Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of
P
ower E
le
ctr
on
i
cs a
n
d
Drive
S
ystem
(I
J
PE
D
S
)
Vo
l.
11
,
No.
4
,
Decem
be
r 202
0
, p
p.
1908
~
19
17
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8694
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ij
peds
.
v11.i
4
.
pp
1908
-
19
17
1908
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ij
pe
ds
.i
aescore.c
om
New
adaptive
hys
teresis
band wid
t
h contr
ol fo
r dire
ct torqu
e
contr
ol of inducti
on mac
hine d
rive
s
Ark
an
A. K
adum
Depa
rtment
o
f
E
le
c
troni
c
Eng
ineeri
ng
,
Univer
si
ty
of
Kufa
,
Ir
aq
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
Feb
6
,
201
9
Re
vised
Ju
l
8
,
201
9
Accepte
d
M
a
y
19
, 20
20
Thi
s
pap
er
pre
se
nts
a
new
adapti
ve
hyst
ere
sis
b
a
nd
control
appr
o
ac
h
used
in
dire
c
t
torque
co
ntrol
(DTC)
of
the
indu
ct
ion
m
otor
(IM)
dr
ives
with
th
e
sw
it
chi
ng
ta
bl
es
for
the
g
ene
r
ation
of
PWM
si
gnal
s.
Const
ant
Hys
te
resis
Dire
ct
torque
c
ontrol
(CHB
-
DTC)
meth
od
use
d
the
torqu
e
an
d
stat
or
flux
err
ors
to
gen
erate
th
e
stat
or
vo
lt
ag
e
ref
ere
nc
e
and
fre
qu
enc
y
vec
tors
for
cont
rolling
the
thre
e
-
ph
ase
ind
uct
ion
mot
or
.
T
he
CHB
-
DTC
give
s
b
et
t
er
torque
tr
ansie
nt
per
forma
n
ce
bu
t
it
has
large
ste
a
dy
stat
e
r
ippl
es.
To
red
uc
e
torque
and
st
at
o
r
cur
r
ent
r
ipples
in
CHB
-
DTC
cont
rolled
induction
mot
or
drive
s
a
new
ad
apt
iv
e
hyst
ere
sis
band
cont
rol
(
AH
B)
appr
oa
ch
is
proposed
,
where
th
e
hyste
resis
band
is
ad
apt
ed
in
r
ea
l
time
with
th
e
sta
tor
flux
an
d
torque
err
ors
v
ar
ia
ti
on
,
instead
o
f
fixe
d
bandwid
t
h.
Both
c
la
ss
ical
CHB
-
DTC
me
thod
and
th
e
proposed
ada
p
t
ive
h
ystere
sis
b
and
DTC
(AH
B
-
DTC)
fed
thre
e
induction
mot
or
have
b
ee
n
si
mul
a
te
d
using
Matlab/Si
mul
ink.
Th
e
simul
ation
r
esults
at
diff
ere
nt
op
era
t
ing
condi
t
io
ns
over
a
wide
spee
d
r
ange
d
em
onstra
te
the
validit
y
,
eff
e
c
ti
ven
ess,
and
f
ea
sibil
it
y
of
th
e
proposed
sche
me.
The
m
ea
surem
ent
s
show
ed
th
at
torqu
e
ripp
le
s
were
si
gnifi
c
ant
ly
dec
re
ase
with
th
e
new
AHB
-
DT
C
te
chn
ique
and bet
t
er
spee
d
resp
onse
in
step
up
or
down
compare
d
to the
CH
B
-
DTC.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Direct t
orq
ue c
on
t
ro
l
Esti
mators
Ind
uction mac
hin
e
dri
ve
Sw
it
chin
g
ta
bl
e
Torq
ue rip
ple
This
is an
open
acc
ess arti
cl
e
un
der
the
CC
BY
-
SA
l
ic
ense
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Arka
n
A
. Ka
dum
Dep
a
rtme
nt of
Ele
ct
rical
En
gi
neer
i
ng,
Un
i
ver
sit
y o
f Kufa
Kufa
,
I
raq
Emai
l:
ark
a
nr
a
@y
a
hoo.co
m
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
M
a
ny
deca
de
s
ag
o,
three
-
ph
a
se
I
nducti
on
m
otors
(IMs)
we
re
use
d
li
mit
ed
c
onsta
nt
s
pee
d
app
li
cat
io
ns
due
t
o
sp
ee
d
c
hange
on
in
du
ct
ion
mac
hin
e
s
hav
e
no
t
onl
y
bee
n
dif
ficu
lt
to
reali
ze
but
al
s
o
require
more
exp
e
ns
es
.
Co
nt
rar
y,
se
par
at
el
y
excit
e
d
dc
mo
to
rs
a
re
si
mp
le
r
f
or
the
var
ia
ble
sp
ee
d
con
t
ro
l
app
li
cat
io
ns
be
cause
i
nd
e
pe
nd
e
nt
c
on
t
ro
l
of
flu
x
a
nd
to
rque
ca
n
be
bro
ught
a
bout.
But
tod
a
y,
du
e
to
the
adv
a
nces
in
powe
r
se
mico
nduct
or
de
vices
an
d
mic
ro
c
on
trolle
r
te
c
hnol
ogy
ha
ve
m
ad
e
inducti
on
m
achines
with
var
ia
ble
s
peed d
rives
to beco
me
popula
r
[
1, 2].
Acti
ve
c
on
tr
ol
sy
ste
ms
in
va
riable
s
peed
c
on
t
ro
l
a
pp
li
cat
ion
s
a
re
the
syst
em's
esse
ntial
mecha
nism
for
pro
du
ci
ng
a
res
ult
that
is
sm
oo
t
h
a
nd
f
ai
rly
in
sensiti
ve
to
noise
a
nd
distu
r
ban
ce
.
Con
se
quently
,
ma
ny
con
t
ro
ll
er
desi
gn
s
w
e
re
us
e
d t
o
co
ntr
ol in
du
ct
ion
m
otors
s
peed an
d
t
orq
ue
v
ia
the
vec
tor
contr
ol tech
niq
ue
.
The
met
hods
of
vecto
r
co
ntr
ol
can
esse
ntial
ly
be
gro
upe
d
in
two
hea
dings
Di
rect
To
rque
Co
ntr
ol
(D
TC
)
a
nd
Fie
ld
Or
ie
nted
Co
ntr
ol
(
FO
C
).
Fi
el
d
Or
ie
nted
C
on
t
ro
l
us
e
s
c
oo
rd
i
nate
tra
nsfo
rmati
on
t
o
dec
ouple
the
sta
tor
cu
rr
e
nt
an
d
t
orq
ue
f
lux
c
omp
on
e
nt
s.
Co
ns
e
quentl
y,
t
he
IM
's
pe
r
forma
nce
is
ve
ry
anal
ogous
t
o
that
of
the
sepa
rate
ly
e
xcite
d
DC
m
oto
r
.
T
he
a
chievem
ent
of
this
meth
od
is
co
mp
le
x
a
nd
is
well
know
n
t
o
be
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
Ne
w ada
ptive
hysteresi
s
band wi
dt
h
c
on
tr
ol for direct
tor
que c
on
tr
ol
of in
du
ct
io
n
… (
Ar
kan A.
Ka
dum
)
1909
ext
remel
y
se
nsi
ti
ve
to
var
ia
ti
on
s
i
n
par
a
mete
rs
beca
use
of
the
fee
-
f
orward
mec
ha
nism
of
it
s
c
on
t
ro
l
sy
ste
m
[3].
La
te
r
in
the
ei
gh
ti
es,
a
ne
w
c
ontr
ol
te
ch
niqu
e
name
d
DTC
is
introd
uce
d
[4,
5]
.
I
n
DT
C
it
i
s
po
s
sible
to
c
on
trol
dir
ect
ly
th
e
sta
tor
fl
ux
an
d
the
t
orqu
e
by
sel
ect
ing
the
a
ppr
opriat
e
inv
e
rter
s
witc
hing
sta
te
.
Be
cause
of
s
ome
well
-
know
n
be
ne
fits,
incl
ud
i
ng
simple
c
on
t
ro
l
str
uctu
r
e,
the
D
TC
wa
s
a
good
al
te
r
na
ti
ve
to
FO
C,
no
nee
d
for
se
ver
al
m
otor
pa
rameter
s
so
the
pa
ram
et
er
ind
e
pe
nd
e
nce
ch
an
ges,
without
the
c
omple
x
blo
c
k
of
fiel
d
-
or
ie
ntati
on
an
d
t
he
i
nn
e
r
cu
rr
e
nt
c
on
t
ro
l
loop
[
6,7],
a
nd
pr
ov
i
des
a
ve
ry
fa
st
a
nd
preci
se
dynamic
respo
ns
e.
Si
nce
the
inv
erte
r
is
operate
d
directl
y
by
the
al
go
rithm,
no
mod
ulati
on
te
ch
ni
qu
e
is
need
e
d.
Be
si
de
s
these
a
dv
a
nt
ages,
c
onve
ntion
al
DTC
sc
he
me
sti
ll
had
s
om
e
disad
va
ntages
s
uch
as
va
riable
switc
hing
l
os
s
es
in
t
he
in
ve
rter,
flu
x
dro
op
i
ng
at
lo
w
s
pee
d,
slu
gg
is
h,
t
he
res
pons
e
sta
rt
s
an
d
c
ha
ng
e
s
in
loa
d
and h
i
gh to
rqu
e an
d
c
urren
t
ri
pp
le
s
[8].
Re
cent,
var
i
ous
te
ch
niques
ha
ve
been
pr
opos
e
d
to
imp
rov
e
pe
rformance
s
of
the
D
TC,
i
nclu
ding
the
us
e
of
va
riable
hyste
resis
ba
nds
[8
-
10],
dif
f
eren
t
obser
ver
models
ha
ve
been
s
uggeste
d
[11
-
14]
,
inte
ll
igent
con
t
ro
l met
hods
an
d
s
pace v
e
ct
or
mod
ulati
on
te
ch
niques
[
15
-
17]
li
ke
f
uzz
y
lo
gic o
r
n
e
ural
netw
orks
[
18, 19]
.
Seve
ral
resea
rc
her
s
ha
ve
e
xplore
d
to
r
qu
e
co
ntr
ollers
that
ge
ner
at
e
a
co
ns
t
ant
to
rque
s
witc
hing
f
re
qu
e
nc
y
f
or
their
a
bili
ty
to
imp
rove
t
he
dr
i
ve
s
ys
te
m
s
peed
co
ntr
ol.
[
20
-
23],
t
hese
t
echn
i
qu
e
s
r
epl
ace
the
c
onve
ntion
al
hy
ste
resis tor
que co
ntr
oller wi
th a co
ns
ta
nt sw
it
chin
g
f
requ
ency
c
ontrolle
r
. Th
e
n,
by
c
ompari
ng
the t
rian
gu
la
r
wav
e
f
or
m
s
w
it
h
the
co
m
pensat
ed
t
orq
ue
e
rror
si
gnal
,
a
n
al
m
os
t
fixe
d
s
witc
hing
fr
e
quenc
y
is o
btained
. [2
4
-
25].
In
this
pa
per,
A
ne
w
a
dap
ti
ve
hyste
resis
ba
nd
c
o
ntr
oller
a
lgorit
hm
has
be
en
pro
posed
t
o
st
rengthe
n
the
DTC
-
c
ontr
olled
I
M
dy
na
mic
to
rque
re
s
pons
e
.
Her
e
t
he
hyste
r
esi
s
ba
nd
is
co
ntr
olled
i
n
real
ti
me
with
t
he
var
ia
ti
on o
f
sta
tor
flu
x
a
nd
to
r
qu
e
er
r
or
s.
W
it
hin
t
he
s
ugge
ste
d
al
gorithm,
t
he
c
orrect vo
lt
age v
ect
or
is u
sed
t
o
pr
eci
sel
y
c
omp
ensate for
t
he
e
rror
s
wit
hin
f
lu
x
a
nd
to
r
qu
e
.
T
he
C
HB
-
DTC'
s
to
rque
a
nd
c
urre
nt
ri
pp
le
s
ca
n
be
decr
ease
d
sig
ni
ficantl
y.
T
o
de
monstrate
the
impact
of
t
he
pro
posed
met
ho
d,
tra
diti
on
al
a
nd
pro
po
se
d
s
yst
ems
wer
e
simulat
e
d
a
nd
fin
d
in
gs
analyze
d
i
n
th
e
M
at
la
b/Sim
ul
ink
c
on
te
xt.
S
imulat
ion
e
xpe
riments
ha
ve
s
how
n
this ap
proac
h r
edu
ce
s the
D
T
C system's
to
rque
rip
ple.
2.
PRI
NC
I
PLE
OF
CLASSIC
AL DIRE
CT
TORQ
UE
CONTROL
Direct
t
orq
ue
con
t
ro
l's
f
unda
mental
c
once
pt
is
to
co
ntr
ol
in
real
ti
m
e
both
t
he
t
orqu
e
a
nd
t
he
mag
nitud
e
of
the
flu
x
within
the
relat
ed
er
r
or
bands
by
se
le
ct
ing
the
ap
pro
pr
ia
te
sta
tor
vo
lt
age
vecto
r.
The
blo
c
k
dia
gr
a
m o
f
the
cl
assic
al
D
TC
sc
he
me for
a
V
SI
-
fe
d
I
nductio
n Mo
t
or is
sho
wn
i
n
Figure
1. It
co
ns
i
sts
of
tor
qu
e
an
d
sta
tor
flu
x
e
sti
mators,
to
rque
an
d
flu
x
hyste
re
sis
co
mp
a
rato
r
s,
a
s
witc
hi
ng
ta
ble
a
nd
a
volt
ag
e
so
urce i
nv
e
rter
(
V
SI).
Figure
1.
Bl
oc
k diag
ram
of
D
TC
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
11
, N
o.
4
,
D
ecembe
r
2020
:
1908
–
1917
1910
2.1.
St
at
or flux
an
d torque
es
timat
i
on
The
sta
to
r
flu
x
vector
of
a
n
inducti
on
m
ot
or
is
est
imat
e
d
by
i
nteg
rati
ng
the
sta
to
r
vo
lt
age
s
a
nd
current
vect
or
s
by [4
]:
ѱ
(
)
=
∫
(
(
)
−
(
)
)
(1)
wh
e
re
:
ψ
s
(t)
i
s
the
sta
to
r
flux
vect
or
;
v
s
(t
)
an
d
i
s
(t
)
are
mo
t
or
sta
tor
vo
lt
age
vect
or
an
d
c
urren
t
vecto
r
resp
ect
ivel
y; R
s
is t
he
m
otor s
ta
tor
re
sist
ance
.
The
est
imat
io
n
of
sta
tor
flu
x
us
in
g
(1)
ca
n
be
sp
li
t
into
t
he
est
imat
ion
of
D
a
nd
Q
a
xis
of
sta
tor
fl
ux,
as foll
ows.
ѱ
(
)
=
∫
(
(
)
−
(
)
)
(2)
ѱ
(
)
=
∫
(
(
)
−
(
)
)
(
3)
wh
e
re
t
he
c
ompone
nts
of
sta
tor
cu
rr
e
nt
a
nd
sta
tor
volt
age
i
n
DQ
c
oor
din
a
te
can
be
sim
pl
y
cal
culat
ed
usi
ng
the foll
owin
g
e
qu
at
io
ns,
=
(4)
=
(
−
2
)
√
3
(5)
=
1
3
(
2
−
−
)
(6)
=
1
/
√
3
(
−
)
(7)
wh
e
re
i
a
,
i
b
,
v
a
,
v
b
,
a
nd
v
c
a
re
phase
c
urre
nts,
a
nd
volt
ages
re
sp
ect
ivel
y,
a
nd
V
DC
is
the
input
volt
age
of
the in
ver
te
r.
The
(
1)
re
veal
s
that
var
ia
ti
on
s
to
the
sta
tor
vo
lt
age
vecto
r
directl
y
af
fect
the
sta
to
r
flu
x
vecto
r.
O
n
the
c
on
t
rary,
the
r
oto
r
a
nd
st
at
or
le
aka
ge
i
nducta
nces
filt
er
i
nf
lue
nce
V
s
ov
e
r
the
r
otor
flu
x
a
nd
a
re
t
he
refor
e
no
t
im
portant
ov
e
r
a
sho
rt
-
te
rm
ho
rizo
n.
S
i
nce
the
sta
to
r
flu
x
can
be
ra
pid
ly
modifie
d
wh
il
e
the
r
otor
flu
x
ro
ta
te
s
m
or
e
slow
l
y,
the
a
ng
le
betwee
n
the
two
vector
s
ca
n
be
re
gu
la
te
d
directl
y
by
V
s.
T
he
exact
relat
ion
s
hip
be
tween
the
sta
tor
a
nd
r
otor
fl
ux
e
s
sho
ws
th
at
mainta
inin
g
a
const
ant
a
mp
li
tud
e
of
ѱ
s
would
pro
du
ce
a c
on
s
ta
nt f
lu
x ѱ
r
.
The
el
ect
r
om
a
gn
et
ic
to
r
qu
e
can
be
e
xpress
ed
acc
ordin
g
t
o
the
sp
ace
ve
ct
or
s
of
the
r
ot
or
flu
x
a
nd
sta
tor flu
x
as
f
ollows:
=
3
2
(
ѱ
×
)
=
3
2
[
ѱ
−
ѱ
]
(8)
=
3
2
ѱ
(
−
ѱ
)
=
3
2
ѱ
(
)
(9)
wh
e
re:
Te
is
t
he
el
ect
r
om
a
gnet
ic
tor
que;
p
is
the
mo
t
or
po
le
pair;
ѱ
s
i
s
the
sta
t
or
fl
ux
vect
or
at
t
he
d
-
q
coor
din
at
e,
δ
-
ang
le
betwe
en
ro
t
or
flu
x vect
or an
d
sta
to
r
c
urren
t
vecto
r.
The fo
rm
ula (9
)
ca
n be tra
ns
f
ormed
into
the
equ
a
ti
on:
=
3
2
−
2
ѱ
ѱ
(
ѱ
)
wh
e
re:
ѱ
-
a
ng
le
b
et
wee
n r
oto
r
and stat
or f
l
ux
vecto
rs.
ѱ
=
t
an
−
1
[
ѱ
ѱ
]
(10)
w
he
re:
Ls,
Lr
and
L
m
t
he
m
otor
sta
t
or
,
ro
t
or
in
duct
ance,
and
m
ut
ual
in
du
ct
a
nce
are
r
especti
vely;
a
nd
ψ
r
is
ro
t
or
flu
x
li
nka
ge
am
plit
ude.
It
is
note
w
or
t
hy
t
hat
the
to
r
que
de
pends
on
the
ma
gnit
ude
of
the
sta
to
r
a
nd
ro
t
or
fl
ux
as
well
as
the
ang
le
ѱ
.
Fig
ure
2 sh
ows the
v
ect
or d
ia
gr
am
of c
urren
t a
nd
flu
x vecto
rs
at
t
he s
-
q co
ordi
nate.
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t J
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ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
Ne
w ada
ptive
hysteresi
s
band wi
dt
h
c
on
tr
ol for direct
tor
que c
on
tr
ol
of in
du
ct
io
n
… (
Ar
kan A.
Ka
dum
)
1911
Figure
2 Vect
or
diagr
a
m
of v
e
ct
or
s at
d
-
q co
ordinate
2.2.
Torque
and
flux hystere
sis
comp
ar
ators
As
ca
n
be
see
n
from
Fig
ure
1,
there
a
re
tw
o
dif
fer
e
nt
lo
ops
relat
ed
to
t
he
mag
nitu
des
of
t
he
sta
to
r
flu
x
m
odulu
s
a
nd
t
orq
ue.
T
he
ref
e
ren
ce
valu
es
for
the
sta
t
or
flu
x
a
mp
li
tu
de
an
d
t
he
el
ect
r
om
a
gn
et
ic
to
rque
is
com
par
e
d
with
the
est
imat
ed
values
.
T
he
flu
x
c
on
t
ro
ll
e
r
is
a
c
ompar
at
or
of
tw
o
le
vels
w
hile
the
tor
que
con
t
ro
ll
er is
a
com
par
at
or
of
three le
vels, as
it
is shown i
n Fi
gure
3.
(a)
(b)
Fig
ure
3. The
hy
ste
resis c
on
t
ro
ll
ers
(
a
) of
t
wo
-
le
vel,
(
b) of th
ree
-
le
vel
The flu
x
c
on
t
r
oller's
dig
it
iz
ed ou
t
pu
t
sig
nals are
a
s
descr
i
be
d
in
equati
ons
(11) a
nd (1
2)
ѱ
=
1
ѱ
<
ѱ
−
ѱ
(11)
ѱ
=
−
1
ѱ
<
ѱ
+
ѱ
(12)
A
nd t
ho
s
e
of
t
he
to
r
qu
e
contr
oller are
as i
n (
13), (
14)
a
nd (15)
=
1
<
−
(13)
=
0
=
(
14)
=
−
1
<
+
(15)
Wh
e
re
2H
m
is
t
he
to
r
qu
e
toler
ance
band
a
nd
2H
Ψ
is t
he
f
lu
x t
olera
nce
band
.
2.3.
Sw
itchi
ng t
ab
l
e
The
cl
assic
al
DTC
sc
heme
is
to
s
el
ect
the
ap
pro
pr
ia
te
volt
age
vecto
r
by
mea
ns
of
l
ookup
ta
ble
vo
lt
age
vector
to
ac
hieve
dire
ct
co
ntro
l
of
flux
li
nkage
an
d
tor
que
[6],
ma
king
it
li
mit
ed
within
a
ce
rtai
n
e
rror
range.
I
f
t
he
volt
age
vecto
r
is
ap
plied
,
the
s
ta
tor
flu
x
will
increase
the
phase
an
gle
betw
een
t
he
ro
t
or
fl
ux
a
nd
sta
tor flu
x vectors
, th
e
r
es
ulti
ng to
rque i
ncr
e
ases.
In
the
cl
assic
al
DTC
met
hod,
the
plane
is
div
ide
d
for
the
six
sect
or
s
.
For
t
he
sta
to
r
flu
x
ve
ct
or
l
yin
g
in
sect
or
1
(
Fi
gure
4
),
the
vo
lt
a
ge
vecto
rs
V1,
V
2,
V6
ca
n
be
c
ho
s
en
to
inc
rease
fl
ux
vecto
r
mag
nitu
de.
O
n
the o
t
her
side,
to obtai
n
a
d
ec
rease
flu
x
ve
ct
or
ma
gn
it
ude c
an be
by cho
osi
ng
V
3,
V
4,
V
5.
B
y
a
pp
l
ying
one
of
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In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
11
, N
o.
4
,
D
ecembe
r
2020
:
1908
–
1917
1912
the
zer
o
vect
ors
V0
or
V
7
will
reduce
th
e
el
ect
romag
ne
ti
c
tor
qu
e
,
a
nd
sta
to
r
flu
x
ve
ct
or
ѱs
is
ba
sic
al
ly
un
c
ha
ng
e
d.
Figure
4. Sele
c
ti
on
of the a
ppr
opriat
e volt
age
v
ect
ors
f
or
t
he
stat
or
flu
x vec
tor
i
n
sect
or
1
Fo
r
t
he
t
orq
ue
con
t
ro
l,
the
bet
ween
sta
to
r
an
d
r
oto
r
flu
x
δ
Ψ
is
us
e
d
(
9).
T
he
refor
e
,
t
o
i
ncrea
se
m
otor
tor
qu
e
th
e
volt
age
vecto
rs
V
2,
V
3,
V
4
can
be
sel
ect
ed
a
nd
to
de
crease
V
1,
V
5,
V
6.
T
he
above
co
ns
ide
r
at
ion
s
al
low
c
onstruct
ion
of the
selec
ti
on
table
as
presented
in
T
abl
e 1
.
Table
1.
Sw
it
c
hing table
∆ѱ
∆M
Secto
r
1
Secto
r
2
Secto
r
3
Secto
r
4
Secto
r
5
Secto
r
6
1
1
V
2
V
3
V
4
V
5
V
6
V
1
0
V
7
V
0
V
7
V
0
V
7
V
0
-
1
V
6
V
1
V
2
V
3
V
4
V
5
0
1
V
3
V
4
V
5
V
6
V
1
V
2
0
V
0
V
7
V
0
V
7
V
0
V
7
-
1
V
5
V
6
V
1
V
2
V
3
V
4
3.
ADAPTI
VE
HYS
TE
RESI
S BA
ND A
L
G
ORI
TH
M
The
a
dap
ti
ve
hy
ste
resis
al
gorith
m,
as
show
n
belo
w
in
Fig
ur
e
5,
op
erates
by
i
ncrementi
ng
or
decr
e
mentin
g
the
hyste
resis
width
by
c
omp
arin
g
t
he
(error
ѱ
)
with
that
of
th
e
pr
e
vious
on
e
(
er
ror
ѱ
old.
).
T
he
al
gorithm
sta
rting
by
meas
ure
s
the
insta
nt
fl
ux
er
ror
er
r
or
ѱ
an
d
the
previ
ous
e
rror
(err
or
ѱo
l
d
)
t
o
cal
cul
at
e
the
rate
of
cha
nge
and
the
n
co
mpa
re
it
with
zer
o
val
ue.
I
f
t
he
e
rror
ѱ
)/e
rror
ѱ
old
≥0
th
e
hyste
r
esi
s
wi
dth
inc
r
eases
by
δ
H
ѱ
M
,
s
o
the
volt
age
vec
tor
sta
ys
in
t
he
same
dir
ect
io
n;
oth
er
wise
d,
the
hy
ste
resis
width
is
decre
ase
by
δHѱm
.
In
t
he
ne
xt
cycle
th
e
al
gorith
m
c
on
ti
nues
in
th
e
same
way,
and
th
e
hyste
r
esi
s
wi
dth
is
kep
t
on
changin
g
i
n
t
he
same
man
ne
r
unti
l i
t reaches
it
s max val
ue or
min
v
al
ue.
The
var
ia
ti
on
i
s
the
ba
nd
widt
h
of
th
e
hyste
r
esi
s
co
ntro
ll
er
resu
lt
s
in
the
va
ry
i
ng
sw
it
chi
ng
freq
ue
ncy
of
the
in
ve
rter.
W
he
n
the
hys
te
resis
width
Δ
H
is
the
mi
nim
um
the
s
witc
hin
g
fr
e
qu
e
nc
y
is
ma
xim
um
.
T
his
i
s
mainly
tr
ue
in
study
sta
te
conditi
ons
co
nt
rary
un
der
qu
ic
k
tor
que
res
pons
e
i
n
the
t
ran
sie
nt
re
gion
the
hy
ste
resis
widt
h wil
l be c
ha
ng
ed or
it
w
il
l be
max.
The
DTC
met
hod
has
t
wo
diff
e
re
nt
hyste
resis
co
ntr
ollers,
flu
x
a
nd
el
ect
ro
ma
gnet
ic
tor
qu
e
.
T
he
same
idea
of
t
he
al
gorithm
a
ppli
ed
t
o
bo
t
h
c
on
t
ro
ll
ers
.
T
he
hyste
resis
ba
ndwi
dth
is
co
ns
t
ru
ct
e
d
to
be
d
ynamic
in
this
wa
y,
a
nd
the
co
ntr
ol
a
l
gorithm
at
te
mp
ts
to
re
du
ce
t
he
e
rror
at
eac
h
ste
p.
In
ot
her
w
ords,
this
al
gorithm
correla
te
s the e
rror o
f
to
r
qu
e
a
nd f
l
ux w
it
h ea
ch othe
r.
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In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
Ne
w ada
ptive
hysteresi
s
band wi
dt
h
c
on
tr
ol for direct
tor
que c
on
tr
ol
of in
du
ct
io
n
… (
Ar
kan A.
Ka
dum
)
1913
Figure
5. Flo
w
ch
a
rt of the
pr
opos
e
d
al
gorithm
4.
SIMULATI
O
N RESULTS
OF THE P
ROP
OSED
S
YS
T
EM
In
order
to
ve
rify
t
he
A
HB
–
D
TC
sc
heme
,
sim
ulati
ons
a
re
perf
ormed
i
n
t
his
sect
ion.
T
he
t
hr
ee
-
ph
a
se in
duct
io
n
m
otor
par
a
m
et
ers
f
or use i
n Matl
ab/Sim
ulink m
od
el
a
re show
n
as i
n
ta
ble 3
.
The
simulat
io
n
has
been
performe
d
for
sta
tor
flu
x
an
d
to
rqu
e
hyste
resis
ba
nd
am
plit
ud
e
f
or
D
TC
a
re
0.005
Wb an
d .
05 Wb
res
pecti
vely w
her
e
for
ADDTC a
re as
shown i
n
ta
ble 2
.
Table2
. P
a
ram
et
er of
c
on
t
ro
ll
er
Flu
x
Par
am
eter
Am
p
litu
d
e (
wb
)
Torq
u
e Par
a
m
ete
r
Am
p
litu
d
e (
wb
)
Max flux
hy
steresi
s wid
th
of Hѱ
m
ax
.00
5
Max to
rqu
e hy
ster
esis
width
of H
Tmax
.05
A s
m
all chan
g
e of
hy
steresis
width
to
adju
st th
e m
ax
v
alu
e δHѱ
M
.00
1
A sm
all
chan
g
e of
h
y
steresis
width
to
adju
st th
e m
ax
v
alu
e
δH
TM
.00
1
A sm
all
chan
g
e of
h
y
steresis
width
to
adju
st th
e m
in
valu
e
δHѱ
m
.00
0
1
A sm
all
chan
g
e of
h
y
steresis
width
to
adju
st th
e m
in
valu
e
δH
Tm
.00
0
1
Min flux
hy
steresi
s wid
th
of Hѱ
m
in
.00
0
0
1
Min to
rqu
e hy
stere
sis
width
of H
T
m
in
.00
0
0
1
Table3
. P
a
ram
et
er of IM
Po
wer
Ratin
g
3
KW
No
m
in
al Voltag
e
Vs
3
8
0
V
No
m
in
al Speed
1
4
4
0
r
p
m
,
Res
istan
ce of Stato
r
Rs
1
.85
0
Ω
Res
istan
ce
o
f
Ro
to
r
Rr
1
.84
0
Ω
Self
in
d
u
ctan
ce
o
f
Stato
r
Ls
0
.17
H
Self
in
d
u
ctan
ce of
Ro
to
r
Lr
0
.
1
7
0
H
Mutu
al ind
u
ctan
ce L
m
0
.16
0
H
No
of po
le pairs p
2
Stato
r
flux
link
ag
e ѱ
s
0
.8(W
b
)
sq
u
irr
el
-
cage
IM
In
orde
r
to
e
va
luate
the
pe
r
forma
nce
of
th
e
DTC
-
base
d
A
DH
B,
it
ta
kes
i
nto
acc
ount
t
hree
operati
ng
conditi
ons:
th
e
var
ia
ble
s
pe
ed
with
no
load,
fu
ll
spe
ed
with
var
ia
ble
load
a
nd
var
ia
ble
s
pe
ed
with
var
ia
ble loa
d.
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694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
11
, N
o.
4
,
D
ecembe
r
2020
:
1908
–
1917
1914
4.1.
Speed
perf
or
man
ce
The
sim
ulati
on
wa
veforms
of
the
S
pee
d,
sta
tor
flu
x,
a
nd
st
at
or
phase
“a”
current
at
dif
fe
ren
t
s
pee
d
reg
i
on
s
un
der
no
loa
d
are
show
n
i
n
Fig
ure
6
f
or
both
Cl
assic
al
direct
to
rque
c
on
t
ro
l
a
nd
ada
ptive
hy
ste
resis
direct to
rque
c
on
t
ro
l.
In
it
ia
ll
y,
the
re
fer
e
nce
s
peed
is
set
to
rate
d
s
peed
18
6.4
ra
d/
s
(15
00
r
pm
)
and
the
n
ste
pp
ed
dow
n
to
very
l
ow
8
ra
d/s.
The
sec
ond
ste
p
the
re
fer
e
nce
s
pee
d
is
inc
rease
d
t
o
55
rad
/s.
F
or
both
sc
hem
es,
the
est
imat
ed
an
d measu
red sta
to
r
fl
ux w
a
ve
for
ms ar
e
s
how
n
i
n
Fi
gure
6.
As
can
be
see
n
from
the
fig
ure,
ste
ady
-
sta
te
error
for
A
HB
-
DTC
is
0.0
8%
wh
e
re
f
or
Cl
as
sic
al
-
DTC
is
0.1
4%.
B
y
usi
ng
a
dap
ti
ve
hyste
resis
di
rect
to
rque
co
ntr
ol,
it
s
how
n
t
hat
the
flu
x
regulat
ion
w
orks
fi
ne
even
the s
peed is st
e
pp
e
d u
p or d
own
. T
he
est
ima
te
d
fl
ux foll
ows ex
act
ly
the
m
easur
e
d
flu
x.
Plott
ing
of
th
e
direct
sta
tor
f
lux
ѱ
d
a
gainst
the
quad
ratu
r
e
sta
tor
flu
x
ѱ
q
is
s
how
n
in
fig
ur
e
7
by
us
in
g
va
riable
sp
ee
d.
Fig
ur
e
7(b)
dem
on
st
r
at
es
there
is
a
n
e
nhance
men
t
in
IM
dr
i
ve
sta
tor
flu
x
t
raject
ory
,
com
par
e
d
wit
h
conve
ntion
al
DTC;
the
A
H
B
h
as
mu
c
h
le
sser
to
rque
ri
pple
.
It
can
be
s
een
f
rom
Figs
.
6
an
d
7,
the
pro
po
se
d
AH
B
ca
n
est
i
mate
the
sta
to
r
flu
x
bette
r
a
nd
al
m
os
t
ci
rc
ular
flu
x
traj
e
ct
ory
with
the
same
amplit
udes in
bo
t
h d a
nd q a
xes
ass
ures c
orrect o
ff
set
c
om
pensat
ion.
(a)
(b)
Fig
ure
6
.
Moto
r
s
peed res
ponse
un
der
dif
fere
nt r
e
fer
e
nce
s
peed (
a
)
Cl
assi
cal
-
DTC
(b) A
HB
-
DTC
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
Ne
w ada
ptive
hysteresi
s
band wi
dt
h
c
on
tr
ol for direct
tor
que c
on
tr
ol
of in
du
ct
io
n
… (
Ar
kan A.
Ka
dum
)
1915
(a)
(b)
Fig
ure
7
.
Stat
or f
l
ux traje
ct
or
y
c
urve
unde
r no l
oa
d
s
pee
d
(
a) Classi
cal
-
D
TC (
b)
A
HB
-
D
TC
4.2.
Loa
d
per
fo
r
m
an
ce
The
s
pee
d
res
ponse
un
der
no
-
load,
f
ull
load
,
50%
f
ull
loa
d,
an
d
75%
f
ull
load
c
onditi
on
are
s
how
n
in
Fi
gure
8(a
)
of
cl
assic
al
-
D
TC
a
nd
propo
sed
DTC
-
S
V
M
are
s
how
n
Figure
8(
b)
.
A
t
sta
rtu
p,
the
s
ys
te
m
is
un
l
oad
e
d,
an
d
the
sy
ste
m
r
un
at
rated
s
peed.
The
ref
e
re
n
c
e
load
is
set
to
fu
ll
loa
d
(
16
Nm)
after
1s
ec
,
then
ste
pp
e
d
dow
n
after
a
no
t
her
s
ec
to
50%
a
fter
one
sec,
t
he
re
fer
e
nce
loa
d
is st
epp
e
d
up
to 75% o
f
fu
ll
loa
d.
The
wav
e
f
or
m
s
of
t
he
mea
sured
a
nd r
e
fer
e
nce t
orq
ue, an
d
sta
to
r
fl
ux
e
s, fo
r b
ot
h
sc
hemes, are
sho
w
n
i
n
Fi
gu
re
8.
(a)
(b)
Fig
ure
8
.
Moto
r
re
spo
ns
e
unde
r
rate
d
s
pee
d and di
ff
e
ren
t l
oad (a
)
Cl
assic
al
-
DTC
(b) A
HB
-
DTC
In
the
case
of
AH
B
-
DTC
,
th
e
sp
ee
d
goes
dow
n
from
1477
t
o
1453
rpm
w
hen
the
s
ys
te
m
is
fu
ll
y
loade
d,
w
her
e
the s
pee
d
is st
e
pp
e
d
dow
n fro
m 14
47 to 1
398 rpm in
case
of cla
ssica
l DT
C
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
11
, N
o.
4
,
D
ecembe
r
2020
:
1908
–
1917
1916
4.3.
Speed
and
lo
ad Perf
orm
an
c
e
A
res
pons
e
f
or
dif
fe
ren
t
sp
ee
d
unde
r
no
-
l
oa
d,
f
ull
loa
d,
25
%
f
ull
loa
d,
a
nd
75
%
fu
ll
l
oa
d
c
onditi
on
are s
how
n
in
F
igure
9(
a
) of
cl
assic
al
-
DTC a
nd pr
opos
e
d D
TC
-
SVM
are
s
how
n
Fi
g
ure
9(b
).
(a)
(b)
Fig
ure
9
.
Moto
r
re
spo
ns
e
unde
r diffe
ren
t
sp
e
ed
a
nd loa
d (a)
Cl
assic
al
-
DT
C (b)
AH
B
-
DT
The
sp
e
ed
set
up
to
rate,
50
%
of
rate
d,
a
nd
t
hen
t
o
75%
of
the
rated
s
pe
ed.
De
fe
ren
t
value
of
to
rqu
e
is app
li
ed
at
a d
iffe
re
nt ti
me. I
n
Fi
gure 9
(b), t
he
respo
ns
e of sp
ee
d
with t
he
sh
ort
ti
me which is n
ee
de
d by
t
he
mecha
nical
lo
ad
to
a
rr
iv
e
ra
te
d
value
.
T
h
e
se
fin
dings
in
dicat
e
a
good
and
fast
res
po
ns
e
to
t
he
pro
po
s
ed
dr
i
ve
s
ys
te
m.
Com
par
e
d
with
c
onve
ntio
nal
DTC
,
th
e
AHB
-
DTC
has
m
uch
small
er
to
r
qu
e
ri
pp
le
.
F
r
om
Fi
gures
8
and 9, it
can
be
seen
that the
a
dap
ti
ve
hyste
re
sis can e
sti
mate
the stat
or
flu
x well
an
d
tr
ul
y.
5.
CONCL
US
I
O
NS
To
reduce
t
orq
ue
a
nd
sta
tor
c
urren
t
rip
ples
i
n
CHB
-
D
TC
c
on
t
ro
ll
ed
in
duct
ion
m
otor
dri
ves
a
new
adap
ti
ve
hyste
resis
ba
nd
c
on
trol
strat
eg
y
ha
s
been
pr
e
se
nted.
In
t
his
a
ppr
oach,
t
he
tow
a
nd
t
hr
ee
le
vels
hy
ste
resis
c
on
t
ro
ll
er
ba
ndwidt
h
ha
ve
bee
n
a
dap
te
d
in
rea
l
t
ime
base
d
on
t
he
var
ia
ti
on
of
pr
ese
nt
a
nd
pr
evio
us
sta
tor
flu
x
an
d
to
rque
er
rors.
Bot
h
cl
assic
al
D
TC
m
et
hod
and
the
a
da
ptive
hyste
resis
ba
nd
DTC
fe
d
t
hr
ee
inducti
on
mo
t
or
dr
i
ve
sc
heme
s
hav
e
bee
n
simulat
ed
us
in
g
M
at
la
b/Sim
ulink
s
of
t
war
e
.
T
he
simulat
io
ns
resu
lt
s
of
t
he
s
pee
d
a
nd
the
t
orq
ue
r
esp
on
ses
obta
i
ned
an
d
c
omp
ared
with
CH
B
-
DTC
meth
od
at
diff
e
re
nt
operati
ng
conditi
ons
ove
r
a
wide
s
peed
ra
nge
a
nd
tor
qu
e
.
The
resu
l
ts
obta
ine
d
show
that
the
presented
DTC
meth
o
d
pro
po
se
d
has
be
en
decr
e
ase
t
he
s
pee
d
ste
a
d
y
sta
te
e
rror
at
fu
ll
s
pee
d
in
no
l
oad
or
f
ull
load
f
orm
0.1
4
to
0.08
%
and
t
hat
imp
rove
the
dr
i
ver
performa
nce.
The
res
ults
de
monstrate
the
validit
y
of
the
pro
po
se
d
c
on
t
r
ol.
Th
e
com
par
is
ons
s
howe
d
t
hat
to
r
qu
e
rip
ples
we
re
s
ubsta
ntial
ly
re
du
ce
d
co
m
par
e
d
to
the
cl
assic
al
DTC
w
it
h
th
e
pro
po
se
d A
HB
-
DTC
sy
ste
m, a
nd b
et
te
r
sp
e
e
d respo
ns
e i
n
s
te
p
up
or
dow
n.
REFERE
NCE
S
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Bim
a
l
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Adapti
v
e
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ystere
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Curre
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Contro
l
Te
ch
nique
of
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ge
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Fed
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rt
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r
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hine Drive
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te
m”
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EE
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ans.
Ind.
E
le
c
t
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
Ne
w ada
ptive
hysteresi
s
band wi
dt
h
c
on
tr
ol for direct
tor
que c
on
tr
ol
of in
du
ct
io
n
… (
Ar
kan A.
Ka
dum
)
1917
[2]
P.
Santhi
Kum
a
r
and
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Nag
al
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nka
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ve
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e
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ec
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odula
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The
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Tra
nsve
ct
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r
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ud
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in
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irect
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e
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trolled
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three
p
hase
per
m
ane
n
t
ma
gne
t
synchro
nous
machin
e
dr
ive
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wi
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i
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”
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ez
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Uddi
n
M,
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im
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A.
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H
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“
Self
-
tune
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NF
C
and
ada
p
ti
ve
tor
que
hyst
ere
sis
-
b
ase
d
DTC
sch
e
me
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IM dri
v
e”.
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EE
E
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ansacti
o
ns on
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ppli
cations
,
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–
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[11]
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&
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Z
eng,
“A
thre
e
-
le
ve
l
spe
e
d
sensorle
ss
DT
C
drive
of
induction
mo
tor
b
ase
d
on
a
ful
l
-
orde
r
flux
observ
er”,
Powe
r
Syst
em
T
ec
hnolog
y,
Proc
ee
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ion
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ere
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[12]
G.
Yav.
&
L.
We
iguo
,
“A
ne
w
me
thod
rese
a
rch
of
fuz
zy
DT
C
base
d
on
ful
l
-
orde
r
sta
te
o
bse
rve
r
forst
at
or
f
l
ux
li
nkag
e”
,
Comp
ute
r
Scienc
e
an
d
Aut
omation
E
ngine
ering
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),
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EEE
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rnational
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renc
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-
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,
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[13]
Saghaf
inia
A,
Ping
H,
Uddin
M
,
Ga
ei
d
K
.
“Ad
apt
iv
e
fuz
zy
sl
i
dingm
ode
cont
r
ol
int
o
ch
at
t
eri
n
g
-
fre
e
IM
drive
,”
IEE
E
Tr
ansacti
o
ns on
Industry A
ppli
cations
,
Vol
ume
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“Posi
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ro
l
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he
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t
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tor
using
an
adaptive
slid
ing
-
mo
de
cont
rol
le
r
an
d
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IEEE
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A
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dire
c
t
t
orque
cont
ro
l
st
rat
egy
for
flux
and
torque
ripp
le
red
u
ct
ion
for
induc
ti
on
mot
ors
drive
by
using s
pac
e
ve
ct
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ula
ti
on
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n
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“Nove
l
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n
Spac
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Vec
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Modulat
ion
Wit
h
Adapti
v
e
Sta
to
r
Flux
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t
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M
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EE
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e
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o
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base
d
on
spac
e
v
ecto
r
modul
ation
”
;
2
016
Inte
rnat
ion
al
Conf
ere
nc
e
on
Ene
rg
y
Ef
f
i
ci
en
t
Te
chnol
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s
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Sustain
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ity
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EE
TS
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INS
PEC Ac
ce
ss
ion
Number
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74331
[18]
K.
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K.
Suneet
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;
M.
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“Dir
ect
Torque
Contr
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ed
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mot
or
drive
with
spac
e
v
ector
modul
ation
fed
with
three
-
le
v
e
l
inve
rt
er
,
”
IE
E
E
In
te
rnationa
l
Conf
ere
nc
e
on
Pow
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Elec
tro
nic
s,
Dr
iv
es
an
d
Ene
rgy
S
yste
ms
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DES);
16
-
19
Dec
.
2012;
INS
PEC Ac
ce
ss
ion N
umbe
r:
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26
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lbul
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cis
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torque
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r
ol
in
inve
rt
er
-
fed
induc
t
ion
m
ac
h
i
nes
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fuz
zy
l
ogic
,
”
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IE
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N.
Sa
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“Di
re
ct
torque
with
fu
zz
y
logic
torque
rippl
e
red
u
ct
ion
-
base
d
sta
tor
f
lux
vector control”,
Comput
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and
E
le
c
tri
c
al E
ngin
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Ferdo
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“Onl
ine
opt
im
al
n
eur
ofuz
zy
flux
con
troller
f
or
dtc
base
d
indu
ct
ion
mo
tor
dri
ves”
,
App
li
ed
Powe
r
El
e
ct
ron
ic
s
Con
fe
ren
ce
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E
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“R
educ
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ripple
and
consta
nt
torque
sw
it
chi
ng
fr
equ
enc
y
str
at
egy
fo
r
Dire
ct T
orqu
e
C
ontrol
of
indu
ct
i
on
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n
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EE
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N.
R.
N
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Idris
an
d
A.
H.
M
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i
m,
“Dir
e
ct
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e
con
t
rol
of
indu
ct
ion
machine
s with
constant
sw
it
chi
ng
fre
qu
ency
and
red
u
ce
d
torq
ue
ripp
le,”
IEEE
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[24]
Za
afo
ur
i
A,
Reg
aya
C
,
Az
za
H,
Châa
ri
A.
“DSP
-
base
d
ad
apt
iv
e
bac
k
st
eppi
ng
us
ing
th
e
tr
ac
k
ing
err
ors
for
h
igh
-
per
forma
n
ce sen
sorless spee
d
co
ntrol
of
indu
ct
io
n
mot
or
driv
e.
”
I
SA
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ansacti
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C.
L
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H.M.
Yatim,
“
Constant
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h
i
gh
sw
it
chi
ng
fr
e
quenc
y
torque
c
ontrol
ler
for
DT
C
drive
s,”
IE
EE P
ower
Elec
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Jun. 2005.
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