Inter
national
J
our
nal
of
P
o
wer
Electr
onics
and
Dri
v
e
System
(IJPEDS)
V
ol.
11,
No.
2,
June
2020,
pp.
942
952
ISSN:
2088-8694,
DOI:
10.11591/ijpeds.v11.i2.pp942-952
r
942
A
no
v
el
fast
MPPT
strategy
used
f
or
grid-connected
r
esidential
PV
system
applied
in
mor
occo
Sana
Sahbani
1
,
Hassane
Mahmoudi
2
,
Abdennebi
Hasnaoui
3
,
Mustapha
Kchikach
4
,
Hanane
Benchraa
5
1,2,5
Electronics
Po
wer
and
Control
T
eam,Department
of
Electrical
Engineering,Mohammadia
School
of
Engineers,
Mohammed
V
Uni
v
ersity
,
Rabat,
Morocco
1,3,4
Electromechanical
Department,
Higher
National
School
of
Mines,
Rabat,
Morocco
Article
Inf
o
Article
history:
Recei
v
ed
Jun
26,
2019
Re
vised
Oct
24,
2019
Accepted
No
v
8,
2019
K
eyw
ords:
Maximum
po
wer
point
tracking
Photo
v
oltaic
system
Po
wer
f
actor
correction
Predicti
v
e
current
control
ABSTRA
CT
Re
g
ardless
its
significant
potential
for
generating
rene
w
able
ener
gy
,
Moroccan
go
v
ern-
ment
prohibited
the
inj
ection
of
production
surplus
into
the
lo
w
v
ol
tage
(L
V)
netw
ork
because
it
still
lack
the
implementing
decreases,
that
represents
one
of
the
princi-
pal
challenges
for
residential
self-production
in
the
country
.
The
focus
of
this
paper
w
ork
is
to
introduce
and
analyze
a
no
v
el
f
ast
MPPT
strate
gy
applied
in
an
impro
v
ed
grid-connected
Residential
PV
system
respecting
the
current
le
gislati
v
e
frame
w
ork
in
Morocco,
which
allo
w
t
o
the
consumer
being
an
actor
in
the
ener
gy
transition
to
w
ards
a
lo
w-carbon
socie
ty
by
reducing
his
dependence
to
the
elect
rical
grid
and
managing
his
o
wn
ener
gy
consumption
ef
ficiently
by
a
good
switching
between
photo-
v
oltaic
(P
V)
source
and
the
grid
and
therefore
making
a
frame
w
ork
of
smart
residence
management
system.
The
o
v
erall
system
is
designed
to
impro
v
e
the
ener
gy
control
performance
with
tw
o
techniques:
the
first
one
uses
a
no
v
el
high
performance
con-
troller
to
track
the
maximum
po
wer
point
(MPP)
of
a
photo
v
oltaic
array
under
f
ast
irradiation
and
load
changes.
Among
the
adv
antages
of
this
proposed
controller
is
the
stability
of
its
output
v
oltage
with
f
ast
response
speed
to
the
required
parameters.
The
second
one
uses
a
Po
wer
F
actor
Correction
(PFC)
circuit
to
ensure
the
po
wer
quality
re
gulation
in
the
grid
side
via
a
predicti
v
e
current
control
method.
Finally
,
the
stability
of
a
closed-loop
syste
m
is
simulated
and
analyzed
using
commercial
softw
are
of
fering
suf
ficient
condi-
tions
to
v
alidate
a
practical
stability
and
rob
ustness
of
the
proposed
o
v
erall
designed
system.
This
is
an
open
access
article
under
the
CC
BY
-SA
license
.
Corresponding
A
uthor:
Sana
Sahbani,
Electronics
Po
wer
and
Control
T
eam,
Department
of
Electrical
Engineering,
Mohammadia
School
of
Engineers,
Mohammed
V
Uni
v
ersity
,
Rabat,
Morocco.
E-mail:sana.sahbani@gmail.com
1.
INTR
ODUCTION
As
a
result
of
the
demographic
dynamics
added
to
human
de
v
elopment
and
economic
gro
wth,
ener
gy
consumption
in
Morocco
may
lead
to
an
increase
a
v
erage
which
put
the
country’
s
natural
resources
under
pressure.
In
order
to
confront
this
challenge,
the
go
v
ernment
has
embark
ed
on
series
of
strate
gies
and
policies
to
preserv
e
the
e
xhaustion
of
it
s
finite
natural
resources
to
b
uild
a
sustainable
economy
and
ensure
access
to
af
fordable,
reliable,
sustainable
and
modern
ener
gy
for
human
well-being.
According
to
the
IEA
[1],
the
b
uilding
sector
is
the
lar
gest
ener
gy
consumer
with
25%
share
of
total
ener
gy
consumption
in
Morocco,
J
ournal
homepage:
http://ijpeds.iaescor
e
.com
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int
J
Po
w
Elec
&
Dri
Syst
ISSN:
2088-8694
r
943
including
18%
for
residential
a
rea.
This
ener
gy
consumption
is
e
xpected
to
increase
quickly
in
the
coming
years
re
g
arding
considerable
ef
forts
achie
v
ed
to
impro
v
e
the
population’
s
standard
of
li
ving
and
prospects
with
multiples
acti
vities:
significant
b
uilding
programs
de
v
elopment;
human
de
v
elopment
initiati
v
e;
global
rural
electrification
program
for
e
xtending
access
to
electricity
and
the
program
to
impro
v
e
access
to
health
care
and
education
added
to
the
significant
increase
and
lo
wer
prices
in
the
le
v
el
of
households
equipment
(w
ater
heating,
refrigeration,
.
.
.
etc.)
[2].
This
accelerated
consumption
trend
can
only
be
met
by
increasing
supply
and
controlling
ener
gy
con-
sumption,
Morocco
has
tak
en
therefore
a
global
leadership
position
on
climate
change
mitig
ation
by
setting
dif
ferent
acts
and
la
w
of
ener
gy
ef
ficienc
y
and
rene
w
able
ener
gy
for
dif
ferent
sectors
and
especially
for
b
uild-
ing
sector
[3]
such
as:
La
w
47-09
of
No
v
ember
2011
relating
to
ener
gy
ef
ficienc
y
in
residential
and
commercial
b
uildings.
It
introduces
ener
gy
performance
ratings
for
b
uildings,
equipment
and
appliances.
The
decree
no
2-13-874
of
No
v
ember
2015
is
about
the
Thermal
Re
gulation
for
Construction
in
Morocco
(TRCM)
aiming
to
optimize
heating
and
cooling
necessities
in
ne
w
b
uilding
by
impro
ving
the
thermal
performances
of
the
en
v
elope
while
impro
ving
thermal
comfort
and
reducing
the
ener
gy
cons
umption.
These
la
ws,
along
with
a
number
of
other
pro
visions,
are
the
crucial
first
steps
in
the
process.
The
geographical
location
of
Morocco
promotes
the
use
of
distrib
uted
rene
w
able
ener
gy
systems
especially
photo
v
oltaic
source,
that
requires
further
liberalization,
particularly
increased
access
to
L
V
netw
ork.
Then
within
the
implementation
frame
w
ork
for
the
photo
v
oltaic
ener
gy
de
v
elopment,
the
la
w
No
58-15
amending
and
supplementing
la
w
No
13-09
on
rene
w
able
ener
gy
w
as
adopted
on
December
2015.
F
or
the
opening
up
of
the
L
V
netw
ork
to
decentralized
producers,
the
implementing
Decree
is
still
being
prepared
and
until
this
time,
no
date
had
yet
been
fix
ed
for
these
pro
vi-
sions
to
become
ef
fecti
v
e.
W
ith
the
e
xisting
Moroccan
re
gulatory
c
o
ndi
tions,
the
indi
vidual
producer
is
not
allo
wed
to
i
nject
e
xcess
po
wer
produced
from
his
rene
w
able
source
system
in
the
L
V
netw
ork
and
cannot
become
a
share-
holder
in
the
ener
gy
sector
by
selling
surplus
production
to
the
grid
operator
neither
can
intrinsica
lly
reduce
his
dependence
on
po
wer
generation
plants.
In
the
literature,
most
issues
car
ried
out
about
b
uilding
inte
grated
photo
v
oltaic
(PV)
system
with
bidirectional
po
wer
flo
w
capability
based
on
in
v
erter
circuit
for
grid
synchro-
nization
control
adding
to
the
maximum
po
wer
point
tracking
(M
PPT)
functions
[4,
5,
6]
and
the
impact
of
interconnecting
PV
to
grid
re
g
arding
the
standardized
po
wer
quality
,
the
po
wer
grid
stability
and
the
safety
of
equipment
[7].
This
paper
e
xamine
an
impro
v
ed
model
designed
for
grid
connected
P
V
,
respecting
the
actual
Moroccan
re
gulatory
requirements
by
k
eeping
only
one
direction
po
wer
flo
w
,
starting
from
generator
source
to
households
appliances
based
on
a
proposed
no
v
el
Maximum
Po
wer
Point
T
racking
(MPPT)
technique
with
higher
speed
response
and
stable
output
v
oltage
w
a
v
eform
of
photo
v
oltaic
(PV)
systems
as
well
as
a
good
load
follo
wer
.
The
o
v
erall
system
configuration
is
designed
and
analyzed
using
time
scale
domain
simulation
of
electrical
characteristics,
sho
wing
the
stability
of
DC
link
output
v
oltage
a
n
d
load
po
wer
.
The
performance
of
the
proposed
MPPT
control
technique
and
PFC
controller
circuit
are
sho
wn
and
e
xamined.
2.
GRID-CONNECTED
PHO
T
O
V
OL
T
AIC
SYSTEM
Figure
1
i
llustrates
the
general
topology
of
the
designed
model;
it
consists
of
the
main
follo
wing
components:
the
PV
array
,
which
generates
po
wer
directly
from
solar
radiation,
the
boost
con
v
erter
,
whose
switch
is
operated
by
the
control
scheme
of
the
MPPT
controller
to
supply
400V
DC
distrib
ution
netw
orks.
Due
to
the
f
act
that
PV
array
ef
ficienc
y
mainly
depends
on
irradiance
and
temperature
[8],
so
that
the
required
v
oltage
and
current
are
not
fed
to
the
loads
e
v
ery
time,
therefore
the
L
V
grid
co
v
er
the
po
wer
dif
ference
between
load
and
PV
,
follo
wed
by
a
single
phase
diode
bridge
rectifier
,
pro
viding
constant
and
one
w
ay
po
wer
flo
w
for
DC-link,
from
the
grid
to
the
load
according
to
Moroccan
re
gulatory
,
and
then
the
boost
con
v
erter
controller
,
which
is
applied
to
pro
vide
a
po
wer
f
actor
correction
for
rectified
current
w
a
v
eform.
2.1.
PV
array
The
output
po
wer
from
a
single
PV
cell
is
relati
v
ely
small.
So
the
required
electri
cal
ener
gy
is
pro-
duced
by
grouping
the
PV
cells
in
series
and
parallel
forming
the
modules.
The
PV
panels
are
connected
together
to
b
uild
up
the
entire
PV
array
and
an
y
desired
current
v
oltage
characteristics
could
be
generated
[9,
10].
The
po
wer
-v
oltage
(
P-V)
and
Current-V
oltage
(I-V)
curv
es
of
the
PV
array
are
illustrated
in
Figure
2.
The
manuf
acturing
characteristics
measured
with
the
Standard
T
est
Conditions
(STC)
used
in
this
paper
w
ork
are
gi
v
en
in
T
able
1.
A
no
vel
fast
MPPT
str
ate
gy
used
for
grid-connected
r
esidential
PV
system...
(Sana
Sahbani)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
944
r
ISSN:
2088-8694
Figure
1.
The
o
v
erall
grid
connected
PV
system
configuration
scheme
Figure
2.
P-V
and
I-V
characteristics
of
the
PV
array
T
able
1.
Specifications
of
the
photo
v
oltaic
array
PV
panel
parameters
V
alue
Maximum
po
wer
rating
Pmax
3254,2
(W)
Short
circuit
current
(Isc)
12,18
(A)
Open
circuit
v
oltage
(V
oc)
341.2
(V)
V
oltage
at
maximum
po
wer
point
Vmp
291,6
(V)
Current
at
maximum
po
wer
point
Imp
11.16
(A)
2.2.
Maximum
po
wer
point
tracking
The
maximum
po
wer
point
sho
wn
in
Figure
2
v
aries
according
to
the
weather
conditions.
The
ba-
sic
principle
of
maximum
po
wer
point
tracking
(MPPT)
algorithm
depends
on
the
e
xploitation
of
v
oltage
and
current
v
ariations
caused
due
to
the
pulsations
of
instantaneous
po
wer
.
Analyzing
these
v
ariations
allo
ws
us
to
obtain
po
wer
gradient
e
xpressed
in
the
(1)
and
e
v
aluate
whether
the
solar
PV
system
operates
close
to
the
maximum
po
wer
point
[11]:
@
P
P
V
@
V
P
V
=
@
(
V
P
V
I
P
V
)
@
V
P
V
=
I
P
V
+
V
P
V
@
I
P
V
@
V
P
V
(1)
At
the
maximum
po
wer
point
Pmax,
the
deri
v
ate
of
po
wer
with
respect
to
v
oltage
is
equal
to
zero,
which
yields
to
(2):
I
P
V
M
=
V
P
V
M
4
I
P
V
4
V
P
V
(2)
Int
J
Po
w
Elec
&
Dri
Syst,
V
ol.
11,
No.
2,
June
2020
:
942
–
952
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int
J
Po
w
Elec
&
Dri
Syst
ISSN:
2088-8694
r
945
Where
I
P
V
M
and
V
P
V
M
are
respecti
v
ely
the
optimal
operation
current
and
v
oltage
of
PV
array
at
the
condition
of
maximum
po
wer
output.
In
addition,
the
solar
cell
e
xhibi
ts
non-linear
V
-I
characteristics
as
sho
wn
in
Figure
2
,
therefore
the
MPPT
controller
must
track
the
maximum
po
wer
and
match
the
current
en
vironmental
changes
[12].
2.3.
MPPT
contr
oller
con
v
erter
The
MPPT
is
achie
v
ed
by
using
DC-DC
Boost
con
v
erter
between
PV
array
and
the
DC
output
v
oltage.
It’
s
considered
as
the
heart
of
MPPT
hardw
are
for
solar
PV
applications
[13].
From
the
measured
v
oltage
and
current,
the
MPPT
algorithm
generates
the
optimal
duty
ratio
to
maintain
the
electrical
quantities
at
v
alues
corresponding
to
the
desired
parameters
[14].
There
are
man
y
MPPT
methods
a
v
ailable
in
the
literature;
the
most
widely-used
techniques
are
described
in
[15],
the
incon
v
enient
of
these
techniques
is
the
v
oltage-ripple
emer
ging
during
attempts
to
identify
maximum
po
wer
point.
F
or
instance,
con
v
entional
Perturb
Observ
e
(PO)
algorithm
causes
the
ripples
(oscillations)
e
v
en
if
it
reaches
maximum
po
wer
point
because
of
its
structure
[16].
This
dif
ficulty
increases
the
po
wer
losse
s
and
hardens
the
control
actions.
Hence,
some
calculation
procedures
of
con
v
entional
PO
algorithm
w
as
modified
and
the
ripples
were
corrected
[17].
The
basic
circuit
diagram
of
boost
con
v
erter
is
sho
wn
in
Figure
3,
it
mainly
consi
sts
of
an
Inductor
L,
capacitor
C
2
,
controllable
semiconductor
switch
S,
diode
D
and
load
.
V
D
C
is
the
400V
-DC
distrib
ution
netw
ork.
Figure
3.
Boost
con
v
erter
circuit
Considering
the
electrical
mesh
la
w
of
the
boost
con
v
erter
circuit
sho
wn
abo
v
e,
we
obtain
the
fol
lo
w-
ing
equation:
V
P
V
L
dI
P
V
dt
=
d
V
D
C
(3)
Moreo
v
er
,
by
calculation
the
a
v
erage
v
alue
of
this
equation
(3)
o
v
er
the
switching
period
interv
al
[0
;
T
]
,
it
yields
to
the
follo
wing
(4):
1
T
Z
T
0
V
P
V
L
T
Z
T
0
dI
P
V
dt
=
V
D
C
Z
T
0
d
(4)
Where
V
r
ef
is
the
reference
v
oltage
that
control
directly
the
switching
duty
c
ycle
ratio
.
Thus:
V
r
ef
=
Z
T
0
d
(5)
At
t
=
T
:
The
predicted
inductor
current
will
be
equal
to
I
r
ef
,
which
is
the
internal
reference
current
that
will
determine
the
PV
output
current:
V
P
V
0
L
T
(
I
P
V
(
t
=
T
)
I
P
V
(
t
=0)
)
=
V
D
C
V
r
ef
(6)
Therefore,
the
operation
point
of
the
con
v
erter
by
controlling
reference
v
oltage
calculated
in
the
fol-
lo
wing
(7);
the
control
of
V
r
ef
is
formulated
as
a
reference
current
re
gulation
I
r
ef
:
A
no
vel
fast
MPPT
str
ate
gy
used
for
grid-connected
r
esidential
PV
system...
(Sana
Sahbani)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
946
r
ISSN:
2088-8694
V
r
ef
=
V
P
V
0
L
T
(
I
r
ef
I
P
V
0
)
V
D
C
(7)
As
e
xplained
in
the
flo
wchart
illustrated
in
the
Figure
4,
the
reference
v
alue
that
the
PV
will
pro
vide
depends
on
current
needed
for
residential
loads.
While
the
load
typically
v
aries
with
unkno
wn
w
ay
because
of
the
v
ari-
ability
of
residents
acti
vities
[18].
The
MPPT
controller
system
requires
an
instantaneous
measurement
of
the
load
current
I
Load
,
which
will
check
whether
this
measured
v
alue
is
higher
than
the
maximum
output
current
I
max
of
the
PV
array
as
gi
v
en
v
alue,
therefore
the
controller
will
track
the
MPP
and
yields
to
the
follo
wing
results:
I
r
ef
=
I
P
V
M
(8)
Where
I
P
V
M
is
the
current
calculated
in
the
equation
(2).
If
it
is
not
higher
than
the
maximum
output
current,
the
predicted
reference
current
I
r
ef
that
the
PV
controller
will
trac
k
will
be
equal
to
the
load
current
v
alue
I
Load
.
Then,
the
predicted
reference
v
oltage
V
r
ef
can
be
calculated
from
a
predicted
reference
current
I
r
ef
as
gi
v
en
in
the
equation
(2)
and
will
increase
or
decrease
the
PWM
duty
c
ycle
ratio
(D)
of
the
switching
de
vice.
Figure
4.
Predicti
v
e
control
algorithm.
2.4.
Grid
connected
to
DC-link
utility
con
v
ersion
The
single-phase
diode
bridge
rectifier
used
in
the
proposed
configuration
is
widely
used
in
lo
w
v
olt-
age
distrib
ution
systems.
Ho
we
v
er
,
this
classical
con
v
erter
dra
w
non-sinusoidal
ac
input
currents,
leading
to
lo
w
po
wer
f
actors
and
injection
of
current
harmonics
into
the
utility
lines
[19].
Therefore,
it
i
s
essential
to
predict
the
current
harmonic
le
v
els
produced
by
these
con
v
erters
[20]
by
associating
them
with
Po
wer
F
ac-
tor
Correction
(PFC)
stage
based
on
boost
topology
with
a
high
switching
frequenc
y
po
wer
con
v
ersion.
The
Int
J
Po
w
Elec
&
Dri
Syst,
V
ol.
11,
No.
2,
June
2020
:
942
–
952
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int
J
Po
w
Elec
&
Dri
Syst
ISSN:
2088-8694
r
947
major
control
challenge
required
of
this
correcting
topology
is
the
capability
to
follo
w
precisely
a
rectified
si-
nusoidal
current
reference.
The
current
control
techniques
ha
v
e
g
ained
importance
in
A
C-DC
con
v
ersion
used
for
high
performance
ut
ilizations,
where
the
f
ast
response
and
high
ef
ficienc
y
are
important.
V
arious
current
control
methods
ha
v
e
been
proposed
in
PFC
circuits,
the
most
commonly
studied
are
:
linear
control
[21],
h
ysteresis
control
[22]
and
predicti
v
e
control
[23],
a
comparati
v
e
study
gi
v
en
by
[24]
sho
ws
that
the
predicti
v
e
control
of
fers
a
good
performances
re
g
arding
to
the
others
proposed
control
methods
in
terms
of
input
current
harmonic
content
and
po
wer
quality
.
Therefore
this
technique
mak
es
an
e
xtremely
attracti
v
e
choice
for
our
proposed
model.
The
circuit
scheme
considered
in
the
paper
w
ork
is
illustrated
in
Figure
5.
It’
s
realized
by
cascading
single-phase
diode
bridge
rectifier
and
boost
con
v
erter
with
a
PFC
controller
based
on
predicti
v
e
current
control.
Figure
5.
Boost
con
v
erter
with
predicti
v
e
control.
The
switch
v
oltage
reference
V
sw
r
ef
at
(
k
+
1)
th
instant
is
predicted
at
(
k
)
th
instant
itself
for
the
circuit
sho
wn
in
Figure
5
by
means
of
equation
(9):
V
sw
r
ef
=
V
R
(
t
)
L
T
(
i
L
(
t
)
i
L
(
t
)
)
(9)
Where:
V
R
:
Rectified
v
oltage.
i
L
:
Inductor
current.
i
L
:
The
reference
current
that
the
inductor
current
i
L
should
follo
w
which
is
proportional
to
t
he
rectified
v
oltage.
T
:
Modulation
period
(in
v
erse
of
switching
frequenc
y).
As
it
will
be
sho
wn
in
simulation
results,
this
technique
mak
es
it
possible
to
obtain
good
performa
n
c
es
such
as
the
stability
of
the
system,
precise
beha
vior
of
the
currents,
input
and
output
v
oltage.
3.
O
VERALL
SYSTEM
CONCEPTION
The
o
v
erall
system
design
of
grid-connected
PV
using
commercial
softw
are
is
gi
v
en
in
Figure
6.
The
grid-connected
PV
system
consists
of
a
3kW
PV
array
connected
to
a
400V
DC-link
for
supplying
po
wer
to
residential
load
R
D
C
through
a
boost
con
v
erter
controlling
the
po
wer
deli
v
ered
from
the
PV
using
a
no
v
el
MPPT
controller
.
On
the
right
side
of
the
system
scheme,
the
220V
A
C
source
pro
vided
from
single
phase
grid
ensure
local
supply
continuity
when
there
is
a
lack
of
irradiation,
the
deli
v
ered
po
wer
is
con
v
erted
and
stepped
up
to
400V
DC
via
diode
bridge
rectifier
associated
to
the
boost
con
v
erter
with
a
PFC
controller
.
The
specifications
and
the
components
used
in
the
proposed
design
are
illustrated
in
T
able
2:
A
no
vel
fast
MPPT
str
ate
gy
used
for
grid-connected
r
esidential
PV
system...
(Sana
Sahbani)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
948
r
ISSN:
2088-8694
Figure
6.
The
o
v
erall
grid
connected
PV
system
scheme.
T
able
2.
Specifications
of
the
circuit
components
Circuit
parameters
V
alue
Stray
capacitance
C1
1
mF
Boost
inductor
L
5
mH
DC
link
capacitance
(C2)
10
F
DC
link
Full
Load
R
D
C
48
DC
link
P
artial
Load
R
D
C
88
MPPT
Boost
con
v
erter
switching
frequenc
y
10
K
hz
DC
link
V
oltage
400
V
Grid
nominal
v
oltage
220
V
r
ms
PFC
Boost
con
v
etrer
switching
frequenc
y
10
K
hz
Boost
inductor
L1
5
mH
Stray
capacitance
Cin
10
nF
Output
Capacitor
C
10
mF
T
ime
step
simulation
Ts
1
s
4.
SIMULA
TION
RESUL
TS
AND
AN
AL
YSIS
The
aim
of
these
simulations
results
is
to
v
erify
the
performance
of
the
proposed
controllers
designed
in
pre
vious
sections
as
the
proposed
MPPT
strate
gy
performances
re
g
arding
v
oltage
stability
and
response
speed
and
the
good
fol
lo
wing
of
the
reference.
And
also
the
PFC
con
v
erter
performances
in
forcing
the
input
current
to
follo
w
the
w
a
v
e
shape
of
the
rectified
input
v
oltage
added
to
the
automatic
switching
between
grid
and
PV
for
pro
viding
stable
po
wer
to
the
loads
when
the
en
vironmental
conditions
are
changing.
Therefore;
the
system
is
analyzed
for
dif
ferent
scenarios
considering
irradiation
and
load
changes:
4.1.
Ov
erall
grid
connected
system
operating
with
full-load
and
irradiation
change
The
controllers
capability
is
tested
wit
h
a
full
residential
load
under
solar
irradiation
change
condi-
tions.
As
sho
wn
by
Figure
7;
the
system
w
as
initially
subjected
to
a
sun
irradiation
condit
ion
of
500
W
=m
2
until
the
time
t
=
5
s
when
it
jump
to
1000
W
=m
2
(using
step
change),
simultaneously
the
output
current,
v
oltage
and
po
wer
w
a
v
eforms
of
the
PV
array
are
displayed
.
It
can
be
seen
from
the
diagram
that
the
po
wer
supplied
by
the
PV
array
v
aries
according
to
the
intensity
of
the
en
vironment’
s
light.
At
1000W/m2
of
irradia-
tion
with
full-load
condition,
the
controller
is
able
to
track
the
hi
g
he
st
MPP
v
oltage
and
current
v
alues
of
290
V
and
11
A
,
resulting
in
a
po
wer
of
3200
W
with
the
least
MPP
tracking
time
equal
to
0
:
02
s
and
non-oscillatory
response
around
the
MPPT
.
Once
the
system
reached
its
steady
state,
it
pro
v
es
the
sta
bility
and
the
v
elocity
of
the
proposed
MPPT
strate
gy
.
W
ith
the
same
conditions
mentioned
abo
v
e;
the
DC-link
system
simulation
results
with
the
proposed
MPPT
controll
er
are
sho
wn
in
Figure
8.
it
can
be
seen
that
despite
the
decresase
of
PV
P
anel
po
wer
generated
at
times
when
irradiation
le
v
el
is
weak
(
500
W
=m
2
)
,
the
response
obtained
sho
ws
the
stability
of
the
DC-link
output
v
oltage,
which
is
close
to
400
V
.
This
v
oltage
v
alue
ensures
the
good
switching
between
A
C
grid
and
PV
panel
in
pro
viding
stable
po
wer
to
residential
load.
Int
J
Po
w
Elec
&
Dri
Syst,
V
ol.
11,
No.
2,
June
2020
:
942
–
952
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int
J
Po
w
Elec
&
Dri
Syst
ISSN:
2088-8694
r
949
Figure
7.
(a)
Solar
irradiation
change,
(b)
The
output
current,
v
oltage
and
po
wer
of
the
PV
array
for
full-load
Figure
8.
Output
v
oltage,
current
and
po
wer
in
DC
link
for
full-load
In
another
hand,
fr
om
the
PFC
performances
sho
wn
in
Figure
9,
the
load
is
supplied
by
the
A
C
grid
because
of
the
lo
w
irradiation
le
v
el
and
the
resulting
w
a
v
eforms
sho
ws
that
the
rectified
current
follo
ws
the
rectified
v
oltage
w
a
v
e
shape
and
are
in
phase,
which,
e
xplain
the
good
tracking
capabilities
of
the
Predicti
v
e
Current
Control
method
when
the
irradiation
conditions
change
quickly
to
the
optimal
condition
of
sun
irra-
diation.
The
de
vice
find
the
maximum
po
wer
point
of
the
PV
panel
then
the
rectified
grid
current
tends
to
be
zero,
e
xplaining
that
in
this
duration,
the
electrical
grid
becomes
idle
and
the
po
wer
source
is
switched
to
the
PV
generator
.
A
no
vel
fast
MPPT
str
ate
gy
used
for
grid-connected
r
esidential
PV
system...
(Sana
Sahbani)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
950
r
ISSN:
2088-8694
Figure
9.
Rectified
v
oltage
and
current
w
a
v
eforms.
4.2.
Ov
erall
grid
connected
system
operating
with
partial
load
considering
optimal
irradiation
condi-
tion
As
illustrated
by
Figure
4
in
the
pre
vious
paragraph,
the
proposed
MPPT
controller
complies
with
both
full
load
and
partial
load.
W
ith
standard
test
condi
tions
(
1000
W
=m
2
solar
irradiation)
we
use
a
partial
load
of
88
,
so
the
needed
current
for
a
fix
ed
DC-v
oltage
of
400
V
is
4
:
5
A
,
which
is
smaller
than
8
A
the
maximum
output
current
of
the
PV
.
In
Fi
gure
10,
the
DC
load
dra
ws
a
ne
w
smaller
po
wer
v
alue
from
the
PV
array
(the
PV
no
w
is
not
w
orking
at
MPP
as
there’
s
no
where
for
the
e
xcess
po
wer
to
go).
Therefore,the
MPPT
controller
will
adjust
the
duty
c
ycle
of
the
con
v
erter
to
meet
the
required
load
at
constant
output
v
oltage,
then
the
PV
automatically
becomes
a
load
follo
wer
and
operate
at
the
point
where
the
output
po
wer
matches
the
load,
in
this
e
xample
the
output
po
wer
is
close
to
1800
W
.
Figure
10.
(a)
Output
current
for
partial-load,(b)the
PV
array
current,
v
oltage
and
po
wer
.
Int
J
Po
w
Elec
&
Dri
Syst,
V
ol.
11,
No.
2,
June
2020
:
942
–
952
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int
J
Po
w
Elec
&
Dri
Syst
ISSN:
2088-8694
r
951
5.
CONCLUSION
AND
PERSPECTIVE
In
this
paper
,
we
ha
v
e
de
v
eloped
a
circuit
design
of
a
single-phase
grid
connected
PV
for
home
en-
er
gy
management
system
within
the
Moroccan
conte
xt
of
rene
w
able
ener
gy
inte
gration,
that
enables
users
to
economies
ener
gy
consumption
and
reduce
their
dependence
on
fossil
fuel.
This
paper
has
presented
the
mod-
eling
and
control
design
of
tw
o-stage:
PV
system
based
on
a
boost
con
v
erter
with
the
proposition
of
a
no
v
el
MPPT
technique,
with
a
constant
PV
output
v
oltage
based
on
predicti
v
e
control
method,
to
track
e
v
en
the
MPP
of
a
PV
or
another
operating
point
depending
on
load
change
and
a
single-phase
grid
connected
diode
rectifier
with
PFC
controller
for
re
gulating
the
DC
link
v
oltage
and
the
rectified
current
w
a
v
eform
with
a
good
track
of
the
reference.
The
tw
o
stages
are
connected
to
a
residential
load
and
depending
on
meteorologica
l
conditions
the
y
ensure
a
good
switching
between
them
in
pro
viding
po
wer
supplying
load.
Based
on
the
abo
v
e
analysis
of
the
simulation
results,
the
controllers
designed
in
each
stage
of
this
paper
of
fers
good
performances
in
term
of
speed
of
con
v
er
gence
to
the
required
operating
v
oltage
and
current
parameters
added
the
stability
of
their
w
a
v
eforms
under
v
arious
atmospheric
and
operating
conditions
with
minimum
tracking
time.
Hence,
this
de-
signed
system
can
promote
the
de
v
elopment
of
dis
trib
uted
photo
v
oltaic
po
wer
generation
in
Morocco
and
the
residential
user
can
forecast
his
electrical
ener
gy
consumption
and
therefore
reduce
his
electrical
bill
and
be
an
actor
in
sa
ving
the
en
vironment.
As
a
future
w
ork,
controlling
the
use
of
households
will
be
proposed
in
order
to
use
ef
ficiently
the
PV
generator
when
we
ha
v
e
f
a
v
orable
meteorol
o
gi
cal
conditions
by
e
xploiting
the
Maximum
Po
wer
T
racking,
and
use
only
necessary
loads
at
night.
T
o
enhance
the
reliability
and
stability
of
DC-link
v
oltage,
the
battery
system
can
be
added
to
this
model
in
order
to
maintain
the
DC
link
v
oltage
when
occurs
a
po
wer
grid
outages.
REFERENCES
[1]
IEA
[Online].
a
v
ailible
”www
.iea.or
g.
”
[2]
ONEE
National
Of
fice
of
Electricity
and
W
ater
[Online].
a
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ailible
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A
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(Sana
Sahbani)
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