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an
d
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elec
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eh
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les [
1
-
5
]
.
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t
h
at
ar
e
ex
p
en
s
iv
e
an
d
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
le
x
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
to
p
r
ev
e
n
t
f
alse
alar
m
s
,
s
o
m
e
d
ela
y
ti
m
e
m
u
s
t
b
e
p
r
o
p
er
ly
d
ef
i
n
ed
an
d
s
in
ce
t
h
er
e
ar
e
s
e
v
er
al
v
a
r
iab
les,
it
m
a
y
ca
u
s
e
co
m
p
lex
i
t
y
i
n
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
.
A
ca
s
ca
d
ed
m
u
lti
-
la
y
er
ed
s
tr
ate
g
y
to
f
a
u
lt
id
en
t
if
ica
tio
n
i
n
in
v
er
ter
s
i
s
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
[
6
]
,
w
h
ich
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
t
w
o
p
ar
ts
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
p
ar
t
i
s
an
a
l
y
s
i
n
g
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
l
ta
g
e
a
n
d
i
n
v
er
ter
cu
r
r
en
t
s
i
g
n
al.
W
h
en
th
e
o
p
en
-
c
ir
cu
it
f
a
u
lt
in
th
e
s
w
itc
h
tr
an
s
is
to
r
s
o
cc
u
r
s
,
t
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
w
a
v
ef
o
r
m
is
a
n
al
y
s
ed
to
ex
tr
ac
t
f
a
u
lt
f
ea
tu
r
e.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
p
ar
t
in
cl
u
d
es
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
an
d
class
i
f
icatio
n
o
f
f
a
u
lt
f
ea
t
u
r
es
u
s
i
n
g
th
e
FF
T
-
R
P
C
A
-
SV
M
m
eth
o
d
.
T
h
e
FF
T
is
u
s
ed
f
o
r
th
e
s
ig
n
al
f
ea
t
u
r
e
ex
tr
ac
ti
o
n
.
T
h
e
r
elativ
e
p
r
in
cip
al
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
an
a
l
y
s
is
(
R
P
C
A
)
is
u
s
ed
to
o
p
ti
m
ize
a
n
d
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
d
ata
an
d
f
in
all
y
,
S
VM
class
i
f
icatio
n
m
et
h
o
d
is
u
s
ed
to
class
if
y
i
n
g
t
h
e
d
ata.
B
u
t
th
is
p
ap
er
is
u
s
e
f
u
l
o
n
l
y
f
o
r
p
u
r
e
R
lo
ad
s
s
y
s
te
m
s
,
in
th
e
ev
e
n
t
th
at,
m
o
s
t
lo
ad
s
in
th
e
p
o
w
er
s
y
s
te
m
ar
e
th
e
t
y
p
e
R
L
.
Als
o
,
T
h
e
FF
T
m
et
h
o
d
is
u
s
ed
f
o
r
s
ig
n
a
l
an
al
y
s
is
.
T
h
is
m
et
h
o
d
d
o
esn
’
t
h
a
v
e
g
o
o
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
i
n
tr
an
s
ie
n
t
s
ta
te
an
d
ca
n
n
o
t
d
etec
t
t
h
e
f
a
u
lt
s
ev
er
it
y
a
n
d
th
e
ti
m
e
o
f
o
cc
u
r
r
e
n
ce
.
T
h
is
m
a
k
es
p
r
o
b
le
m
s
f
o
r
th
e
u
s
er
d
u
r
i
n
g
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
o
f
f
au
l
t.
A
n
e
w
m
et
h
o
d
f
o
r
class
i
f
icatio
n
an
d
d
etec
tio
n
o
f
an
o
p
en
-
cir
cu
it
f
au
lt
in
t
h
e
elec
tr
ic
m
o
to
r
f
ac
to
r
y
h
av
e
b
ee
n
ex
a
m
i
n
ed
in
R
ef
.
[
1
2
]
.
T
h
e
m
et
h
o
d
is
u
s
i
n
g
a
co
m
b
in
a
tio
n
o
f
w
a
v
elet
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
s
,
Fo
u
r
ier
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
a
n
d
n
e
u
r
al
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
B
o
th
w
a
v
elet
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
(
W
T
)
an
d
Fo
u
r
ier
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
(
F
FT
)
ar
e
s
tr
o
n
g
an
d
u
s
ef
u
l
f
o
r
an
a
l
y
s
i
n
g
e
le
ctr
ical
s
y
s
te
m
s
.
B
u
t
co
m
b
i
n
i
n
g
th
e
s
e
t
w
o
m
et
h
o
d
s
d
o
esn
’
t
h
av
e
b
en
e
f
it
i
n
an
al
y
s
i
n
g
.
A
ls
o
,
in
t
h
is
p
ap
er
,
u
s
i
n
g
F
FT
an
al
y
s
i
s
a
f
ter
W
T
h
as
n
o
e
f
f
ec
t
o
n
tr
a
n
s
ie
n
t
s
tate
a
n
d
m
a
k
e
s
an
al
y
s
i
n
g
d
i
f
f
icu
lt.
I
n
th
i
s
p
ap
er
,
o
p
en
-
cir
cu
i
t
f
a
u
lt
id
en
ti
f
icatio
n
a
n
d
d
etec
tio
n
in
th
e
D
C
/
AC
co
n
v
er
ter
h
as
b
ee
n
d
o
n
e
b
y
ap
p
licatio
n
i
n
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icles.
P
r
o
p
o
s
ed
E
lectr
ic
Ve
h
icle
h
a
s
DC
/D
C
c
o
n
v
er
ter
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
w
it
h
m
u
ltip
le
in
p
u
ts
.
P
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
v
er
ter
is
v
o
ltag
e
s
o
u
r
ce
t
y
p
e
an
d
P
MSM
m
o
to
r
w
it
h
v
ec
to
r
co
n
tr
o
l
d
r
iv
e
is
ch
o
s
en
.
T
h
e
m
et
h
o
d
u
s
ed
to
f
au
lt
d
etec
tio
n
i
s
a
co
m
b
i
n
atio
n
o
f
d
is
cr
ete
w
a
v
elet
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
a
n
d
m
u
l
ti
-
la
y
er
ed
n
eu
r
al
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
.
A
l
l
e
x
p
ec
ted
o
p
en
cir
cu
it
f
au
l
t
p
o
s
itio
n
s
in
th
e
o
p
er
atin
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
s
t
u
d
ied
i
n
t
h
i
s
p
ap
er
.
T
h
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
th
e
p
a
p
er
is
as
f
o
llo
w
s
:
I
n
s
ec
tio
n
I
I
,
th
e
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
o
f
th
e
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icle
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
.
I
n
s
ec
tio
n
I
I
I
,
d
etec
tin
g
o
p
en
-
cir
cu
it
f
au
l
t is
p
r
o
v
id
ed
.
I
n
s
ec
tio
n
I
V,
A
r
ti
f
icial
Ne
u
r
al
Net
w
o
r
k
w
ill i
n
tr
o
d
u
ce
.
Sectio
n
V
p
r
esen
t t
h
e
r
esear
c
h
r
esu
lts
a
n
d
s
ec
tio
n
VI
co
n
clu
d
es th
is
p
ap
er
.
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
T
H
E
S
T
RUC
T
URE O
F
T
H
E
E
L
E
C
T
RI
C
VE
H
I
C
L
E
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
E
n
er
g
y
O
u
tlo
o
k
in
2
0
1
1
,
th
e
s
h
ar
e
o
f
f
u
el
co
n
s
u
m
p
t
io
n
in
t
h
e
tr
an
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
s
ec
to
r
r
aised
f
r
o
m
4
0
%
in
2
0
0
8
to
5
4
%
[
4
]
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
j
ec
tio
n
s
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
b
y
t
h
e
E
n
er
g
y
I
n
ter
n
ati
o
n
al
Ag
e
n
c
y
(
E
I
A
)
r
ep
r
esen
ts
an
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
o
f
$
5
.
5
g
allo
n
s
o
f
o
il
p
r
ices
at
th
e
h
ig
h
e
s
t
r
ate
p
o
s
s
ib
le.
A
ls
o
d
u
e
to
g
lo
b
al
w
ar
m
in
g
an
d
cli
m
a
te
ch
a
n
g
e,
it
is
e
x
p
e
cted
th
at
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
t
h
at
r
ed
u
ce
f
u
el
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
i
n
th
e
tr
an
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
s
ec
to
r
s
u
c
h
as e
lectr
ic
v
eh
icle
s
an
d
h
y
b
r
id
v
e
h
icle
s
w
ill
f
i
n
d
a
b
etter
p
o
s
itio
n
a
m
o
n
g
o
th
er
[
6
]
.
2
.
1
.
P
r
o
po
s
ed
Sy
s
t
e
m
Cha
ra
ct
er
is
t
ic
Du
e
to
t
h
e
h
ig
h
p
r
ice
o
f
th
e
f
u
el
ce
ll,
b
ad
D
y
n
a
m
ic
m
o
d
e
r
esp
o
n
s
e
a
n
d
ex
p
en
s
i
v
en
e
s
s
o
f
s
u
p
p
l
y
in
g
h
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
,
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icles
s
t
u
d
ied
in
th
i
s
p
ap
er
u
s
es
th
e
b
atter
y
as
th
e
p
r
i
m
ar
y
s
o
u
r
ce
o
f
en
er
g
y
a
n
d
s
u
p
er
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
as
an
a
u
x
iliar
y
s
o
u
r
ce
.
Usi
n
g
f
u
el
ce
lls
i
n
s
tead
o
f
b
atter
ies
g
r
ea
tl
y
r
ed
u
ce
s
t
h
e
f
i
n
al
p
r
ice
o
f
t
h
e
ca
r
.
A
ls
o
it e
n
ab
le
s
th
e
ca
r
to
u
s
e
b
o
th
s
o
u
r
ce
s
at
t
h
e
f
ir
s
t o
f
s
tar
t
-
u
p
[
1
3
].
T
h
e
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
o
f
th
e
ca
r
is
m
u
ltip
le
-
i
n
p
u
t
co
n
v
er
ter
w
h
ic
h
is
a
DC
/DC
p
o
w
er
elec
tr
o
n
ics
m
u
ltil
a
y
er
co
n
v
er
ter
to
p
o
lo
g
y
as
it
is
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e1
.
U
s
in
g
th
e
D
C
/D
C
co
n
v
er
ter
w
i
th
m
u
ltip
le
i
n
p
u
t
s
r
ed
u
ce
s
co
s
ts
a
n
d
th
e
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
en
er
g
y
i
n
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
.
A
l
s
o
,
th
e
m
u
ltil
a
y
er
co
n
v
er
ter
to
p
o
lo
g
y
r
ed
u
ce
s
t
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
r
ip
p
le
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t
w
ill
d
ir
ec
tl
y
af
f
ec
t
t
h
e
lif
e
s
p
an
o
f
en
er
g
y
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
an
d
th
er
eb
y
ex
te
n
d
th
e
lif
e
o
f
t
h
e
eq
u
ip
m
e
n
t.
A
ls
o
,
p
ass
i
v
e
ele
m
e
n
ts
s
u
c
h
as
in
d
u
c
to
r
s
,
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
th
e
m
ai
n
co
n
c
er
n
in
th
e
d
esi
g
n
o
f
DC
/D
C
co
n
v
er
ter
s
i
s
r
ed
u
c
ed
an
d
th
u
s
t
h
e
s
ize
an
d
w
ei
g
h
t
o
f
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
i
s
o
p
ti
m
ized
.
I
n
t
h
is
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
,
t
h
e
b
atter
y
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
t
h
e
DC
b
u
s
w
it
h
t
h
e
o
n
e
-
w
a
y
DC
/D
C
co
n
v
er
ter
a
n
d
s
u
p
er
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
t
h
e
b
u
s
b
y
a
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
D
C
/D
C
co
n
v
er
ter
,
s
o
th
at
th
e
en
er
g
y
f
r
o
m
b
r
ak
i
n
g
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
,
is
s
to
r
ed
in
s
u
p
er
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
[
1
4
,
1
5
].
W
e
u
s
ed
a
DC
/
AC
i
n
v
er
ter
w
ith
a
n
elec
tr
ic
m
o
to
r
f
o
r
m
o
ti
o
n
p
ar
t.
P
MSM
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
t
o
th
e
f
r
o
n
t
w
h
ee
ls
b
y
t
h
e
i
n
v
er
ter
.
A
v
o
lt
ag
e
s
o
u
r
ce
in
v
er
ter
(
VSI
)
to
p
o
lo
g
y
i
s
u
s
ed
i
n
t
h
is
p
ap
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w
h
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ch
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a
s
a
m
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v
el
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ip
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6
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e
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h
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b
en
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its
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h
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n
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ter
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r
e
b
etter
s
tab
ilized
o
u
tp
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t
v
o
lta
g
e,
lo
w
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
d
is
to
r
tio
n
,
v
ar
iab
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u
tp
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t
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tag
e
a
n
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r
eq
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en
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A
l
s
o
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is
p
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I
SS
N
:
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8
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I
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P
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t
,
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l.
9
,
No
.
3
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Sep
tem
b
er
2
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1
8
:
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2
4
0
–
1
2
5
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1242
to
lo
w
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m
p
ed
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ce
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co
n
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ta
n
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i
n
p
u
t,
an
d
o
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tp
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t
v
o
lta
g
e
as
w
el
l
as
f
o
r
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
in
s
i
n
g
le
o
r
m
u
ltip
le
elec
tr
ic
m
o
to
r
s
[
16
].
2
.
2
.
P
M
S
M
w
it
h Ve
ct
o
r
Co
ntr
o
l D
riv
e
Vec
to
r
co
n
tr
o
l
o
r
FOC
(
f
ield
o
r
ien
ted
co
n
tr
o
l)
is
a
m
et
h
o
d
th
at
ca
p
ab
le
o
f
is
o
latin
g
to
r
q
u
e
f
r
o
m
f
l
u
x
th
at
s
ee
m
s
to
b
e
th
e
b
est
alter
n
ati
v
e
to
m
e
th
o
d
s
o
f
co
n
tr
o
lli
n
g
P
MSM
m
o
to
r
d
r
iv
e.
T
h
e
ai
m
o
f
FO
C
co
n
tr
o
l
is
co
n
tr
o
lli
n
g
to
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q
u
e,
m
ec
h
a
n
ica
l
s
p
ee
d
ch
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g
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s
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d
also
r
eg
u
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r
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d
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i
n
g
tr
an
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ie
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t
f
lo
w
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n
th
e
s
y
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te
m
[
17
]
.
T
h
e
FOC
i
s
u
s
e
d
f
o
r
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
y
,
p
r
o
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id
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g
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s
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r
cu
r
r
e
n
t
t
h
at
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ess
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x
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s
D
-
Q
i
n
s
y
n
ch
r
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n
o
u
s
r
o
tatio
n
[
18
]
.
P
M
SM
eq
u
atio
n
s
in
t
h
e
r
e
f
er
e
n
ce
ax
is
D
-
Q
i
s
ex
p
r
ess
ed
as
f
o
llo
w
s
:
d
i
s
d
d
t
=
−
R
s
L
d
i
sd
+
ω
r
L
q
L
d
i
sq
+
V
sd
L
d
(
1
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d
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t
=
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q
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sq
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r
L
d
L
q
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r
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d
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sd
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d
(
2
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sd
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(
3
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sq
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L
q
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sq
(
4
)
I
n
t
h
e
ab
o
v
e
eq
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atio
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s
,
R
s
i
s
s
tato
r
r
esis
ta
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ce
,
id
a
n
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iq
ar
e
th
e
D
-
Q
a
x
is
cu
r
r
en
t,
Vd
a
n
d
Vq
ar
e
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o
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e,
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d
ar
e
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d
u
cta
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s
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r
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g
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lar
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ee
d
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s
d
an
d
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s
q
ar
e
D
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Q
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Ψ
f
is
m
ag
n
etic
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l
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x
p
r
o
d
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ce
d
th
er
e.
E
lectr
o
m
a
g
n
etic
to
r
q
u
e
an
d
r
o
to
r
p
o
s
itio
n
ar
e
as f
o
llo
w
s
:
T
e
=
3
2
P
[
(
L
d
−
L
q
)
i
sd
i
sq
+
i
sq
Ψ
f
]
(
5
)
θ
r
=
P
2J
[
T
e
−
2
P
β
f
ω
r
−
T
L
]
(
6
)
I
n
th
e
ab
o
v
e
eq
u
atio
n
s
,
P
is
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
o
le
p
air
s
,
J
is
th
e
co
ef
f
icie
n
t
o
f
in
er
t
ia,
T
L
is
lo
ad
f
ac
to
r
an
d
βf
is
t
h
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
f
r
ict
io
n
.
Sin
ce
th
e
elec
tr
o
m
a
g
n
etic
to
r
q
u
e
is
lin
ea
r
an
d
r
elate
d
to
is
q
,
it
is
s
i
m
p
li
f
ied
as
f
o
llo
w
s
[
19
]:
T
e
=
3
2
P
i
sq
Ψ
f
=
K
t
i
sq
(
7
)
3.
O
P
E
N
-
CIRCU
I
T
F
A
UL
T
D
E
T
E
C
T
I
O
N
T
h
e
in
v
er
ter
t
h
at
u
s
ed
i
n
th
i
s
v
e
h
icle
i
s
a
t
h
r
ee
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lev
el
v
o
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o
u
r
ce
in
v
er
ter
t
y
p
e
w
it
h
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ix
I
GB
T
s
w
itc
h
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g
ele
m
e
n
t.
T
h
e
b
en
ef
its
o
f
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h
e
i
n
v
er
ter
ca
n
b
e
m
e
n
tio
n
ed
b
etter
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u
tp
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t
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s
i
m
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ler
to
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o
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y
,
ch
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p
,
lo
w
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
d
is
to
r
tio
n
,
an
d
ea
s
ier
co
n
tr
o
l.
P
r
o
p
o
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ed
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tr
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v
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ic
le
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
is
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
e
in
ter
n
al
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
o
f
t
h
e
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icle
s
t
u
d
y
is
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Fig
u
r
e
1.
P
r
o
p
o
s
ed
elec
tr
ic
v
e
h
icle
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
P
o
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i
S
y
s
t
I
SS
N:
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8
8
-
8
694
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circu
it F
a
u
lt d
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tio
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o
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ith
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ve
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a
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-
b
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(
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o
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vi
)
1243
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
P
r
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p
o
s
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elec
tr
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e
h
icle
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
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3
.
1
.
I
ntr
o
du
cing
H
ea
lt
hy
a
nd
F
a
ulty
Co
m
po
ne
nt
o
f
I
nv
er
t
er
An
i
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teg
r
ated
f
au
lt
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a
n
a
g
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en
t
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te
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tectio
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d
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iag
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f
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r
e
t
h
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s
y
s
te
m
w
it
h
co
n
tr
o
l
u
n
it
s
.
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n
g
en
er
al,
t
h
e
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
o
f
t
h
e
f
au
lt
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etec
tio
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a
n
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id
en
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icatio
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s
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te
m
s
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eg
i
n
s
b
y
m
ea
s
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r
in
g
p
ar
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m
eter
s
s
u
ch
as
cu
r
r
en
t,
v
o
lta
g
e,
s
p
ee
d
an
d
to
r
q
u
e.
T
h
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ar
am
eter
s
in
cl
u
d
e
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u
n
d
er
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if
f
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f
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n
d
itio
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s
.
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d
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en
tify
f
a
u
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d
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ea
t
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W
it
h
t
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e
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elp
o
f
th
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e
f
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t
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r
es,
th
e
e
x
tr
ac
ted
s
i
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a
l
ca
n
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e
a
n
al
y
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etec
t
f
a
u
lts
a
n
d
id
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t
if
y
its
t
y
p
e
[
2
0
].
I
n
th
is
p
ap
er
,
W
T
h
as
b
ee
n
u
s
ed
f
o
r
f
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t
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tr
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ase
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s
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ased
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en
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n
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i
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s
tat
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s
tate
o
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s
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d
to
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u
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d
o
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en
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a
v
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e
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o
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ce
o
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f
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l
ts
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n
n
o
t
b
e
ex
tr
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ted
p
r
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p
er
ly
[
2
1
]
.
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t
s
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o
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ld
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ter
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ate
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n
n
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u
p
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l
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ir
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m
e
n
t
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o
r
t
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e
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tr
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s
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u
lt
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r
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y
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s
3
tim
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a
m
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t
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ated
cu
r
r
en
t,
an
d
th
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r
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s
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ak
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s
y
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is
o
late
to
th
e
f
au
lt.
T
h
at
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w
h
y
in
t
h
is
ar
ticl
e
o
n
l
y
s
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g
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an
d
d
o
u
b
le
s
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i
tch
e
s
f
a
u
lt
h
a
v
e
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ee
n
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t
u
d
ied
.
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h
e
s
y
s
te
m
h
as
b
ee
n
an
al
y
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ed
i
n
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
s
p
ee
d
an
d
lo
ad
s
f
o
r
h
ea
lt
h
y
a
n
d
f
au
l
t
y
s
tates
o
f
S1
,
S2
.
.
.
.
S6
,
S1
S2
.
.
.
S3
S4
.
.
.
S5
S6
.
T
h
e
tar
g
et
s
y
s
te
m
h
a
s
b
ee
n
test
ed
i
n
2
6
ca
s
es.
I
n
th
is
p
ap
er
,
w
av
ele
t
t
r
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
i
n
1
2
lev
el
s
b
y
th
e
m
o
th
er
w
av
elet
o
f
4
5
d
b
f
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r
cu
r
r
en
t
s
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g
n
al
a
n
al
y
s
i
s
i
s
u
s
ed
.
I
n
th
is
w
o
r
k
E
V
s
tu
d
ied
u
n
d
er
d
if
f
er
en
t c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
w
it
h
5
le
v
els
o
f
to
r
q
u
e
an
d
s
p
ee
d
s
ep
ar
ately
h
as
b
ee
n
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t
u
d
ied
an
d
ev
al
u
at
ed
a
to
tal
o
f
2
2
0
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
m
o
d
e
s
.
T
h
r
ee
-
p
h
ase
cu
r
r
en
t
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v
ef
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r
m
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a
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lt
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tate
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u
lt
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tate
i
s
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w
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in
F
ig
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r
e
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d
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.
(
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u
r
e
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r
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ase
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r
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it
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Fig
u
r
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s
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icle
s
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d
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atin
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itio
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u
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.
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it
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2
.
O
pen Cir
cuit
F
a
ult
Det
ec
t
io
n P
a
t
t
er
n
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
ti
v
e
a
n
al
y
s
i
s
an
d
to
ac
h
iev
e
th
e
b
es
t
f
a
u
lt
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
s
th
e
w
av
e
let
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
h
as
b
ee
n
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
ted
.
A
ls
o
,
u
n
l
ik
e
o
t
h
er
m
et
h
o
d
s
b
ased
o
n
th
e
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
s
i
g
n
al
an
al
y
s
i
s
,
w
a
v
elet
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
h
as
g
o
o
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
u
n
d
er
tr
an
s
ie
n
t
co
n
d
it
io
n
s
a
n
d
s
y
s
te
m
s
tab
ilit
y
;
t
h
is
f
ea
t
u
r
e
is
a
g
r
ea
t
ad
v
a
n
ta
g
e
to
o
th
er
m
et
h
o
d
s
o
f
s
i
g
n
al
an
al
y
s
is
.
I
n
th
i
s
p
ap
er
,
th
e
m
ea
n
e
n
er
g
y
h
as
b
ee
n
u
s
ed
as
a
p
atter
n
i
n
t
r
o
d
u
ce
d
f
o
r
ex
tr
ac
tin
g
t
h
e
c
h
a
r
ac
ter
is
tic
th
at
i
s
s
i
m
p
le,
f
a
s
t
a
n
d
w
o
r
k
s
in
d
i
f
f
er
e
n
t
o
p
er
atin
g
s
tate
s
.
T
h
e
m
ea
n
en
er
g
y
ca
n
b
e
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
E
q
u
at
io
n
.
8.
M
e
a
n
E
n
e
r
gy
=
√
∑
|
D
i
|
2
L
n
l
=
0
(
8
)
W
h
er
e,
D
i
i
s
t
h
e
i
th
w
a
v
elet
d
ata
s
i
g
n
als
an
d
L
is
t
h
e
r
an
g
e
an
d
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
d
ata
i
n
t
h
e
h
ea
lth
y
s
tate.
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
t
h
i
s
eq
u
at
io
n
is
a
n
u
m
b
er
th
at
u
s
ed
to
tr
ai
n
t
h
e
n
e
u
r
al
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
I
n
Fig
u
r
e.
7
an
d
8
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
s
u
g
g
ested
f
a
u
lt
p
atter
n
u
n
d
er
lo
ad
an
d
s
p
ee
d
v
ar
iatio
n
ar
e
s
h
o
w
n
.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
s
h
o
w
n
f
i
g
u
r
es,
th
e
s
u
g
g
e
s
ted
m
o
d
el
co
u
ld
w
ell
e
x
tr
ac
t a
n
y
f
a
u
lt i
n
b
o
th
s
tatio
n
ar
y
a
n
d
n
o
n
-
s
tatio
n
ar
y
s
tate
o
f
v
eh
icle
o
p
er
atio
n
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
P
o
w
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&
Dr
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8
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u
r
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.
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h
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ef
f
ec
t o
f
lo
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v
a
r
iatio
n
o
n
d
if
f
er
en
t
f
a
u
lts
a
n
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
p
r
o
p
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s
ed
f
au
lt
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etec
tio
n
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
T
h
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
s
p
ee
d
v
ar
iatio
n
o
n
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
f
au
lts
a
n
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
f
au
lt d
etec
tio
n
I
n
th
i
s
p
ar
t,
th
ese
s
tate
s
ar
e
ev
alu
ated
in
o
r
d
er
to
d
is
p
lay
t
h
e
n
o
n
li
n
ea
r
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
t
h
e
n
o
n
li
n
ea
r
r
elatio
n
b
et
w
ee
n
d
at
a
th
at
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
8
a
n
d
9
an
d
g
o
o
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
th
e
n
e
u
r
al
n
et
w
o
r
k
i
n
s
o
lv
i
n
g
n
o
n
l
in
ea
r
r
elatio
n
s
,
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
n
eu
r
al
n
et
w
o
r
k
f
o
r
ac
h
iev
i
n
g
to
tar
g
e
t is j
u
s
ti
f
ied
.
4.
F
AULT
D
E
T
E
C
T
I
NG
U
SI
N
G
NE
URA
L
NE
T
WO
RK
4
.
1
.
M
ultila
y
er
Neura
l N
et
wo
rk
R
ec
en
t
l
y
,
m
et
h
o
d
s
b
ased
o
n
t
h
e
ar
ti
f
icial
n
e
u
r
al
n
et
wo
r
k
ar
e
u
s
in
g
f
o
r
f
a
u
lt
d
et
ec
tio
n
a
n
d
id
en
ti
f
icatio
n
.
Neu
r
al
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
h
a
v
e
s
o
m
e
ad
v
an
ta
g
es
s
u
ch
as
les
s
s
tatis
t
ical
tr
ai
n
i
n
g
,
A
b
il
it
y
to
id
en
t
if
y
co
m
p
le
x
r
elat
io
n
s
b
et
w
ee
n
i
n
d
ep
en
d
en
t
a
n
d
d
ep
en
d
en
t
v
ar
iab
les
f
a
u
lt
s
,
ab
ilit
y
to
d
et
ec
t
all
t
h
e
p
o
s
s
ib
le
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
b
et
w
ee
n
p
r
ed
icto
r
v
ar
iab
les
d
etec
tio
n
.
B
u
t
th
i
s
al
g
o
r
ith
m
r
eq
u
ir
e
s
a
v
er
y
s
p
ec
ial
an
d
h
ea
v
y
tr
ai
n
i
n
g
th
a
t
a
p
r
o
ce
s
s
is
v
er
y
s
tr
ict.
I
t
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
d
is
ad
v
a
n
ta
g
es
o
f
n
e
u
r
al
n
et
w
o
r
k
a
lg
o
r
it
h
m
s
[2
2
-
26
].
Ov
er
lap
b
etw
ee
n
n
e
u
r
al
n
et
w
o
r
k
tr
ain
i
n
g
in
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
s
p
ee
d
s
is
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
8
,
an
d
Ov
er
lap
b
et
w
ee
n
n
e
u
r
al
n
et
w
o
r
k
tr
ain
i
n
g
i
n
d
if
f
er
e
n
t l
o
ad
s
is
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
9
.
T
h
is
n
e
u
r
al
n
et
w
o
r
k
in
c
lu
d
e
t
h
r
ee
la
y
er
s
o
f
i
n
p
u
t,
o
u
tp
u
t
a
n
d
h
id
d
en
la
y
er
.
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
th
e
f
ir
s
t
la
y
er
,
co
n
s
id
er
ed
as
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
lay
er
in
p
u
t
v
ec
to
r
.
Si
m
i
lar
l
y
,
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
la
y
e
r
is
in
p
u
t
v
ec
to
r
o
f
th
e
t
h
ir
d
la
y
er
.
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
la
y
er
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
ac
tu
al
r
esp
o
n
s
e
o
f
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
m
a
n
y
t
y
p
es
o
f
n
e
u
r
al
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
,
b
u
t
u
s
u
all
y
,
a
t
y
p
e
o
f
n
e
u
r
al
n
e
t
wo
r
k
is
a
m
u
lt
ila
y
er
f
ee
d
f
o
r
w
a
r
d
n
eu
r
al
n
et
w
o
r
k
th
at
is
u
s
ed
a
lo
t.
An
e
x
a
m
p
le
o
f
th
i
s
n
e
u
r
al
n
et
w
o
r
k
is
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
I
n
t J
P
o
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i
S
y
s
t
,
Vo
l.
9
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
2
0
1
8
:
1
2
4
0
–
1
2
5
0
1246
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
Ov
er
lap
b
et
w
ee
n
n
e
u
r
al
n
et
w
o
r
k
tr
ai
n
i
n
g
in
d
i
f
f
er
en
t sp
ee
d
s
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
Ov
er
lap
b
et
w
ee
n
n
e
u
r
al
n
et
w
o
r
k
tr
ai
n
i
n
g
in
d
i
f
f
er
en
t lo
ad
s
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
.
E
x
a
m
p
le
o
f
f
ee
d
f
o
r
w
ar
d
n
e
u
r
al
n
et
w
o
r
k
Neu
r
o
n
s
f
o
r
m
t
h
e
B
u
ild
i
n
g
o
f
th
e
n
eu
r
al
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
A
s
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
9
,
w
e
ca
n
h
av
e
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
n
f
o
r
in
p
u
t a
n
d
k
f
o
r
th
e
h
id
d
en
la
y
er
w
h
ic
h
n
a
n
d
k
ar
e
n
o
t
eq
u
al.
I
n
p
u
ts
P
1
,
P
2
,
P
3
,
.
.
.
,
Pn
i
n
t
h
e
m
atr
i
x
W
is
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
P
o
w
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&
Dr
i
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y
s
t
I
SS
N:
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8
8
-
8
694
A
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circu
it F
a
u
lt d
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n
meth
o
d
w
ith
w
a
ve
let
tr
a
n
s
fo
r
m
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GB
T
-
b
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s
ed
…
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S
ey
ed
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a
eid
Mo
o
s
a
vi
)
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th
e
w
ei
g
h
t
m
atr
i
x
in
h
er
e
is
m
u
ltip
lied
an
d
t
h
e
n
g
at
h
er
s
i
n
th
e
s
u
m
(
Σ
)
,
th
e
s
u
m
is
al
w
a
y
s
e
n
ter
ed
in
th
e
ex
citatio
n
f
u
n
ctio
n
f
w
it
h
a
b
ias n
e
u
r
o
n
b
.
y
=
W
1
,
1
×
P
1
+
W
1
,
2
×
P
2
+
⋯
+
W
1
,
R
×
P
R
+
b
(
9
)
T
h
e
ab
o
v
e
f
o
r
m
u
la
ca
n
b
e
s
i
m
p
ler
:
y
=
W
×
P
+
b
(
1
0
)
I
n
th
i
s
p
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a
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Det
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ate
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ies
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w
as
test
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in
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S2
.
.
.
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S1
S2
.
.
.
S3
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4
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.
.
S5
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f
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Fig
u
r
e
1
1
.
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r
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n
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w
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tp
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ts
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ar
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.
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n
t
h
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h
a
s
b
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n
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a
n
d
i
n
1
1
0
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s
es.
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h
u
s
w
e
h
av
e
7
o
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tp
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t
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e
u
r
al
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t
w
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k
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h
r
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-
p
h
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s
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cu
r
r
en
t
is
m
ea
s
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r
ed
in
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s
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h
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let
tr
an
s
f
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m
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ap
p
lied
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r
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ith
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ir
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Ma
tr
i
x
[
A
]
is
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h
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n
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ar
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n
a
m
i
c
p
ro
g
ra
m
m
in
g
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
f
o
r
o
p
ti
m
izin
g
f
u
e
l
c
e
ll
h
y
b
rid
v
e
h
icle
s"
,
in
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
j
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
h
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
e
n
e
rg
y
(2
0
1
5
).
14
-
M
a
rio
M
a
rc
h
e
so
n
i
a
n
d
Ca
m
il
lo
Va
c
c
a
,
"
Ne
w
DC
–
DC
Co
n
v
e
rter
f
o
r
En
e
rg
y
S
to
ra
g
e
S
y
ste
m
In
terfa
c
in
g
in
F
u
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l
Ce
ll
H
y
b
rid
El
e
c
tri
c
V
e
h
icle
s"
,
IEE
E
T
RA
NS
AC
T
IONS
ON P
OW
ER
E
L
ECT
RONICS
,
Ja
n
u
a
ry
2
0
0
7
,
2
2
(
1
),
3
0
1
-
3
0
8
.
15
-
Zed
o
n
g
Z
h
e
n
g
,
Ku
i
W
a
n
g
,
L
ie
X
u
,
Yo
n
g
d
o
n
g
L
i,
"
A
H
y
b
rid
Ca
sc
a
d
e
d
M
u
lt
i
-
lev
e
l
Co
n
v
e
rter
f
o
r
Ba
tt
e
r
y
En
e
rg
y
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
A
p
p
li
e
d
in
E
lec
tri
c
V
e
h
icle
s"
,
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s
a
c
ti
o
n
s o
n
Po
we
r E
lec
tro
n
ics
,
2
0
1
4
,
2
9
(7
)
,
3
5
3
7
-
3
5
4
6
.
16
-
A
.
Ha
d
d
o
u
n
,
M
.
E.
H.
Be
n
b
o
u
z
id
,
D.
Dia
ll
o
,
R
.
A
b
d
e
ss
e
m
e
d
,
J.
G
h
o
u
il
i5
a
n
d
K.
S
ra
iri
,
"
Co
mp
a
ra
ti
v
e
An
a
lys
is
o
f
Co
n
tro
l
T
e
c
h
n
iq
u
e
s
fo
r
E
ff
icie
n
c
y
Imp
ro
v
e
me
n
t
in
E
lec
tric
Veh
icle
s
"
,
IEE
E
Co
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
n
V
e
h
icle
P
o
w
e
r
a
n
d
P
r
o
p
u
lsio
n
,
VPP
C
2
0
0
7
,
6
2
9
-
6
3
4
.
17
-
Y.
G
u
,
Y.
S
h
ı,
J.
W
a
n
g
,
“
S
e
n
so
rle
ss
v
e
c
to
r
c
o
n
tro
l
o
f
AC
se
rv
o
sy
ste
m
wit
h
a
rtif
icia
l
n
e
u
ra
l
n
e
two
rk
o
b
se
rv
e
r
a
n
d
fu
zz
y
sp
e
e
d
c
o
n
tro
ll
e
r
”
,
P
rz
e
g
lad
El
e
c
tro
tec
h
n
icz
n
y
,
2
0
1
2
,
1
5
0
-
1
5
3
.
18
-
Y
-
S
.
Ku
n
g
,
M
-
S
.
W
a
n
g
,
C
-
C.
Hu
a
n
g
,
“
DS
P
-
b
a
se
d
Ad
a
p
ti
v
e
Fu
zz
y
Co
n
tro
l
fo
r
a
S
e
n
s
o
rle
ss
PM
S
M
Dr
ive
”
,
Co
n
tro
l
a
n
d
De
c
isio
n
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
,
2
0
0
9
,
2
3
7
9
-
2
3
8
4
.
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