t
ro
l
t
he
po
wer
ge
ne
rati
on
by
phase
a
ngle
adj
us
tment
.
The
pro
pose
d
PI
D
c
ontrol
is divid
e
d
int
o
s
ubset
s of pow
e
r
gen
e
rati
on
t
hat
mimi
cs
the
po
wer gen
e
rati
on
usi
n
g
sy
nc
hro
nous
ge
ner
at
or
.
T
hre
e
m
odes
of
op
erati
on,
Sw
i
ng;
PV
a
nd
PQ
mode,
are
int
r
oduce
d
t
o
co
nt
ro
l
the
i
nv
e
rter
-
base
d
ge
ne
rato
r
.
T
he
se
c
on
t
ro
l
s
ubset
s
are
s
uitable
t
o
f
or
m
t
he
f
ull
c
ontrol
of
a
power
s
yst
em
netw
ork
.
PID
ga
in selec
ti
on is
also
recomme
nd
e
d
i
n
e
very c
on
t
ro
l s
ubset
.
This
pa
per
is
orga
nized
i
nto
the
f
ollow
i
ng
s
ect
ion
s
.
Fi
rst,
the
pro
pose
d
PID
co
ntr
ols
an
d
the
mode
s
of
operati
on
ar
e
detai
le
d
.
Sec
ond,
in
orde
r
t
o
pro
ve
the
fe
asi
bili
ty
of
it
s
impleme
ntati
on
in
the
real
powe
r
sy
ste
m,
a
case
study
of
a
micr
ogrid
is
de
m
onstrat
ed
by
sim
ulati
on
.
Last
ly
,
this
re
searc
h
i
s
summa
rized
i
n
the
con
cl
us
io
n
sect
i
on
.
2.
THE
PROPO
SED
CONTR
OL
In
Fig
ur
e
1, th
e p
r
opose
d
c
on
trol of
powe
r
ge
ner
at
io
n
is a
ki
nd
of Volt
age
Sour
ce
I
nv
e
rter
(
VSI
)
t
hat
gen
e
rates
pow
er
fl
ow
i
ng
th
r
ough
the
outp
ut
in
du
ct
or
L
g
.
The
in
du
ct
or
i
s
a
cr
ucial
pa
rt
of
c
on
tr
olli
ng
outp
ut
powe
r
in
this
work
.
It
filt
ers
ou
t
t
he
disc
on
ti
nu
it
ie
s
of
ph
ase
cha
ng
e
du
e
to
the
a
dju
st
ment
of
t
he
pr
opos
e
d
con
t
ro
l
.
I
n
ad
di
ti
on
,
it
s
siz
ing
af
fects
both
of
the
po
wer
ge
ne
rati
on
ca
pacit
y
a
nd
t
he
PID
gain
adj
us
tme
nt
.
T
he
pro
po
se
d
c
ontr
ol
is
the
re
fer
e
nce
vo
lt
ag
e
ge
ner
at
or
o
f
the
VS
I
,
it
ge
ne
rates
the
volt
age
ref
e
ren
ce
|
V
g
*
|
∠
δ
g
*
f
or
the
vo
lt
age
c
ontr
oller
of
the
inv
e
rter
as
depi
ct
ed
in
Fig
ur
e
2
.
P
ID
c
on
t
rol
is
us
e
d
to
ge
ner
at
e
t
he
ref
e
ren
ce
vo
lt
age
in
this
work
.
The
ma
gn
it
ude
an
d
ph
ase
of
t
he
ref
e
r
ence
volt
age
a
r
e
fixe
d
f
rom
t
he
sta
rt
t
o
the
e
nd
of
the
volt
age
cy
cl
e,
an
d
a
re
updated
pe
rio
dical
ly
eve
ry
1
-
5
cycles
.
T
he
dif
fer
e
nces
i
n
ma
gn
it
ude
a
nd
ph
ase
o
f
the
ge
ner
at
in
g
vo
lt
age
V
g
a
nd
te
rmin
al
volt
ag
e
V
t
are
us
e
d
t
o
c
on
tr
ol
the
rea
ct
ive
a
nd
act
iv
e
power
ge
ner
a
ti
on
resp
ect
i
vel
y
.
I
n
this
pa
pe
r,
th
ree
ki
nd
s
of
Di
stribu
te
d
Ge
ne
rator
(
DG
)
w
hi
ch
are
s
uffici
ent
f
or
f
ully
ope
rati
ng
in
a
mic
rogr
i
d,
are
pro
po
se
d
.
The
pro
po
s
ed
DG
s
are
VSIs
that
operate
i
n
three
modes
of
po
wer
ge
nerat
ion,
mimi
c
the
m
odes
of
operati
on
of
th
e
s
ynch
ron
ou
s
gen
e
rat
or
.
T
he
pr
opose
d
t
hr
ee
m
ode
s
of
operati
on
are
1
)
Sw
in
g
c
ontr
ol,
2
)
P
V
c
ontr
ol
an
d
3
)
P
Q
c
on
t
ro
l
.
T
he
de
ta
il
of
eac
h
m
od
e
is
pro
po
s
ed
i
n
the
f
ollo
wing
su
bse
ct
ions
.
Figure
1. The
pro
po
se
d
c
ontr
ol of
powe
r ge
ner
at
io
n
Figure
2. The
r
efere
nce
vo
lt
a
ge
g
e
ner
at
or
2.1.
S
wing co
nt
r
ol mode
In
this
m
od
e
,
t
he
act
iv
e
a
nd
r
eact
ive
power
gen
e
rati
on
a
re
no
t
s
pecified
.
The
ma
gn
it
ude
an
d
phase
ang
le
of
the
te
rmin
al
vo
lt
age
are
co
ntr
olled
to
be
fi
xed
va
lues
.
T
he
pro
pose
d
ref
e
re
nce
vo
lt
age
ge
nerat
or
of
this
mode
is
s
how
n
in
Fig
ur
e
3
.
T
he
co
ntr
ol
of
t
he
ma
gnit
ud
e
of
te
rm
inal
vo
lt
age
is
a
PI
co
ntr
ol
.
The
pro
portion
al
an
d
int
e
gr
al
gain
for
the
contr
ol
fou
nd to pr
ovide sati
sfact
ory per
forma
nce a
r
e
=
=
1
(1)
The
c
ontrol
of
the
ph
ase
an
gle
of
te
r
mina
l
vo
lt
age
δ
t
is
al
so
a
PI
co
ntr
ol
.
T
he
ph
a
se
an
gle
o
f
gen
e
rati
ng
volt
age
δ
g
is
a
djus
te
d
by
a
ddin
g
the
c
ontrolle
d
ph
a
se
a
ngle
di
ff
e
ren
ce
Δ
δ
t
o
the
detect
ed
phase
ang
le
of
the
volt
age
at
the
te
r
minal
δ
t
.
The
pro
portio
nal
an
d
inte
gr
al
gain
for
the
phase
a
ng
le
c
ontrol
found
t
o
pro
vid
e sati
sfa
ct
ory per
forma
nce a
re also
in
(
1
).
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
11
, N
o.
3
,
Se
ptembe
r
2020
:
16
10
–
16
16
1612
Figure
3. The
s
wing
c
on
t
ro
l
m
od
e
.
2.2.
P
V
c
on
tr
ol m
od
e
In
t
his m
od
e
, t
he
act
ive
powe
r
ge
ne
rati
on
is
sp
eci
fied
, whe
r
eas the r
eact
iv
e p
owe
r
is n
ot
.
In
a
ddit
ion,
the
mag
nitu
de
of
te
r
minal
vol
ta
ge
is
al
so
sp
e
ci
fied
.
T
he
pro
po
s
ed
ref
e
ren
c
e
vo
lt
age
ge
ne
rator
of
t
his
m
od
e
is
sh
ow
n
i
n
Fig
ure
4
.
T
he
c
ontr
o
l
of
the
ma
gnit
ud
e
of
te
r
min
al
volt
age
i
n
t
his
m
ode
is
al
s
o
t
he
sa
me
a
s
t
he
PI
con
t
ro
l
i
n
the
pro
po
se
d
s
wing
c
on
tr
ol
m
od
e
.
The
pr
opor
t
ion
al
a
nd
inte
gr
al
gain
f
or
t
he
c
on
tr
ol
fou
nd
to
pro
vid
e sati
sfa
ct
ory per
forma
nce a
re also
in
(
1
)
Figure
4. The
PV
c
o
ntr
ol m
ode
The
c
ontr
ol
of
the
act
ive
po
wer
ge
ne
rati
on
P
is
a
PID
c
ontr
ol
.
It
is
us
e
d
t
o
a
dju
st
the
phase
an
gle
diff
e
re
nce
Δ
δ
betwee
n
te
rmi
nal
a
nd
ge
nerat
ing
volt
age
.
The
phase
a
ngle
of
t
he
ge
ne
rati
ng
vo
lt
a
ge
δ
g
is
cal
culat
ed
by
a
dd
i
ng
the
c
on
t
r
olled phas
e
an
gle d
iffe
re
nce Δ
δ
to
the
d
et
ec
te
d
ph
a
se
a
ngle
of
the
volt
ag
e
at
the
te
rmin
al
δ
t
.
T
he
pro
portio
na
l
gai
n
K
p
f
or
t
he
PID
co
ntr
ol
of
the
phase
a
ng
le
di
ff
e
re
nce
f
ound
to
pro
vid
e
sat
isfact
ory per
forma
nce,
c
an
be
cal
culat
e
d b
y
=
0
.
1
(
|
|
∗
)
2
(2)
wh
e
re
X
g
is t
he
inductanc
e
of
the outp
ut i
nduc
tor
a
nd |
V
bus
|
*
is a rated
volt
a
ge
ma
gnit
ude a
t t
he
co
nnect
ed
bus
.
The
i
ntegral
and
der
i
vative
ga
in of t
he
P
ID c
on
t
ro
l a
re
=
2
(3)
and
=
0
.
1
(4)
resp
ect
ivel
y
.
2.3.
PQ
contr
ol m
od
e
In
t
his
m
od
e
,
bo
t
h
act
ive
a
nd
reacti
ve
power
ge
ner
at
io
n
are
sp
eci
fie
d
.
T
he
pro
po
s
ed
re
fer
e
nc
e
vo
lt
age
gen
e
ra
tor
of
this
m
od
e
is
s
how
n
i
n
Figure
5
.
T
he
con
t
ro
l
of
act
i
ve
powe
r
ge
ne
rati
on
in
this
mode
is
al
so
the
sa
me
as
the
P
ID
c
ontr
ol
in
the
previo
us
P
V
c
ontr
ol
m
od
e
.
T
he
PID
gai
n
f
or
the
co
ntr
ol
f
ound
to
pro
vid
e sati
sfa
ct
ory per
forma
nce ca
n be calc
ulate
d
in
the
sa
me ma
nn
e
r
as
(
2
)
-
(
4
).
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8
694
An a
pp
r
oach
of
co
ntr
olli
ng th
e invert
er
-
base
d gen
e
ra
t
or
fo
r
u
se
in a
n
isl
an
ded
…
(
Such
art
Ja
nj
ornm
anit
)
1613
Figure
5. The
PQ
c
ontr
ol m
ode.
The
co
ntr
ol
of
the
rea
ct
ive
powe
r
ge
ne
rati
on
Q
is
a
PID
con
t
ro
l
.
It
is
use
d
to
adj
us
t
t
he
volt
age
mag
nitud
e
difference
Δ
V
bet
ween
te
rmi
nal
and
gen
e
rati
ng
volt
age
.
T
he
mag
nitud
e
of
ge
ner
at
in
g
volt
age
|
V
g
|
is
cal
culat
ed
by
a
ddin
g
the
c
on
t
ro
ll
ed
ma
gnit
ud
e
dif
fe
re
nc
e
Δ
V
to
the
de
te
ct
ed
ma
gn
it
ud
e
of
the
volt
age
at
the
te
rmin
al
|
V
t
|
.
The
pr
opor
ti
on
al
gain
K
p
f
or
t
he
PID
c
ontrol
of
the
ma
gnit
ud
e
dif
fer
e
nc
e
fou
nd
t
o
pr
ov
i
de
sat
isfact
ory per
forma
nce ca
n be calc
ulate
d b
y
=
0
.
1
|
|
∗
(5)
The
i
ntegral
and
der
i
vative
ga
in of t
he
P
ID c
on
t
ro
l a
re
=
2
(6)
and
=
0
.
1
(7)
resp
ect
ivel
y
.
3.
SIMULATI
O
N
ST
UDY, R
ESULT
S
AND DIS
CUSSI
ON
A
case
st
udy
of
mes
hed
net
work
is
us
e
d
t
o
dem
on
st
rate
the
feasi
bili
ty
of
i
mp
le
me
nt
at
ion
of
t
he
pro
po
se
d
c
on
tr
ols
by
mea
ns
of
MATL
AB
/
SIMUL
I
NK
si
m
ulati
on
.
The
si
mu
la
ti
on
is perfo
rme
d
on
a
pe
rsona
l
no
te
book
c
ompu
te
r
with
i
7
c
or
e
chi
ps
et
.
A
f
ixe
d
-
ste
p
ty
pe
with
disc
rete
s
olv
e
r
is use
d
i
n
the
si
mu
la
ti
on
.
With
the
fixe
d
-
ste
p
siz
e
of
2
micr
os
ec
onds
,
t
he
so
lve
r
ta
kes
r
oughly
5
min
ut
es
to
com
plete
a
ta
sk
of
sim
ulati
on
ti
me
sho
rter
th
an
5
sec
onds
.
Figure
6
s
how
s
the
c
onfig
ur
a
ti
on
of
t
he
de
monstrate
d
po
wer
s
ys
te
m,
w
hich
ca
n
be
re
garde
d
as
an
isl
and
e
d
m
ic
rogr
id
.
T
he
ne
twork
is
a
th
r
ee
ph
ase
380V
/
50Hz
.
It
c
onsist
s
of
5
buses
with
three
D
Gs
c
on
nected
to
t
hr
ee
buses
an
d
t
he
oth
e
r
tw
o
buse
s
are
loa
d
buse
s
.
T
he
t
hr
ee
D
Gs
operate
i
n
Sw
in
g
con
t
ro
l
m
od
e
for
bus
no
.
1,
PV
co
ntr
ol
m
od
e
f
or
bus
no
.
3
a
nd
P
Q
c
on
t
ro
l
mode
f
or
bus
no
.
5
.
T
he
li
nes
connecti
ng
bet
ween
bu
se
s
a
re
the
c
ombi
nation
of
both
resi
sti
ve
an
d
in
du
c
ti
ve
li
ne
t
yp
es
.
The
s
pecifica
ti
on
of
powe
r
ge
ner
at
i
on,
loa
d
an
d
volt
age
of
each
bu
s
a
re
s
how
n
in
Table
1
.
T
he
simulat
io
n
resu
lt
s
of
the
s
ys
te
m
that
is
operate
d
to
the
point
t
hat
the
s
ys
te
m
is
in
sta
ble
a
n
d
ste
ady
sta
te
c
onditi
on,
a
re
i
n
Ta
ble
2
-
4
.
P
er
uni
t
values
are sh
own
in
al
l
fig
ur
e
s and ta
bles are
calc
ulate
d b
y base
kV
LL
=
0
.
38 a
nd b
a
se
M
V
A
=
1
.
Figure
6. The
c
onfig
ur
at
io
n o
f
the
dem
onstra
te
d
micr
ogri
d.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
11
, N
o.
3
,
Se
ptembe
r
2020
:
16
10
–
16
16
1614
Table
1
.
Sp
eci
f
ic
at
ion
of
ge
ne
rators a
nd loa
ds
.
Bu
s
Gen
eration
Load
Vo
ltag
e
(
V
t
)
Bu
s
ty
p
e
P
(
pu
)
Q
(
pu
)
P
(
pu
)
Q
(
pu
)
pu
An
g
le
1
no
no
0
.
75
0
.
4
1
.
03
0°
Swin
g
2
….
….
1
.
25
0
.
5
no
no
Load
3
1
.
75
1
0
.
6
0
.
3
no
no
PQ
4
….
….
0
.
9
0
.
5
no
no
Load
5
1
no
0
.
55
0
.
3
1
.
02
no
PV
The
simulat
io
n
res
ults
of
pow
er
that
are
ge
ne
rated
a
nd
s
up
plied
t
o
the
loa
ds
of
bu
se
s
a
re
in
Table
2
and
t
he
r
esults
of
powe
r
flo
w
betwee
n
bu
s
e
s
are
in
Table
3
.
It
can
be
se
en
in
T
able
2
t
hat
the
pro
po
s
ed
P
V
and
PQ
mode
DG
s a
re a
ble to g
e
ne
rate t
he powe
r
to the speci
fied
value
s
,
P
=
1p
u
of P
V,
P
=
1
.
75pu a
nd
Q
=
1pu
of
PQ
.
T
he
po
wer
s
sup
plied
t
o
the
l
oads
do
no
t
e
xactl
y
m
a
tc
h
their
s
pecif
ic
at
ion
.
T
his
is
beca
us
e
the
volt
age
at
it
s co
nnect
e
d bu
s
deviat
es
sli
gh
tl
y from
the
rated
volt
ag
e, which
is a
nor
mal o
per
at
i
on
.
Table
2
.
Re
s
ults o
f power
Bu
s
Gen
eration
Load
Remar
k
P
(
pu
)
Q
(
pu
)
P
(
pu
)
Q
(
pu
)
1
1
.
45
(
Δ
δ
=
2
.
47°
)
0
.
95
(
Δ
V
=
0
.
0
4
5
5
p
u
)
0
.
79
0
.
42
Swin
g
Bu
s
2
….
….
1
.
19
0
.
48
Load
Bu
s
3
1
.
75
(
co
n
trolled
,
Δ
δ
=
3
.
19°
)
1
(
co
n
trolled
.
Δ
V
=
0
.
0
5
2
4
p
u
)
0
.
67
0
.
33
PQ Bu
s
4
….
….
0
.
91
0
.
51
Load
Bu
s
5
1
(
co
n
trolled
,
Δ
δ
=
2
.
39°
)
0
.
24
(
Δ
V
=
0
.
0
1
8
4
p
u
)
0
.
56
0
.
31
PV Bu
s
*
Res
u
lt of sy
stem
fr
eq
u
en
cy
is 50
.
0
0
Hz
Table
3
.
Re
s
ults o
f power
f
l
ow
betwee
n bus
es
.
Line
P
(
pu
)
Q
(
pu
)
Bu
s n
o
.
1
to Bu
s n
o
.
2
0
.
81
0
.
78
Bu
s n
o
.
1
to Bu
s n
o
.
3
-
0
.
55
-
0
.
29
Bu
s n
o
.
1
to
Bu
s n
o
.
4
0
.
23
0
.
01
Bu
s n
o
.
1
to Bu
s n
o
.
5
0
.
18
-
0
.
01
Bu
s n
o
.
2
to Bu
s n
o
.
5
-
0
.
41
0
.
24
Bu
s n
o
.
3
to Bu
s n
o
.
4
0
.
52
0
.
37
Bu
s n
o
.
4
to Bu
s n
o
.
5
-
0
.
18
-
0
.
17
*
Res
u
lt of sy
stem
fr
eq
u
en
cy
is 50
.
0
0
Hz
The
sim
ulati
on
of
volt
ages
at
bu
s
es
a
nd
the
gen
e
rated
vo
lt
ages
of
D
Gs
ar
e
in
Ta
ble
4
.
It
can
be
see
n
that
the
propos
ed
S
wing
c
on
t
r
ol
m
od
e
D
G
is
able
to
ge
ner
a
te
the
te
rmin
al
vo
lt
age
to
t
he
sp
eci
fied
ma
gnit
ud
e
of
1
.
03pu
w
hi
le
mainta
ining
it
s
ph
ase
re
fe
ren
ce
of
0°
.
I
n
ad
diti
on,
the
propose
d
P
V
con
t
ro
l
m
ode
DG
is
simult
ane
ou
sl
y able t
o ge
ne
rate t
he
te
r
minal
vo
lt
age
to
it
s
s
pecified
ma
gn
i
tud
e
of
1
.
02pu
.
Table
4
.
Re
s
ults o
f vo
lt
age
s
Bu
s
V
g
V
bus
Bu
s ty
p
e
pu
.
An
g
le
pu
.
An
g
le
1
1
.
0755
2
.
47°
1
.
03
(
co
n
trolled
)
0°
(
co
n
trolled
)
Swin
g
Bu
s
2
….
….
0
.
9771
-
1
.
93°
Load
Bu
s
3
1
.
1155
5
.
31°
1
.
0631
2
.
12°
PQ Bu
s
4
….
….
1
.
0111
-
0
.
42°
Load
Bu
s
5
1
.
0384
2
.
31°
1
.
02
(
co
n
trolled
)
-
0
.
08°
PV Bu
s
*
Res
u
lt of sy
stem
fr
eq
u
en
cy
is 50
.
0
0
Hz
It
ca
n
be
see
n
that
the
vo
lt
a
ge
ma
gnit
ud
e
i
n
s
om
e
po
i
nts
of
t
he
net
work
i
s
gr
eat
er
t
han
5
%
of
the
rated
volt
age
.
This
is
due
t
o
the
f
act
that
the
overall
rea
ct
ive
power
i
n
this
net
w
ork
is
relat
ively
hi
gh
.
Ther
e
f
or
e,
the
se
create
the
c
onditi
on
that
the
D
Gs
nee
de
d
to
raise
it
s
outp
ut
volt
age
t
o
ad
eq
uatel
y
s
upply
reacti
ve
powe
r
.
I
n
pr
act
ic
e,
th
e
reacti
ve
pow
er d
ema
nd
can
b
e
s
upplied
by the
cap
aci
tor
ba
nk
the
n
volt
ages
i
n
the n
et
wor
k
s
houl
d be lo
we
r
.
The
a
ngle
de
vi
at
ion
ca
n
be
e
valuated
f
r
om
the
res
ults
of
volt
ages
i
n
Ta
bl
e
4
.
It
ca
n
be
s
een
that
al
l
bu
s
es
ha
ve
t
he
ir
own
vo
lt
age
an
gle
.
In
t
he
pr
opos
e
d
c
on
t
ro
ls,
t
he
re
al
and
reacti
ve
powe
r,
the
vo
lt
age
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8
694
An a
pp
r
oach
of
co
ntr
olli
ng th
e invert
er
-
base
d gen
e
ra
t
or
fo
r
u
se
in a
n
isl
an
ded
…
(
Such
art
Ja
nj
ornm
anit
)
1615
mag
nitud
e
an
d
an
gle,
are
co
nt
ro
ll
ed
de
pendi
ng
on
m
ode
of
operati
on
.
P
a
nd
Q
a
re
gen
e
r
at
ed
in
dep
e
nde
ntly
by
a
dju
sti
ng
th
e
diff
e
re
nces
of
volt
age
an
gle
and
mag
nitu
de
resp
ect
ivel
y
.
The
di
ff
e
ren
ce
is
con
tr
olled
l
ocall
y
to
the
c
onnect
ed
bu
s
,
the
pr
opose
d
c
ontr
ol
us
es
t
he
vo
lt
ag
e
an
gle
an
d
m
agn
it
ude
at
t
he
co
nn
ect
e
d
bus
as
the
inf
or
mati
on
to c
om
m
unic
at
e be
tween c
ontr
ols
.
In
orde
r
to
pro
ve
it
s
dyna
mic
respo
ns
e,
t
he
same
syst
em
i
s
simul
at
ed
c
onti
nu
al
ly
by
c
hangin
g
t
he
comma
nd
of
a
ct
ive
a
nd r
eact
ive
po
wer of
th
e
P
Q
m
od
e
DG
.
At
the
ti
me
o
f
sec
ond 2,
th
e
re
fer
e
nce
P
a
nd Q
of
DG3
wer
e
c
ha
ng
e
d
f
r
om
1
.
75pu
a
nd
1pu,
to
2p
u
an
d
0
.
8pu
res
pecti
vely
.
It
ca
n
be
se
en
f
rom
Fig
ure
7
tha
t
bo
t
h
P
an
d
Q
of
D
G
3
are
a
bl
e
to
c
hange
t
o
the
new
set
points
.
W
here
P
an
d
V
of
D
G
5,
i
n
a
ddit
ion
to
the
mag
nitud
e
an
d
ph
a
se
an
gle
of
volt
age
at
the
Sw
i
ng
bus
,
are
a
ble
to
mainta
in
their
set
po
i
nts
aft
er
the
changin
g
.
I
n
Fi
gure
7 d
)
, th
e
s
ys
te
m
fr
e
quenc
y
fl
uctuates
ve
ry
l
it
tl
e due to t
he
adj
us
tme
nt
of
t
he vo
lt
a
ge a
ng
le
by the c
ontr
ols,
an
d retu
rns to
50
.
00Hz ve
ry
qu
ic
kly
.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Figure
7. The
re
su
lt
s of c
ontr
olled
values
aft
er c
hangin
g,
a)
power,
b) vo
lt
age,
c)
angle
and d) s
ys
te
m
f
reque
ncy.
4.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
The
co
ntr
ol
of
power
ge
ner
at
ion
in
a
mic
rogr
i
d
that
el
imi
nates
the
f
requ
ency
sta
bili
ty’
s
pro
blem
is
pro
po
se
d
i
n
th
is
wor
k.
U
nlik
e
the
c
onve
ntion
al
act
i
ve
power
ge
ner
at
e
d
by
va
r
ying
f
re
qu
e
nc
y,
t
he
propose
d
con
t
ro
l
is
achi
eved
by
va
ry
i
ng
the
ph
ase
a
ngle
.
Th
e
PID
c
on
t
ro
l
wit
h
rec
om
me
nded
gai
n
adj
us
tme
nt,
is
us
e
d
to
co
ntr
ol
to
mimi
c
the
modes
of
op
e
rati
on
of
t
he
s
ynchro
nous
gen
e
rator.
T
his
tra
ns
f
orms
the
cl
assic
al
con
t
ro
l
operati
on
of
the
sync
hro
nous
ge
nerat
or
in
the
main
power
gri
d
i
nto
a
small
-
sca
le
power
syst
em
us
i
ng
the
i
nv
e
rter
.
W
it
h
fi
xed
s
ys
te
m
’
s
f
reque
nc
y,
the
c
on
t
ro
l
of
powe
r
ge
ner
at
i
on
is
m
uch
s
m
oo
t
her
tha
n
it
s
dro
op
con
t
ro
l
co
unte
r
par
t
.
T
he
sim
ul
at
ion
res
ults
pro
ve
it
s
feasibi
li
ty
that
t
his
typ
e
of
co
ntr
ols
can
be
im
plem
ent
ed
in
a
real
micr
ogri
d
by
us
i
ng
vo
lt
age
s
ource
inv
e
rters
.
T
he
powe
r
ge
ner
a
te
d
by
t
he
pro
po
s
ed
in
ver
te
r
is
the
powe
r gene
rati
on of t
he
f
utur
e b
eca
us
e
of th
e gro
wing tre
nd
of m
ov
i
ng to
ward
ren
e
wa
ble en
e
rgy
.
REFERE
NCE
S
[1]
A
.
Mohammed,
S
.
S
.
Refaat
,
S
.
Bayh
an
a
nd
H
.
Abu
-
Rub,
"
AC
Microgr
id
Cont
rol
and
Mana
g
e
me
nt
Strategie
s
:
Eva
lu
at
ion
and
Revi
ew,
"
IEEE Power Ele
c
troni
cs
Magazine
,
vol
.
6
,
no
.
2
,
pp
.
18
-
31,
2019
.
[2]
B
.
Kropos
ki
et
a
l
.
,
"
Ach
ie
ving
a
100
%
Rene
wabl
e
Grid
:
Opera
ti
n
g
El
e
ct
ri
c
Pow
er
Sys
te
ms
with
Ext
re
me
ly
Hig
h
Le
ve
ls of
Var
ia
b
le
R
ene
wabl
e En
erg
y,
"
I
EE
E
Po
wer
and
En
ergy
Magazine
,
vo
l
.
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5,
no
.
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,
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[3]
J
.
Ro
ca
ber
t,
A
.
Luna
,
F
.
B
laabj
erg
and
P
.
Rodr
ígue
z
,
"
Control
of
Pow
er
Conv
ert
ers
in
AC
Mi
cro
grids,
"
IE
EE
Tr
ansacti
ons on Power
E
le
c
troni
c
s
,
vol
.
27
,
no
.
1
1,
pp
.
4734
-
474
9,
2012
.
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IS
S
N
:
2088
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8
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t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
11
, N
o.
3
,
Se
ptembe
r
2020
:
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10
–
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16
1616
[4]
J
.
M
.
Guerr
ero
,
M
.
Ch
andor
k
ar,
T
.
Lee
and
P
.
C
.
Loh,
"
Advanc
ed
Cont
rol
Arch
itect
ur
e
s
for
Intelli
g
en
t
Microgr
ids
—
Par
t
I
:
Dec
ent
r
al
i
zed
and
Hier
arc
hi
c
al
Contro
l,
"
IE
E
E
Tr
ansacti
ons
on
Industrial
Ele
ct
ronics
,
vo
l
.
60
,
no
.
4
,
pp
.
1254
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1262,
2013
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[5]
M
.
As
haba
ni,
Y
.
A
.
-
R
.
I
.
Moha
me
d,
M
.
Mirsa
li
m
and
M
.
A
ghasha
bani,
“
M
ult
iva
r
ia
b
le
Dro
op
Control
of
Synchronous
Curre
nt
Conv
erte
rs
in
W
ea
k
Gri
ds
/
Microgr
ids
Wi
th
Dec
oupl
ed
dq
-
Axes
Curre
nts,
”
I
EEE
Tr
ans
.
Smar
t
Gr
id
,
Vol
.
6,
No
.
4
,
pp
.
16
10
-
1620
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[6]
W
.
Ferr
ei
ra
de
S
ouza
,
M
.
A
.
Seve
ro
-
Mende
s
and
L
.
A
.
C
.
Lop
es,
“
Pow
er
sharing
c
ontrol
stra
te
gi
es
for
a
thr
ee
-
ph
ase
mi
cro
gr
id
in
d
if
fer
ent
oper
at
ing
condi
t
ion
with
droop
cont
ro
l
a
nd
dam
ping
fa
ctor
inve
stig
at
ion
,
”
IET
R
ene
wab
l
e
Powe
r Gene
r
.
,
Vol
.
9
,
No
.
7
pp
.
831
-
839
,
2015
.
[7]
M
.
S
.
Golsorkhi
and
D
.
D
.
C
.
Lu,
“
A
Control
Met
hod
for
Inv
ert
er
-
Based
Island
ed
Microgr
ids
B
ase
d
on
V
-
I
Droop
Chara
c
te
rist
ic
s,
”
IEEE
Tr
ans
.
Po
wer
Delive
ry
,
V
ol
.
30
,
No
.
3
,
pp
.
1196
-
1204
,
201
5
.
[8]
U
.
Akra
m,
R
.
Sh
ah
and
N
.
Mithu
la
nan
tha
n,
"
Hyb
rid
ene
rgy
stoa
ra
ge
sys
tem
for
fre
quenc
y
reg
u
la
t
io
n
in
m
ic
rogr
ids
with
source
a
nd
loa
d
un
ce
rt
ai
nties,
"
IET
Gene
ration,
Tr
ansm
ission
&
Distributi
on
,
v
ol
.
13
,
no
.
2
2,
pp
.
5048
-
5057
,
2019
.
[9]
A
.
Firdaus
and
S
.
Mishra
,
"
Auxiliary
sign
al
-
assisted
droop
-
b
ase
d
s
ec
ondar
y
fr
equency
cont
rol
of
in
ver
te
r
-
b
ase
d
PV
mi
cro
gr
ids
for
i
mprove
m
ent
in
power
sharing
a
nd
sys
te
m
st
abi
l
it
y,
"
I
ET
R
ene
w
able
Powe
r
Gen
erati
on
,
vol
.
13,
no
.
13
,
pp
.
2328
-
2337,
2019
.
[10
]
H
.
Moon,
Y
.
Ki
m
and
S
.
Moon,
"
Freque
ncy
-
Ba
sed
De
c
ent
r
al
i
zed
Conserva
ti
on
Volta
ge
Redu
ct
i
on
Inc
orpor
ated
int
o
Vol
ta
g
e
-
C
urre
nt
Droop
Control
for
an
Inve
r
te
r
-
B
ase
d
Island
ed
Mi
c
rogrid,
"
IEEE
Ac
c
ess
,
vo
l
.
7,
pp
.
140542
-
140
552,
2019
.
[11
]
S
.
Roozbe
h
ani
,
M
.
T
.
Hagh
and
S
.
G
.
Za
d
eh,
"
Freque
ncy
cont
r
ol
of
isl
ande
d
wind
-
powere
d
microgrid
b
ase
d
o
n
coor
dinated
rob
ust
dynamic
d
ro
op
power
shar
in
g,
"
IET
Gen
erat
ion,
Tr
ansm
ission
&
Distribu
ti
on
,
vol
.
13
,
no
.
21,
pp
.
4968
-
4977
,
2019
.
[12
]
A
.
Kumar
,
B
.
K
.
Jha,
D
.
Singh
a
nd
R
.
K
.
Misra,
"
Curre
nt
inj
e
ct
io
n
-
base
d
Newton
–
Raph
son
power
-
flow
al
go
rit
h
m
for
droop
-
base
d
isla
nded
microgrids,
"
IET
Gene
ration
,
Tr
ansm
i
ss
ion
&
Distributi
on
,
vol
.
13
,
no
.
23,
pp
.
5271
-
5283
,
2019
.
[13
]
A
.
Uniy
al
and
S
.
Sar
angi
,
"
Op
ti
mal
alloc
at
ion
of
E
LC
in
m
i
cro
grid
using
d
roop
-
cont
rol
le
d
loa
d
flow,
"
IET
Gene
ration, Tr
ansm
ission &
Distributi
on
,
vol
.
13
,
no
.
20
,
pp
.
456
6
-
4578,
2019
.
[14
]
F
.
Feng
and
P
.
Zha
ng,
"
Enha
nc
ed
Microgr
id
Pow
er
Flow
Inc
orp
ora
ti
ng
Hi
era
r
ch
ic
a
l
Control,
"
IE
EE
Tr
ansacti
ons
on
Powe
r S
ystem
s
,
vol
.
35,
no
.
3,
pp
.
2463
-
246
6,
2020
.
[15
]
E
.
Espina,
R
.
C
árd
ena
s
-
Dobs
on,
M
.
Espinoz
a
-
B
.
,
C
.
Burgos
-
Mell
ado
and
D
.
Sá
ez
,
"
Cooper
at
iv
e
Regu
la
t
ion
o
f
Imba
l
anc
es
in
Thre
e
-
Phase
Four
-
Wi
re
Microg
rids
Us
ing
Single
-
Phase
Droop
Control
and
Seconda
ry
Contr
ol
Algorit
hms,
"
IE
EE
Tr
ansacti
ons
on
Pow
er
E
le
c
tronic
s
,
vo
l
.
35,
n
o
.
2
,
pp
.
1978
-
1
992,
2020
.
[16
]
B
.
K
.
Unnikrish
nan,
M
.
S
.
Johns
on
and
E
.
P
.
C
her
iya
n
,
"
Sma
ll
signal
st
abi
l
it
y
i
mprove
m
ent
of
a
m
ic
rogrid
by
t
he
opti
mi
sed
dyna
mi
c
droop contr
ol
m
et
hod,
"
IET
Re
newab
le
Pow
er
Gene
ration
,
v
ol
.
14
,
no
.
5
,
pp
.
822
-
833,
2020
.
[17
]
R
.
Maju
mde
r
,
B
.
Chaudhuri,
A
.
Ghos
h,
R
.
Maju
mde
r,
G
.
Le
dwi
ch
and
F
.
Z
are,
"
Improve
m
ent
of
stabi
lity
and
lo
a
d
sharing
in
an
a
utonom
ous
mi
c
r
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