Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of
P
ower E
le
ctr
on
i
cs a
n
d
Drive
S
ystem
(I
J
PE
D
S
)
Vo
l.
11
,
No.
4
,
Decem
be
r
2020
, p
p.
21
4
5
~
215
3
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8694
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ij
peds
.
v
1
1
.i
4
.
pp
2
1
4
5
-
215
3
2145
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ij
pe
ds
.i
aescore.c
om
A
ne
w m
ultilev
el inve
rter with r
ed
uced swi
tch cou
nt for
renew
able power
app
li
cat
ions
Seong
-
Ch
e
ol
Kim
1
, S
.
Nar
asi
mha
2
, Suren
der R
e
ddy S
al
kut
i
3
1
,3
Depa
rtment
of
Railroad
and El
ec
tr
ic
a
l Engi
ne
er
ing,
Woosong
U
nive
rs
it
y
,
Da
ej
e
on,
Repub
li
c
of
Korea
2
Depa
rtment of
El
e
ct
ri
ca
l
and
E
l
ec
tron
ic
s E
ng
ineeri
ng,
TKR
Co
llege
of
Eng
ine
e
ri
ng
and Technolo
gy,
Indi
a
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
A
pr
30
, 20
20
Re
vised
Jun
10
, 20
20
Accepte
d
J
ul
16
, 2
0
20
Thi
s
pape
r
prop
oses
a
new
t
ec
h
nique
for
a
vol
tage
source
mul
t
ilevel
inve
r
te
r
(MLI)
with
r
edu
ce
d
sw
it
ch
cou
nt
,
and
it
creat
es
a
smooth
er
sinusoidal
outpu
t
wave
form
with
red
u
ce
d
tot
a
l
har
monic
distor
ti
on
(THD).
Th
ere
fore
,
th
e
proposed
techni
que
id
ent
if
ie
s
a
better
positi
on
in
the
li
st
of
multil
eve
l
conve
rt
ers
used
for
power
qualit
y
condition
ers.
Semi
condu
ct
ing
device
s
are
adde
d
to
it
if
th
e
numbe
r
of
l
ev
el
s
inc
r
ea
ses.
In
thi
s
work,
th
e
t
opology
of
MLI
with
red
uc
ed
numbe
r
of
s
witc
hes
is
pre
se
nte
d.
A
new
ML
I
is
proposed
with
lower
num
ber
of
sw
it
ch
es
and
sourc
es
in
o
rde
r
to
a
chieve
highe
r
le
v
el
.
The
proposed
t
opology
is
fra
m
ed
ou
t
wi
th
the
co
mbi
na
ti
on
of
thr
ee
ha
lf
bridge
and
a
sin
gle
H
-
bri
dg
e
co
nfigura
t
ion.
Det
ai
l
ed
simu
la
t
ion
result
s
for
15
-
le
ve
l
inve
r
ter
of
singl
e
and
thre
e
ph
ase
inv
ert
ers
ar
e
pre
se
nte
d
in
th
is
pape
r.
Three
p
hase
15
-
le
v
el
i
nver
te
r
is
develope
d
by
e
mploying
three
isola
te
d
diff
ere
n
t
ren
ew
abl
e
sourc
es
and
21
sw
it
ch
es.
Ke
yw
o
rd
s
:
M
ulti
le
vel c
onver
te
r
Re
new
a
ble s
ources
Sing
le
phase i
nverter
Thr
ee
phase
in
ver
te
r
Total
h
a
rm
onic
d
ist
ort
ion
This
is an
open
acc
ess arti
cl
e
un
der
the
CC
BY
-
SA
l
ic
ense
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Su
r
en
der Re
dd
y
Sal
ku
ti
,
Dep
a
rtme
nt of
Ra
il
ro
ad
a
nd E
le
ct
rical
En
gi
ne
erin
g,
Woos
ong
U
nive
rsity, Daej
eo
n, Re
pu
blic of
Korea
.
Emai
l:
su
re
nde
r@wsu.ac
.
kr
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
Nowa
day
s
,
the
el
ect
rical
ener
gy
be
came
a
n
esse
ntial
commodity
a
nd
has
a
ra
pid
de
man
d
f
or
it
s
gen
e
rati
on.
T
he
moder
n
el
ect
rical
sy
ste
m
c
onta
ins
c
onve
ntion
al
as
well
as
ren
e
wa
ble
sou
rces.
T
he
re
ne
wab
le
so
urces
a
re
na
tural
sour
ces
wh
ic
h
are
no
t
dep
le
te
d.
T
o
a
ddress
the
e
nv
iro
nm
e
ntal
concerns
a
nd
f
or
ov
e
rall
economic
de
ve
lop
me
nt,
t
he
a
dd
it
io
n
of
major
re
new
a
ble
s
ources
of
ene
r
gy,
a
nd
t
ran
sit
ion
f
rom
co
nve
ntion
al
energ
y
to
re
ne
wab
le
e
nergy
is
required.
T
her
e
a
re
dif
fere
nt
typ
es
of
r
enew
a
ble
sou
r
ces
avail
able
s
uc
h
as
so
la
r,
wind,
ti
dal,
ge
o
the
rm
al
,
bi
o
ma
ss,
hydro
el
ect
ric
energ
y.
I
n
the
prese
nt
pa
pe
r
,
ph
oto
volt
ai
c
ar
ray
(P
V
A
)
cel
l,
f
ue
l
cel
l
and
batt
ery
a
re
use
d
a
s
three
isolat
e
d
ren
e
wa
ble
sou
ces
[1].
T
he
vo
lt
age
of
PVA
t
otally
reli
es
upon
sun
ori
ented
il
lu
mina
ti
on
a
nd
su
r
rou
nd
i
ng
te
mp
e
ratur
e
.
P
V
A
is
a
blen
d
of
a
rr
a
ng
e
me
nt
and
par
al
le
l
sun
po
wer
e
d
cel
ls
arra
ng
e
d
in
a
cl
ust
er
to
pro
duce
require
d
volt
age
an
d
c
urren
t
.
Fu
el
cel
l
conver
t
s
sy
nt
hetic
e
nergy
of
cr
ude
m
at
erial
s
into
el
ect
rical
ene
rgy
.
Ba
tt
eries
a
re
the
m
os
t
wi
dely
rec
ognized
powe
r
ho
ts
pot
f
or
f
un
dame
ntal
ha
nd
held
ga
dget
s
to
ex
pa
ns
ive
scal
e
mec
han
ic
al
a
pp
li
cat
io
ns
.
It
i
s
a
blen
d
of
at
le
ast
on
e
el
ect
r
oche
mica
l
cel
ls
th
at
are
e
qu
i
pp
e
d
f
or
c
hangin
g
over
pu
t
a
w
ay
syntheti
c
e
nerg
y
i
nto
el
e
ct
rical
energ
y
[
2].
R
e
ver
sal
of
direc
t
current
int
o
ro
ta
ti
ng
cu
rr
e
nt
is
a
bu
il
t
up
idea,
howe
ver
the
nat
ur
e
of
up
s
et
powe
r
is
t
he
pri
nciple
w
orr
y
be
hind
each
proce
dure
ce
nt
re
a
rou
nd
the
powe
r
qu
al
it
y
issues
at
the
inv
e
rter
end.
I
nverter
s
can
be
volt
age
so
urce
a
nd
cu
r
ren
t
s
ourc
e
ty
pe
.
The
powe
r
na
ture
of
i
nv
e
rt
er
is
total
ly
rel
ie
s
on
the
in
ver
te
r
struct
ur
e
a
nd
c
on
t
ro
l
proce
dures.
A
def
init
i
ve
poi
nt
is
to
coor
din
at
e
th
e
inv
e
rter
for
more
smoothe
r
sin
usoidal
an
d
s
ubs
equ
e
ntly
to
di
minish
th
e
symp
honious
s
ubsta
nce
.
The
re
are
va
rio
us
te
chn
i
qu
e
s
acce
ssible
f
or
structu
re
a
nd
c
on
t
ro
l
of
the
in
ver
te
r
to
get
si
nu
s
oi
dal
by
re
du
ct
io
n
the
TH
D
[3].
Re
searc
hes
a
r
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
Dr
i
S
ys
t
,
V
ol
.
1
1
, N
o.
4
,
D
ecembe
r
2020
:
21
4
5
–
2153
2146
currently
gi
ving
m
or
e
c
onsid
erati
on
t
o
s
pare
el
ect
ric
energy
by
le
sseni
ng
the
harmo
ni
cs.
By
e
xp
a
ndi
ng
t
he
qu
a
ntit
y
of
le
ve
ls,
the
TH
D
is
dimi
nish
e
d
im
pr
essi
vely
, h
oweve
r
it
le
a
ds
t
o
a
n
i
ncr
ease
i
n
num
ber
of
s
witc
he
s
and
the
relat
in
g
e
xc
hangin
g
misfortu
nes.
C
le
arly
th
e
c
on
t
ro
l
a
nd
e
ntr
yway
dr
i
ver
ci
rc
ui
t
for
the
in
vert
er
ge
t
mind
boggli
ng
a
nd
ma
ssive
wh
ic
h
res
ults
s
urpr
isi
ng
e
xp
e
ns
e
an
d
ov
e
rwhelmi
ng
siz
e
of
t
he
ge
ner
al
s
ys
te
m.
It
is
ha
rd
to
cha
ng
e
the
s
qu
a
r
e
wa
ve
i
nto
s
inu
s
oid
al
how
ever
co
ncei
va
ble
with
high
est
eeme
d
filt
ers
a
nd
decr
ease
in
rm
s
volt
age
[4].
Power
qual
it
y
increases
li
nea
rly
with
se
mic
onduct
or
dev
ic
es
an
d
is
unbia
sed
of
th
e to
po
l
ogy u
sed [5].
The
T
HD acco
mp
li
s
hed by
wa
y of
mu
lt
ipu
lse
con
ver
te
r
s fo
r
gi
ve
n
le
vels is
h
i
gher th
a
n
that
of
m
ulti
le
vel
co
nverter
s
but
this
a
dva
ntage
is
mispl
aced
if
ma
nipulat
e
of
ac
vo
lt
age
is
to
be
made
impartia
l
of
dc
volt
age.
If
c
om
m
utati
on
fa
il
ur
e
ta
kes
pla
ce
in
a
n
I
GBT
mu
lt
ic
el
l
inv
e
rter,
t
he
fail
ure
may
add
it
io
nally
bo
th
be
a
i
ncorr
e
ct
gate
vo
lt
age
or
a
n
int
rinsic
I
GBT
fail
ur
e
[6].
For
a
n
el
e
ct
ric
vec
hicle
,
hybri
d
casca
de
d
mu
lt
il
evel
inv
e
rter
(
M
L
I)
is
us
e
d
a
nd
it
e
nha
nces
powe
r
to
the
de
vice
[
7]
.
B
y
t
his
in
ver
te
r
,
performa
nce
i
s
enh
a
nce
d
in
mo
to
r
dri
ves
.
The
imple
me
ntati
on
of
high
ste
p
-
up
vo
lt
age
co
nversi
on
with
automatic
va
riat
ion
of
duty
rati
o
vo
lt
age
c
la
mp
in
g
featu
r
e
an
d
by
tu
r
ns
rati
o
of
t
he
coupled
in
duct
or
is
pro
po
se
d
in
[
8].
Re
fe
re
nces
[
9,
10]
pr
ese
nt
a
co
mpreh
ensive
re
view
of
rece
ntly
dev
el
op
e
d
m
ul
ti
le
vel
inv
e
rters
with
reduce
d
po
wer
switc
h
c
ount.
A
ne
w
str
uct
ure
for
a
boos
t
mu
lt
il
evel
inv
e
rter
(
M
L
I)
t
opology
base
d
on
the
con
ce
pt
of
sw
it
ched
-
ca
pacit
or
is
pro
po
se
d
in
[
11].
T
wo
new
to
po
l
og
ie
s
f
or
sta
ircase
outp
ut
vo
lt
age
gen
e
ra
ti
on
s
a
re
pro
pose
d
in
re
fer
e
nce
[12]
wit
h
a
le
sser
num
be
r
of
switc
h
r
equ
i
reme
nt.
A
sin
gle
-
ph
a
se
M
L
I
to
polo
gy
t
o
reduc
e
the
numb
e
r
of
s
witc
hes
in
the
ci
rc
uit
a
nd
obta
in
higher
vo
lt
age
le
vel
a
t
the
ou
t
pu
t i
s
prop
ose
d
i
n
[
13]
.
Fr
om
the
avail
able
li
te
ratur
e
it
is
cl
ear
that,
powe
r
qual
it
y
is
the
majo
r
consi
der
at
io
n
t
o
mai
ntain
pro
per
co
ndit
ion
i
ng
of
a
ny
de
vice.
D
ue
to
i
ncr
ease
in
ha
r
monics
in
lo
w
le
vel
c
onve
rters
resu
lt
i
n
he
at
loss
and
al
s
o
disto
r
ti
on
s
in
ou
t
pu
t
vo
lt
age
[14
].
T
hese
pr
ob
le
ms
may
im
pact
on
f
unct
ion
i
ng
of
de
vices.
T
he
major
con
t
rib
ution
s
of this
pa
per are
li
ste
d
bel
ow.
−
A
new
volt
age
supp
l
y
of
mu
l
ti
le
vel
conver
t
er
is
ge
ne
rated
with
s
moothe
r
sin
usoidal
outpu
t
wav
e
form
by lo
wer
i
ng T
HD.
−
Semico
nductin
g
de
vices
a
re
al
so
ad
de
d
as
per
t
he
re
quired
le
vels.
A
new
i
nv
e
rter
i
s
forme
d
with
maxim
um
le
ve
l
us
in
g
le
sse
r
numb
e
r
of
s
witc
hes
a
nd
isol
at
ed
re
ne
wab
l
e
source
s
wh
i
ch
will
acq
uir
e
mo
st l
e
vel.
−
The
ne
w
to
pology
is
f
rame
d
ou
t
by
casca
di
ng
t
hr
ee
half
br
i
dg
e
a
nd
a
s
ing
le
H
-
br
id
ge
config
ur
at
io
n.
Thr
ee
phase
15
level i
nverte
r
i
s g
e
ner
at
e
d wit
h
le
sse
r numbe
r of
s
witc
hes
a
nd D
C
sour
ces
−
By
ta
king
the
a
dv
a
ntage
of
le
sser
num
be
r
of
s
witc
hes
a
nd
DC
s
ou
ces,
a
bin
a
ry
com
bin
at
io
n
of
ren
e
wa
ble D
C
so
urces
is ch
ose
n for e
very le
vel to dec
re
ase
the T
H
D.
In
this
w
ork,
f
ollow
i
ng
the
in
tro
du
ct
io
n
pa
rt
in
sect
ion
1,
s
ect
ion
2
is
detai
le
d
on
the
pre
sentat
ion
of
pro
po
se
d
M
LI
with
reduce
d
numb
e
r
of
swi
tc
hes.
A
fter
wa
rd,
i
n
s
ect
ion
3,
sim
ulati
on
r
esults
a
re
pres
ented.
Finall
y,
c
oncl
usi
ve no
te
s
giv
e
n
i
n sec
ti
on
4.
2.
PROP
OSE
D MULTIL
EVE
L IN
VERTE
R
(
MLI
)
WIT
H R
E
DUCE
D
SWIT
CHES
This
sect
io
n
presents
t
he
c
onve
ntio
nal
s
yst
ems,
co
ntr
ol
strat
egies,
l
og
i
c
in
m
ulti
-
le
ve
l
inv
e
rter,
sing
le
phase
i
nv
e
rter,
t
hr
ee
ph
a
se
i
nv
e
rter,
an
d
ty
pes
of
cond
uction
i
n
an
i
nverter
.
T
he
outp
ut
volt
age
is
gen
e
rated
wit
h
M
L
I
a
nd
c
on
trol
m
odel
[
15
].
The
co
mb
i
na
ti
on
of
M
LI
with
reduce
d
numb
e
r
of
s
wi
tc
hes
impro
ves
the
perf
ormance
of
powe
r qu
al
it
y condit
ion
e
rs.
2.1.
Conv
e
nt
i
on
al
systems
A
casca
de
d
MLI
ge
ner
at
es
outp
ut
of
5
le
ve
ls
with
8
switc
hes,
7
le
vels
with
12
s
witc
he
s,
9
le
vels
with
16
switc
he
s,
an
d
s
o
on.
Using
4
s
witc
h
a
nd
one
dc
s
ource
for
eac
h
H
-
br
i
dge,
it
pro
duces
on
e
le
vel
of
vo
lt
age
ou
t
put,
an
d
it
is
de
picte
d
in
Fi
gure
1.
Gen
e
ral
e
xpr
ession
for
outp
ut
vo
lt
ag
e
le
ve
ls
is
=
(
+
2)
/
2,
wh
e
re
is
nu
mb
e
r
of
s
witc
hes
in
an
in
ve
rter.
Eac
h
bri
dge
giv
e
s
3
out
pu
t
le
vels,
i.e.
,
+
,
0
an
d
−
.
Numbe
r
of
le
vels
in
th
ree
ph
a
se
ci
rc
uit
means
the
out
pu
t
phase
an
d
li
ne
vo
lt
ag
es
are
2s+
1
a
nd
4s+1
resp
ect
ivel
y,
w
her
e
s
is
the
nu
mb
e
r
of
H
-
M
L
I
[
16,
17].
The
value
of
an
ac
ou
t
pu
t
phase
volt
age
is
the
sum
of
vo
lt
age
s
pro
du
ced
by
eac
h
H
-
bri
dges.
T
he
c
onve
ntion
al
c
ascade
d
n
le
ve
l
M
LI
is
de
pic
te
d
in
Fig
ur
e
1
with
vo
lt
age
s
ourc
es,
s
witc
hes
,
and
the
in
ve
r
te
rs
c
onnected
in
casca
ding
meth
od.
T
his
casca
ded
in
ver
te
r
has
2(m
-
1)
ma
in
switc
hi
ng
de
vices,
2(
m
-
1)
main
di
od
e
s,
no
cl
am
ping
di
od
es
,
(m
-
1)
(
m
-
2)
/2
num
ber
of
DC
bu
s
ca
pacit
or
s
and zer
o balan
ci
ng
ca
pacit
ors
[18].
Thinkin
g
a
bo
ut
ab
so
l
ute
th
ree
s
ources
a
nd
th
ree
s
witc
hes,
sin
gle
s
witc
h
per
s
ource
or
tw
o
semic
onduct
or
gadgets
f
or
e
very
s
ource
is
consi
der
e
d.
Se
ven
ref
e
re
nce
sign
al
s
a
re
co
nt
rasted
with
t
he
sine
wav
e
w
hich
produce
th
e
entr
yw
a
y
si
gn
al
s
f
or
t
he
hal
f
sca
ffold
s
witc
hes,
and
t
he
y
are
i
n
cha
r
ge
of
cr
eat
in
g
sinu
s
oid
al
w
av
eform.
T
he
re
currence
of
re
fer
e
nce
wa
ve
is
the
sta
ndar
d
net
wor
k
rec
urre
nce
(
or)
e
xpect
ed
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8
694
A n
ew
m
ulti
le
vel
inverte
r wi
th
reduce
d
s
wi
tc
h
c
ount fo
r re
ne
wab
le
powe
r
…
(Sure
nder R
edd
y
Salkuti
)
2147
inv
e
rter r
ec
urr
ence [19].
C
onseq
uen
tl
y,
the
recurr
e
nce
of
door sig
nals to
t
he
half
e
xten
sion
s
witc
hes wi
ll
h
ave
double
rec
urre
nce.
To
get
re
du
ce
d
TH
D,
it
is
re
qu
i
red
to
change
t
he
pro
gr
essi
on
est
im
at
e
that
co
ordi
nating
with
a
uniq
ue
re
qu
ir
ed
sine
wa
ve.
F
or
a
perfect
sin
usoi
dal
volt
age
,
pulse
width
is
adju
ste
d
as
pe
r
the
requireme
nt.
T
he
sine
wav
e
i
s
al
lowed
t
o
go
thr
ough
the
midpoint
of
ea
ch
re
fer
e
nce
volt
age
le
vels,
wh
ic
h
will
make
a
lo
wer
le
ast
TH
D
vo
lt
age
[
20,
21]
.
Co
ntro
l
si
gnal
s
are
cr
eat
ed
with
t
he
hel
p
of
pulse
generator
s
and
rati
onal
e
entr
yw
a
ys
.
Th
e
inv
e
rsion
of
su
pply
ha
ppe
ning
at
the
ze
ro
dime
ns
io
ns
,
it
will
diminish
the
exch
a
ngin
g pr
e
ssu
re
a
nd h
e
nc
e dv/dt ca
n be
decr
ease
d
e
nor
mously
.
Figure
1. Co
nventional
casca
de
d
n
le
vel
(m
ul
ti
le
vel)
inv
e
rte
r
2.2.
Inv
er
ters
An
in
ver
te
r
al
l
ud
e
s
to
a
po
we
r
el
ect
r
on
ic
de
vice
that
cha
ng
es
po
wer
in
D
C
fr
a
me
t
o
AC
sh
a
pe
at
the
require
d recu
rrence a
nd volt
a
ge.
I
nv
e
rters a
r
e cla
ssifie
d
i
nto
tw
o f
undame
ntal cl
asses [
22
]:
−
Vo
lt
age
S
ourc
e
I
nv
e
rter
(
VSI):
It
has
firm
DC
s
ource
vol
ta
ge
that
is
the
DC
volt
age
ha
s
co
ns
tra
i
ne
d
or
zero i
mp
e
da
nc
e at t
he
i
nv
e
rter inp
ut termi
na
ls.
−
Current
S
ourc
e
Inve
rter
(CS
I)
:
It
is
pro
vide
d
wit
h
a
va
ri
able
cu
rr
e
nt
f
r
om
a
DC
s
our
ce
that
has
high
impeda
nce
. T
he
subse
qu
e
nt c
urren
t
wa
ves
a
re
no
t a
ff
ect
e
d by the l
oad.
2.2.1.
Single
p
ha
s
e i
nv
er
ter
Ther
e
a
re
tw
o
so
rts
of
sin
gle
sta
ge
in
ver
te
r
s
avail
able,
a
nd
the
y
are
half
scaffold
i
nv
e
r
te
r
an
d
f
ull
extensi
on
in
ve
rter
[
23].
T
he
half
scaf
f
old
in
ver
te
r
is
the
es
sentia
l
buil
di
ng
square
of
a
f
ull
sca
ffold
in
ve
rter.
It
con
ta
in
s
tw
o
s
witc
hes
a
nd
e
very
one
o
f
it
s
capaci
tor
s
ha
s
a
vo
lt
a
ge
yi
el
d
equ
i
valent
to
/
2
.
Simi
la
rly
,
switc
hes
s
uppl
ement
eac
h
ot
her,
i.e.,
w
heth
er
one
is
e
xchang
e
d
ON,
the
n
the
oth
e
r
one
goes
O
FF
[24,
25]
.
Fu
ll
e
xtensi
on
in
ver
te
r
ci
rc
ui
t
changes
ove
r
DC
to
AC.
I
t
accom
plishes
this
by
s
hutt
ing
a
nd
ope
ning
t
he
switc
hes
in
the
co
rr
ect
g
r
oupi
ng. I
t has
f
our
d
ist
incti
ve
w
orkin
g
sta
te
s w
hi
ch
de
pend
o
n wh
ic
h
switc
he
s
are
t
o
be
cl
ose
d.
2.2.2.
Thre
e
ph
as
e i
nv
er
ter
A
th
ree
-
sta
ge
inv
e
rter
c
hang
es
over
a
DC
co
ntributi
on
t
o
a
t
hr
ee
-
sta
ge
AC.
Its
th
re
e
ar
ms
are
regularly
d
efe
r
red by
a
n
ed
ge
o
f
1
20°
to
c
rea
te
a
t
hr
ee
-
sta
ge
AC
s
uppl
y
[
26]
.
E
xc
ha
ng
i
ng
of
in
ver
te
r
s
wi
tc
hes
happe
ns
a
fter
each
T/
6
of
ti
me
T
(60°
poi
nt
interi
m
).
Th
e
switc
hes
S
w
1
a
nd
S
w4
;
S
w2
an
d
Sw5;
Sw3
a
nd
Sw6
sup
pleme
nt
eac
h
ot
her.
Figure
2
de
picts
th
ree
sta
ge
in
ver
te
r
ci
rc
uit.
I
t
is
on
l
y
th
ree
sing
le
sta
ge
in
ver
te
r
s
pu
t
ov
e
r
a simi
la
r
DC s
ource. The s
haf
t
vo
lt
a
ges
in a t
hr
ee s
ta
ge
inve
rter a
r
e equ
i
valent to
the post volt
ages in
sing
le
sta
ge ha
lf ex
te
ns
io
n
i
nverter
[2
7,
28].
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
Dr
i
S
ys
t
,
V
ol
.
1
1
, N
o.
4
,
D
ecembe
r
2020
:
21
4
5
–
2153
2148
Figure
2. Th
re
e
phase i
nv
e
rte
r
2.2.3.
Ty
pes o
f
c
on
d
uctio
n
Ther
e
a
re
t
wo
methods
of
c
onduct
io
n,
a
nd
t
hey
a
re
180°
method
of
co
nductio
n
a
nd
120°
met
hod
of
cond
uction.
I
n
18
0°
met
hod
of
co
nductio
n,
eac
h
ga
dg
e
t
is
in
c
onduc
ti
on
sta
te
f
or
180°
wh
e
re
th
ey
a
r
e
exch
a
nged
O
N
at
60°
i
nterim
s
[
29].
The
te
r
minals
A,
B
a
nd
C
a
re
the
yie
ld
te
rmi
nals
of
the
sca
ffold
th
at
are
associat
ed
with
thre
e
-
sta
ge
de
lt
a
or
sta
r
ass
ociat
ion
of
t
he
load.
The
ta
s
k
of
a
n
adj
us
te
d
sta
r
associat
ed
load
is
cl
arified
i
n
the
grap
h
be
neath
.
F
or
the
pe
rio
d
(0°
-
60°)
,
the
fo
c
us
es
S
w
1,
Sw5
a
nd
S
w6
are
in
c
on
du
ct
io
n
mode.
I
n
12
0°
met
hod
of
cond
uction,
e
a
ch
el
ect
r
onic
gadget
is
in
a
co
nductio
n
sta
te
for
12
0°.
It
is
appr
opriat
e
for
a
delta
ass
ociat
ion
in
a
loa
d
s
ince
it
br
i
ng
s
a
bout
a
si
x
-
a
dvance
s
or
t
of
w
avefor
m
ov
e
r
a
ny
of
it
s
sta
ges
[
30].
I
n
t
his
way,
a
t
an
y
moment
just
tw
o
ga
dg
e
ts
are
le
adin
g
on
the
groun
ds
that
e
ve
ry
ga
dg
et
cond
ucts
at
ju
st
120°.
Detai
le
d
in
ver
te
r
ci
rcu
it
is
dep
ic
t
ed
in
Fig
ure
3.
The
te
rmina
l
A
on
the
l
oad
is
associat
ed
with
the
posit
ive
end
w
hil
e
the
t
erminal
B
is
a
sso
ci
at
ed
with
the
ne
gative
e
nd
of
the
sou
r
ce.
The
te
rmin
al
C
on
the
load
is
i
n
a
conditi
on
cal
l
ed
coa
sti
ng
sta
te
[31]
.
The
fund
a
mental
3
-
st
age
in
ver
te
r
is
a
six
-
adv
a
nce i
nvert
er. A sta
ge
is c
har
act
erize
d
as
an
a
djust
ment
in the te
rmin
at
i
ng ar
rangeme
nt
.
Figu
re
3. Detai
le
d
in
ver
te
r
ci
r
cuit
Th
1
t
o
Th
6
are
the
si
x
l
oad
-
c
onve
ying
th
yr
i
stors
wh
il
e
D
1
to
D6
a
re
t
he
fr
ee
-
w
heeli
ng
diodes.
Eac
h
matc
h
of
th
yr
i
stors
in
a
br
a
nc
h
(T
hl
an
d
T
h4
;
T
h2
a
nd
T
h5
;
T
h3
a
nd
T
h6)
are
gated
f
or
T/
2
an
d
a
re
ou
t
-
of
-
sta
ge
with
eac
h
ot
her
,
i.e
.,
they
a
re
ne
ver
ga
te
d
al
l
the
w
hile.
T
h1,
Th
2
a
nd
Th
3
are
fire
d
out
-
of
-
sta
ge
con
ti
nu
ously
by
120°
a
s
a
re
Th
4,
Th
5
an
d
Th
6
[32
].
This
is
a
n
abs
olu
t
e
nece
ssit
y
t
o
acqu
i
re
t
hr
ee
yiel
d
vo
lt
age
s
ou
t
-
of
-
sta
ge b
y 120°
.
3.
RESU
LT
S
AND DI
SCUS
S
ION
The
util
iz
at
ion
of
M
L
I
is
he
ld
a
nd
the
pro
po
s
ed
syst
em
is
recreate
d
i
n
the
MATL
A
B
Simuli
nk
pro
gr
am
min
g.
A
n
i
deal
ai
r
conditi
on
i
ng
volt
age
ca
n
be
ta
ke
n
str
uctu
re
the
H
-
c
onne
ct
yield
side
of
the
pro
po
se
d
ne
w
double
cr
os
s
breed
fell
H
co
nnect
m
ulti
le
vel
co
nv
e
rter
for
ai
r
co
ndit
ion
in
g
power
ap
plica
ti
on
s,
for
e
xam
ple,
util
iz
ing
in
act
ive
filt
ers,
or
to
ass
ociat
e
w
it
h
the
po
wer
fr
ame
w
ork.
T
he
ai
r
c
onditi
oner
of
conve
rter
is
m
ulti
-
le
vel
volt
age,
a
nd
a
prof
i
ci
ent
ene
rgy
th
e
exec
utives’
c
al
culat
ion
is
c
r
eat
ed
f
or
ex
c
ha
ng
i
ng
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8
694
A n
ew
m
ulti
le
vel
inverte
r wi
th
reduce
d
s
wi
tc
h
c
ount fo
r re
ne
wab
le
powe
r
…
(Sure
nder R
edd
y
Salkuti
)
2149
batte
ry
unit
s
as
ind
ic
at
ed
by
the
par
al
le
l
exam
ple
[
33]
.
Th
us
,
t
he
quantit
y
of
volt
age
le
vels
ar
e
mor
e
no
te
worth
y
tha
n
the
a
bsolute
numb
e
r
of
batt
ery
unit
s.
It
will
decr
ease
a
bsolute
s
ympho
ni
ou
s
substance
of
t
he
conve
rter
yield.
B
y
s
uitable
exc
han
ging
of
the
dc
s
ourc
es,
it
can
get
var
i
ou
s
strides
in
the
yield
vo
lt
age
wav
e
f
or
m
. T
he
r
es
ults o
f ou
t
put v
oltage,
T
H
D of
sin
gle pha
se an
d
t
hr
ee
ph
ase in
ver
te
r
w
e
re
ob
ta
ine
d.
3.1.
Results
of
sin
gle ph
as
e
mul
tile
vel inver
te
r
(
MLI)
M
A
TLAB
sim
ulati
on
model
of
si
ng
le
phase
M
L
I
is
de
picte
d
in
Fig
ur
e
4.
Thr
e
e
batte
r
y
so
urces
,
i.e.,
12V,
24V,
48V
a
re
co
nnect
ed
t
o
sin
gle
pha
se
M
LI
.
This
s
ing
le
phase
MLI
c
onsist
s
of
three
hal
f
br
i
dge
a
nd
sing
le
H
-
br
id
ge
co
nf
i
gurati
on.
B
y
usi
ng
this
c
onfig
ur
at
ion
,
15
le
ve
l
in
ver
te
r
is
gen
e
rated
as
ou
t
put
vo
lt
age
of
84V
.
Figure
4. Sin
gl
e phase
mu
lt
il
evel in
ver
te
r
(
MLI)
3.1.1.
Contr
ol m
od
e
l
The
c
ontrol
m
od
el
is
us
e
d
t
o
gen
e
rate
c
on
tr
ol
sig
nal
pa
tt
ern
.
B
y
us
in
g
t
his
co
ntr
ol
sig
na
l
patte
rn,
the
ou
t
pu
t
volt
age
of
15 le
vel m
ulti
-
inv
erte
r
is
ge
ner
at
e
d.
T
he
c
on
t
ro
l
model
of
M
LI
is
dep
ic
t
ed
in
Fig
ure
5.
The
co
ntr
ol
pa
tt
ern
is
ge
ner
a
te
d
by
us
i
ng
c
on
t
ro
l
m
odel
of
M
L
I.
L
og
ic
gates
are
use
d
in
co
ntr
ol
model,
a
nd
t
he
co
ntr
ol
si
gn
al
patte
r
n
is
generate
d
f
rom
c
ontr
ol
m
odel
t
o
yield
si
ng
le
phase
outp
ut
vo
lt
age.
The
outp
ut
volt
age
of
15
-
le
ve
l
inv
e
rter
is
de
picte
d
in
Fig
ur
e
6
(x
-
a
xis
i
s
ta
ke
n
as
ti
m
e
(i
n
s
)
an
d
y
-
axis
i
s
ta
ken
as
outp
ut
volt
age
(in
V
).
The
obta
ine
d
ouput
vo
lt
ag
e
of
t
his
sin
gl
e
phase
MLI
is
84
V.
Fig
ur
e
6
al
s
o
dep
ic
ts
the
F
F
T
analysis
of
ou
t
pu
t
vo
lt
age
(x
-
axis
is
ta
ke
n
as
f
reque
nc
y
(in
Hz)
a
nd
y
-
axis
is
ta
ken
as
mag
nitud
e
(in
%
of
f
unda
me
ntal),
an
d
it
ca
lc
ulate
s
the
T
HD
of
ou
t
pu
t
vo
lt
age
.
Th
e
obta
ined
T
H
D
of
outp
ut
vo
lt
age
is
7%.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
Dr
i
S
ys
t
,
V
ol
.
1
1
, N
o.
4
,
D
ecembe
r
2020
:
21
4
5
–
2153
2150
Figure
5. Co
ntr
ol m
od
el
of m
ul
ti
le
vel inv
erter
(MLI).
Figure
6. O
utput v
oltage
an
d F
FT a
nalysis
of single
ph
a
se
M
L
I
3.2.
Results
of Thr
ee Ph
as
e
Mult
il
evel Inv
er
ter
(MLI)
Figure
7
de
picts
the
MATL
A
B
model
of
thr
ee
phase
M
L
I
and
it
is
co
nne
ct
ed
to
an
in
duct
ion
m
ot
or
.
Thr
ee
s
ources
,
i.e.,
f
uel
cel
l,
batte
ry
a
nd
PVA
cel
ls
are
co
nn
ect
e
d
to
the
com
bin
at
io
n
of
casca
de
d
th
re
e
half
br
i
dg
e
a
nd
H
-
br
i
dg
e
c
onfig
urat
ion
eac
h
le
g
of
to
polo
gy.
Fu
el
cel
l,
batte
ry,
PVA
cel
ls
const
it
ute
vo
lt
ages
of
60V, 120
V
a
nd 240V.
T
he
y
pro
du
ce
the
m
aximu
m
volt
ag
e
of
th
ree phas
e
42
0V. Th
e
r
e
su
lt
ant volt
age
is
us
e
d
to ru
n
th
ree
phase 4
00V
in
duct
ion
m
otor.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8
694
A n
ew
m
ulti
le
vel
inverte
r wi
th
reduce
d
s
wi
tc
h
c
ount fo
r re
ne
wab
le
powe
r
…
(Sure
nder R
edd
y
Salkuti
)
2151
Figure
7. Th
re
e
phase
mu
lt
il
evel in
ver
te
r
(
MLI)
Figure 8
d
e
picts
the outp
ut v
ol
ta
ge
of
t
hr
ee
phase
i
nv
e
rter
(
x
-
a
xis
is
ta
ke
n
as
ti
me
(i
n
s
)
a
nd
y
-
a
xis
i
s
ta
ken
as
outp
ut v
oltag
e (in
V
)
),
a
nd
t
he
obta
ined maxi
mum
vo
lt
age
is 420V.
Fi
gure
8
al
s
o
de
picts t
he
T
HD
of
ou
t
pu
t
vo
lt
age
(x
-
axis
is
ta
ke
n
as
f
reque
ncy
(in
HZ
)
an
d
y
-
axis
is
ta
ke
n
a
s
mag
nitud
e
(i
n
%
of
f
undam
ental
),
and the
TH
D o
btained
is
6.52%.
Figure
8. O
utput v
oltage
an
d
FFT
a
nalysis
of th
ree
ph
a
se
M
L
I
The
c
onve
ntio
nal
meth
od
of
casca
de
d
in
ve
r
te
r
co
ns
ist
s
of
2(m
-
1)
switc
he
s.
F
or
exa
mp
l
e,
15
-
le
vel
conve
ntion
al
t
opolog
y
has
28
s
witc
hes
for
sing
le
phase
and
84
s
witc
he
s
f
or
t
hr
ee
ph
ase.
But
b
y
us
ing
t
he
pro
po
se
d
t
opol
ogy,
the
num
be
r
of
s
witc
hes
,
le
vels
an
d
T
H
D
ob
ta
ine
d
for
sing
le
ph
a
se
MLI
are
7,
15
an
d
7%,
resp
ect
ivel
y;
w
her
eas
f
or
thre
e
phase
M
L
I
a
re
21,
15
a
nd
6.5
2%,
res
pecti
vely.
Co
mp
a
ring
with
co
nve
ntion
a
l
method,
the
pr
opos
e
d
t
opolog
y ha
s less
num
ber o
f
s
witc
hes
, and
t
his r
e
duc
es the s
witc
hing stre
ss.
4.
CONCL
US
I
O
NS
In
t
his
pa
per,
a
new
t
opolog
y
is
propose
d
f
or
a
three
ph
ase
15
-
le
vel
in
ver
t
er
with
reduce
d
num
be
r
of
switc
hes
an
d
so
urces
.
T
he
pro
po
se
d
to
pology
is
f
orme
d
with
c
ascad
ing
thre
e
half
bri
dge
a
nd
H
-
bri
dge
config
ur
at
io
n.
This
c
onfi
gura
ti
on
c
omp
rises
of
t
hr
ee
is
olat
ed
dif
fer
e
nt
re
new
a
ble
sourc
es
(i.e
.,
ph
otov
oltai
c
arr
a
y
cel
l,
f
uel
cel
l
a
nd
batte
ry)
a
nd
t
wen
t
y
-
one
switc
he
s.
T
he
t
otal
ha
r
monic
distor
ti
on
of
ac
qu
ir
ed
yield
three
phase
vo
lt
age
is
6.5
2%
w
hich
is
ade
quat
e
in
a
m
ulti
le
vel
in
ver
te
r
util
iz
ed
f
or
act
ive
f
il
te
rs.
Mul
ti
le
vel
vo
lt
age
s
with
decr
ease
d
ha
rm
on
ic
s
a
re
us
ef
ul
to
im
pro
ve
the
e
xhibit
ion
powe
r
qu
al
it
y
c
ondit
ion
e
rs.
Su
ccess
f
ul
util
iz
at
ion
of
t
he
sources
can
be
gu
a
ra
nteed
by
util
iz
ing
this
to
po
l
ogy
a
nd
ma
ximum
blen
d
accom
plishme
nt is the
primar
y fasci
na
ti
on
of the
con
ver
te
r
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
Dr
i
S
ys
t
,
V
ol
.
1
1
, N
o.
4
,
D
ecembe
r
2020
:
21
4
5
–
2153
2152
ACKN
OWLE
DGE
MENTS
This
resea
rc
h
work
has
bee
n
carried
out
ba
sed
on
t
he
sup
port
of
“
W
oos
ong
Un
i
ver
sit
y'
s
Aca
demic
Re
search
F
undi
ng
-
(20
19
-
2020)
”
.
REFERE
NCE
S
[1]
B.
P.
Ch
andr
an
,
A.I.
S
el
vaku
ma
r
,
F.M.
Ma
the
w
.
“
Inte
gr
at
ing
mu
l
ti
le
v
el
conv
erter
s
appl
i
cation
on
ren
ewa
bl
e
ene
rg
y
source
s
-
A surv
ey
.”
Journal
of
Re
newab
le
and
Sustainabl
e
Ener
gy
,
vol
.
10
,
no
.
6,
2018
.
[2]
N.
Praba
har
an,
S.
Sara
van
an,
A.R.
A.
J
eri
n,
K.
Pala
nisam
y
.
“
A
Reduc
ed
Sw
it
ch
As
ymm
et
ri
c
M
ult
ilevel
Inve
r
te
r
Topol
og
y
Us
ing
Unipola
r
Puls
e
Wi
dth
Modul
at
i
on
Strat
eg
ie
s
for
Photovolt
a
ic
A
ppli
c
at
ion
.”
In
techOpen
,
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-
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2017
.
[3]
A.S.
Kam
ara
j
a,
K.
Priy
adha
rsh
ini
.
“
Sola
r
-
Pow
ere
d
Mul
ti
l
evel
Inve
rt
er
wi
th
a
Reduced
Num
ber
of
Sw
it
che
s
.”
Inte
rnationa
Jou
rnal
of
S
ci
en
ti
f
ic and
T
ec
hno
logy R
ese
arch
,
vo
l. 8
,
no
.
10
,
pp
.
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5
-
1550,
Oct
.
201
9.
[4]
K.P.
Pand
a,
S.S
.
Lee,
G.
Panda
.
“
Redu
ce
d
Sw
itch
C
asc
ad
ed
M
ult
ilevel
Inv
erte
r
W
it
h
New
Se
l
ec
t
ive
Harm
on
ic
El
imination
Con
trol
for
St
anda
lo
ne
Ren
ewa
bl
e
E
ner
gy
Sys
te
m
.”
IEE
E
Tr
ansacti
o
ns
on
Industr
y
A
ppli
cations
,
vol.
55,
no
.
6
,
pp
.
75
61
-
7574,
Nov.
-
Dec
.
2019.
[5]
D.
Soto,
T.
C
.
Gree
n
.
“
A
Com
par
ison
of
High
-
Pow
er
Converter
Topol
ogi
es
f
or
th
e
Implementat
ion
of
FA
CT
S
Control
le
rs
.
”
IE
EE
Tr
ansacti
ons
on
Industrial
E
l
ec
troni
cs
,
vo
l. 4
9,
pp
.
1072
-
1080
,
No.5
,
Oc
t. 200
2.
[6]
F.
Ri
cha
rd
ea
u
,
P.
Baud
esson,
T.
A.
Meyna
rd
.
“Fai
lur
es
-
tol
er
an
ce
and
r
em
ed
ia
l
stra
te
gi
es
of
a
PWM
mul
t
icel
l
inve
rt
er
.
”
IE
EE
Tr
ansacti
ons on Power
E
le
c
troni
cs
,
vol
.
17
,
no
.
6
,
pp
.
905
–
912
,
N
ov.
2002
.
[7]
S.M.
Luk
ic,
J
.
Cao,
R.
C
.
B
an
sa
l,
F.
Rodr
iguez,
A.
E
ma
di
.
“A
Hybrid
C
asc
ade
d
Multi
le
v
el
Conv
ert
er
for
Ba
tt
ery
Ene
rgy
Man
ageme
nt
Applie
d
in
Elec
tr
ic
Vehi
cles
.
”
IEEE
Tr
ansacti
ons
on
Pow
e
r
El
e
ct
ronics
,
v
ol.
29
,
no
.
7
,
Jul
.
2014.
[8]
S.
Singiri
konda
,
G.
Desai
.
“A
Novel
Closed
L
oop
Topol
ogy
f
o
r
Couple
d
Ind
uct
or
Based
DC
-
DC
Convert
er
.
”
Inte
rnational
Jo
urnal
of
S
ci
en
ti
f
i
c
&
Engi
n
ee
ring
Re
search
,
vo
l. 9
,
no
.
3
,
Mar
.
201
8.
[9]
P.
Omer
,
J.
Ku
ma
r,
B.
S.
Surja
n
.
“
A
Rev
ie
w
o
n
Reduced
Sw
itch
Count
Mult
ilevel
Inve
r
te
r
To
pologi
es
.”
I
EE
E
Ac
c
ess
,
vol
.
8
,
p
p.
222
81
-
22302
,
2020.
[10]
K.K.
Gupta
,
A.
Ranj
an
,
P.
Bh
atnaga
r,
L
.
K.
Sah
u,
S.
Ja
in
.
“
Mul
ti
le
v
el
Inve
rt
er
Topol
ogie
s
wi
th
Reduced
Devi
c
e
Count:
A R
evi
e
w
.”
I
EE
E
Tr
ansacti
ons on
Power
El
e
ct
ronics
,
vo
l.
31
,
no
.
1
,
pp
.
1
35
-
151,
Jan
.
201
6.
[11]
M.D.
Siddiq
ue,
S.
Mekhilef,
N
.
M.
Shah,
J.S.M.
Ali
,
M.
Mer
aj
,
A.
Iq
bal
,
M.A.
Al
-
Hi
tm
i
.
“
A
New
Single
Phase
Singl
e
Sw
it
ch
ed
-
Capaci
to
r
Based
Nin
e
-
Level
Boost
Inv
erter
Topol
ogy
wit
h
Reduc
ed
Sw
it
ch
Count
and
Voltage
Stress
.”
IE
EE A
c
ce
ss
,
vo
l. 7, p
p.
174178
-
1741
88,
2019
.
[12]
M.D.
Sidd
ique
,
S.
Mekhi
le
f
,
N.
M.
Shah
,
M.A.
Memon
.
“
Opt
imal
Design
of
a
New
Casc
ade
d
Multi
le
v
el
Inv
er
te
r
Topol
ogy
wi
th
Reduc
ed
Sw
it
ch
Count
.”
IE
EE
A
cc
ess
,
vol. 7, pp. 24498
-
24510,
2
019.
[13]
M.D.
Siddiqu
e,
S.
Mekhilef
,
N.
M.
Shah,
A.
Sar
war,
A.
Iqb
al
,
M
.
T
ayya
b
,
M
.
K.
“
Low
Sw
it
ch
ing
Freque
n
cy
B
ase
d
As
ymm
et
ri
ca
l
Multi
le
v
el
Inve
r
te
r
Topol
ogy
wi
th
Reduced
Sw
itch
Count
.”
I
EEE
A
cc
ess
,
vo
l.
7,
pp.
86374
-
8638
3,
2019.
[14]
C.
Bh
arati
ra
ja,
R.
K.
Pongiannan,
A
.
Yus
uff,
M.
T
ari
q
,
T.
M
add
ileti,
T.
Ku
ma
r
.
“
A
simp
le
sw
it
ch
ing
on
-
tim
e
ca
l
cul
a
ti
on
r
evis
ion
in
mul
t
il
e
vel
inv
ert
er
-
sp
a
ce
ve
ct
or
modu
la
ti
on
to
a
chi
ev
ing
extende
d
v
olt
ag
e
boundar
y
oper
ation
.
”
Int
ernati
onal Journal
of Powe
r
El
e
ct
r
onic
s and
Dr
ive System
,
vo
l. 10,
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6
61,
Ju
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T.
Him
abi
ndu
,
A.V.R.
T
eja,
G.
Bhuvane
sw
ari,
B.
Singh
.
“
Perf
orma
nc
e
enh
ancem
en
t
in
a
mult
il
ev
el
inv
erter
f
ed
PTC
induc
t
ion
mot
or
driv
e
by
opti
mal
vol
ta
g
e
vec
tor
select
ion
.”
Int
ernati
onal
Journal
of
Power
El
ectronics
an
d
Dr
iv
e
Syst
em
,
vo
l.
10
,
no
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2
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812,
Jun.
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S.
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“
Star
ti
ng
torque
and
torqu
e
ripple
r
educ
t
ion
using
SV
PWM
base
d
vec
tor
con
trol
o
f
induc
ti
on
mot
or
with
nin
e
-
l
eve
l
c
asc
ad
ed
multil
eve
l
Inv
ert
er
f
e
d
with
sol
ar
PV
power
.”
Int
ernati
onal
Journal
of
Powe
r E
le
c
troni
cs
and
Dr
ive
Sys
te
m
,
vo
l. 10, no.
2,
pp
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2,
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2019.
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M.A.N.
Dos
s,
K.
Mohanra
j
,
S.
B
hat
t
ac
har
jee,
M.
Ti
wari
,
D.
Vashi
shtha
.
“
Photovo
l
ta
i
c
fed
mul
tilev
el
inv
ert
er
using
rev
erse
voltage
t
opology
for
stan
dal
one
sys
te
ms
.
”
Int
ernati
onal
Journal
of
Pow
e
r
El
e
ct
ronics
an
d
Dr
iv
e
Syste
m
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no
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1347
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1354
,
Se
p.
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V.K.
Kanik
e,
S.
Raj
u
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“
Analysis
of
Sw
it
ch
ing
S
eque
nc
e
Oper
at
i
on
for
Redu
ce
d
Sw
it
ch
Multi
le
v
el
Inv
erter
Wi
th
Vari
ous Pulse W
idt
h
Modul
at
ion
Methods
.”
Front
ie
rs
in Ene
rgy
R
ese
arch
,
Jan.
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20.
[19]
H.N.
Avan
aki,
R
.
B
arzega
rkhoo
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E.
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Y.
Ya
ng,
F.
Bl
aa
b
je
rg
.
“
R
educ
ed
sw
itc
h
-
count
struct
ur
e
for
symm
et
r
ic
mul
tilevel
inv
erters
with
a
nov
el
sw
it
che
d
-
DC
-
source
submodul
e.”
I
ET
Powe
r
Elec
troni
cs
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vol.
1
2,
no
.
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-
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E.
C.
A
.
P
riy
a,
G.
T.
S.
Ra
ja
n
.
“
An
i
mprove
d
mod
e
l
of
hybr
id
multi
conv
erter
used
for
grid
connect
ed
appl
i
cations
.”
Inte
rnational
Jo
urnal
of Powe
r
El
e
ct
ronics
and
Dr
iv
e
Syst
em
,
vo
l.
10
,
no
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2
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60
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S.T
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Mera
j,
N.Z.
Yaha
y
a,
K.
Ha
san,
A.
Masaou
d
.
“
Single
ph
ase
21
le
v
el
hybrid
multil
evel
inve
r
te
r
with
red
u
ce
d
power
com
pone
nts
em
ployi
ng
l
ow
fre
quenc
y
m
odula
ti
on
techni
que
.”
In
te
rnat
io
nal
Journal
of
Powe
r
Elec
troni
cs
and
Dr
iv
e
S
ystem
,
vol
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11
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Jun.
2020
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K.
Boora
and
J.
Kumar
.
“
Gene
r
a
l
topol
ogy
for
as
ymm
et
r
ical
mu
ltile
v
el
inv
erter
w
it
h
red
u
ce
d
nu
m
ber
of
sw
it
ch
es
.”
IET
Powe
r
Elec
t
ronics
,
vol
.
10
,
n
o.
15
,
pp
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2034
-
2041,
2017
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M.
Rashee
d
,
R
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Omar
,
M.
Sul
a
im
an
,
W
.
A.
H
alim
.
“
Part
ic
l
e
sw
arm
op
ti
m
isat
io
n
(PS
O)
al
gorithm
with
r
educe
d
numbe
rof
sw
it
c
hes
in
multil
evel
inve
r
te
r
(MLI)
.”
Indon
esian
J
ournal
of
Elec
tr
ic
al
Engi
ne
erin
g
and
Compute
r
Sci
en
ce
,
vol
.
14
,
no.
3,
pp.
1114
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1124,
Jun.
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8
694
A n
ew
m
ulti
le
vel
inverte
r wi
th
reduce
d
s
wi
tc
h
c
ount fo
r re
ne
wab
le
powe
r
…
(Sure
nder R
edd
y
Salkuti
)
2153
[24]
A.
Arike
sh,
A.K
.
Parva
thy
.
“
Mo
dula
r
mu
lt
ileve
l
inve
rt
er
fo
r
ren
e
wable
en
erg
y
ap
pli
c
at
ions.
”
Int
ernati
onal
Journal
of
E
le
c
tric
al
and
Computer
Eng
i
nee
ring
,
vol
.
10
,
no.
1,
pp.
1
-
14,
Feb.
2020
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H.
Hac
h
em
i
,
A
.
Alla
li,
B
.
B
el
k
a
ce
m
.
“
Control
o
f
the
power
quality
for
a
DF
IG
powere
d
by
multi
le
ve
l
inv
erters
.”
Inte
rnational
Jo
urnal
of El
e
ct
ri
c
al
and
Comput
er
Engi
n
ee
ring
,
vo
l.
10
,
no
.
5
,
pp
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4
592
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Oc
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020.
[26]
S.
Kumar
,
M.S.
Kumar
.
“
As
ym
me
tric
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m
ult
ilevel
inve
rt
er
with
red
u
ce
d
h
arm
oni
c
using
h
ybrid
modul
a
ti
o
n
te
chn
ique
.”
In
te
r
nati
onal Journal
of Powe
r
El
e
ct
r
onic
s and
Dr
ive System
,
vo
l. 11,
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10,
Jun
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M.
Rashe
ed,
R.
Omar
,
M.
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im
an
,
W.
A.
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im
.
“
A
modi
f
ied
ca
s
ca
ded
h
-
br
idge
mul
t
il
ev
el
inve
rt
er
b
ase
d
o
n
par
ticle
sw
arm
opti
mi
sa
ti
on
(P
SO
)
te
chni
qu
e
.”
Indone
sian
Jo
urnal
of
E
le
c
tri
cal
Eng
ineering
and
Computer
Sci
en
ce
,
vol
.
16
,
no.
1,
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41
-
51
,
Oct
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2019
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[28]
S.
Nara
simh
a,
S.R.
Salku
ti
.
“
An
im
prove
d
c
losed
loop
hybr
id
phase
shift
cont
roller
for
d
ual
ac
t
ive
bridg
e
conve
rt
er
.”
Int
ernati
onal
Journal
of
E
lectric
a
l
an
d
Computer
Eng
ine
ering
(IJ
EC
E
)
,
Vol.
10,
No.
2
,
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2020.
[29]
Y.
Babkr
ani
,
A.
Na
ddam
i
,
M.
Hi
la
l
.
“
A
smar
t
ca
s
ca
ded
H
-
bridge
mul
tilevel
inve
r
t
er
with
an
opt
imize
d
modulati
on
te
chn
ique
inc
r
eas
ing
the
quality
and
red
u
ci
ng
ha
rmoni
cs
.”
In
te
rn
ati
onal
Journal
of
Pow
er
Elec
tronic
s
and
Dr
ive
Syste
m
,
vo
l. 10,
no.
4
,
pp
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1852
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1862,
De
c. 2019
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[30]
K.
Sal
eh,
N
.
Hantoul
i
.
“
A
pho
tovol
taic
in
te
gr
a
te
d
unified
pow
er
qu
ality
cond
i
ti
oner
with
a
2
7
-
le
ve
l
inve
r
te
r
.”
Te
l
ec
om
muni
c
ation,
Compu
ti
ng
,
El
e
ct
ron
ic
s
an
d
Control
(
TEL
KOMNIKA
)
,
vo
l.
17,
no.
6
,
pp.
3232
-
3248,
Dec
.
2019.
[31]
M.
Suja
tha,
A.
K.
Parv
at
hy
.
“
I
mprove
d
re
li
ab
l
e
mul
t
il
ev
el
inv
ert
er
for
r
ene
wa
ble
en
erg
y
sys
te
ms
.”
Indon
esia
n
Journal
of
Elec
t
rical
Engi
ne
erin
g
and
Computer
Sci
en
ce
,
vol
.
14
,
no.
3,
pp.
1141
-
1147,
Jun.
2019.
[32]
K.
Dhineshkum
ar,
C.
Subram
a
ni,
A.
Gee
th
a,
C.
Vi
ma
l
a
.
“
Pe
rform
ance
anal
ysis
of
PV
po
were
d
mul
t
il
ev
e
l
inve
rt
er
.”
Int
ernati
onal Journal of
E
le
c
tric
al
and
Computer
Eng
i
nee
ring
,
vol
.
9
,
no.
2
,
pp
.
753
-
7
60,
Apr.
2019.
[33]
A.
Ramesh,
O.
C.
Sekhar
,
M.S
.
Kumar
.
“
A
N
ovel
Thre
e
Pha
se
Multi
l
evel
In
ver
te
r
with
Sin
gle
DC
Li
nk
fo
r
Induc
ti
on
Motor
Drive
Appl
ic
a
t
i
on
.”
In
te
rnation
al
Journal
o
f
Elec
tri
cal
and
Co
mputer
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
,
vo
l.
8
,
no
.
2
,
pp.
763
-
770
,
Ap
r.
2018
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.