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[
9
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.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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n
[
1
2
]
p
ap
er
u
s
es
8
s
w
itc
h
es
,
3
d
io
d
es
an
d
3
in
p
u
t
ca
p
ac
i
to
r
s
,
as
o
u
r
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
te
m
u
s
e
s
n
o
d
io
d
es
an
d
ac
tiv
e
ele
m
e
n
ts
a
n
d
o
u
r
s
y
s
te
m
co
n
ta
in
s
les
s
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
w
itc
h
e
s
as
a
r
e
s
u
l
t
t
h
e
co
s
t
o
f
o
u
r
e
n
tire
s
y
s
te
m
r
ed
u
ce
s
.
I
n
th
i
s
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
te
m
t
h
e
i
n
v
er
ter
to
p
o
lo
g
y
h
as
b
ee
n
d
e
s
ig
n
ed
to
g
e
n
er
ate
a
7
lev
el
AC
o
u
tp
u
t
u
s
i
n
g
5
s
w
itc
h
es.
T
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
s
tr
ess
o
n
ea
c
h
o
f
t
h
e
s
w
itc
h
e
s
as
w
ell
as
t
h
e
s
w
i
tch
i
n
g
lo
s
s
es
is
f
o
u
n
d
to
b
e
less
,
m
i
n
i
m
ized
C
MV
le
v
el
a
n
d
r
ed
u
ce
d
to
tal
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
d
is
to
r
tio
n
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
7
-
lev
e
l
in
v
er
ter
to
p
o
lo
g
y
h
as
f
o
u
r
d
c
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
w
h
ic
h
is
en
er
g
ized
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
P
V
s
y
s
te
m
.
P
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
v
er
ter
is
co
n
t
r
o
lled
w
i
th
h
e
lp
o
f
m
u
lti
ca
r
r
ier
s
i
n
u
s
o
id
al
p
u
l
s
e
w
id
th
m
o
d
u
lat
io
n
(
M
C
SP
W
M)
,
w
h
ich
b
r
ief
l
y
d
is
c
u
s
s
ed
in
t
h
e
f
o
llo
w
in
g
s
ec
tio
n
s
.
2.
P
V
P
ANEL
M
O
DE
L
L
I
N
G
AND
B
O
O
ST
CO
NVE
RT
E
R
T
h
e
im
p
o
r
tan
t
p
ar
t
o
f
th
e
s
o
lar
p
an
el
is
th
e
s
o
lar
ce
ll.
A
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
p
an
el
is
d
esig
n
ed
b
y
co
n
n
ec
ti
n
g
a
n
y
s
u
c
h
s
o
lar
ce
ll
s
i
n
eit
h
er
p
ar
allel
o
r
s
er
ies
d
ep
en
d
in
g
u
p
o
n
t
h
e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
er
t
h
at
h
as
to
b
e
u
tili
ze
d
.
T
h
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
eq
u
atio
n
o
f
t
h
e
P
V
is
d
ep
en
d
en
t
u
p
o
n
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
o
lar
ce
ll
s
eith
er
i
n
s
er
ies
o
r
in
p
ar
allel.
T
h
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
v
ar
iat
io
n
is
les
s
d
ep
en
d
en
t
o
n
t
h
e
s
h
u
n
t
r
e
s
is
ta
n
ce
a
n
d
it
i
s
m
o
r
e
d
ep
en
d
en
t
o
n
th
e
s
er
ies
r
esis
ta
n
ce
.
I
t
o
p
er
ates
a
s
a
co
n
s
tan
t
c
u
r
r
en
t
s
o
u
r
ce
at
less
v
o
lta
g
e
an
d
a
co
n
s
ta
n
t
v
o
ltag
e
s
o
u
r
ce
at
less
cu
r
r
en
t.
2
.
1
.
So
la
r
I
rr
a
dia
t
i
o
n
T
h
e
P
V
-
I
V
cu
r
v
es
o
f
th
e
s
o
lar
ce
ll
ar
e
h
ig
h
l
y
d
ep
en
d
en
t
o
n
t
h
e
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
iatio
n
.
T
h
e
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
is
th
e
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
th
e
s
o
lar
en
e
r
g
y
r
ec
eiv
ed
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
s
u
n
.
T
h
e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
er
th
at
ca
n
b
e
ex
tr
ac
ted
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
s
o
lar
ce
ll
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
th
e
ir
r
a
d
ian
ce
.
T
h
e
h
ig
h
er
th
e
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
t
h
e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
w
i
ll
b
e
th
e
p
o
w
er
in
p
u
t
a
n
d
th
er
ef
o
r
e
th
e
m
ax
i
m
u
m
w
ill
b
e
th
e
m
ag
n
it
u
d
e
o
f
p
o
w
er
g
e
n
er
ated
.
W
ith
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
t
h
e
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
iatio
n
th
e
o
p
en
cir
cu
it
v
o
ltag
e
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
s
.
W
h
e
n
t
h
e
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
t
h
e
s
u
n
li
g
h
t
i
n
cr
ea
s
es
th
e
s
o
lar
e
x
citat
io
n
also
in
cr
ea
s
e
s
as
a
r
es
u
lt
o
f
w
h
ic
h
th
e
e
lectr
o
n
s
g
et
e
x
cit
ed
an
d
th
e
elec
tr
o
n
m
o
b
ilit
y
in
cr
ea
s
es
a
n
d
t
h
e
m
ax
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
er
g
en
er
ated
al
s
o
in
cr
ea
s
es.
2
.
2
.
E
f
f
ec
t
o
f
Va
ri
a
t
io
n
in
T
em
p
er
a
t
ure
W
ith
t
h
e
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
th
e
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
s
o
lar
ce
ll
e
f
f
ic
ien
c
y
r
e
d
u
ce
s
,
as
t
h
e
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
i
n
t
h
e
t
e
m
p
er
atu
r
e
is
ac
co
m
p
a
n
ied
b
y
t
h
e
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
i
n
t
h
e
o
p
en
cir
cu
it
v
o
lta
g
e.
T
h
e
in
cr
ea
s
e
i
n
t
h
e
b
a
n
d
g
ap
also
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
s
t
h
e
b
an
d
g
ap
b
ar
r
ier
an
d
it r
eq
u
ir
e
s
a
lo
t o
f
ex
citatio
n
f
o
r
cr
o
s
s
i
n
g
th
e
b
an
d
g
ap
,
s
o
th
e
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
r
ed
u
ce
s
.
2.
3
.
B
o
o
s
t
C
o
nv
er
t
er
T
h
e
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
i
s
u
s
ed
t
o
s
tep
u
p
th
e
in
p
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
wh
ich
it
r
ec
eiv
e
s
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
s
o
la
r
ce
ll;
T
h
e
m
ai
n
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
s
ar
e
i
n
d
u
cto
r
,
d
io
d
e
an
d
a
h
ig
h
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
s
w
itc
h
.
I
t
is
u
s
ed
to
s
u
p
p
l
y
p
o
w
er
to
th
e
lo
ad
at
a
v
o
ltag
e
h
ig
h
er
th
a
n
th
e
i
n
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
tw
o
m
o
d
es
o
f
o
p
er
atio
n
1
)
C
h
ar
g
in
g
m
o
d
e
2
)
Dis
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
m
o
d
e.
a.
C
h
ar
g
in
g
m
o
d
e:
W
h
e
n
t
h
e
s
w
itc
h
is
clo
s
ed
t
h
e
in
d
u
cto
r
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
tak
e
s
p
lace
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
s
w
itc
h
.
T
h
e
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
c
u
r
r
en
t
is
e
x
p
o
n
e
n
ti
al
in
n
atu
r
e.
T
h
e
d
io
d
e
r
estric
ts
f
lo
w
o
f
t
h
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
f
r
o
m
s
o
u
r
ce
to
t
h
e
lo
ad
an
d
d
e
m
an
d
o
f
t
h
e
lo
ad
is
m
et
b
y
d
is
c
h
ar
g
i
n
g
o
f
t
h
e
ca
p
ac
it
o
r
.
b.
Dis
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
m
o
d
e:
T
h
e
s
w
itc
h
is
o
p
en
i
n
th
is
m
o
d
e,
t
h
e
i
n
d
u
cto
r
d
is
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
ta
k
es
p
la
ce
an
d
to
g
eth
er
w
it
h
t
h
e
s
o
u
r
ce
c
h
ar
g
es t
h
e
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
an
d
m
ee
ts
t
h
e
lo
ad
d
em
an
d
s
.
2.
4
.
M
a
x
i
m
u
m
P
o
w
er
P
o
int
T
ra
c
k
ing
T
h
e
MPPT
is
th
e
elec
tr
o
n
ic
d
ev
ice
w
h
ich
h
elp
s
t
h
e
P
V
p
an
el
to
ex
tr
ac
t
th
e
m
ax
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
er
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
o
lar
ce
ll.
I
t
v
ar
ies
th
e
el
ec
tr
ical
o
p
er
atin
g
p
o
in
t
o
f
t
h
e
m
o
d
u
le
s
s
o
a
s
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
th
e
P
V
m
o
d
u
les.
A
t
y
p
ical
s
o
lar
p
an
e
l
c
o
n
v
er
ts
o
n
l
y
ab
o
u
t
3
0
p
er
ce
n
t
to
4
0
p
er
ce
n
t
o
f
th
e
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
as
a
r
esu
lt
o
f
w
h
ich
th
e
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
r
ed
u
c
es.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
er
tr
an
s
f
er
t
h
eo
r
e
m
f
o
r
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
er
to
b
e
ex
tr
ac
ted
th
e
lo
ad
i
m
p
e
n
d
en
ce
s
h
o
u
ld
m
atc
h
w
it
h
t
h
e
t
h
ev
e
n
i
n
i
m
p
ed
an
ce
.
I
n
t
h
e
s
o
u
r
ce
s
id
e
a
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
i
n
o
r
d
er
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
as
a
r
esu
lt
o
f
w
h
ich
b
y
ch
a
n
g
in
g
t
h
e
d
u
t
y
c
y
cle
o
f
th
e
s
w
i
tch
in
g
,
w
e
ca
n
m
a
tch
th
e
lo
ad
s
id
e
i
m
p
ed
a
n
ce
w
it
h
t
h
e
s
o
u
r
ce
s
id
e
i
m
p
ed
an
ce
.
T
h
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
IJ
PEDS
Vo
l.
8
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
1
7
:
8
2
6
–
8
3
4
828
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
i
es
u
s
ed
in
t
h
e
MPPT
co
n
v
er
ter
ar
e
p
er
tu
r
b
an
d
o
b
s
er
v
e,
f
u
zz
y
lo
g
ic
co
n
tr
o
l
an
d
f
r
ac
tio
n
al
s
h
o
r
t c
ir
cu
it c
u
r
r
en
t.
3.
P
O
WE
R
S
T
A
G
E
3
.
1
.
Circ
uit
Co
nfig
ura
t
i
o
n
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
ev
e
n
le
v
el
5
s
w
itc
h
i
n
v
er
ter
to
p
o
lo
g
y
is
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
.
S
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
n
o
v
el
to
p
o
lo
g
y
p
r
o
d
u
cin
g
t
h
e
7
lev
el
o
u
tp
u
t.
T
h
e
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
is
g
i
v
e
n
b
y
t
h
e
4
i
n
d
iv
id
u
al
P
V
s
y
s
te
m
p
a
n
els.
T
h
e
p
u
ls
es
ar
e
g
iv
e
n
to
ea
ch
o
f
th
e
5
MO
SF
E
T
S
co
n
tr
o
ll
ed
s
w
itc
h
es
.
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
g
e
n
er
ated
is
a
7
lev
el
s
tair
ca
s
e
o
u
tp
u
t
w
h
ich
n
ea
r
l
y
i
d
en
tifie
s
it
s
elf
w
i
th
t
h
e
s
in
e
wav
e.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
No
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atlab
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an
d
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s
p
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co
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RE
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E
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P
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o
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jerg
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m
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li
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n
sa
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ti
o
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r
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l
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ly
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.
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]
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a
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ro
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ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
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e
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l.
2
3
,
N
o
.
1
,
Ja
n
u
a
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.
[3
]
S
.
M
o
h
a
m
e
d
Yo
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su
f
,
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.
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i
jay
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.
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h
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p
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ra
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o
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p
p
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]
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a
f
e
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g
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h
a
o
j
u
n
X
ie,
Ch
e
n
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n
g
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ra
n
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p
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rg
y
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n
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(
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),
2
0
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0
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p
.
2
9
2
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-
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6
[5
]
Bh
a
ra
ti
ra
ja,
C.
,
Ra
g
h
u
,
S
.
,
Ra
o
,
P
.
,
P
a
li
n
iam
y
,
K.R.
S
.
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m
p
a
ra
ti
v
e
a
n
a
ly
si
s
o
f
d
if
fe
re
n
t
P
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tec
h
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iq
u
e
s
to
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d
u
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o
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o
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tral
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p
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o
r
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riab
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ter
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t
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n
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l
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o
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tro
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n
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ms
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v
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e
1
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a
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h
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0
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3
,
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s 1
0
5
-
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1
6
.
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]
R.
P
a
lan
isa
m
y
,
K.
V
ij
a
y
a
k
u
m
a
r,
Ko
m
a
ri
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h
il
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M
a
d
h
u
m
a
th
i
Iy
e
r,
Ra
m
a
c
h
a
n
d
a
r
Ra
o
,
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A
P
ro
p
o
se
d
S
V
M
f
o
r
3
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lev
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l
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ra
n
s
f
o
r
m
e
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les
s
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a
l
In
v
e
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c
h
e
m
e
f
o
r
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rid
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n
n
e
c
ted
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V
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y
ste
m
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d
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n
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o
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rn
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l
o
f
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e
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n
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h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
2
0
1
6
N
o
v
,
9
(
4
2
).
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]
Y.
Ca
i,
C.
W
a
n
g
,
F
.
Zh
a
o
,
a
n
d
R
.
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n
g
,
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De
sig
n
o
f
a
h
ig
h
-
f
re
q
u
e
n
c
y
iso
late
d
D
T
HB
c
LL
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b
id
irec
ti
o
n
a
l
re
so
n
a
n
t
DC
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DC c
o
n
v
e
rter,” i
n
Pro
c
.
IEE
E
Co
n
f.
T
r
a
n
sp
.
El
e
c
trif
ica
ti
o
n
A
sia
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D.
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