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e
o
th
er
m
al.
T
h
e
id
ea
o
f
a
s
o
lar
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
y
s
tem
s
eize
s
r
esear
ch
er
s
’
att
en
tio
n
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
s
o
lu
tio
n
f
o
r
p
o
wer
cr
is
is
i
s
s
u
es
wh
ile
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
a
clea
n
,
ec
o
n
o
m
ical,
an
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
p
o
wer
s
o
u
r
ce
f
o
r
an
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icle.
Ho
wev
er
,
m
an
y
is
s
u
es
h
av
e
b
ee
n
r
aised
wh
en
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
h
i
g
h
p
o
we
r
ch
a
r
g
in
g
s
y
s
t
em
s
o
lely
d
ep
en
d
i
n
g
o
n
o
n
ly
s
o
lar
e
n
e
r
g
y
s
y
s
tem
[
1
5
]
.
Sp
ec
if
icall
y
,
f
o
r
s
o
lar
-
p
o
wer
e
d
en
e
r
g
y
,
a
co
m
b
in
atio
n
o
f
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
(
PV)
with
t
h
e
p
o
wer
g
r
id
s
y
s
tem
an
d
PV
-
Stan
d
alo
n
e
C
h
ar
g
er
a
r
e
an
ex
ce
lle
n
t
m
eth
o
d
th
at
h
as
b
ee
n
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
[
1
6
]
-
[
1
8
]
.
B
o
th
o
f
th
em
r
e
q
u
ir
e
a
s
u
itab
l
e
co
n
v
er
ter
to
m
ak
e
it
m
o
r
e
ef
f
icien
t
s
in
ce
th
e
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
th
e
PV
ar
r
ay
is
v
er
y
s
m
all
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
b
atter
y
s
to
r
ag
e
ca
p
ac
ity
[
1
9
]
-
[
2
1
]
.
A
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
b
o
o
s
t c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
i
s
o
n
e
s
u
ch
co
n
v
er
ter
t
h
at
ca
n
b
e
o
p
tim
ized
f
o
r
t
h
ese
ap
p
li
ca
tio
n
s
.
Hen
ce
,
th
is
p
ap
er
aim
s
to
in
v
esti
g
ate
a
s
u
itab
le
ch
ar
g
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
m
ec
h
an
is
m
f
r
o
m
th
e
P
V
b
atter
y
s
to
r
ag
e
s
y
s
tem
in
to
E
V
p
o
w
er
ed
b
atter
y
s
y
s
tem
.
Usi
n
g
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
a
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
with
r
ed
u
ce
d
r
ip
p
le
cu
r
r
en
t
an
d
r
ip
p
le
v
o
ltag
e
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
s
wit
ch
in
g
lo
s
s
es
an
d
in
cr
ea
s
es
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
ef
f
icien
c
y
.
B
y
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
a
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
t
er
,
all
g
o
als
ca
n
b
e
ac
h
iev
ed
ex
ce
p
t
f
o
r
lin
e
an
d
lo
ad
r
e
g
u
l
atio
n
s
s
in
ce
it
o
n
ly
ca
n
b
e
im
p
r
o
v
ed
b
y
u
s
in
g
th
e
h
ig
h
er
q
u
ality
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
s
o
th
at
it
ca
n
h
o
ld
u
p
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
b
ett
er
o
n
th
e
cir
cu
it
b
o
ar
d
[
2
2
]
.
B
y
u
s
in
g
th
e
i
n
ter
leav
in
g
m
et
h
o
d
,
also
ca
lled
m
u
lti
-
p
h
asin
g
,
w
h
ich
r
eq
u
ir
es
a
p
ar
allel
co
m
b
in
atio
n
o
f
m
u
ltip
le
s
ets
o
f
s
witch
es,
d
io
d
es
an
d
in
d
u
cto
r
s
c
o
n
n
ec
ted
to
a
s
in
g
le
ca
p
ac
ito
r
,
it
ca
n
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
s
ize
o
f
th
e
f
ilter
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
wh
ile
ex
h
ib
its
lo
wer
o
u
tp
u
t
cu
r
r
en
t
an
d
v
o
ltag
e
r
i
p
p
les
[
2
3
]
,
[
2
4
]
.
T
h
eo
r
etica
lly
,
in
te
r
leav
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
ca
n
co
v
er
t
h
e
lo
s
s
es
d
u
e
to
th
e
p
h
ase
s
h
if
t
o
f
1
8
0
d
e
g
r
ee
s
r
ip
p
le
ca
n
ce
llatio
n
ta
k
es p
lace
[
2
5
]
.
T
h
e
r
em
ai
n
d
er
o
f
th
is
p
a
p
er
is
o
r
g
an
iz
e
d
as
s
h
o
wn
in
.
T
h
e
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
o
f
t
h
e
s
tu
d
y
o
f
th
is
p
ap
er
is
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
in
s
ec
tio
n
1
.
W
h
ile
th
e
d
etails
o
f
th
e
o
p
er
atio
n
f
o
r
ea
ch
c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
n
a
m
ely
;
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
, 2
-
p
h
ase
in
ter
leav
e
d
b
o
o
s
t c
o
n
v
er
ter
(
I
B
C
)
an
d
3
-
p
h
ase
in
ter
leav
ed
b
o
o
s
t c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
ar
e
d
escr
ib
ed
in
s
ec
tio
n
2
an
d
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
o
f
th
e
PV
ch
a
r
ac
ter
is
tics
is
d
es
cr
ib
ed
in
s
ec
tio
n
3
.
T
h
e
s
elec
tio
n
o
f
th
e
s
u
itab
l
e
ch
ar
g
in
g
m
ec
h
an
is
m
is
elab
o
r
ated
in
s
ec
tio
n
4
.
Fin
ally
,
th
e
p
ap
er
is
co
n
clu
d
e
d
with
f
in
d
in
g
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
an
aly
s
is
in
s
ec
tio
n
5
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
DO
L
O
G
Y
I
n
t
h
i
s
p
a
p
e
r
,
t
h
r
e
e
t
y
p
e
s
o
f
to
p
o
l
o
g
i
e
s
f
o
r
t
h
e
DC
-
DC
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
c
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
s
y
s
t
e
m
a
r
e
s
tu
d
i
e
d
a
n
d
i
n
v
e
s
t
i
g
at
e
d
n
a
m
e
l
y
;
t
h
e
c
o
n
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
a
l
b
o
o
s
t
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
,
2
-
p
h
a
s
e
i
n
t
e
r
l
ea
v
e
d
b
o
o
s
t
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
a
n
d
3
-
p
h
a
s
e
i
n
t
e
r
l
e
a
v
e
d
b
o
o
s
t
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
.
T
h
e
h
i
g
h
e
r
o
u
t
p
u
t
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
c
a
n
b
e
p
r
o
d
u
c
e
d
w
h
e
n
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
l
a
r
g
e
i
n
d
u
c
t
o
r
t
h
a
t
i
s
c
o
n
n
e
c
t
e
d
i
n
s
e
r
i
e
s
w
it
h
t
h
e
p
o
w
e
r
s
u
p
p
l
y
.
W
h
e
n
t
h
e
s
wi
t
c
h
is
o
n
,
t
h
e
i
n
d
u
c
t
o
r
g
et
s
c
h
a
r
g
e
d
b
y
t
h
e
s
u
p
p
l
y
,
a
n
d
w
h
e
n
t
h
e
s
wi
t
c
h
is
o
f
f
,
b
o
t
h
t
h
e
s
u
p
p
l
y
a
n
d
t
h
e
i
n
d
i
c
a
t
o
r
w
il
l
g
i
v
e
s
u
p
p
l
y
t
o
t
h
e
l
o
a
d
a
n
d
a
c
t
a
s
t
h
e
t
r
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
e
r
s
f
r
o
m
D
C
t
o
DC
.
E
v
e
n
t
h
o
u
g
h
i
t
h
a
s
m
a
n
y
a
d
v
a
n
t
a
g
es
,
i
ts
ap
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
i
s
l
i
m
i
t
e
d
d
u
e
t
o
t
h
e
r
i
p
p
l
e
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
a
n
d
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
.
R
i
p
p
l
e
s
a
r
e
w
as
t
e
d
p
o
w
e
r
a
n
d
h
a
v
e
m
a
n
y
u
n
d
e
s
i
r
a
b
l
e
e
f
f
e
c
ts
i
n
a
DC
ci
r
c
u
i
t
s
u
c
h
a
s
i
t
h
e
at
s
t
h
e
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
,
a
f
f
e
c
t
i
n
g
t
h
e
d
i
g
ita
l
c
i
r
c
u
i
ts
t
o
o
p
e
r
a
t
e
i
m
p
r
o
p
e
r
l
y
a
n
d
a
l
s
o
c
o
n
t
r
i
b
u
t
e
s
t
o
n
o
i
s
e
a
n
d
d
i
s
t
o
r
t
i
o
n
.
T
h
e
r
i
p
p
l
e
c
a
n
b
e
r
e
d
u
c
e
d
b
y
a
n
e
l
ec
t
r
o
n
i
c
f
i
l
te
r
a
n
d
s
o
m
e
c
a
n
b
e
el
i
m
i
n
a
t
e
d
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
a
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
r
eg
u
l
a
t
o
r
[
2
6
]
.
2
.
1
.
Dut
y
r
a
t
io
,
D
Du
ty
cy
cle,
D
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ch
ar
g
er
ca
n
b
e
ex
p
r
ess
ed
as
s
h
o
wn
in
(
1
)
.
=
1
−
×
(
1
)
W
h
er
e
is
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t v
o
ltag
e,
is
th
e
in
p
u
t v
o
ltag
e,
an
d
is
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
th
e
c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
.
2
.
2
.
I
nd
uct
o
r,
L
T
h
e
in
d
u
ct
o
r
,
L
ca
n
b
e
e
x
p
r
es
s
ed
as
s
h
o
wn
in
(
2
)
.
=
∗
(
−
)
∆
∗
∗
(
2
)
wh
er
e
a
n
d
∆
ar
e
th
e
m
in
im
u
m
s
witch
in
g
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
o
f
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
an
d
esti
m
ated
in
d
u
cto
r
cu
r
r
en
t
r
ip
p
le
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
Fo
r
th
e
∆
,
a
g
o
o
d
esti
m
atio
n
f
o
r
th
e
in
d
u
cto
r
r
ip
p
le
cu
r
r
en
t
is
2
0
%
t
o
4
0
%
o
f
t
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
I
n
t J
Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i
Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
12
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
2
1
:
2414
–
2
4
2
2
2416
cu
r
r
en
t.
T
h
eo
r
etica
lly
,
a
s
m
all
er
r
ip
p
le
cu
r
r
en
t
r
e
d
u
ce
s
th
e
m
ag
n
etic
h
y
s
ter
esis
lo
s
s
es
in
t
h
e
in
d
u
cto
r
,
as
well
as o
u
tp
u
t v
o
ltag
e
r
i
p
p
le.
T
h
e
f
o
r
m
u
la
ca
n
b
e
f
o
u
n
d
o
u
t a
s
s
h
o
w
n
in
(
3
)
.
∆
=
(
0
.
2
0
.
4
)
∗
(
)
∗
(
3
)
W
h
er
e
(
)
is
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
o
u
tp
u
t c
u
r
r
en
t
d
esire
d
in
th
e
a
p
p
lica
tio
n
.
Af
ter
ca
lcu
latin
g
th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
in
d
u
ctan
ce
L
,
we
ca
n
v
e
r
if
y
th
e
v
al
u
e
o
f
in
d
u
ct
o
r
r
ip
p
le
cu
r
r
en
t
∆
u
s
in
g
(
4
)
.
∆
=
(
)
∗
∗
(
4
)
2
.
3
.
Ca
pa
ci
t
o
r,
C
I
n
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ch
ar
g
er
,
ca
p
ac
ito
r
C
r
eso
n
ated
with
in
d
u
cto
r
L
to
s
m
o
o
th
e
n
o
u
t switch
v
o
ltag
e
at
tu
r
n
-
o
f
f
tr
an
s
itio
n
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
s
u
itab
le
en
er
g
y
to
b
e
s
t
o
r
ed
in
C
ca
n
b
e
d
eter
m
in
e
d
as 5
.
(
)
=
(
)
∗
∗
∆
(
5
)
wh
er
e
(
)
an
d
(
)
ar
e
th
e
m
in
im
u
m
o
u
tp
u
t c
a
p
ac
itan
ce
n
ee
d
e
d
an
d
m
ax
im
u
m
o
u
tp
u
t c
u
r
r
e
n
t o
f
th
e
d
esire
d
ap
p
licatio
n
r
esp
ec
t
iv
ely
.
W
h
ile
∆
is
th
e
d
esire
d
o
u
t
p
u
t v
o
ltag
e
r
ip
p
le.
2
.
3
.
Resis
t
a
nce,
R
I
n
ter
leav
in
g
also
ca
n
b
e
k
n
o
wn
as
m
u
lti
-
p
h
ase
is
a
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
tech
n
iq
u
e
to
o
v
e
r
co
m
e
th
e
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
b
o
o
s
t c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
d
is
ad
v
an
tag
es.
I
t is a
u
s
ef
u
l te
ch
n
iq
u
e
to
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
s
ize
o
f
f
ilter
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
b
y
s
ettin
g
th
e
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
ts
in
t
o
a
p
ar
allel
c
o
m
b
in
atio
n
o
f
a
s
et
o
f
two
s
witch
es,
d
io
d
es,
a
n
d
in
d
u
cto
r
th
at
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
t
o
a
s
in
g
le
ca
p
ac
ito
r
an
d
lo
a
d
.
T
h
e
lo
ad
o
r
r
esis
tan
ce
,
R
,
v
alu
e
ca
n
b
e
ca
lc
u
late
d
u
s
in
g
(
6
)
.
=
(
6
)
3.
P
V
CH
ARAC
T
E
RI
ST
I
C
Fo
r
th
e
s
o
lar
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic,
t
h
er
e
ar
e
m
an
y
ty
p
es
o
f
PV
m
o
d
elin
g
m
eth
o
d
s
av
ailab
le,
an
d
o
n
e
o
f
th
em
is
th
e
s
in
g
le
d
io
d
e
m
o
d
el
o
f
t
h
e
PV
Mo
d
u
le.
B
y
u
s
in
g
SIM
SC
APE
an
d
S
im
u
lin
k
s
o
f
twar
e,
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
is
co
n
d
u
cted
to
d
e
ter
m
in
e
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etw
ee
n
th
e
v
ar
iatio
n
o
f
ir
r
a
d
ian
c
e
an
d
tem
p
er
at
u
r
e
lev
el
with
th
e
o
u
t
p
u
t
p
o
wer
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
.
T
h
e
ch
a
r
ac
ter
is
tic
o
f
th
e
PV
p
a
n
el
ap
p
lied
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
is
lis
ted
in
T
ab
le
1
.
Sev
er
al
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
l
ev
els
ar
e
test
ed
f
o
r
th
e
test
wh
ich
in
clu
d
e
6
0
0
W
/m
2
,
7
0
0
W
/m
2
,
8
0
0
W
/m
2
,
9
0
0
W
/m
2
,
a
n
d
1
0
0
0
W
/m
2
w
ith
a
co
n
s
t
a
n
t
te
m
p
e
r
a
tu
r
e
o
f
2
5
C.
B
ased
o
n
t
h
e
p
lo
tted
g
r
a
p
h
o
n
Fig
u
r
e
1
(
a)
,
th
e
r
ed
u
ctio
n
o
f
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
will
af
f
ec
t
th
e
o
u
t
p
u
t
p
o
wer
o
f
PV
p
an
el
an
d
c
h
an
g
in
g
its
m
a
x
im
u
m
p
o
wer
p
o
in
t
(
MPP)
p
o
s
itio
n
.
T
h
e
p
o
we
r
a
x
is
r
an
g
e
is
f
r
o
m
1
.
9
5
7
V
t
o
3
.
3
9
6
V
f
o
r
ir
r
a
d
i
a
n
c
e
v
a
r
i
ati
o
n
f
r
o
m
6
0
0
W
/
m
2
t
o
1
0
0
0
W
/m
2
.
Sin
ce
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
with
1
0
0
0
W
/m
2
will
p
r
o
v
id
e
th
e
h
ig
h
es
t
MPP
v
alu
e,
th
e
m
o
d
el
is
test
ed
with
a
d
if
f
er
en
t
v
a
l
u
e
o
f
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e
in
clu
d
in
g
10
C
,
2
0
C
,
3
0
C
,
4
0
C
,
an
d
5
0
C
with
a
co
n
s
tan
t
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
o
f
1
0
0
0
W
/m
2
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
(
b
)
p
o
r
tr
ay
s
th
e
P
-
V
ch
a
r
ac
ter
is
tics
o
n
a
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
lev
el
o
f
tem
p
er
atu
r
e.
Similar
to
I
r
r
ad
ian
ce
v
ar
iatio
n
,
tem
p
er
at
u
r
e
ch
an
g
es a
ls
o
will a
f
f
ec
t th
e
o
u
tp
u
t p
o
wer
o
f
th
e
PV p
an
e
l w
h
ile
ch
an
g
in
g
its
MPP
p
o
s
itio
n
.
T
h
e
Po
wer
ax
is
r
an
g
e
f
r
o
m
3
.
3
3
9
W
to
3
.
4
3
1
W
f
o
r
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
r
an
g
e
1
0
C
to
5
0
C.
I
t
i
s
k
n
o
wn
th
at
th
e
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
th
e
PV
ar
r
ay
is
v
er
y
s
m
all
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
b
a
tter
y
ca
p
ac
ity
[
2
7
]
,
[
2
8
]
.
T
h
u
s
,
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
ef
f
icie
n
cy
,
h
ig
h
-
en
er
g
y
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
r
s
ar
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
.
T
r
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
s
is
n
o
t
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
th
is
p
r
o
ject
b
ec
au
s
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
s
ca
n
o
n
ly
s
tep
u
p
AC
-
AC
b
u
t
th
is
s
co
p
e
o
f
s
tu
d
y
o
n
ly
c
o
v
er
s
a
s
tan
d
-
alo
n
e
o
f
f
-
g
r
id
s
y
s
tem
.
Hen
ce
,
th
is
p
r
o
j
ec
t
m
ain
ly
a
d
o
p
ts
a
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
v
o
lt
ag
e
to
th
e
d
esire
d
am
o
u
n
t
u
s
in
g
th
e
b
o
o
s
t c
o
n
v
er
ter
.
T
ab
le
1
.
Sp
ec
if
icatio
n
o
f
PV p
an
el
P
a
r
a
me
t
er
V
a
l
u
e
O
p
e
n
C
i
r
c
u
i
t
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
(
{
}
)
48
S
h
o
r
t
C
i
r
c
u
i
t
C
u
r
r
e
n
t
(
{
}
)
9
.
2
Q
u
a
l
i
t
y
F
a
c
t
o
r
1
.
5
S
e
r
i
e
s
C
e
l
l
1
En
e
r
g
y
G
a
p
1
.
1
1
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
694
A
n
in
terl
ea
ve
d
DC
ch
a
r
g
in
g
s
o
la
r
s
ystem
fo
r
elec
t
r
ic
ve
h
icl
e
(
A
h
ma
d
A
ima
n
Mo
h
d
F
a
u
d
z
i
)
2417
(
a
)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
I
n
p
u
t w
a
v
e
f
o
r
m
s
o
f
PV c
u
r
v
e
d
ep
e
n
d
in
g
o
n
;
(
a)
th
e
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
lev
el
a
n
d
(
b
)
th
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
le
v
el
4.
RE
SU
L
T
AND
DI
SCUS
SI
O
N
T
h
e
an
aly
s
is
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
is
ex
p
lain
ed
in
ter
m
s
o
f
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
s
,
th
e
r
ed
u
ctio
n
o
f
v
alu
es
o
f
r
ip
p
le
a
n
d
th
e
tr
an
s
itio
n
tim
e
f
r
o
m
th
e
tr
an
s
ien
t
s
tate
i
n
to
th
e
s
tead
y
s
tate
in
th
e
s
y
s
tem
d
esig
n
th
at
h
as
b
ee
n
d
ev
el
o
p
e
d
ea
r
lier
.
Fo
r
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
o
f
th
e
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
,
th
e
in
p
u
ts
to
th
e
s
y
s
tem
ar
e
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
b
y
Fig
u
r
e
2
(
a)
an
d
(
b
)
.
As
m
en
tio
n
ed
ea
r
lier
,
th
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
th
at
g
o
es
in
to
th
e
in
d
u
cto
r
is
s
im
ilar
to
th
e
in
p
u
t
cu
r
r
en
t
ar
e
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
(
a)
.
T
h
ey
ca
n
b
e
o
b
tain
ed
as
1
0
.
3
9
A,
an
d
b
y
u
s
in
g
th
e
s
am
e
wav
e
f
o
r
m
,
th
e
in
p
u
t
c
u
r
r
en
t
r
ip
p
le
is
o
b
tain
ed
as
2
.
3
5
A.
An
d
Fig
u
r
e
2
(
b
)
s
h
o
ws
th
e
g
atin
g
p
atter
n
o
f
MO
SF
E
T
.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
I
n
p
u
t w
a
v
ef
o
r
m
s
o
f
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
b
o
o
s
t c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
;
(
a)
cu
r
r
en
t a
n
d
(
b
)
g
atin
g
p
atte
r
n
o
f
MO
SF
E
T
Fo
r
th
e
2
-
p
h
ase
in
ter
leav
ed
b
o
o
s
t c
o
n
v
er
ter
,
Fig
u
r
e
3
(
a
)
s
h
o
ws th
e
in
p
u
t c
u
r
r
e
n
t w
av
ef
o
r
m
,
in
d
u
cto
r
L
1
an
d
i
n
d
u
cto
r
L
2
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
wav
ef
o
r
m
s
with
th
e
v
alu
es
o
f
9
.
9
3
6
A
a
n
d
3
.
4
6
9
A
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
Usi
n
g
th
e
s
am
e
wav
ef
o
r
m
,
th
e
in
p
u
t
cu
r
r
en
t
r
ip
p
le
is
ac
cu
m
u
lated
as
0
.
7
6
A,
an
d
b
o
th
in
d
u
cto
r
cu
r
r
en
t
r
ip
p
les
ar
e
2
.
3
5
A,
s
im
ilar
to
th
e
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
b
o
o
s
t c
o
n
v
er
ter
.
T
h
e
g
atin
g
p
atter
n
o
f
MO
SF
E
T
M1
an
d
MO
S
FET
M2
o
f
2
-
Ph
ase
in
ter
leav
ed
b
o
o
s
t
c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
is
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
(
b
)
.
I
n
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
o
f
3
-
p
h
ase
in
ter
leav
ed
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
,
th
e
in
p
u
t
cu
r
r
en
t,
in
d
u
cto
r
cu
r
r
en
ts
(
L
1
,
L
2
,
an
d
L
3
)
ar
e
s
h
o
wn
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
4
(
a)
a
n
d
ar
e
d
etec
ted
at
9
.
0
1
9
A
an
d
4
.
3
1
5
A
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
Me
an
wh
ile,
th
e
in
p
u
t
cu
r
r
en
t
r
ip
p
le
is
o
b
tain
ed
at
0
.
5
2
A
an
d
all
in
d
u
cto
r
cu
r
r
e
n
t
r
ip
p
les
ar
e
at
th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
2
.
3
5
A,
th
e
s
am
e
v
alu
e
d
etec
t
ed
in
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
an
d
2
-
p
h
ase
in
ter
leav
ed
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
.
T
h
e
s
witch
in
g
p
atter
n
s
o
f
th
r
ee
MO
SF
E
T
s
M1
,
M2
,
an
d
M3
in
th
e
3
-
p
h
ase
in
ter
leav
ed
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
e
r
ter
ca
n
b
e
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
(
b
)
.
T
h
e
p
h
ase
s
h
if
t
is
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
at
1
2
0
d
e
g
r
ee
s
(
3
6
0
/n
wh
er
e
n
is
3
)
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
I
n
t J
Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i
Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
12
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
2
1
:
2414
–
2
4
2
2
2418
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
W
av
ef
o
r
m
o
f
th
e
2
-
p
h
a
s
e
in
ter
leav
ed
b
o
o
s
t c
o
n
v
er
t
er
(
a)
in
p
u
t c
u
r
r
en
t
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d
(
b
)
g
at
in
g
p
atter
n
o
f
MO
SF
E
T
(
a)
(
b
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Fig
u
r
e
4
.
W
av
ef
o
r
m
o
f
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e
3
-
ph
ase
in
ter
leav
ed
b
o
o
s
t c
o
n
v
er
t
er
(
a)
in
p
u
t c
u
r
r
en
t a
n
d
(
b
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g
at
in
g
p
atter
n
o
f
MO
SF
E
T
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
694
A
n
in
terl
ea
ve
d
DC
ch
a
r
g
in
g
s
o
la
r
s
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fo
r
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t
r
ic
ve
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icl
e
(
A
h
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d
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ima
n
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h
d
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a
u
d
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)
2419
4
.
1
.
Co
m
pa
ra
t
iv
e
a
na
ly
s
is
B
ased
o
n
Fig
u
r
e
5
(
a)
an
d
(
b
)
,
th
e
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
c
u
r
r
en
t
a
n
d
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
5
.
5
2
3
A
an
d
7
9
.
5
4
V
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
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h
e
o
u
tp
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t
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r
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en
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r
i
p
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le
ca
n
b
e
ca
lcu
lated
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
s
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e
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ig
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e
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d
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alcu
lated
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e
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alu
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o
f
0
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7
9
V.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
o
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th
e
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n
v
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o
s
t
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n
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te
r
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o
n
ly
u
p
to
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8
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0
9
%.
Ho
we
v
er
,
th
e
tr
an
s
ien
t
r
esp
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e
o
f
th
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ter
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u
r
e
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r
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er
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n
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e
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ter
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im
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r
o
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ce
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tly
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o
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n
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ter
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ter
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lied
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e
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ase
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ter
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h
u
s
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e
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ter
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ich
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etter
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h
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ter
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h
e
o
u
t
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u
t
c
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r
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en
t
r
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le
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o
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th
e
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ase
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ter
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e
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t c
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ter
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o
b
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Fig
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r
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5
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u
r
e
5
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0
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0
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6
A,
with
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u
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t
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ip
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le
is
0
.
1
4
V.
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n
ter
m
s
o
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th
e
tr
an
s
ien
t
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e
s
p
o
n
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e
in
Fig
u
r
e
6
,
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e
2
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h
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e
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ter
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o
o
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t
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n
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ter
e
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its
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m
u
ch
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et
ter
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d
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aster
r
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o
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e
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m
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ar
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e
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n
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en
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o
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t
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n
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e
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ter
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u
t
with
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lig
h
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th
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3
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ase
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ter
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t c
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y
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lied
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e
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ase
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ter
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wh
ile
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t
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as
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em
o
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ated
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Fig
u
r
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ce
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es
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ich
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ak
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e
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ase
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ter
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n
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ter
h
as
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i
g
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est
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cy
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o
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n
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s
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h
e
o
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t
p
u
t
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r
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ip
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le
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alcu
lated
at
0
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4
A
an
d
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e
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u
tp
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t v
o
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ip
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l
e
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s
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Fig
u
r
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5
w
ith
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t
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n
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e
in
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e
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r
o
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th
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Fig
u
r
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5
,
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at
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ter
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eth
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s
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r
e
a
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lie
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e
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ip
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le
will b
e
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ed
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ce
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ican
tly
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a)
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u
r
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5
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t
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t
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t c
o
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ter
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r
r
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n
t,
(
b
)
v
o
ltag
e
(
a)
(
b
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Fig
u
r
e
6
.
T
r
an
s
ien
t
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st
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d
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o
f
o
u
tp
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t w
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e
f
o
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m
s
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(
a
)
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r
r
en
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(
b
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v
o
ltag
e
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
Fig
u
r
e
6
(
a)
s
h
o
ws
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e
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e
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en
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o
r
th
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r
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t
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ch
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e
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r
o
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etwe
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ase
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ter
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o
o
s
t
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n
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e
r
ter
s
h
o
ws
th
e
f
aste
s
t
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
I
n
t J
Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i
Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
12
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
2
1
:
2414
–
2
4
2
2
2420
tr
an
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r
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u
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6
(
b
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s
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s
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f
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Ph
o
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atter
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atter
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ter
with
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ed
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r
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le
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u
r
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r
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p
p
le
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o
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.
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h
e
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o
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a
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led
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o
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o
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u
cto
r
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r
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e
n
t
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ip
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le,
th
e
o
u
t
p
u
t
cu
r
r
e
n
t
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ip
p
le,
an
d
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
r
ip
p
le
is
s
tu
d
ied
in
g
r
ea
t
d
etail.
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h
e
m
ajo
r
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
ns
o
f
th
e
p
a
p
er
ar
e
s
u
m
m
ar
ized
as
;
T
o
in
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RE
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NC
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S
[1
]
R.
A.
Ha
n
ifa
h
,
S
.
F
.
T
o
h
a
,
S
.
Ah
m
a
d
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.
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ss
a
n
,
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wa
rm
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telli
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in
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e
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tri
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Ve
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icle
s,"
in
IEE
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ra
n
sa
c
ti
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o
n
In
d
u
stri
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l
El
e
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tro
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5
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9
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7
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.
[2
]
C.
E.
T
h
o
m
a
s,
“
G
re
e
n
h
o
u
se
g
a
se
s
b
y
se
c
to
r,
”
i
n
S
to
p
p
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n
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li
m
a
te
Ch
a
n
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e
:
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e
Ca
se
fo
r
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ro
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n
d
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l.
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w
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rk
,
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,
USA:
S
p
rin
g
e
r,
2
0
1
7
,
p
p
.
9
–
1
1
.
[3
]
R.
Ab
u
Ha
n
ifah
,
S
.
F
.
T
o
h
a
,
N.
H.
H.
M
o
h
a
m
a
d
Ha
n
if
a
n
d
N.
A.
Ka
m
isa
n
,
"
El
e
c
tri
c
M
o
to
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le
M
o
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n
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Acc
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ss
,
v
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l.
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,
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2
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.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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t J Po
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&
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i Sy
s
t
I
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N:
2088
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8
694
A
n
in
terl
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ve
d
DC
ch
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s
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elec
t
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ic
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(
A
h
ma
d
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ima
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h
d
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a
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d
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)
2421
[4
]
C.
M
.
M
a
rti
n
e
z
,
X.
H
u
,
D.
Ca
o
,
E.
Ve
len
is,
B.
G
a
o
a
n
d
M
.
W
e
ll
e
rs,
"
E
n
e
rg
y
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
i
n
P
lu
g
-
in
Hy
b
rid
El
e
c
tri
c
Ve
h
icle
s:
Re
c
e
n
t
P
ro
g
re
ss
a
n
d
a
C
o
n
n
e
c
ted
Ve
h
icle
s
P
e
rsp
e
c
ti
v
e
,
"
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n
I
EE
E
T
ra
n
s
a
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
Veh
icu
l
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r
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0
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2
0
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6
.
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7
2
1
.
[5
]
Y.
Xu
e
,
J.
Yo
u
,
X.
Li
a
n
g
,
a
n
d
H
.
-
C.
Li
u
,
“
Ad
o
p
t
in
g
S
trate
g
ic
Ni
c
h
e
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
to
Ev
a
lu
a
te
EV
De
m
o
n
stra
ti
o
n
P
ro
jec
ts i
n
Ch
i
n
a
,
”
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u
sta
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n
a
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il
it
y
,
v
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l
.
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o
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1
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3
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.
[6
]
Z.
F
o
t
o
u
h
i,
M
.
R.
Ha
sh
e
m
i,
H.
Na
rima
n
i
a
n
d
I.
S
.
Ba
y
ra
m
,
"
A G
e
n
e
ra
l
M
o
d
e
l
fo
r
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Driv
e
rs’ Ch
a
r
g
in
g
Be
h
a
v
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o
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in
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EE
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r
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n
s
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ti
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o
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.
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3
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[7
]
P
.
S
h
riv
a
sta
v
a
,
M
.
S
.
Ala
m
,
a
n
d
M
.
S
.
J.
As
g
h
a
r,
“
De
sig
n
a
n
d
tec
h
n
o
-
e
c
o
n
o
m
ic
a
n
a
ly
sis o
f
p
lu
g
-
in
e
lec
tri
c
v
e
h
icle
-
in
teg
ra
ted
so
lar
P
V
c
h
a
rg
in
g
sy
st
e
m
fo
r
In
d
ia,”
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S
m
a
rt
Gr
id
,
v
o
l.
2
,
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o
.
2
,
p
p
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[8
]
N.
M
.
L.
Ta
n
,
A.
K.
Ra
m
a
sa
m
y
,
V.
K.
Ra
m
a
c
h
a
n
d
a
ra
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rth
y
,
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.
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a
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e
k
,
M
.
R.
Ot
h
m
a
n
,
a
n
d
I
.
Ariffi
n
,
“
Util
it
y
-
sc
a
le
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ic
g
e
n
e
ra
to
rs:
a
r
e
v
iew
o
n
tren
d
s,
g
ri
d
c
o
d
e
re
q
u
i
re
m
e
n
ts
a
n
d
c
h
a
ll
e
n
g
e
s,”
I
n
d
o
n
e
sia
n
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
Co
mp
u
ter
S
c
ien
c
e
,
v
o
l.
1
8
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
5
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3
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8
5
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2
0
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0
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c
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.
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2
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[9
]
S
.
G
o
ra
i,
D.
S
a
tt
ian
a
d
a
n
,
V.
S
h
a
n
m
u
g
a
su
n
d
a
ra
m
,
S
.
Vid
y
a
sa
g
a
r,
G
.
R.
P
.
Ku
m
a
r,
a
n
d
M
.
S
u
d
h
a
k
a
ra
n
,
“
In
v
e
stig
a
ti
o
n
o
f
v
o
l
tag
e
re
g
u
lati
o
n
in
g
rid
c
o
n
n
e
c
ted
P
V
sy
ste
m
,
”
In
d
o
n
e
s
ian
Jo
u
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a
l
o
f
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e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
Co
m
p
u
ter S
c
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c
e
,
v
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l.
1
9
,
n
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.
3
,
p
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1
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0
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s.v
1
9
.
i
3
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3
9
.
[1
0
]
E.
Xy
d
a
s,
C.
M
a
rm
a
ra
s,
L.
M
.
Cip
c
ig
a
n
,
N.
Je
n
k
i
n
s,
S
.
Ca
rro
l
l
,
a
n
d
M
.
Ba
r
k
e
r,
“
A
d
a
ta
-
d
riv
e
n
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
fo
r
c
h
a
ra
c
teris
in
g
th
e
c
h
a
rg
in
g
d
e
m
a
n
d
o
f
e
lec
tri
c
v
e
h
icle
s:
A
UK
c
a
s
e
stu
d
y
,
”
Ap
p
li
e
d
E
n
e
rg
y
,
v
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l.
1
6
2
,
p
p
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7
6
3
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7
7
1
,
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6
,
d
o
i:
1
0
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1
0
1
6
/
j.
a
p
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e
rg
y
.
2
0
1
5
.
1
0
.
1
5
1
.
[1
1
]
D.
Tan
g
a
n
d
P
.
Wan
g
,
"
P
ro
b
a
b
il
i
stic
M
o
d
e
li
n
g
o
f
No
d
a
l
C
h
a
rg
in
g
De
m
a
n
d
Ba
se
d
o
n
S
p
a
ti
a
l
-
Tem
p
o
ra
l
Dy
n
a
m
ics
o
f
M
o
v
i
n
g
E
lec
tri
c
Ve
h
icle
s,"
in
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
S
ma
rt
Gr
id
,
v
o
l.
7
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
6
2
7
-
6
3
6
,
M
a
rc
h
2
0
1
6
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
TS
G
.
2
0
1
5
.
2
4
3
7
4
1
5
.
[1
2
]
A.
Ha
ss
o
u
n
e
,
M
.
Kh
a
fa
ll
a
h
,
A.
M
e
sb
a
h
i,
a
n
d
T.
Bo
u
ra
g
b
a
,
“
Op
ti
m
iza
ti
o
n
Tec
h
n
iq
u
e
s
fo
r
D
C
Bu
s
Vo
lt
a
g
e
Ba
lan
c
in
g
i
n
a
P
V
G
rid
Sy
ste
m
Ba
se
d
EVs
Ch
a
rg
i
n
g
S
tatio
n
,
”
Rec
e
n
t
Ad
v
a
n
c
e
s
in
El
e
c
trica
l
a
n
d
I
n
fo
rm
a
ti
o
n
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
ies
fo
r S
u
sta
in
a
b
le De
v
e
lo
p
me
n
t
,
2
0
1
9
,
p
p
.
1
2
3
-
1
3
1
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
0
7
/9
7
8
-
3
-
0
3
0
-
0
5
2
7
6
-
8
_
1
4
.
[1
3
]
J.
P
h
il
i
p
e
t
a
l.
,
"
C
o
n
tr
o
l
a
n
d
i
m
p
lem
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
a
sta
n
d
a
lo
n
e
so
lar
p
h
o
to
-
v
o
lt
a
ic
h
y
b
ri
d
sy
ste
m
,
"
2
0
1
5
IEE
E
In
d
u
stry
Ap
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
S
o
c
iety
A
n
n
u
a
l
M
e
e
ti
n
g
,
2
0
1
5
,
p
p
.
1
-
8
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/IAS
.
2
0
1
5
.
7
3
5
6
8
1
4
.
[1
4
]
M
.
Re
y
a
su
d
i
n
Ba
sir
Kh
a
n
,
J.
P
a
su
p
u
leti,
J.
Al
-
F
a
tt
a
h
,
M
.
Tah
m
a
se
b
i,
M
.
Re
y
a
su
d
in
,
a
n
d
B.
Kh
a
n
,
“
Op
ti
m
a
l
G
rid
-
Co
n
n
e
c
ted
P
V
S
y
ste
m
fo
r
a
Ca
m
p
u
s
M
icro
g
r
id
,
”
In
d
o
n
e
sia
n
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
C
o
mp
u
ter
S
c
ien
c
e
,
v
o
l.
1
2
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
8
9
9
-
9
0
6
,
2
0
1
8
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/
ij
e
e
c
s.v
1
2
.
i3
.
p
p
8
9
9
-
9
0
6
.
[1
5
]
A.
Z.
A
d
n
a
n
,
M
.
E
.
Yu
s
o
ff,
a
n
d
H.
Ha
sh
im,
“
An
a
ly
sis
o
n
t
h
e
Im
p
a
c
t
o
f
Re
n
e
wa
b
le
E
n
e
rg
y
t
o
P
o
w
e
r
S
y
ste
m
F
a
u
l
t
Lev
e
l,
”
In
d
o
n
e
sia
n
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
Co
m
p
u
t
e
r S
c
ien
c
e
,
v
o
l.
1
1
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
6
5
2
-
6
5
7
,
2
0
1
8
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/i
jee
c
s.v
1
1
.
i
2
.
p
p
6
5
2
-
657
.
[1
6
]
M
.
J.
E.
Ala
m
,
K.
M
.
M
u
tt
a
q
i
a
n
d
D.
S
u
tan
to
,
"
Eff
e
c
ti
v
e
Util
i
z
a
ti
o
n
o
f
Av
a
il
a
b
le
P
EV
Ba
tt
e
ry
Ca
p
a
c
it
y
fo
r
M
it
ig
a
ti
o
n
o
f
S
o
lar
P
V
Im
p
a
c
t
a
n
d
G
rid
S
u
p
p
o
r
t
Wi
th
I
n
teg
ra
ted
V2
G
F
u
n
c
ti
o
n
a
li
t
y
,
"
i
n
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
S
ma
rt Grid
,
v
o
l.
7
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
1
5
6
2
-
1
5
7
1
,
M
a
y
2
0
1
6
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
TS
G
.
2
0
1
5
.
2
4
8
7
5
1
4
.
[1
7
]
M
.
Al
-
M
a
g
h
a
lse
h
,
“
G
e
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
u
n
it
siz
in
g
,
e
c
o
n
o
m
ic
a
n
a
ly
sis
o
f
g
rid
c
o
n
n
e
c
ted
a
n
d
sta
n
d
a
lo
n
e
P
V
p
o
we
r
p
lan
t,
”
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
E
n
e
rg
y
Ap
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
ies
,
v
o
l
.
6
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
-
7
,
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
1
5
9
3
/i
jea
t.
4
4
4
0
9
1
.
[1
8
]
Z.
A.
Arfe
e
n
,
A.
B.
K
h
a
iru
d
d
i
n
,
A.
M
u
n
ir,
M
.
K.
Az
a
m
,
M
.
F
a
isa
l
,
a
n
d
M
.
S
.
B
.
Arif,
“
E
n
r
o
u
te o
f
e
lec
tri
c
v
e
h
icle
s
with
t
h
e
v
e
h
icle
t
o
g
rid
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
in
d
istri
b
u
t
io
n
n
e
two
rk
s:
S
tat
u
s
a
n
d
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ica
l
re
v
iew
,
”
En
e
r
g
y
S
t
o
ra
g
e
,
v
o
l
.
2
,
n
o
.
2
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i:
10
.
1
0
0
2
/es
t2
.
1
1
5
.
[1
9
]
N.
S
.
,
D.
De
b
n
a
th
a
n
d
C.
Ch
a
k
ra
b
o
rt
y
,
"
S
y
n
th
e
sis
o
f
Th
re
e
-
P
o
rt
Co
n
v
e
rter
fr
o
m
e
x
isti
n
g
d
c
-
d
c
c
o
n
v
e
rters
fo
r
P
V
b
a
se
d
d
c
sta
n
d
-
a
lo
n
e
sy
ste
m
,
"
2
0
2
0
IEE
E
I
n
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
Po
we
r
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
,
S
ma
rt
Gr
id
a
n
d
Ren
e
wa
b
le E
n
e
rg
y
(PE
S
GRE2
0
2
0
)
,
2
0
2
0
,
p
p
.
1
-
6
,
d
o
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0
.
1
1
0
9
/
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ES
G
RE4
5
6
6
4
.
2
0
2
0
.
9
0
7
0
4
4
3
.
[2
0
]
K.
S
a
y
e
d
,
M
.
G
.
G
ro
n
fu
la,
a
n
d
H.
A.
Zi
e
d
a
n
,
“
No
v
e
l
s
o
ft
-
sw
it
c
h
in
g
i
n
teg
ra
ted
b
o
o
st
DC
-
DC
c
o
n
v
e
rter
f
o
r
P
V
p
o
we
r
sy
ste
m
,
”
En
e
rg
ies
,
v
o
l.
1
3
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
.
7
4
9
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
3
9
0
/
e
n
1
3
0
3
0
7
4
9
.
[2
1
]
M
.
Are
f,
I.
Ah
m
e
d
,
a
n
d
V.
O
b
o
s
k
a
lo
v
,
“
Dig
it
a
l
c
o
n
tro
l
stra
teg
y
f
o
r
S
P
WM
M
P
P
T
o
f
P
V
sy
ste
m
with
th
re
e
-
p
h
a
se
NPC
th
re
e
-
lev
e
l
c
o
n
v
e
rter,”
I
n
d
o
n
e
sia
n
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
C
o
mp
u
ter
S
c
ien
c
e
,
v
o
l.
1
9
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
5
7
2
-
5
8
5
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/i
jee
c
s.v
1
9
.
i2
.
p
p
5
7
2
-
5
8
5
.
[2
2
]
S
.
Ja
i
n
,
S
.
D
h
a
ra
a
n
d
V.
A
g
a
rwa
l,
"
A
V
o
lt
a
g
e
-
Z
o
n
e
Ba
se
d
P
o
we
r
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
S
c
h
e
m
e
Wi
th
S
e
a
m
les
s
P
o
we
r
Tran
sfe
r
Be
twe
e
n
P
V
-
Ba
tt
e
ry
fo
r
OFF
-
G
rid
S
tan
d
-
Alo
n
e
S
y
ste
m
,
"
in
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
In
d
u
str
y
Ap
p
li
c
a
t
io
n
s
,
v
o
l.
5
7
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
7
5
4
-
7
6
3
,
Ja
n
.
-
F
e
b
.
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/T
IA.
2
0
2
0
.
3
0
3
1
2
6
5
.
[2
3
]
X.
Hu
,
P
.
M
a
,
J.
Wan
g
a
n
d
G
.
Tan
,
"
A
Hy
b
r
id
Ca
sc
a
d
e
d
DC
–
DC
Bo
o
st
Co
n
v
e
rter
Wi
th
R
ip
p
l
e
Re
d
u
c
ti
o
n
a
n
d
Larg
e
Co
n
v
e
rsio
n
Ra
ti
o
,
"
in
IEE
E
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Eme
rg
i
n
g
a
n
d
S
e
lec
ted
T
o
p
ics
i
n
P
o
we
r
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
,
v
o
l.
8
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
761
-
7
7
0
,
M
a
rc
h
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/JES
TP
E.
2
0
1
9
.
2
8
9
5
6
7
3
.
[2
4
]
T.
V.
M
u
n
i,
D.
P
riy
a
n
k
a
,
a
n
d
S
.
V.
N.
L.
Lalit
h
a
,
“
F
a
st
Ac
ti
n
g
M
P
P
T
Alg
o
rit
h
m
fo
r
S
o
ft
S
wi
tch
in
g
In
terle
a
v
e
d
Bo
o
st
Co
n
v
e
rter
fo
r
S
o
lar
P
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ic
S
y
ste
m
P
o
we
r
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
sy
ste
m
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
Res
e
a
rc
h
in
Dy
n
a
mi
c
a
l
a
n
d
Co
n
tro
l
S
y
ste
ms
,
v
o
l.
1
0
,
n
o
.
9
,
2
0
1
8
.
[2
5
]
D.
S
Ko
u
sh
i
k
,
“
M
o
d
e
li
n
g
a
n
d
An
a
ly
sis o
f
Tw
o
P
h
a
se
I
n
terle
a
v
e
d
B
o
o
st
DC
t
o
DC
Co
n
v
e
rter
fo
r
Re
n
e
wa
b
le
En
e
rg
y
Ap
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s,”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
Res
e
a
rc
h
in
S
c
ie
n
c
e
,
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
v
o
l.
5
,
2
0
1
8
.
[2
6
]
H.
-
S
.
Lee
a
n
d
J.
-
J.
Yu
n
,
"
Hi
g
h
-
Eff
ic
ien
c
y
Bi
d
irec
ti
o
n
a
l
Bu
c
k
–
Bo
o
st
C
o
n
v
e
rter
fo
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12
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RS
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tru
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it
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u
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e
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tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Isla
m
ic
Un
iv
e
rsity
M
a
lay
sia
(IIUM
).
S
h
e
re
c
e
iv
e
d
B.
En
g
(Ho
n
s)
in
El
e
c
tri
c
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l
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n
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tro
n
ics
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g
i
n
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g
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n
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o
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y
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ter
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c
fro
m
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i
v
e
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a
i
n
s
M
a
lay
sia
in
e
lec
tri
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a
l
e
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g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
.
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h
e
wa
s
th
e
n
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o
m
p
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d
h
e
r
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i
n
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to
m
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ti
c
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o
n
tr
o
l
a
n
d
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y
ste
m
s
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g
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rin
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o
m
T
h
e
U
n
iv
e
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y
o
f
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h
e
ffield
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is
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se
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m
e
m
b
e
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n
d
a
lso
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ss
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g
in
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r
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n
M
a
lay
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s
we
ll
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s
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Ch
a
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g
i
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e
e
r
with
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g
i
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u
n
c
il
,
Th
e
In
st
it
u
t
io
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o
f
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n
g
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rin
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a
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d
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h
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o
lo
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n
it
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d
Kin
g
d
o
m
.
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h
e
is
a
lso
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n
a
c
ti
v
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m
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m
b
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r
o
f
Yo
u
n
g
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c
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e
two
rk
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a
d
e
m
y
o
f
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s
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a
lay
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).
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b
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t
u
la
d
a
wi
a
h
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a
n
ifa
h
wa
s
b
o
rn
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n
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a
la
Lu
m
p
u
r,
M
a
lay
sia
.
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h
e
re
c
e
iv
e
d
t
h
e
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En
g
(Ho
n
s)
in
M
e
c
h
a
tr
o
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ics
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g
in
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rin
g
a
n
d
M
S
c
d
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g
re
e
s
in
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c
h
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tro
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g
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ri
n
g
fro
m
In
tern
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ti
o
n
a
l
Isla
m
ic
Un
iv
e
rsity
M
a
lay
sia
in
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0
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1
a
n
d
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0
1
4
re
sp
e
c
ti
v
e
ly
.
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n
2
0
2
0
,
sh
e
su
c
c
e
ss
fu
ll
y
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ra
d
u
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ted
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d
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o
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p
lete
d
h
e
r
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h
D
in
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tern
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ti
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n
a
l
Isla
m
ic
Un
i
v
e
rsity
M
a
la
y
sia
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se
a
rc
h
in
g
o
n
t
h
e
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n
h
a
n
c
e
m
e
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t
o
f
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o
m
p
lex
c
o
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tro
ll
e
r
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p
ti
m
iza
ti
o
n
f
o
r
t
h
e
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lec
tri
c
v
e
h
icle
.
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r
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
a
re
in
s
y
ste
m
c
o
n
tr
o
ll
e
r
p
a
ra
m
e
ter
a
n
d
p
e
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o
rm
a
n
c
e
o
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ti
m
iza
ti
o
n
u
si
n
g
v
a
ri
o
u
s
c
o
m
p
u
tat
io
n
a
l
in
telli
g
e
n
c
e
m
e
th
o
d
s.
Dr.
Ra
b
iat
u
l
is
a
stu
d
e
n
t
m
e
m
b
e
r
o
f
IEE
E
a
n
d
a
lso
a
re
g
istere
d
g
ra
d
u
a
te
e
n
g
in
e
e
r
o
f
B
o
a
rd
o
f
En
g
in
e
e
r
s
M
a
lay
sia
.
I
n
ITE
ES
,
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
j
o
u
r
n
a
ls
a
n
d
o
th
e
r
sc
ien
ti
fic p
u
b
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s,
s
h
e
h
a
s se
rv
e
d
a
s in
v
it
e
d
re
v
iew
e
r.
Nurul
Fa
d
z
li
n
H
a
sbu
l
la
h
is
c
u
r
re
n
tl
y
a
P
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fe
ss
o
r
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t
th
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p
a
rt
m
e
n
t
o
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tri
c
a
l
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n
d
C
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m
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g
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rin
g
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F
a
c
u
l
ty
o
f
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g
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e
rin
g
.
S
h
e
g
ra
d
u
a
ted
wit
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ir
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-
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s
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n
o
u
rs
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m
Ca
r
d
iff
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iv
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rsity
,
Wale
s,
with
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c
h
e
lo
r
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n
g
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e
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rk
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d
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s
a
n
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te
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ra
ted
Ch
ip
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sig
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g
in
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n
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lay
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a
M
icro
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lec
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o
lu
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n
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b
e
rjay
a
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r
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e
a
r
b
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t
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a
g
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g
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a
s
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tu
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e
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to
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tern
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ti
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n
a
l
Isla
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ic
Un
iv
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a
n
As
sista
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t
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o
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tai
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e
r
P
h
.
D
fro
m
t
h
e
Un
i
v
e
rsity
o
f
S
h
e
ffield
,
UK
i
n
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0
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se
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rc
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o
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th
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e
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c
a
l
a
n
d
o
p
ti
c
a
l
c
h
a
ra
c
teristics
o
f
q
u
a
n
tu
m
d
o
t
l
a
se
r
stru
c
tu
re
s.
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r
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
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o
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ti
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u
e
in
th
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a
re
a
s
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m
ico
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d
u
c
to
r
d
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h
a
ra
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teriz
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ti
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ti
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a
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n
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n
a
ted
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o
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AR
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we
r
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d
n
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d
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s
h
is
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En
g
i
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M
a
teria
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ro
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y
n
a
m
ic
fro
m
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it
a
Un
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rsity
o
f
Ja
p
a
n
,
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p
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i
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1
9
9
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h
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s
h
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M
S
c
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B
u
sin
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f
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h
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y
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is
1
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sin
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g
e
m
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h
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ld
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u
m
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ro
u
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c
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ra
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