In
te
r
n
ation
a
l Jou
rn
al
o
f Po
we
r
Elec
tron
ic
s an
d
D
r
ive S
y
stem
(IJ
PED
S
)
V
o
l.
10, N
o.
4, D
e
c
e
m
ber
201
9,
pp.
2046~
20
54
ISSN: 2088-
8694,
DOI
:
10.11591
/ijpeds.
v10.
i
4.pp2046-2054
2046
Jou
rn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
:
ht
tp:
//i
a
e
score
.
com
/
j
o
u
r
na
l
s
/
i
n
d
e
x
.
p
hp/IJ
PED
S
DC-
D
C
converter based
power
ma
nagement for go green
applications
W
.
A
b
i
t
h
a
M
e
m
a
l
a
,
C
.
B
hu
v
a
n
e
s
w
a
r
i
,
S
.
M.
S
h
y
ni
,
G
.
M
er
l
i
n
S
he
e
b
a,
Mod
i
S
u
r
ya
Mah
e
nd
ra,
Jaish
re
e V
.
S
c
h
o
o
l
of El
ectrical an
d
Electro
nics E
ngineeri
n
g
,
S
ath
y
ab
ama
In
stit
u
t
e o
f
S
ci
ence an
d T
echn
o
lo
gy
, In
dia
Art
i
cl
e In
fo
ABSTRACT
A
r
tic
le hist
o
r
y
:
R
e
c
e
i
v
e
d
Feb
1
6
,
2
019
Re
vise
d A
p
r
14,
201
9
A
c
c
e
pte
d
J
u
l
8
,
2019
A
no
n-i
s
olated
t
ri-p
ort
con
v
ert
e
r
is
a
f
ully
c
o
m
p
a
ct
a
nd
f
u
n
cti
on
al
s
y
s
te
m
by
th
e
i
n
t
e
g
r
ati
o
n
o
f
b
as
ic
c
onv
erters
.
T
h
is
c
a
n
b
e
u
s
ed
f
or
r
enew
ab
le
e
ne
rgy
app
l
i
catio
n
s
.
T
h
i
s
c
o
nvert
er
i
s
capab
le
o
f
a
c
h
i
e
vin
g
d
iff
e
ren
t
sw
it
c
h
in
g
pat
t
ern
s
o
f
p
o
wer
f
l
ow
b
etween
t
h
e
s
ou
rce
and
l
o
ad
,
i
n
t
e
rfaced
so
ur
c
e
s
of
vari
ou
s v
o
l
t
age and
curren
t
l
evel
s
with
t
he
d
c
gr
id. Thi
s
tri
-
p
ort
c
o
nvert
er has
to
b
e
us
ed
f
or
c
on
ti
nu
ous
power
d
i
s
t
r
ibu
t
i
on
of
r
echarge
ab
le
b
a
tt
e
r
y,
ph
ot
ov
olt
a
ic
p
anel
s
an
d
load
.
D
u
e
t
o
t
he
i
m
p
l
e
m
e
ntatio
n
of
t
his
D
C
-
D
C
con
v
ert
e
r
s
o
m
e
operat
i
o
n
s
l
i
ke
b
uck,
b
oo
st
a
n
d
b
u
c
k-bo
os
t
op
era
tions
becam
e
e
a
sy
.
Us
e
of
t
h
i
s
conv
erter
hel
p
s
in
eas
y
im
p
l
e
m
ent
a
ti
on
o
f
th
e
sy
stem.
The
s
o
l
a
r
P
V
p
an
el
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
t
ation
bo
os
ts
t
h
e
s
ystem
t
o
a
hi
gh
le
ve
l a
n
d
b
i
dire
c
t
io
na
l
flo
w
b
eca
m
e
eas
y f
r
o
m
s
ource t
o
l
oad
an
d
vi
ce
vers
a
.
K
eyw
ord
s
:
Buc
k
,
boos
t,
i
n
t
e
r
lea
v
e
d
con
v
er
t
e
r
Energy
s
tor
a
ge
Mu
lt
ip
ort c
onv
e
r
ter
N
on-is
o
l
a
t
e
d
tr
i
por
t
con
v
er
t
e
r
Co
pyri
gh
t © 2
019 In
stit
u
t
e
of Advanced
En
gi
neeri
n
g
an
d
S
c
ien
ce.
All
rights
res
e
rv
ed.
Corres
pon
d
i
n
g
Au
th
or:
W
.
Abitha Me
mal
a
,
D
e
pa
rtme
nt
o
f
El
e
c
t
rica
l
a
n
d
El
ect
ro
ni
c
s
Eng
in
e
e
ring
,
S
a
t
hya
bam
a
I
nstit
u
t
e
of S
c
i
en
ce
and
Tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
Jep
p
iaar
Na
g
ar,
Chen
nai,
Tam
ilna
d
u,
I
ndia.
Em
ail:
abi
t
ha
me
ma
law
8
2
@
g
m
ail
.
com
1.
I
N
TR
OD
U
C
TI
O
N
F
o
r
th
e
p
a
st
t
w
o
d
eca
d
e
s,
t
he
a
ttrac
t
i
o
n
o
f
resea
r
che
r
s
are
r
e
n
ew
a
b
le
e
ner
gy
ba
se
d
p
o
w
e
r
gener
a
tio
n
to
c
om
pe
nsa
t
e
the
grow
i
ng
de
ma
nd
of
t
h
e
s
oc
i
e
t
y
;
T
o
ta
l
c
a
pac
ity
o
f
pow
e
r
g
enera
tio
n
is
1
7
7
G
W
w
it
h
p
hot
ovo
lt
ai
c
in
2
0
1
4
[1
].
I
t
i
s
v
e
r
y
i
m
po
rt
an
t
to
not
e
tha
t
t
h
e
u
n
s
t
oppe
d
g
r
o
w
t
h
o
f
d
e
c
e
nt
ra
li
z
e
d
en
e
r
gy
source
s
af
fec
t
s
t
h
e
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
o
f
t
he
g
ri
d
v
o
l
t
a
g
e.
A
l
s
o
t
h
e
p
r
od
u
c
t
i
o
n
of
c
ir
cula
ti
n
g
e
ne
rg
y
ca
uses
t
he
p
ow
e
r
qua
l
ity
t
o
d
i
min
i
s
h
.
M
o
st
i
m
porta
nt
ly,
the
qua
l
ity
o
f
pow
er
i
s
very
p
o
o
r
an
d
t
h
er
efore
t
h
is
r
esul
ts
i
n
the
d
i
sc
o
nnec
tio
n
of
P
V
a
n
d
t
h
e
i
n
verter
f
rom
t
h
e
gr
id.
The
si
t
uat
i
on
i
s
c
rea
t
e
d
i
n
suc
h
a
w
ay
t
ha
t
t
h
e
suf
f
i
c
i
e
nt
po
w
e
r
i
s
not
b
een
a
bl
e
to
f
e
e
d
th
e
po
wer t
o
t
he
grid [2, 3]. It
is neces
sary
t
o no
te
t
hat a
l
on
g
w
i
t
h
the gr
id q
ua
li
ty
w
hi
c
h
re
s
ults i
n ins
t
ab
i
lit
y w
o
rk
in
g o
f
PV
pl
a
n
t
, t
h
e
h
i
g
h
g
rid v
o
lta
ge a
ls
o a
r
ises the
p
ro
blem
.
Du
ri
ng
e
l
ect
ri
cal
i
n
s
t
a
l
l
ati
o
n
s
,
t
h
e
hi
gh
g
rid
v
o
lt
a
g
e
ma
y
o
c
c
u
r
d
u
e
t
o
h
i
g
h
in
j
e
c
tio
n
o
f
pow
er
f
rom
P
V
t
o
the
gr
id,
dur
ing
t
h
e
e
l
ec
tr
ic
al
i
n
s
ta
llat
i
on
s
[2,
3]
.
A
n
e
me
rgi
n
g
por
t
a
ble
m
i
croe
l
e
c
t
ro
nic
de
vic
e
w
hic
h
inc
l
ude
s
m
u
lti
ple
s
upp
ly
vol
t
a
ge
d
e
m
a
nd fr
om
a
s
ing
l
e
m
i
nia
t
uri
ze
d
pow
e
r-e
ffici
en
t p
l
a
t
f
o
rm
u
se
t
he D
C-D
C
con
v
er
t
e
r
base
d
on
S
i
n
g
l
e
In
duc
t
o
r
M
u
lti
p
l
e
O
u
tp
ut
S
w
i
t
c
hi
n
g
[
1
-
3
].
F
or
S
IMO
D
C
-DC
boos
t
c
o
nv
erter
,
a
loa
d
i
nde
pe
n
d
e
n
t
c
u
r
r
ent
co
n
t
rol
tec
h
ni
q
u
e
i
s
u
se
d
for
re
gu
lat
i
ng
the
to
ta
l
curr
ent.
T
he
z
ero
in
duc
t
o
r
c
u
rrent
i
n
s
t
ant
i
s
m
oni
to
red
in
st
a
n
tly
[
4
]
.
A
n
e
w
c
o
nt
rol
me
thod
f
o
r
a
m
u
lti
o
u
t
pu
t
DC-DC
c
o
nver
t
er
i
s
D
C
-D
C
Con
v
e
r
ter
w
ith
R
et
urn
C
u
rre
n
t
C
o
n
tr
ol.
Th
is
m
e
t
hod
sim
u
lt
a
n
eo
us
l
y
g
e
n
e
r
at
es
s
t
e
p
up
/
down
ou
tpu
t
t
o
ha
ve
con
t
ro
l
l
ed s
tab
i
l
ity
u
n
d
e
r
a
w
i
d
e
loa
d
va
r
ia
t
i
on w
i
tho
u
t
a c
o
mp
e
n
sa
t
i
on
n
e
tw
ork [
4
-7].
To
c
h
o
o
se
a
n
op
tim
um
m
ul
t
i
p
le
i
np
u
t
DC-DC
c
onv
er
t
e
rs
f
or
a
p
art
i
cu
l
a
r
appl
ica
t
io
n
in
r
ene
w
a
b
l
e
e
n
ergy
d
ep
end
s
upo
n
o
n
th
e
p
a
ra
me
t
e
rs
l
i
k
e
eff
i
ci
ency
,
d
e
si
gn
s
imp
l
i
c
ity
,
re
l
i
a
b
ili
ty
a
n
d
cost
[
5
]
.
The
s
u
i
t
a
b
ly
d
es
igne
d
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
o
o
p
p
ro
v
i
d
e
s
the
in
form
ati
o
n
a
b
o
ut
t
he
b
eh
a
v
io
u
r
o
f
th
e
sy
st
em
f
o
r
t
he
Bifur
cat
io
n
A
n
al
ys
i
s
o
f
the
sta
nda
lone
P
V
-
Ba
tter
y
H
ybr
i
d
P
ow
er
S
y
s
t
e
m
[
6-9].
F
o
r
U
n
inte
rru
pte
d
P
ow
e
r
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
E
l
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
IS
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
D
C
-D
C c
onver
ter b
a
se
d p
o
w
e
r
m
ana
gem
e
n
t
fo
r
go gree
n a
p
p
l
i
c
a
tio
ns (
W
.
Abith
a
Mem
a
l
a
)
2
047
S
upp
l
i
es
(
U
P
S
)
a
pp
li
c
a
t
io
n,
t
he
c
har
g
i
n
g
a
n
d
d
i
sc
har
g
i
n
g of t
h
e
b
a
tter
y
w
a
s
p
er
form
ed
w
ith
t
he B
i
d
irec
t
i
o
n
a
l
Co
nv
ert
e
r
which
h
a
s
t
h
e
hi
g
h
g
a
i
n
ze
ro
v
olt
a
g
e
s
w
i
t
c
hi
ng
w
it
h
R
e
duc
ed
N
um
ber
o
f
S
w
itc
he
s.
I
t
has
t
h
e
c
a
p
a
b
i
lit
y
to
f
u
n
c
ti
on
w
it
h
th
e
z
e
r
o
vo
lt
a
g
e
swi
t
c
h
i
ng
(
ZVS
)
c
ond
i
t
i
o
n
[
10-
1
3
]
.
F
igu
r
e
1
show
s t
h
e pow
er
f
l
ow for a PV s
y
s
t
em
with
LE
S
and
grid su
p
por
t.
F
i
gur
e 1.
P
ow
e
r
f
low
for a
P
V
system
w
ith L
ES
and
grid su
p
p
o
rt
Th
e
e
f
f
e
c
t
iv
eness
o
f
h
y
b
r
i
d
r
en
e
w
ab
l
e
e
n
e
rg
y
is
s
i
m
ul
ate
d
t
h
r
ou
gh
MATLAB/SI
M
U
LI
NK
[1
1]
.
D
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
T
o
p
o
l
o
g
i
e
s
o
f
L
L
C
,
L
C
C
,
a
n
d
C
L
L
R
e
s
o
n
a
n
t
C
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
s
h
av
e
b
e
e
n
s
i
m
ul
at
ed
a
nd
c
o
m
p
a
re
d
fo
r
t
h
e
same
i
npu
t
vo
l
t
a
g
e
.
Th
e
s
i
mul
a
ti
on
wa
s
d
o
n
e
a
t
a
v
e
ry
h
ig
h
freque
nc
y.
T
he
O
u
t
p
u
t
P
o
w
er
a
nd
the
E
f
fic
i
e
n
cy
o
f
a
ll
the
thr
e
e
Res
ona
n
t
C
o
n
v
e
r
ters
w
er
e
ca
lcu
l
at
ed
.
Wi
t
h
t
h
e
r
esu
l
t
s
,
it
h
as
b
ee
n
p
r
ov
ed
t
h
a
t
LCC
Re
so
na
nt
C
o
n
v
er
t
e
rs
w
er
e
very
m
uch
sui
t
e
d
t
o
g
i
ve
a
n
ou
t
p
u
t
v
olt
a
g
e
o
f
a
r
oun
d
6
2
Ki
l
ovo
lt
s
[1
2
]
.
The
lim
ita
ti
on
s
of
t
he
e
x
i
s
ting
t
r
i
-
p
o
rt
c
o
nve
r
t
er
s
ystem
a
r
e
U
ni
d
i
re
ct
io
na
l
co
nve
rs
ion
a
l
o
n
e
is
p
oss
i
b
l
e
;
Ind
u
ct
i
v
e
l
o
ss
i
s
h
i
gh
due
t
o
cou
p
l
ed
i
nd
uc
tors;
O
n
ly
P
V
and
ba
t
t
er
y
vo
l
t
a
ges
ar
e
used
t
o
su
p
p
l
y
t
o
l
o
a
d
a
n
d
to
f
ul
fil
l
t
he
r
equ
i
rem
e
nt
a
n
d
l
e
s
s
m
o
des
o
f
o
pe
ra
ti
o
n
s.
T
h
e
se
dra
w
backs
ca
n
be
o
ve
rco
m
e
by
the
a
p
p
lica
t
io
n
of
non-
i
s
o
l
a
t
e
d
t
r
i
-
p
ort
c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
for
rene
w
a
ble
e
n
er
gy.
F
rom
t
he
d
e
t
aile
d
l
i
t
e
ra
ture
s
urve
y,
i
t
is
c
l
e
arl
y
un
derst
o
od
t
h
a
t
it
is
n
ec
essa
ry
t
o
re
du
ce
l
o
sse
s
a
n
d
t
he
b
id
ire
ct
io
na
l
flow
o
f
p
o
w
e
r
is
n
e
e
de
d
to
m
eet
the i
n
cr
eas
in
g pow
e
r
de
m
a
n
d
s
;
als
o
w
it
h the
availa
b
i
lit
y of the
c
om
p
o
n
e
n
ts
t
o be
u
se
d on
t
im
e
sha
r
in
g b
a
sis.
The
no
ve
lt
y
o
f
t
he
p
rop
o
se
d
syste
m
i
s
tha
t
,
t
h
e
non-
i
s
o
l
a
t
e
d
t
r
i-p
o
rt
DC-D
C
c
on
verter
i
s
use
d
f
or
g
o
gree
n
ap
pl
ica
t
i
ons
i
n
w
h
i
c
h
t
h
e
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
is
s
up
p
l
ie
d
by
al
t
e
rin
g
t
he
p
h
o
t
ovo
l
t
aic
vo
l
t
age
,
b
atter
y
v
o
l
ta
ge
a
n
d
gri
d
v
o
lta
ge.
I
n
t
h
i
s
c
o
nve
rte
r
t
he
b
i
d
ire
c
t
i
o
n
a
l
f
low
be
tw
ee
n
the
l
o
ad
a
nd
so
urc
e
can
b
e
ma
inta
ine
d
.
This
con
v
er
t
e
r
is
t
h
e
m
a
i
n
com
p
o
n
en
t
be
tween
t
he
s
o
u
r
ce
and
a
loa
d
a
s
it
i
s
a
f
ly-
b
ac
k
c
onve
rter
t
he
o
u
t
p
u
t
i
s
gi
ve
n
to
t
he
i
nve
r
t
er
p
re
sen
t
n
ear
t
he
l
oa
d.
T
he
m
e
r
i
t
s
of
t
hes
e
sys
t
em
s
ar
e
tha
t
w
e
a
r
e
usi
n
g
rene
wabl
e
e
n
e
r
g
y
a
s
t
h
e
m
a
s
t
e
r
p
i
e
c
e
a
n
d
w
h
i
c
h
h
e
l
p
s
u
s
t
o
u
s
e
t
h
i
s
c
o
n
c
e
p
t
f
or
G
O
G
R
EEN
.
Re
new
a
ble
e
n
er
gy
he
lps
us t
o ha
ve a
n e
c
o
-fr
i
e
n
d
l
y
t
r
ansm
i
s
s
i
on i
n
o
ur
e
nv
ironm
en
t
and
ca
n be
v
ery
usefu
l
for
fut
ure
ge
nera
ti
on.
2.
PROPOS
E
D
SYSTE
M
The
ap
p
l
icat
i
o
n
for
w
h
ic
h
hi
g
h
v
o
l
t
a
ge
g
a
i
n
is
n
o
t
m
anda
tory,
t
he
buc
k
bo
os
t
to
po
l
o
g
i
e
s
o
f
con
v
er
t
e
rs
w
il
l
give
t
he
i
mpr
ove
d
per
f
orm
a
nce
w
i
t
h
g
o
o
d
e
f
fic
i
e
n
c
y
.
T
h
e
s
i
m
p
l
i
c
i
t
y
o
f
t
h
e
t
o
p
o
l
o
g
y
a
n
d
i
t
s
mode
l
lin
g
e
q
u
a
t
i
o
n
s
ea
se
s
the
m
o
de
l
lin
g
o
f
t
he
p
ow
e
r
s
t
a
ge.
The
p
erforma
n
ce
o
f
c
onv
e
n
ti
on
a
l
b
u
c
k
a
n
d
bo
ost
co
n
v
er
t
e
rs
f
or
h
igh-
po
w
e
r
hi
g
h
c
ur
rent
a
pp
lic
a
tio
ns
i
s
po
or,
since the pow
er
i
s
pr
oc
esse
d
b
y
t
w
o
p
ow
e
r
dev
i
ce
s.
T
h
i
s
ha
s
t
h
e
d
i
sa
dva
nta
g
e
o
f
i
ncr
e
a
s
e
in
t
he
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
d
p
a
ssi
v
e
d
e
v
i
c
es
w
hi
ch
i
n
c
re
ase
s
t
he
s
i
ze
f
u
rther
.
I
ncreas
e
the
po
w
e
r
rat
i
n
g
,
obt
a
i
n
i
ng
b
ett
e
r
pe
rfo
rma
n
c
e
a
n
d
re
du
ce
p
assi
v
e
c
o
m
po
n
e
nt
s
are
perform
ed
by
enc
l
os
i
ng
of
c
o
n
ve
rters
a
nd
thi
s
i
s
a
c
o
m
m
on
prac
t
ice
[1
3
]
.
A
l
so
t
he
c
ha
lle
n
g
es
f
o
und
he
re
i
s
the
une
q
u
al
c
u
r
rent
d
istri
b
ut
ion
a
n
d
i
n
c
r
ea
se
d
pow
er
s
ta
g
e
s.
R
i
ppl
e
red
u
c
ti
o
n
i
n
i
n
p
u
t
c
u
rre
n
t
an
d
ou
tp
ut
vo
lta
ge
[
1
4
],
r
e
d
uc
e
d
E
MI
f
ilter
[
15],
the
pha
se-she
dd
i
n
g
t
h
at
i
m
pro
v
e
s
the
effic
i
e
n
cy
a
t
l
i
ght
l
oa
d
[
1
6]
,
the
c
o
up
le
d
m
a
gne
t
i
c
ut
i
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
w
h
ic
h
r
e
sul
t
s
i
n
r
a
i
s
i
n
g
the
p
o
w
e
r
d
en
si
ty
[
17
]
h
e
l
p
s
i
n
r
ea
c
h
ing
h
i
gh
er
power
leve
l
s.
La
te
ly,
t
h
ree
por
t
con
v
e
r
ter
s
a
re
a
chiev
i
n
g
m
ore
a
t
t
e
n
t
i
on
for
the
app
lica
t
i
ons
w
her
e
t
he
e
nerg
y
stor
ed
i
n
t
h
e
lo
ad
i
s
in
te
gra
t
e
d
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
re
ne
w
a
ble
e
n
erg
y
.
S
i
n
gl
e-st
ag
e
po
we
r
al
t
e
rat
i
on
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
t
h
e
p
o
r
t
s
i
s
bene
f
i
t
of
t
he
pur
pose
of
t
he
T
ri-
p
o
r
t
c
o
n
v
e
rter
(
TP
C)
t
o
p
o
l
og
i
e
s
.
Th
is
c
on
verte
r
i
s
the
ma
i
n
c
omp
one
n
t
betw
ee
n
the
s
ource
a
n
d
a
l
oa
d
a
s
i
t
is
a
f
l
y
-ba
c
k
c
on
vert
er
.
N
o
rm
al
t
ri-
por
t
co
n
v
er
t
e
rs
(
TP
Cs)
ha
ve
s
i
n
g
l
e
st
a
g
e
pow
er
c
on
versi
o
n
d
u
e
to
w
hic
h
u
ni
di
r
e
c
t
i
o
nal
fl
ow
o
f
p
o
w
e
r
is
m
a
i
nt
ai
n
e
d
.
M
ulti
pl
e
in
put
m
u
l
t
i
p
l
e
ou
tpu
t
w
as trie
d
w
i
t
h t
h
e d
e
v
e
lo
pme
n
t
of
non-
i
s
ola
t
e
d
TP
C
(
N
I
TP
C).
N
I
TP
C ha
s the a
d
v
a
nta
g
e
s
o
f
usi
n
g le
ss
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-
8694
I
nt
J
P
ow
Elec
& Dr
i
S
y
st V
ol.
10,
N
o.
4
, Dec
201
9 :
2
0
4
6
– 2
054
2
048
c
o
mp
on
en
ts
a
nd
h
en
ce
it
i
s
l
e
ss
e
x
p
e
n
s
iv
e
an
d
co
mp
act
.
Th
es
e
c
a
n
be
d
e
r
ive
d
from
bas
i
c
c
onve
rters.
A
lso,
on
ly
one
i
n
duc
tor
co
il is u
sed
and he
nce
i
t
r
educ
e
s
the
i
n
duc
ti
ve
l
osse
s i
n
t
he
s
ystem
.
I
n
our
p
ro
pos
ed
s
ys
tem
the
fly-
back
c
on
v
e
rte
r
i
s
repla
c
e
d
b
y
t
h
e
n
on-i
s
ol
at
e
d
t
ri
-p
ort
c
o
nv
ert
e
r
w
h
er
e
t
h
e
a
c
gri
d
i
s
lin
ke
d
t
o
t
he
i
n
v
er
ter
.
T
he
o
ut
p
u
t
o
f
t
he
c
o
n
v
e
r
te
r
is
l
inke
d
thr
o
u
gh
the
i
n
ve
r
t
er
t
o
the
gri
d
.
The
f
unc
t
i
o
n
a
lit
y
o
f
t
r
i
-
por
t
co
nve
r
t
e
r
i
s
to
h
ave
bi
d
i
r
ect
io
na
l
fl
ow
a
nd
w
h
ic
h
a
l
l
o
w
s
t
o
o
v
e
r
com
e
the l
i
m
ita
ti
o
n
s of
t
he
e
x
i
st
i
n
g
sys
t
e
m
.
2.1.
B
loc
k
d
i
agr
a
m
of
N
I
TPC
F
i
gure
2
s
h
o
w
s
the
b
l
oc
k
dia
g
r
a
m
for
the
pl
a
n
ned
sy
stem
e
x
p
l
ai
n
s
the
ope
ra
ti
o
n
of
g
o
gre
e
n
app
l
ica
t
i
o
ns w
ith n
o
n
-is
o
l
a
te
d
tri-port
co
n
v
erte
r to
po
l
ogy.
F
i
gure
2.
B
l
o
c
k
d
ia
gram
of pl
anne
d sys
t
e
m
The
N
I
TP
C
a
v
ail
t
h
re
e
por
ts
f
or
m
a
k
i
n
g
t
h
e
co
nne
c
t
ions
f
or
P
V
p
a
n
el
,
bat
t
e
r
y
a
n
d
i
n
v
e
rt
er.
Th
e
PV
pane
l
i
s
l
inke
d
t
o
t
he
N
ITP
C
a
t
o
n
e
p
o
rt
t
o
c
o
l
l
e
c
t
t
he
r
e
n
ew
ab
l
e
e
n
e
r
g
y
f
r
o
m
s
u
n
l
i
g
h
t
a
n
d
B
a
t
t
e
r
y
i
s
con
n
ec
ted
a
t
s
e
c
on
d
p
o
rt
f
or
s
t
o
ri
ng
t
he
e
nerg
y
pr
oduc
e
d
.
The
i
n
v
er
t
e
r
is
c
on
nec
t
e
d
t
o
th
e
th
ird
p
o
rt
o
f
the
N
I
TP
C.
A
m
icr
o
c
ontro
l
l
er
i
s
use
d
t
o
con
t
ro
l
t
h
e
syste
m
w
he
re
a
n
LCD
d
i
sp
la
y
i
s
a
tt
a
c
h
ed
t
o
it
.
G
a
te
dri
v
ers
a
r
e
us
ed
t
o
dri
v
e
the
swi
t
c
h
es
o
f
con
v
er
t
e
r
as
w
e
l
l
as
t
h
e
in
verter
l
i
nke
d
t
o
t
he
t
hird
p
o
r
t
o
f
the
NITP
C
.
I
nverte
r
i
s
co
nn
e
c
ted
in
o
r
d
er
t
o
co
n
v
er
t
t
h
e
dc
v
o
l
tage
t
o
ac.
R
P
S
uni
ts
a
re
c
o
n
ne
ct
ed
f
r
o
m
a
trans
f
orm
e
r
i
n
s
uc
h
a
w
a
y
tha
t
t
hey
dri
v
e
sw
i
t
c
h
e
s
c
on
n
e
cted
to
t
he
g
a
t
e
dr
i
v
e
r
u
ni
t.
B
ot
h
th
e
i
n
pu
t
an
d
ou
tpu
t
v
o
lta
ge
s
of
t
he
T
P
C
a
re
c
om
put
e
d
u
sing
v
o
lta
ge
s
e
n
s
i
n
g
u
ni
ts
a
n
d
i
nform
a
ti
on
is
g
ive
n
t
o
t
h
e
m
i
cro
con
t
ro
l
l
er
f
or
f
ur
the
r
p
roce
ss
in
t
he
o
pe
rat
i
on.
A
n
A
C
g
ri
d
i
s
co
n
n
e
c
t
e
d
at
t
he
l
oa
d
si
de.
The
A
C
G
rid
is
adde
d
a
d
dit
i
o
n
a
ll
y
to
s
up
p
l
y
the
l
o
a
d
i
n
the
a
b
se
nce
of
P
V
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
a
n
d
Ba
t
t
e
r
y
vo
ltage
.
A
re
ctifier
c
i
rcui
t
is
use
d
for the
c
o
nve
rs
i
o
n
o
f
A
C su
pp
l
y
to D
C
s
u
p
p
l
y.
2.2.
M
od
es of
op
e
r
ati
o
n
of N
ITP
C
F
i
gure
3 sh
ow
s
t
h
e
pro
pose
d
g
rid-co
nne
c
t
e
d
P
V plan
t
w
i
t
h
e
ner
g
y
s
t
o
rag
e
s
y
s
t
e
m
(
E
E
S
)
.
F
i
gure
3.
Bloc
k
dia
gra
m
o
f th
e
prop
osed
g
r
i
d
-
co
nnec
t
e
d
P
V
plan
t
w
it
h
e
n
e
r
g
y
s
to
r
a
g
e
s
ys
t
e
m
(
E
S
S
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
E
l
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
IS
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
D
C
-D
C c
onver
ter b
a
se
d p
o
w
e
r
m
ana
gem
e
n
t
fo
r
go gree
n a
p
p
l
i
c
a
tio
ns (
W
.
Abith
a
Mem
a
l
a
)
2
049
In
t
he
p
ro
p
o
se
d
sy
ste
m
S
olar
/P
V
vo
lta
ge,
B
a
tter
y
v
o
l
ta
ge
a
l
o
n
g
w
i
t
h
A
C
G
r
id
v
ol
ta
ge
i
s
use
d
f
or
t
h
e
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
.
N
I
T
P
C
i
s
u
s
e
d
w
h
i
c
h
h
a
s
a
s
i
n
g
l
e
i
n
d
u
c
t
o
r
t
h
a
t
r
e
duce
s
t
h
e
i
nd
uc
ti
ve
l
os
s.
T
he
b
i
d
irec
tio
na
l
fl
ow
o
f
the
e
n
ergy
i
n
t
he
s
ys
t
e
m
is
p
o
ssib
l
e
since
t
h
e
us
e
of
N
I
T
P
C
.
B
a
s
e
d
o
n
t
h
e
d
i
r
e
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
e
n
e
r
g
y
f
l
o
w
,
the s
y
stem
ope
r
a
tes
i
n
s
ix
m
ode
s.
P
h
o
t
o-v
o
lta
ic
(
PV
) to the
ba
t
t
e
ry
P
h
o
t
o-v
o
lta
ic
(
PV
) to the
l
oad
P
h
o
t
o-v
o
lta
ic
(
PV
) to the
ba
t
t
e
ry
a
nd
the
loa
d
P
h
o
t
o-v
o
lta
ic
(
P
V
) a
nd the
ba
tt
e
r
y to
t
he
l
oa
d
Gri
d
t
o
th
e B
a
tt
e
r
y
Ba
ttery
t
o
the
l
o
ad
S
i
ng
le
i
n
v
er
t
e
r
is
p
ro
p
o
se
d
t
o
b
o
o
s
t
t
he
v
o
l
ta
ge.
These
m
o
di
fic
at
i
ons
m
a
d
e
t
h
e
sys
t
em
a
n
effect
i
v
e
s
y
s
t
e
m
a
n
d
a
l
s
o
r
a
i
s
e
t
h
e
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
o
f
t
h
e
s
y
s
t
e
m
.
T
h
e
N
I
T
P
C
h
as
l
ow
i
n
d
uc
t
i
ve
l
os
s,
B
id
i
r
ect
i
ona
l
fl
ow
o
f
ene
r
g
y
,
con
t
i
n
uo
us
l
oa
d
s
u
p
p
ly
by
a
l
ter
i
n
g
t
h
e
s
o
urc
e
s.
A
lso
a
l
l
t
ype
s
of
r
enew
a
b
l
e
e
nerg
y
sour
ces
can
b
e
con
n
ec
ted
to t
h
e
s
yst
e
m.
This sys
t
em
ca
n
be
use
d
i
n
h
o
me
and
i
n
du
stria
l
a
pp
lic
at
io
ns.
3.
SOFTWARE
S
IMULATION
F
i
gure
4
sho
w
s
the
P
r
opo
sed
TP
C
t
o
po
lo
gy
w
i
t
h
i
n
t
e
r
lea
v
e
d
s
tage
s
.
T
h
e
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
d
i
a
g
r
a
m
o
f
the
Tr
ip
ort
c
o
nve
r
t
er
i
s
sh
o
w
n
in
F
i
g
ure
5.
F
igure
6
to
10
show
s
the
stea
d
y
s
t
a
te
w
ave
f
orm
obt
aine
d
a
t
vari
ous o
pe
rat
i
ng m
ode
s of t
h
e
pr
opose
d
s
ys
t
e
m.
F
i
gure
4. P
rop
o
se
d
TP
C to
po
l
o
g
y
w
ith
i
n
t
e
r
leave
d
stages
F
i
gure
5.
T
ri por
t
co
nver
t
e
r
F
i
gure
6.
S
tea
dy-sta
t
e
w
a
vef
o
rm
s
in P
V
to D
C b
u
s
oper
a
ti
ng
mod
e
F
i
gure
7.
S
t
e
ady-sta
t
e
w
a
ve
fo
rm
s in P
V to b
a
t
te
r
y
oper
a
ti
ng
mod
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-
8694
I
nt
J
P
ow
Elec
& Dr
i
S
y
st V
ol.
10,
N
o.
4
, Dec
201
9 :
2
0
4
6
– 2
054
2
050
F
i
gure
8.
S
tea
dy-st
a
t
e w
a
vefo
r
m
s
i
n
b
at
tery
t
o
D
C bus
oper
a
ti
ng
mod
e
F
i
g
u
r
e
9
.
S
t
eady-
sta
t
e
w
a
vefo
rm
s in D
C
bus
t
o
ba
tter
y
o
per
a
t
i
ng
mode
(a
)
(
b
)
F
i
gure
1
0
.
S
t
eady s
t
ate
w
a
ve
form
under
P
V
to
b
a
tte
ry a
n
d
D
C bus o
pe
rat
i
ng (a
) V
o
ltage
(
b)
C
urrent
4.
HARDWARE
I
n
t
h
i
s
sys
t
e
m
,
t
h
e
s
o
lar
pa
ne
l
is
c
o
nne
cte
d
t
o
the
N
o
n
I
s
o
l
a
t
e
d
Tr
i
-
p
o
r
t
C
o
nver
t
er
(
N
I
TPC)
w
hic
h
i
s
in
t
urn
co
n
n
ec
t
e
d
to
t
he
C
a
p
a
c
it
i
v
e
Ba
tter
y
s
ys
tem
.
T
he
N
ITP
C
i
s
c
o
n
n
ec
te
d
t
o
t
he
i
n
v
er
t
e
r
and
re
la
y
a
s
w
e
l
l
a
s
t
h
e
m
i
c
r
o
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
.
T
h
e
s
w
i
t
c
h
e
s
o
f
b
o
t
h
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
a
n
d
i
n
v
er
t
e
r
ar
e
c
onne
c
t
ed
t
o
t
h
e
ga
te
d
rivers
w
hic
h
a
r
e
g
i
v
e
n
suppl
y
f
o
rm
t
h
e
R
PS
u
n
it
s.
T
h
e
R
P
S
u
n
i
t
s
a
re
g
iv
en
s
u
pp
l
y
t
h
r
ou
gh
t
h
e
s
t
e
p
-
do
wn
t
ra
nsfo
rme
r
.
The
m
i
cr
o
c
o
n
t
ro
ll
e
r
g
i
v
es
t
h
e
i
ns
truct
i
o
ns
t
o
t
h
e
s
y
st
e
m
d
epen
di
ng
u
p
on
th
e
c
o
ndi
tio
n
s
.
A
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
s
e
n
si
ng
u
n
i
t
i
s
c
o
n
n
ecte
d
t
o
ch
e
c
k
t
h
e
i
npu
t
v
o
lt
age
s
a
t
th
e
c
onve
rt
e
r
side
a
nd
ou
tpu
t
v
o
lta
g
e
s
a
t
m
icro
c
o
n
t
ro
ller
side
.
A
LCD
d
i
s
p
la
y
i
s
c
o
nne
cted
t
o
the
mic
r
o
co
n
t
rol
l
er
f
or
d
i
sp
l
a
yi
ng
t
h
e
m
od
e
o
f
ope
rat
i
o
n
s
.
We
a
s
s
u
m
e
a
l
o
a
d
o
f
1
2
V
LED
l
i
ght
w
h
i
ch
i
s
co
nn
ect
e
d
a
t
th
e
ou
tp
ut
s
i
d
e.
A
DC
g
ri
d
is
a
rrange
d
i
n
t
he
f
o
r
m
of
a
t
r
ansform
e
r to sup
p
l
y the
v
o
lta
ge
i
n t
h
e
abs
e
nc
e of so
l
ar
p
an
el &
b
att
e
ry voltages.
A
solar
ce
l
l
o
r
ph
oto
v
o
l
ta
i
c
c
e
l
l
are
su
ch
t
ype
o
f
e
l
ect
ri
c
a
l
dev
i
ce
s
t
h
at
c
o
nver
t
l
igh
t
e
ne
r
g
y
direc
tly
i
n
t
o
p
hy
si
ca
l
a
n
d
ch
e
m
i
cal
p
h
e
no
meno
n
.
P
h
o
to
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
cel
l
po
sse
ss
c
har
a
cteris
t
i
cs
s
uc
h
a
s
c
ur
rent,
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
and
r
e
s
i
sta
n
c
e
.
The
m
u
l
tip
le
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
l
t
a
i
c
c
e
lls
g
e
t
i
n
t
egr
a
ted
i
n
o
n
e
p
l
a
n
e
w
h
ic
h
c
o
ns
t
i
tu
t
e
s
of
s
o
l
ar
p
hot
o
vo
lta
i
c
p
a
n
e
l
o
r
modu
le.
T
h
e
P
V
s
ystem
or
s
o
l
ar
p
ow
er
s
ys
t
e
m
is
d
es
i
g
ned
to
s
up
pl
y
so
lar
p
o
w
e
r
t
h
rou
gh
ph
o
t
o
v
o
l
t
a
i
c.
The
p
ro
pose
d
sy
s
tem
ha
rdw
a
r
e
is
sh
ow
n
in
F
ig
ure
1
1.
F
i
g
u
r
e
11.
H
ardw
a
r
e
se
tup o
f
p
ro
pose
d
sys
te
m
A
tri-port
c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
is
u
s
e
d
to
p
erf
o
rm
b
u
c
k,
b
oo
st
&
buc
k-b
oos
t
op
era
t
i
o
n
s
d
ep
en
din
g
upon
the
vo
l
t
age
d
i
ffer
ence
s.Whe
n
t
he
v
olta
ge
i
s
u
nder
t
h
e
thr
e
sho
l
d
v
al
u
e
,
it
b
o
o
st
s
t
h
e
volt
a
g
e
t
o
th
e
re
qu
i
r
ed
leve
l. Whe
n
t
h
e
v
o
l
ta
g
e
i
s
ab
ove
t
he
r
eq
uire
d va
lue,
i
t
b
u
c
k
s t
he
v
o
l
ta
ge t
o
th
e
re
qu
ire
d
l
eve
l
.
S
i
mi
lar
l
y
w
h
en
the
v
o
l
t
a
ge
v
a
r
ies
the
c
o
n
v
ert
e
r
w
i
l
l
buc
k-b
oos
t
t
h
e
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
t
o
t
he
r
e
q
ui
r
e
d
l
i
m
i
t
.
I
t
ha
s
a
sim
p
l
e
c
o
n
struc
t
ion
w
ith
5
di
o
des,
3
c
apac
it
ors,
and 1 i
n
duc
t
o
r.
Th
i
s tri-p
o
rt c
o
n
v
er
ter
is c
ontrol
l
e
d
u
sin
g
4
M
O
S
F
ET sw
itches.
These
a
r
e
co
n
n
e
c
te
d
in
s
uc
h
a
w
a
y
tha
t
t
he
y
ca
n
ope
r
a
te
a
s
tri-
p
o
rt
c
on
ver
t
er.
Th
e
m
odes
o
f
opera
tio
n
of
t
h
i
s
sys
t
em
a
re
p
ure
l
y
base
d
on
t
h
i
s
t
r
i-
po
r
t
c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
an
d
i
t
s
opera
t
i
o
n
.
It
i
s
an
a
u
t
om
at
i
c
d
e
v
ic
e
w
h
ic
h
w
o
rks
a
nd
t
a
kes
dec
i
s
i
on
o
n
i
ts
o
w
n
d
epe
n
di
n
g
u
p
on
t
h
e
c
o
n
d
i
tio
n.
T
he
se
a
re
h
i
g
h
l
y
use
d
a
s
t
h
ey
a
re
ea
sy
t
o
c
onstr
uc
t
a
n
d
o
p
era
t
e
a
s
w
ell
as
c
heap
a
n
d
e
ffi
c
i
e
n
t.
T
he
m
o
d
e
l
co
nce
n
t
r
a
t
es
on
D
C
t
o
A
C
p
ow
er
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
E
l
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
IS
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
D
C
-D
C c
onver
ter b
a
se
d p
o
w
e
r
m
ana
gem
e
n
t
fo
r
go gree
n a
p
p
l
i
c
a
tio
ns (
W
.
Abith
a
Mem
a
l
a
)
2
051
in
verter
s,
w
h
i
c
h
a
im
t
o
a
l
te
r
t
h
e
D
C
p
ow
er
s
ourc
e
t
o
a
hi
g
h
vol
ta
ge
A
C
so
urc
e
.
I
nverter
s
are
use
d
f
or
m
any
app
l
ica
t
i
o
ns
t
o
ba
lance
w
i
th
t
he
s
itua
tio
ns
o
f
ha
v
i
n
g
l
ow
v
olta
ge
D
C
s
o
urces
such
a
s
batt
er
ies,
s
olar
p
ane
l
s
must be
c
o
nver
t
ed.
T
h
e
l
o
w
v
o
lta
ge
D
C pow
er
i
s in
verte
d
w
ith 2
ste
p
s.
I
n
the
first
ste
p
t
he
l
ow
vo
ltag
e
D
C is
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
d
t
o
D
C
t
o
a
h
i
g
h
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
D
C
.
A
s
t
h
e
s
e
c
o
n
d
s
t
e
p
,
t
h
i
s
D
C
i
s
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
d
t
o
h
i
g
h
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
A
C
.
A
n
o
v
e
l
sing
le in
d
u
ct
or
N
I
T
P
C
i
s pla
n
ned f
o
r
a
P
V
-Batter
y
t
o the D
C
m
i
c
ro gr
i
d.
A
s tw
o
o
f
the t
hre
e
p
orts ar
e
able
to
han
d
l
e
re
versi
b
le
c
urre
nt
s,
t
h
i
s
me
tho
d
e
nsu
r
e
s
m
ore
fl
e
x
ible
p
ow
e
r
f
l
o
w
.
T
he
p
r
o
p
o
se
d
N
I
T
P
C
c
a
n
transm
it
the
p
o
w
e
r
sm
ooth
l
y
be
tw
e
e
n
D
C
-gr
i
d
an
d
A
C
g
ri
d.
T
he
f
le
x
i
ble
op
era
tio
n
of
t
he
c
onve
rter
i
s
veri
fi
ed
w
it
h
the e
x
perim
e
n
t
al r
esults.
5.
O
PER
A
TION
The
6
mo
des
o
f
o
pe
rat
i
on
o
f
the
pro
pose
d
s
y
s
te
m
is
e
x
p
l
a
i
n
e
d
as
b
elo
w
.
Th
e
ci
rcu
i
t
op
e
r
at
i
o
n
ea
ch
mode
a
re
s
h
o
w
n
in s
how
n in
F
igure
1
2
to 1
6
.
5.1.
Ph
ot
o-vo
l
t
a
i
c
(PV
)
t
o th
e b
a
tt
ery
I
n
t
he
o
per
a
t
i
on,
P
V
voltag
e
i
s
give
n
t
o
t
he
b
a
t
t
e
ry
w
here
t
he
v
o
l
t
a
ge
h
as
t
o
be
s
t
o
r
e
d
us
i
n
g
ca
paci
t
o
rs
f
r
o
m
w
h
ic
h
the
loa
d
g
ets
t
h
e
s
u
p
p
ly.
T
h
i
s
m
ode
i
s
de
si
gn
ed
f
o
r
g
rid
-
c
onn
ec
t
e
d
mo
d
e
.
In
t
hi
s
mode
,
the
D
C
b
u
s
i
s
c
o
ntr
o
lle
d
by
t
h
e
A
C
g
rid.
A
n
d
t
he
P
V
has
a
d
e
qua
te
pow
e
r
t
o
c
h
ar
ge
t
he
b
a
tter
y
.
There
f
ore
t
h
e
c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
w
o
r
k
s
l
i
ke
a
c
on
v
e
nt
i
ona
l
S
I
S
O
boos
t
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r.
W
he
n
S
1
t
urns
o
n,
t
he
e
nerg
y
in
i
nd
uc
t
o
r
L1
i
s
s
t
ore
d
f
r
o
m
P
V
.
When
S
1
tur
n
s
o
f
f,
D
3
c
ond
uc
t
s
a
n
d
bot
h
P
V
a
nd
L1
d
el
i
v
er
t
heir
e
nerg
y
to ba
t
tery.
5.2.
Ph
ot
o-vo
l
t
a
i
c
(PV
)
t
o th
e
l
oad
I
n
t
h
i
s
oper
a
ti
on
,
the
P
V
v
o
l
t
a
ge
w
h
i
c
h
i
s
pr
oduc
e
d
w
it
h
t
h
e
s
o
lar
e
n
er
gy
i
s
fe
d
t
o
t
he
l
oad.
W
hen
the
ba
tter
y
i
s
fu
l
l
y
c
h
arge
d
and
P
V
pow
e
r
i
s
o
b
t
ai
na
bl
e
,
t
he
c
o
nve
rt
er
oper
a
tes.
T
he
e
ner
gy
i
s
s
e
n
t
fr
o
m
the
P
V
p
ane
l
t
o
t
h
e
A
C
bus.
N
o
w
the
c
onve
rter
oper
a
tes
as
S
i
n
gl
e
Inp
u
t
S
i
n
g
le
O
ut
pu
t
(S
IS
O)
b
oost
con
v
er
t
e
r.
S
1
a
nd
D
2
a
re
w
o
r
ki
ng
i
n
a
b
a
l
a
n
ced
m
anne
r
a
n
d
t
h
e
s
w
itc
h
i
ng
l
osse
s
redu
c
e
d
w
i
t
h
S
2
is
t
urned
on f
o
r
t
h
e w
h
o
l
e ope
rat
i
on. A
s
d
i
o
d
e of
S
4
i
s
r
ever
se
b
ia
se
d, D
5
w
i
ll n
o
t
c
ond
uc
t. F
i
gur
e 1
2
s
h
o
w
s
the
circ
u
i
t
diagram
f
o
r
P
V
t
o
lo
a
d
5.3.
Ph
ot
o-vo
l
t
a
i
c
(PV
)
t
o th
e b
a
tt
ery
a
nd
th
e
l
oad
I
n
th
i
s o
p
era
t
i
o
n, the v
olta
ge
fr
o
m th
e
P
V
panel is tr
an
sfer
red
t
o
th
e
b
a
t
t
ery
and
th
e
l
o
ad
.
Th
e
en
e
r
gy
ca
n
be
s
tore
d
usi
n
g
t
h
e
ba
t
t
ery.
W
he
n
th
e
P
V
c
urr
e
nt
i
s
ad
va
nce
d
t
h
an
t
he
r
a
t
e
d
c
har
g
in
g
cur
r
ent
o
f
the
ba
t
t
er
y,
t
h
i
s
m
ode
b
e
c
o
me
s
ac
tive
.
T
he
r
e
fore
t
h
i
s
co
nf
i
g
ur
a
ti
o
n
wo
rks
a
s
a
S
i
n
gl
e
i
n
put
D
o
ubl
e
Ou
tp
u
t
(S
ID
O)
boos
t
c
o
n
v
erter
.
T
he
b
at
ter
y
p
ow
e
r
a
nd
the
A
C
p
ow
er
i
s
s
up
p
l
i
e
d
b
y
t
he
P
V
pow
er
.
Whe
n
S
1
is
tur
n
ed
on,
L1
i
s
c
har
g
ed,
and
i
s
s
how
n
i
n
F
ig
ure
13.
F
i
gure
1
2
.
Cir
c
ui
t
d
i
a
g
ram
of P
V to loa
d
F
i
gure
1
3
.
Circ
ui
t
d
i
a
g
ram
of P
V to ba
tte
ry a
nd
l
oa
d
Whe
n
S
1
be
co
m
e
s
off
t
h
e
p
o
w
er
i
s
dis
p
a
t
c
h
e
d
t
o
t
h
e
bat
t
e
ry
a
n
d
the
A
C
b
us
t
hrou
g
h
t
he
S
2,
D
2
and
D3.
T
h
e
l
o
ad
d
em
and
d
e
term
ines
t
he
c
urr
e
nt
r
a
tio
o
f
the
two
o
ut
p
u
ts
i
n
w
h
ic
h
D
2
i
s
re
gu
la
t
e
d
by
S
2
.
The
rem
a
in
in
g
c
u
rre
nt
f
l
o
w
s
t
o
the
ba
tte
ry
a
nd
i
t
’s
s
t
o
re
d
i
n
i
t.
If
the ba
tt
ery
appr
oa
ches
f
u
ll
S
O
C the
a
m
ou
nt
of
c
har
g
in
g
cu
rr
ent
pro
duc
e
d
n
e
e
ds
t
o
be
l
i
m
i
t
e
d
.
A
s
D
5
i
s
u
nre
g
u
l
a
te
d,
t
he
c
on
tro
l
o
f
th
is
c
u
r
ren
t
c
an
b
e
obs
erve
d b
y
r
egu
l
a
tin
g
S
2
u
si
ng t
h
e
cur
r
ent
s
re
l
a
tions
h
i
p.
5.4.
Ph
ot
o-vo
l
t
a
i
c
(P
V
)
an
d
th
e b
a
tte
ry t
o th
e load
The
ina
d
e
qua
t
e
r
adia
ti
on
o
f
t
he
s
o
l
a
r
t
o
su
pp
l
y
o
nly
t
h
e
A
C
b
us
r
esu
lts
i
n
t
h
e
ac
ti
va
ti
o
n
o
f
t
h
is
mode
.
The
r
efo
r
e
the
ba
tt
ery
a
l
s
o
b
ec
ome
s
a
cti
v
e
to
s
up
p
l
y
for
t
h
e
A
C
b
u
s
i
ns
ta
nt
ane
o
us
ly.
H
e
n
c
e
t
h
is
m
ode
requ
ire
s
a
D
ual
I
npu
t
S
i
n
g
l
e
O
u
t
p
u
t
(
D
I
SO
)
c
onverte
r
s
t
r
uc
ture.
D
epe
ndi
ng
on
t
h
e
am
oun
t
of
P
V
po
w
e
r
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-
8694
I
nt
J
P
ow
Elec
& Dr
i
S
y
st V
ol.
10,
N
o.
4
, Dec
201
9 :
2
0
4
6
– 2
054
2
052
ac
cessi
bil
i
t
y,
t
he
re
a
r
e
t
w
o
s
w
itc
hi
ng
se
que
nc
es
a
vai
l
a
b
le in
t
his
m
o
d
e
.
As
f
irst
le
v
el the
P
V
char
ges
in
d
u
ct
or
L1.
Whe
n
S
1
t
u
r
n
s
o
f
f,
L
1
is
d
i
s
charge
d
w
i
t
h
b
o
t
h
ba
tt
er
y
a
nd
P
V
.
T
he
P
V
pow
er
d
ro
ps
a
n
d
t
he
s
yste
m
in
t
e
nd
t
o
sw
itc
h
as
b
a
t
tery
a
l
one
s
up
p
l
y
for
t
h
e
A
C
bus.
H
o
w
e
ve
r
,
t
h
e
r
e
i
s
a
s
m
a
l
l
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
P
V
p
o
w
e
r
,
the
co
n
v
erte
r
tur
n
s
o
n
S
3
s
o
t
ha
t
t
h
e
ba
tter
y
c
ha
rges
L
1
a
n
d
po
w
e
r
s
A
C
b
u
s
.
A
f
t
e
r
S
3
i
s
t
u
r
n
e
d
o
f
f
,
P
V
t
u
r
n
s
up t
o
e
nerg
ise
L1 for
A
C bu
s.
F
igure
14 sh
o
w
s tha
circ
uit
d
i
a
g
r
am
of P
V
and
b
attery
t
o
load.
5.5.
Grid
t
o th
e
b
a
t
t
er
y
The
pro
t
ec
ti
o
n
o
f
b
a
tte
ry
f
orm
ove
r
di
sc
har
g
i
n
g
is
p
erf
o
rm
ed
w
i
th
t
his
m
ode.
A
l
so
s
o
m
e
ener
gy
i
s
st
o
r
e
d
a
s
t
h
e
ba
ck
up
t
o
suppl
y
at
t
h
e
t
i
m
e
of
a
b
s
en
ce
o
f
the
PV
pow
e
r
.
The
r
efore
t
h
e
G
r
i
d
h
e
l
ps
i
n
ch
argi
ng
the
ba
tte
ry.
T
h
e
sa
me
S
ISO
bo
os
t
c
o
nver
t
e
r
i
n
Mo
de
1
i
s
use
d
b
u
t
w
i
th
e
xtr
a
s
w
i
tc
h
S
4
a
n
d
d
io
de
D
5
ar
e
adde
d
in
t
he
o
pe
rat
i
o
n
.
S
4
f
u
lly
t
ur
ns
o
n
t
o
a
ll
ow
b
us
t
o
d
i
st
r
i
b
ut
e
p
o
we
r
an
d
t
o
m
in
i
m
iz
e
swi
t
chi
n
g
lo
ss
es.
F
i
rst
S
w
itch
S
1
t
urns
o
n
to
c
harge
L1.
Whe
n
S
1
is
o
ff,
t
h
e
pow
e
r
fr
om
bot
h
A
C
b
us
a
n
d
L
1
w
ill
be
r
e
l
e
a
se
d
thr
o
u
g
h
d
i
o
de
D
3
to
t
he
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
.
D
1
i
s
r
e
verse
biase
d
,
he
nce
,
n
o
p
o
w
e
r
w
ill
fl
ow
t
o
PV
.
Figure
1
5
show
s
the c
i
rc
ui
t d
i
ag
ra
m
of gr
i
d
t
o
bat
tery
m
ode
.
F
i
gure
1
4
. Circ
u
i
t
d
ia
gram
of
P
V
a
nd
b
at
tery
to
l
o
a
d
F
i
gure
1
5.
C
irc
u
it
d
i
a
g
ram
of gri
d
t
o
b
a
t
t
e
ry m
ode
5.6.
Bat
t
er
y to
t
h
e
lo
a
d
I
n
t
he
a
bse
n
c
e
o
f
P
V
pow
e
r
a
nd
w
h
en
t
he
A
C
gr
i
d
n
ee
ds
t
he
p
ow
e
r
,
thi
s
m
ode
i
s
ac
t
i
v
a
t
e
d.
There
f
ore
t
h
e
bat
t
ery
is
a
c
t
i
v
e
an
d
i
t
s
up
pl
i
e
s
the
pow
e
r
t
o
t
h
e
l
o
a
d
.
Th
e
co
nve
r
t
er
w
orks
a
s
a
S
I
SO
buc
k
con
v
er
t
e
r.
W
he
n
S
3
t
ur
n
s
o
n
,
L
1
i
s
c
ha
rge
d
.
The
free
w
h
eeli
n
g
d
i
ode
D
4
co
n
duc
ts
w
he
n
sw
i
t
ch
S
3
i
s
o
ff.
S
w
itch
S
2
i
s
a
l
w
a
ys
t
ur
ned
on
in
t
hi
s
m
ode.
S
i
m
i
l
a
r
t
o
P
V
and
B
attery
t
o
L
o
ad,
D3
i
s
r
e
sponsible
f
o
r
con
t
ro
l
lin
g
t
h
e
A
C
bus v
o
lta
g
e
.
F
i
gure
16 sh
ow
s the
circu
i
t dia
gr
am
of
bat
t
e
r
y to
l
oa
d.
F
i
gure
16.
Circui
t
d
iagr
am
of
bat
t
ery
to
l
oa
d
6
.
C
ONCL
U
S
ION
I
n
t
hi
s
pa
per,
a
t
hree
port
D
C
-DC
c
on
verte
r
f
or
P
V
syste
m
s
w
i
th
b
a
t
te
r
y
s
torage
w
a
s
o
b
t
a
i
ne
d.
The
o
p
e
r
at
in
g
mode
s
a
n
d
the
des
i
g
n
p
ro
cedur
es
a
r
e
e
xp
la
ine
d
i
n
d
e
ta
il.
F
rom
t
h
e
simu
la
ti
o
n
a
nd
t
he
expe
r
i
me
n
t
a
l
r
esu
l
ts
t
he
e
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There
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ffi
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n
ic
i
so
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ti
on i
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sse
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i
a
l
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
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a
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ab
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tit
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Che
nna
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f our
w
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REFE
RENCES
[1]
X
RE
N2
1,
“
Ren
e
wabl
es
2
01
5
Glo
b
al
S
tat
u
s
Report
,
” F
e
b
20
15
.
[2]
M
B
r
a
u
n
,
T
S
t
e
t
z
,
R
B
r
ü
n
d
l
i
n
g
e
r
,
C
M
a
y
r
,
K
O
g
i
m
o
t
o
,
H
H
a
t
t
a
,
H
K
obayas
h
i,
B
K
ro
po
ski,
B
M
at
her,
M
Coddi
n
g
t
on,
K
Lynn,
G
Gradi
t
i,
A
W
oy
te
a
nd
I
M
acGill,
“
Is
t
he
d
istr
ibution
grid
r
eady
to
acc
ept
large-s
cale
ph
ot
ovo
lt
aic
depl
oy
m
e
n
t
?
S
t
at
e
o
f
t
h
e
a
rt
,
p
r
og
ress,
an
d
f
u
tu
re
p
ro
sp
ects
,
”
P
r
ogress
in P
h
o
t
ovolt
a
ics R
e
search
and
Applications
, 20
1
2.
[3]
Y
Chen
g,
“
Im
pa
ct
o
f
L
a
rge
S
cale
Int
e
grati
o
n
o
f
P
h
o
t
o
v
o
l
t
a
i
c
E
n
e
rgy
So
urce
and
O
p
t
i
mizat
io
n
in
S
m
a
rt
G
rid
with
Min
i
ma
l En
e
r
gy
S
to
ra
ge
,”
IEEE
Int. Sym. Ind.
El
ect
ronics
,
20
10
.
[4]
G
M
u
lder,
F
D
e
R
id
der
and
D
Six
,
“
E
l
ectri
cit
y
s
torag
e
f
or
g
ri
d-
c
o
n
n
e
c
te
d
ho
use
h
old
d
w
e
l
l
i
n
g
s
with
P
V
pa
n
e
ls,”
So
la
r E
n
erg
y
,
vo
l
.
84
,
no
. 7
,
2
0
1
2
.
[5]
S
Ch
ian
g
,
K
Ch
a
n
g
and
C
Y
e
n,
“
Resi
den
t
ia
l
Ph
ot
ov
o
l
ta
ic
E
nergy
S
to
ra
ge
S
yste
m
,
”
IEE
E
Tran
sa
c
tion
s
on
in
du
s
t
ria
l
e
l
ectron
i
cs
, v
ol
.
4
5
, n
o. 3,
19
9
8
.
[6]
H.
A
l
-
A
t
rash
, F
.
T
i
an
an
d
I
.
B
atar
seh
, “Tr
i
-
Mod
a
l
Half
-Brid
g
e
C
onvert
er To
p
o
l
og
y
f
o
r
T
h
ree-P
o
rt
Int
erf
ace,”
IE
E
E
Trans. Power Elect
ronics
,
vo
l. 2
2, no
.
1
,
pp
. 3
41
-34
5
,
2
00
7.
[7]
Z.
W
ang
,
“
An
I
n
t
eg
rated
T
h
ree-P
o
rt
B
idirecti
o
n
a
l
DC-D
CCo
n
v
e
rter
f
or
P
V
Appli
c
a
tion
on
a
D
C
Dis
t
ribu
tion
Sy
ste
m
,”
I
E
EE Trans. Power Elect
ronics
,
vo
l. 2
8, no
.
1
0
, p
p.
46
1
2
-
4
6
2
4
, 20
1
2
.
[8]
Z
Q
i
an
,
O
A
b
d
e
l-Rahm
an
,
H
A
l
-A
tras
h
an
d
I
Bat
a
rseh,
“
M
o
d
elin
g
a
nd
C
on
trol
o
f
Thre
e
-
P
o
rt
D
C/DC
C
o
n
v
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r
te
r
Int
e
rface
fo
r S
a
tel
l
i
t
e A
p
p
l
i
cation,
”
IEEE Trans.
P
o
wer Electronics
,
v
o
l
.
2
5
,
no.
3
,
pp
.
6
37-6
4
9
,
2010
.
[9]
H
Tao,
A
K
o
t
so
poulos
,
J
Duar
t
e
a
nd
M
H
endri
x
,
“Fami
l
y
of
m
ultip
or
t
bi
d
i
rec
tional
DC-
D
C
con
v
erters,
”
IEEE
Pr
oc.
Elect
ri
c Po
wer A
pplicati
o
n
s
, vo
l
. 15
3
, n
o
.
3
, 20
0
6
.
[10]
Z
O
u
y
a
n
g
,
Z
Z
h
a
n
g
,
O
T
h
o
m
s
e
n
a
n
d
M
A
n
d
e
r
s
e
n
,
“
P
l
a
n
a
r
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
e
d
mag
net
i
cs des
ign
i
n
w
id
e
inpu
t ran
g
e DC-DC
con
v
erter
fo
r f
u
e
l
cell ap
pli
cati
on,”
Energy Conversi
on Congres
s
and E
x
position
, 2
01
0
.
[11]
M.
P
u
s
hpavalli
,
N.
M
J
othi
S
wa
ro
opan,
“Perf
o
r
m
ance
analysi
s
o
f
h
yb
rid
photovo
lt
a
i
c/win
d
e
n
e
rg
y
s
y
stem
u
sing
KY
boo
st
c
onverter,
”
In
tern
at
io
na
l Jou
r
n
a
l o
f
P
o
wer E
l
ectr
o
n
i
cs
and
Dr
ive Sys
t
em
(
I
JPEDS)
,
v
o
l
.
10
,
no
.
1,
pp
.
4
33-4
4
3
,
M
a
r
2
019
.
[12]
B
h
u
v
a
n
e
s
w
a
r
i
C
.
,
R
.
S
a
m
u
e
l
R
a
j
e
s
h
B
a
b
u
,
“
A
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
o
f
H
i
g
h
V
o
l
t
a
ge
H
igh
P
o
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Reso
nan
t
C
o
nvert
ers”
Int
e
rna
t
i
o
n
a
l
Jo
u
r
n
a
l of Po
wer
E
l
ectr
onics an
d
D
r
i
ve System (
I
JPED
S
)
,
vol.
9
,
no.
1
,
p
p
.
1
7
4
-179,
M
ar
2
0
18.
[13]
F
Tof
o
li,
D
P
erei
ra,
W
d
e
P
aul
a
a
nd
D
O
li
veira
Ju
ni
or,
“S
u
r
v
e
y
on
n
o
n
-i
solated
hi
gh
-voltag
e
s
t
e
p-u
p
d
c-dc
to
po
logies
b
as
ed
o
n
the
boo
st
c
o
n
vert
er,
”
IET P
o
wer
El
ectr
o
n
i
cs
,
vo
l.
8
,
n
o
.
10
,
pp.
2
04
4-20
57
,
2
0
1
5
.
[14]
G
Ch
oe,
H
K
a
ng,
B
L
ee
and
W
Lee,
“
Des
i
gn
c
o
n
si
derat
i
on
of
i
n
t
er
leav
ed
c
o
n
v
e
rters
f
o
r
f
u
e
l
cell
app
l
i
catio
n
s
,”
Int
e
rna
t
i
o
n
a
l
Co
n
f
er
e
n
ce on
Electrica
l
M
a
chines
an
d
Syst
ems
,
Seo
u
l, 2
00
7
.
[15]
P
Z
u
m
e
l
,
O
G
a
r
c
i
a
,
J
C
o
b
o
s
a
n
d
J
U
c
e
d
a
,
“
E
M
I
r
e
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
b
y
i
n
t
e
r
leav
ing
of
p
ow
er
c
on
vert
ers,”
A
p
plied Powe
r
El
ectro
n
i
cs
Co
nferen
c
e
an
d E
x
p
o
s
i
t
i
o
n
(
A
PEC)
, 2
00
4.
[16]
J
S
u
a
n
d
C
L
i
u
,
“
A
N
o
v
e
l
P
h
a
s
e
-
S
h
e
d
d
i
i
n
g
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
S
c
h
e
m
e
f
o
r
I
m
p
rov
e
d
L
i
ght
L
o
a
d
Eff
i
c
i
e
n
cy
o
f
M
u
lti
p
h
a
se
Int
e
rleaved
DC-D
C
Con
verters
,
”
IEE
E
T
r
an
s. Powe
r
Electr
onics
,
v
ol. 2
8,
n
o.
10
,
p
p. 4
74
2-4
7
5
2
, 2
01
3.
[17]
Y
I
t
o
h
,
F
H
a
t
t
o
r
i
,
S
K
i
m
u
r
a
a
n
d
J
I
m
a
o
k
a
,
“
D
e
s
i
g
n
m
e
t
h
o
d
c
o
n
s
i
d
ering
mag
n
etic
s
atur
ation
i
ssue
of
c
oupl
e
d
in
du
ctor
i
n
int
e
rleav
ed
CCM
b
o
o
s
t
P
F
C
c
o
nvert
er,
”
IEE
E
E
n
er
g
y
Co
nvers
i
o
n
Co
ngr
ess
an
d E
x
pos
it
io
n
(
E
CCE),
M
o
n
t
real,
Q
C,
2
01
5.
B
I
OGRAPHIES
O
F AUTHO
RS
A
b
itha M
e
m
a
l
a
.W rec
ei
ved
B.E
(E
l
ectrical
a
n
d
E
lectro
ni
cs
E
ni
nge
ering
)
d
egre
e
i
n
t
he
y
ear
2
0
03
f
r
om
K
arun
ya
I
n
s
tit
u
t
e
of
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
gy,
B
harat
h
iar
Uni
v
ers
i
ty
,
Co
im
ba
t
o
re,
Indi
a.
S
h
e
r
ec
eived
M
.
E.
(
P
o
w
e
r
electro
ni
cs
a
n
d
D
ri
ves
)
d
egree
i
n
t
he
y
ear
200
5
f
r
o
m
Karunya
Institute
o
f
T
echno
lo
gy
,
A
n
na
U
n
i
vers
it
y,
C
hen
n
ai,
Ind
i
a.
S
h
e
h
as
r
ecei
ved
h
er
P
hD
d
eg
ree
in
t
he
y
ear
2
0
18
f
r
om
A
n
n
a
U
n
iv
ersi
ty,
Chen
nai.
H
er
m
ain
rese
arch
a
rea
is
C
on
dit
io
n
M
o
n
ito
ring
o
f
E
l
ectrical
M
achi
n
es
.
Her
area
o
f
interes
t
i
n
c
lu
des
el
ectri
cal
m
achi
n
es,
re
ne
wa
ble
e
n
e
r
gy
a
n
d
p
owe
r
el
ectron
i
cs
&
d
riv
e
s.
S
he
i
s
th
e
lif
e
m
e
m
b
e
r
o
f
I
S
T
E.Sh
e
is
p
re
sen
t
l
y
w
o
r
ki
ng
as
t
h
e
Ass
ocia
t
e
P
r
o
f
esso
r
i
n
t
h
e
d
e
p
artm
en
t
o
f
E
lect
rical
a
nd
E
lect
roni
cs
E
n
i
g
n
ine
e
ring,
Sathyabama
I
nst
itut
e
o
f
S
c
i
e
n
ce and
Tech
no
lo
gy, Chen
n
ai.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-
8694
I
nt
J
P
ow
Elec
& Dr
i
S
y
st V
ol.
10,
N
o.
4
, Dec
201
9 :
2
0
4
6
– 2
054
2
054
C.
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hennai
.
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he
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nstitute
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om
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r
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reen
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om
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vol
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s
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illim
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ave A
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t
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as.
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o
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ya
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ahen
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p
urs
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deg
r
ee
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ct
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n
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l
ectron
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cs
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ngi
neeri
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g
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at
nhy
abam
a
Ins
t
i
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ute
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ce
an
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e
c
h
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gy.
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er
r
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h
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rea
bl
oo
ms
w
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t
h
ren
e
w
abl
e
energ
y an
d el
ectrical
dri
ve s
yste
m
s
.
J
a
ish
r
ee.
V
is
c
u
rre
n
t
l
y
p
u
r
suin
g
her
B.
E
degree
in
Elect
rical
a
nd
E
lect
ron
ics
Engi
neering
in
S
a
t
nhy
abam
a
Ins
t
it
u
t
e
of
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ci
ence
and
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echno
lo
gy
.
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e
r
res
earc
h
a
rea
b
l
oo
m
s
w
ith
r
en
ewabl
e
en
ergy
and
electri
cal m
ach
ines
.
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