Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of
P
ower E
le
ctr
on
i
cs a
n
d
Drive
S
ystem
s
(
IJ
PEDS
)
Vo
l.
1
2
,
No.
3
,
Septem
be
r
202
1
, pp.
1315
~
1325
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8694
,
DOI:
10
.11
591/
ij
peds
.
v
1
2
.i
3
.
pp
1315
-
1325
1315
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ij
pe
ds
.i
aescore.c
om
Effici
ency
i
mp
ro
ve
m
ent
of dual t
hree
-
phase p
er
m
anent m
agnet
synch
ronous mo
tor using
modifie
d switchi
ng table
DTC for
electric
ship p
ropulsion
Aziz El
Afia
1
,
Mhammed
H
as
oun
2
,
Moh
am
ed K
hafa
ll
ah
3
, Karim
Ben
kirane
4
1
Depa
rteme
nt
of
Elec
tr
ical Engi
n
ee
ring
,
Hass
an
II
Univer
sity
,
Na
t
i
onal
High
Schoo
l
of
Arts
and
Cra
fts
“E
NS
AM
”,
Morocc
o
2,3,4
Depa
rteme
nt
of
Elec
tr
ical Eng
ine
er
ing, Hassan
II
Univ
ersit
y,
N
at
ion
al
High
Sch
ool
of El
ec
tr
ic
i
ty
and
Me
cha
n
ic
s
“E
NS
EM”,
Mor
occ
o
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
Sept
1
6
,
2020
Re
vised
M
a
y
2, 20
21
Accepte
d
J
uly
1
2,
2021
A
direct
torqu
e
con
trol
using
a
c
la
ss
ic
a
l
sw
it
c
hing
-
ta
bl
e
ST
-
DTC
c
an
b
e
used
to
cont
rol
t
he
torque
and
th
us
the
spe
ed
of
Dual
Three
-
Phase
Per
ma
n
ent
Magne
t
Synchro
nous
Motor
(DT
P
-
PMSM
).
The
princ
iple
is
b
ase
d
on
direct
appl
i
ca
t
ion
of
c
ontrol
sequ
ence
by
using
two
hystere
sis
r
egulator
s
and
a
sw
it
chi
ng
ta
bl
e.
A
la
rg
e
st
at
or
cur
ren
t
con
ta
in
i
ng
low
orde
r
h
arm
oni
cs
is
produc
ed
dur
ing
the
applic
at
ion
of
the
class
ic
S
T
-
DTC
t
ec
hniqu
e,
thi
s
l
ea
ds
to
h
ighe
r
losses
aff
ecting
th
e
e
ffi
ci
en
cy
of
th
e
m
a
chi
ne
.
To
al
low
a
red
uc
ti
on
of
th
ese
har
m
onic
s
a
modi
f
i
ed
sw
itching
-
t
a
ble
appr
o
ac
h
base
d
DTC
te
chn
ique
is
examine
d
.
Inde
ed,
a
n
im
prove
d
ST
-
DTC
strat
egy
,
w
hic
h
consist
of
rep
l
ac
ing
th
e
ve
ct
ors
of
th
e
class
ic
a
l
t
able
with
synth
et
i
c
ve
ct
ors,
is
discussed.
The
simul
at
ion
res
ult
s
conf
irm
th
e
v
al
idity
o
f
t
he
sel
ecte
d
strat
egy
.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
DTP
-
P
M
S
M
Ele
ct
ric sh
ip
pr
opulsio
n
Harmo
nic c
urr
ents
Sw
it
chin
g
ta
bl
e
-
DTC
Vecto
r
s
pace
de
com
posit
ion
This
is an
open
acc
ess arti
cl
e
un
der
the
CC
BY
-
SA
l
ic
ense
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Aziz El
Af
ia
Dep
a
rteme
nt of Elect
rical
E
nginee
rin
g
Hassa
n
I
I U
nive
rsity
Nati
on
al
High
School
of
Ar
ts
and
Cra
fts “E
NSAM
”
, Casa
blanca,
M
oroc
co
Emai
l:
aziz
.elafi
a@univ
h2c.
ma
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
Re
centl
y
,
the
al
l
-
el
ect
ric
sh
i
p
c
oncept
has
become
pa
rtic
ularly
im
porta
nt.
Fu
ll
el
ect
ric
pr
opulsio
n
sy
ste
ms
for
c
ommerci
al
an
d
mil
it
ary
sh
i
pp
i
ng
s
ect
or
ha
ve
been
i
ntensi
ve
ly
de
velo
pe
d.
Ele
ct
ric
propulsio
n
offer
s
pote
ntia
l
adv
a
ntages
r
egardin
g
flexi
bili
ty
in
sh
i
p
mane
uv
e
rin
g,
mainte
na
nce
c
os
t
an
d
vibrat
ion
le
vel
[
1],
[2].
I
n
the
na
val
industr
y,
three
-
ph
ase
e
le
ct
ric
machin
es
are
mai
nly
t
he
m
os
t
us
ed
.
Re
centl
y,
t
he
us
e
of
mu
lt
iph
a
se
ma
chines
has
gro
wn
c
on
si
der
a
bl
y
in
se
ver
al
a
reas
i
nclu
ding
na
val
pro
pulsi
on
,
rail
way
el
ect
ric
tract
ion
,
el
ect
r
ic
veh
ic
le
s,
a
vi
on
ic
s,
a
nd
hig
h
-
power
in
dustria
l
app
li
cat
ion
s
[
3
]
-
[
9
]
.
M
ulti
ph
ase
mac
hin
e
s
pro
vid
e
se
ver
a
l
imp
or
ta
nt
be
ne
fits
in
te
r
ms
of
t
orque
qual
it
y
a
nd
mac
hin
e
reli
abili
ty
[
1].
The
m
os
t
i
nter
est
ing
mu
lt
iph
a
se ma
chines w
hich
a
tt
ract a lot of
i
nterest is t
he d
ual
three
phase
(
DT
P)
ones
. D
TP
mac
hin
es
ha
s two
set
s of three
-
phase sta
to
r win
dings s
patia
ll
y shifted
by 3
0
e
le
ct
rical
d
eg
ree
s w
it
h
t
w
o
isol
at
ed
ne
utrals
[
1]
.
Among
al
l
DT
P
mac
hin
es
the
pe
rma
nen
t
ma
gn
et
sync
hronou
s
m
otor
(DT
P
-
P
M
S
M)
is
t
he
most
use
d
on
e
[
1
0
].
A
fiel
d
ori
ente
d
c
on
t
ro
l
of
DT
P
-
P
M
S
M
based
on
the
v
ect
or
s
pace
d
ec
ompo
sit
io
n
(VSD
)
wa
s
pr
ese
nted
in
[
10
]
.
T
he
c
onve
nt
ion
al
V
SD
c
ontr
ol
f
or
D
TP
i
nductio
n
mo
t
or
was
giv
e
n
i
n
[
11
]
.
As
s
pecif
ie
d
by
the
VSD
st
rategy,
the
mach
ine
m
od
el
is
t
ran
s
f
or
me
d
i
nto
th
ree
decou
pled
s
ubspa
ces
,
ide
ntifie
d
as,
(
α,
β
)
tor
qu
e
-
co
mpo
ne
nt
,
(z
1
, z
2
)
ha
r
monic
-
c
ompon
ent
an
d (
o
1
, o
2
)
zer
o
-
se
quence
, r
es
pecti
vel
y
[
12
]
-
[
18
].
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
Dr
i
S
ys
t
,
V
ol
.
12
, N
o.
3
,
Se
ptembe
r
202
1
:
13
15
–
13
25
1316
Direct
t
orque
c
on
t
ro
l
(
DTC)
i
s
a
te
ch
nique
use
d
f
or
high
pe
rformance
c
on
t
ro
l
of
t
hr
ee
phase
el
ect
ric
dr
i
ve
s
ys
te
ms
[
19
]
.
It
i
s
cha
r
act
erized
by
si
mp
le
struct
ur
e
w
hich
is
i
nde
pende
nt
of
ma
chine
pa
ramet
ers
a
nd
al
low
ing
a
fas
t
tor
qu
e
re
spo
ns
e.
W
he
n
a
pplyin
g
the
DT
C
for
t
he
DT
P
-
P
M
S
M
,
imp
ort
ant
harmo
nic
sta
tor
current
s
a
re
usual
ly
obse
rv
e
d.
These
c
urrent
s
cause
losses
in
the
sta
tor
and
t
hu
s
deteri
or
at
e
the
mac
hi
ne
’s
eff
ic
ie
nc
y.
Ac
cordin
g
t
o
t
he
VSD
te
ch
ni
que,
the
basic
D
TC
does
not
al
low
t
he
c
ontr
ol
of
the
har
m
on
ic
s
that
app
ea
r
i
n
the
s
ub
s
pace
(
z
1
,
z
2
).
With
t
he
vie
w
to
mi
nimize
harmo
nics
an
d
he
nce
im
prove
the
mac
hin
e
’s
e
ff
ic
ie
ncy,
a
m
od
i
fie
d
Sw
it
chin
g
Ta
bl
e
base
d
DTC
f
or
five
phas
e
s
yn
c
hro
nous
mac
hin
e
is
pro
posed
in
refe
ren
ce
[
20]
.
I
n
t
his
appr
oach
the
s
el
ect
ion
of
t
he
ap
pro
pr
ia
te
volt
age
is
done
in
tw
o
ste
ps
.
T
he
sa
me
te
ch
ni
qu
e
ap
plied
to
DTP
-
PM
S
M
is
pr
es
e
nted
in
ref
e
re
nce
[
21].
T
he
disad
va
ntage
of
this
meth
od
is
the
ne
cessi
ty
to
locat
e
the
sta
tor
flu
x
posit
ion
not
only
in
the
(
,
)
subs
pace
but
al
so
in
the
(z
1
,
z
2
)
subs
pace
.
O
ur
co
ntri
bu
ti
on
is
to
pro
pos
e
a
modifie
d
switc
hing
ta
ble
c
ons
ti
tuted
by
s
yn
t
he
ti
c
vecto
rs
al
lowing
t
he
to
r
qu
e
co
ntr
ol
as
well
as
the
re
duct
ion
of the c
urre
nts
in (
z
1
,
z
2
) su
bspace
.
2.
DTP
-
P
MSM
DYN
AM
I
C M
ODEL
Figure
1
a
nd
F
igure
2
il
lustra
te
the
DTP
-
P
M
S
M
a
nd
VSI
-
fe
d
dri
ve
.
The
two
th
ree
-
pha
se
windin
gs
are
ide
ntica
l
w
it
h
two
i
nd
e
pe
nd
e
nt
neu
tral
po
i
nts
[
12].
Th
e
DTP
-
P
M
S
M
is
com
plex
a
nd
hi
gh
orde
r
s
ys
te
m.
The
mat
hemat
ic
al
mo
del
of
the
m
otor
is
s
impli
fied
by
a
ssu
mi
ng
that
t
he
m
otor
windin
gs
a
re
dist
r
ibu
te
d
sinu
s
oid
al
ly
,
s
at
ur
at
io
n
a
nd
mag
netic
loss
es
are
ne
glect
ed
[22
]
.
T
o
obta
in
a
pr
act
ic
al
model
pro
pe
r
for
con
t
ro
l
,
t
he
vo
lt
age
sp
ace
dec
omposi
ti
on
VSD
is
us
e
d
[
11
]
.
T
he
VSD
is
base
d
on
the
tr
ansfo
rmati
on
matri
x
expresse
d
by (1).
Figure
1. DT
P
-
PM
S
M shi
p
a
nd si
x
-
ph
a
se
vo
l
ta
ge
so
urce i
ner
te
r
Figure
2. Wi
nding
s
of
DTP
-
P
M
S
M
[
]
=
1
√
3
[
1
−
1
2
−
1
2
0
√
3
2
−
√
3
2
1
−
1
2
−
1
2
−
√
3
2
√
3
2
0
1
2
1
2
−
1
−
√
3
2
√
3
2
0
0
−
√
3
2
√
3
2
1
1
1
0
0
0
1
2
1
2
−
1
0
0
0
1
1
1
]
(1)
Using
t
his
tra
nsfo
rmati
on,
the
sy
ste
m
is
proj
ect
ed
int
o
th
re
e
ort
hogo
nal
s
ub
s
paces
(
α,
β
)
,
(z
1
,
z
2
)
an
d
(o
1
,
o
2
).
The
vo
lt
age equati
ons
,
are
ex
pr
e
ssed
as
[
12]:
[
]
=
[
]
[
]
+
[
]
=
[
]
[
]
+
[
[
]
[
]
+
.
[
]
(2)
[
1
,
2
]
=
[
]
[
1
,
2
]
+
[
1
,
2
]
=
[
]
[
1
,
2
]
+
[
]
[
1
,
2
]
(3)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8
694
Eff
ic
ie
ncy imp
r
ovem
e
nt
of du
al
three
-
phas
e
permane
nt
mag
net sy
nch
r
onou
s
… (
Aziz
El Af
ia
)
1317
[
1
,
2
]
=
[
]
[
1
,
2
]
+
[
1
,
2
]
=
[
]
[
1
,
2
]
+
[
]
[
1
,
2
]
(4)
Wh
e
re:
[
]
=
[
(
+
)
2
+
(
−
)
2
2
(
−
)
2
2
(
−
)
2
2
(
+
)
2
−
(
−
)
2
2
]
L
d
,
L
q
a
re
d
a
nd
q
a
xis in
duct
ances.
L
z
an
d
L
o
are
th
e trans
f
or
me
d st
at
or
sel
f
-
le
ak
age ind
uctance
.
is t
he
PM
fl
ux li
nk
a
ge.
is t
he rot
or po
sit
ion
.
F
unda
mental
and
ha
rm
onic
s
are
distri
bu
t
ed
as
;
i
)
the
fun
dame
ntal
com
pone
nt
is
project
ed
i
n
(
α,
β)
,
ii
)
ha
rm
on
ic
s
with
orde
r
12
ℎ
±
1
(
=
1
,
2
,
3
,
…
)
are
project
ed
in
(
α,
β)
,
ii
i)
harm
on
ic
s
with
ord
er
6
ℎ
±
1
(
=
1
,
3
,
5
,
…
)
are
project
e
d
i
n
(z
1
,
z
2
)
,
and
iv
)
t
he
ha
rm
on
ic
s
with
order
3
ℎ
(
=
1
,
3
,
5
,
…
)
are
project
ed
i
n
ze
ro seque
nce s
ubspa
ce (
o
1
,
o
2
)
.
C
urren
t
co
mpo
nen
ts
in
the
(
α
,
β
)
s
ubs
pace
pro
du
ce
ai
r
ga
p
flu
x
an
d
cre
at
e
the
to
rque.
C
urre
nts
i
n
(z
1
,
z
2
)
an
d
(
o
1
,
o
2
)
are
al
l
ha
r
monics,
the
y
don’t
c
ontrib
ute
to
the
el
ect
r
ome
cha
nical
c
onve
rsion
a
nd
pro
duce
sta
tor
lo
ss
es
[23], [2
4]
. T
o
c
ha
ng
e
to
t
he
(
,
)
r
otati
ng
fr
am
e the
foll
ow
i
ng
tran
sformati
on
matri
x
is a
ppli
ed:
=
[
−
]
(5)
M
ac
hin
e
mode
l i
n
the
(
d,
q
)
pl
ane:
[
]
=
[
0
0
]
[
]
+
[
]
+
[
−
]
(6)
[
]
=
[
0
0
]
[
]
+
√
3
[
0
]
(7)
The
el
ect
r
om
a
gn
et
ic
to
r
qu
e
is:
=
(
d
−
q
)
(8)
:
pole
p
ai
rs
numb
e
r
.
3.
RESEA
R
CH MET
HO
D
3.1.
In
vert
er
vo
l
tage
vector
s
The
in
ve
rter
s
how
n
in
F
ig
ur
e
1
can
pro
vide
64
dif
fer
e
nt
volt
age
vecto
rs.
E
ach
vecto
r
is
pr
ese
nted
by
the
s
ubscri
pt
de
ci
mal
num
be
r
,
c
orres
pondin
g
t
o
bi
nary
nu
mb
e
rs
S
a1
S
b1
S
c1
S
a2
S
b2
S
c2
.
Where
(S
=
S
a1
,
S
b1
,
S
c1
,
S
a2
, S
b2
, S
c2
)
a
r
e the
dev
ic
e
swi
tc
h
sta
te
s.
T
he
phase
volt
ages
are
e
xpresse
d ac
cordin
g
t
o
s
witc
h
sta
te
s
by
(
9)
.
[
1
1
1
2
2
2
]
=
E
3
[
2
−
1
−
1
−
1
2
−
1
−
1
−
1
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
−
1
−
1
−
1
2
−
1
−
1
−
1
2
]
[
1
1
1
2
2
2
]
(9)
Wh
il
e
(
S
=
S
a1
,
S
b1
,
S
c1
,
S
a2
,
S
b2
,
S
c2
)
a
re
th
e
sta
te
s
of
swit
ches
,
E
is
the
DC
volt
age.
T
he
64
volt
age
vecto
rs
project
ed
i
n
ea
ch
s
ubsp
ace
ar
e g
ive
n b
y (10)
.
[
1
2
01
02
]
=
[
]
[
1
1
1
2
2
2
]
(10)
Th
us
,
in
(
α
,
β
)
and
(z
1
,
z
2
)
subspa
ces,
the
re
are
sixty
non
-
z
ero
volt
age
ve
ct
or
s
a
nd
f
our
zero
volt
age
ve
ct
ors
(
0
,
7
,
56
,
63
)
[
25]
as
sho
wn
in
F
ig
ure
3
a
nd
Fig
ur
e
4.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
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:
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8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
Dr
i
S
ys
t
,
V
ol
.
12
, N
o.
3
,
Se
ptembe
r
202
1
:
13
15
–
13
25
1318
Figure
3. V
oltage
vecto
rs diag
ram
i
n
(
,
)
Figure
4. V
oltage
vecto
rs diag
ram
i
n
(
z
1
,
z
2
)
Accor
ding
to
t
he
F
i
gure
3
,
t
he
vo
lt
age
vec
tors
a
re
distrib
uted
i
n
the
(
α,
β
)
plane
form
ing
fou
r
dodec
agons
(
1
,
2
,
3
,
4
) [
26
].
The
ir am
plit
ud
es
a
re
giv
e
n by
(
11).
{
1
=
√
(
2
−
√
3
)
√
3
2
=
1
√
3
3
=
√
2
√
3
4
=
√
(
2
+
√
3
)
√
3
(11)
W
e
ca
n
noti
ce
from
F
ig
ur
e
3
and
Fig
ure
4
t
hat
ve
ct
ors
of
the
ou
te
r
dodec
agon
D
4
i
n
(
α
,
β
)
s
ubsp
ace
map
in
t
he
in
ne
r
do
decago
n
D
1
of
t
he
(z
1
,
z
2
)
subs
pace
,
th
e
inn
e
r
do
deca
gon
D
1
of
(
α
,
β
)
subs
pace
f
or
ms
the
ou
te
r
dodeca
gon
D
4
of
(z
1
, z
2
)
su
bspace
w
hile t
he
mi
dd
le
do
decago
n
s
pace
vecto
r
keep
s
th
e
the sa
me re
gi
on.
3.2.
C
onven
ti
onal
ST
-
DTC
In
the
di
rect
to
rque
c
ontr
ol
sc
heme
,
to
r
qu
e
a
nd
fl
ux
of
D
T
P
-
P
M
S
M
are
e
sti
mate
d.
T
w
o
hyste
resis
com
par
at
or
s
for
tor
que
an
d
fl
ux
a
nd
a
switc
hing
ta
ble
are
us
e
d
to
ge
ne
ra
te
the
inv
erte
r
vec
to
rs
as
s
hown
i
n
Figure
5
.
The
vo
lt
age
vect
ors
with
t
he
ma
ximum
am
plit
ud
e
di
vid
e
t
he
subs
pace
(
α,
β
)
int
o
12
sect
or
s
as
sh
ow
n
in
Fi
gur
e
6
.
T
his
ch
oice
al
lows
ma
ximu
m
us
e
of
th
e
DC
powe
r
supp
l
y
an
d
gua
ra
ntees
the
ap
plica
ti
on
of
lo
w
a
mp
li
tu
de
volt
age
v
ect
or
s
in
the
(z
1
,
z
2
)
s
ubsp
ace
.
Each
sect
or
is
delimi
te
d
by
t
wo
ma
xim
um
vecto
rs,
as
show
n
in
Fi
gure
6.
W
he
n
the
sta
tor
flu
x
is
in
the
sect
or
,
the
ap
plica
ti
on
of
the
vecto
r
V
k
+
2
le
ads
to
th
e
increase
of
the
fl
ux
a
nd
the
t
orq
ue
w
her
eas
the
a
pp
li
cat
io
n
of
V
k
−
4
causes
thei
r
reducti
on.
T
he
ap
plica
ti
on
of
the
vecto
r
V
k
+
3
pr
oduces
the
re
duct
ion
of
the
flu
x
a
nd
th
e
i
ncr
ease
of
the
tor
que,
the
opposit
e
e
ff
ect
is
pro
du
ce
d
by
the
vector
V
k
−
3
.
In
su
m
mar
y,
t
he
cho
ic
e
of
the
vo
lt
age
vect
or
is
carrie
d
out
accor
ding
t
o
th
e
T
able
1.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8
694
Eff
ic
ie
ncy imp
r
ovem
e
nt
of du
al
three
-
phas
e
permane
nt
mag
net sy
nch
r
onou
s
… (
Aziz
El Af
ia
)
1319
Figure
5. Co
nventional
DTC
diag
ram of
DT
P
-
P
M
S
M
dri
ve
Fig
ure
6
.
12
se
ctors
d
ia
gra
m
and s
el
ection
of
vol
t
age
v
ectors
Table
1.
C
onve
ntion
al
DTC
s
witc
hing ta
ble
K Sector
H
ψ
1
-
1
H
T
e
1
0
-
1
1
0
-
1
Ap
p
lied
v
ecto
r
+
2
−
3
+
3
−
4
The ge
ner
at
e
d t
orqu
e
and
flu
x co
ntr
ol sig
nals
an
d
are
d
e
fin
ed
as:
=
{
1
∗
−
≥
0
∗
−
=
0
−
1
∗
−
≤
=
{
1
∗
−
≥
−
1
∗
−
≤
4.
THE
MO
DIF
IED ST
-
DT
C APP
ROAC
H
The
modifie
d
switc
hing
ta
ble
DTC
a
ppr
oa
ch
al
lo
ws
the
decr
easi
ng
of
the
cu
rr
e
nt
ha
rm
on
ic
s
by
reducin
g
the
c
urren
ts
i
n
subs
pace
(z
1
,
z
2
).
As
s
how
n
in
Figure
7
the
si
xty
non
-
zer
o
volt
age
vectors
of
t
he
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
Dr
i
S
ys
t
,
V
ol
.
12
, N
o.
3
,
Se
ptembe
r
202
1
:
13
15
–
13
25
1320
su
bspace
(
α
,
β
)
can
be
di
vide
d
into
t
welve
groups
of
vec
tors
{
1
,
2
…
,
12
}
.
Each
group
is
co
mpos
ed
of
three
vect
or
s
ha
ving
t
he
same
di
recti
on,
f
or
t
he
e
xa
mp
le
36
,
53
and
46
c
on
sti
tut
e
the
G
1
gro
up.
Give
n
t
his
remark,
the
ve
ct
or
s
of the
sa
me gr
oup wil
l hav
e
the
same
eff
ect
s
on the
fl
ux
a
nd the
to
r
qu
e
.
The
vect
or
s
be
longin
g
t
o
t
he
same
gro
up
in
(
α,
β
)
s
ubspa
c
e
cha
nge
t
he
di
recti
on
an
d
th
e
m
odule
i
n
(z
1
,
z
2
)
s
ub
s
pa
ce.
I
ndeed
,
for
a
gi
ve
n
group
the
la
r
gest
ve
ct
or
of
the
D
od
eca
gon
D
4
c
hanges
dire
ct
ion
in
su
bspace
(z
1
,
z
2
)
an
d
it
s
m
odule
bec
om
es
the
small
est
.
The
sec
ond
ve
ct
or
of
t
he
group
belo
ngin
g
to
the
Dodeca
gon
D
3
kee
ps
the
sam
e
m
odule
but
c
hanges
directi
on
a
nd
becom
es
op
posit
e
to
the
p
rece
ding
vecto
r.
As
il
lustrate
d
i
n
Fig
ure
8,
the
vecto
rs
53
,
46
and
36
of
D
3
,
D
1
an
d
D
4
res
pecti
vel
y
an
d
wh
ic
h
c
on
sti
tute
the
gro
up
G
1
ha
ve
the
same
dire
ct
ion
.
Howe
ve
r,
in
the
(z
1
,
z
2
),
53
has
a
n
oppo
sit
e
directi
on
to
36
a
nd
46
as
sh
ow
n
in
Fi
g
ur
e 8
.
Figure
7.
G
rou
ps
of v
ect
or
s
{
1
,
2
…
,
12
}
in (
α
, β
)
Figure
8.
Vect
or
s
36
,
46
and
53
in (
z
1
,
z
2
)
Con
se
quently
, th
e
us
e o
f
vect
or
o
f
D
3
an
d
ve
ct
or
of D
4
tog
e
ther
al
lo
ws
co
nt
ro
ll
ing
c
urre
nt
in
(
z
1
,
z
2
)
and
the
n
re
duc
ing
c
urre
nt
ha
r
monics.
F
or
th
e
exam
ple
if
36
is
ch
os
e
n
acco
r
ding
to
t
he
s
wi
tc
hin
g
ta
ble,
t
he
vecto
r
52
mu
st
be
app
li
ed
with
36
to
cancel
it
s
eff
ect
in
(
z
1
,
z
2
)
subspa
ce.
The
(12
)
r
el
at
ion
gi
ves
the
ti
m
e
al
lott
ed
f
or eac
h vecto
r:
{
1
(
36
)
1
2
+
2
(
53
)
1
2
=
0
⃗
1
+
2
=
(12)
Wh
e
re
is t
he s
amplin
g
ti
me.
The
cal
c
ulati
on
of the ti
mes
giv
es:
{
1
=
(
√
3
−
1
)
∙
2
=
(
2
−
√
3
)
∙
(13)
Th
us
,
the
pro
pose
d
a
ppr
oach
co
ns
ist
s
of
re
placi
ng
the
12
vect
or
s
of
D
4
us
e
d
in
the
c
onve
ntio
nal
DT
C
by
a
com
bin
at
io
n of vecto
rs
of
D
3
and D
4
as
d
e
pi
ct
ed
in
Table
2.
T
he
m
odule
of s
yn
t
hetic
v
ect
or is gi
ven by
(
14).
‖
‖
=
‖
1
36
+
2
53
‖
=
(
√
6
−
√
2
)
(14)
The
s
yntheti
c
vecto
r has a
m
odule sli
ghtl
y
l
ow
e
r
t
han that
gen
e
rated
by t
he
cl
assic
al
DTC
.
=
‖
‖
‖
36
‖
×
100%
=
92
,
82%
(15)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8
694
Eff
ic
ie
ncy imp
r
ovem
e
nt
of du
al
three
-
phas
e
permane
nt
mag
net sy
nch
r
onou
s
… (
Aziz
El Af
ia
)
1321
Table
2.
Synth
et
ic
v
ect
ors
use
d
in
m
od
i
fied ST
-
DTC
Clas
sical DTC
Mod
ified DTC
36
1
36
+
2
53
52
1
52
+
2
38
54
1
54
+
2
20
22
1
22
+
2
50
18
1
18
+
2
30
26
1
26
+
2
19
27
1
27
+
2
10
11
1
11
+
2
25
9
1
9
+
2
43
41
1
41
+
2
13
45
1
45
+
2
33
37
1
37
+
2
44
5.
RESU
LT
S
AND DI
SCUS
S
ION
The
simulat
io
ns
via
M
AT
LA
B/
Simuli
nk
e
nvir
onment
we
r
e
pe
rforme
d
usi
ng
in
formati
on
f
ound
in
Table
3
[
21].
The
tw
o
stu
died
strat
egies
c
onve
ntion
al
a
nd
pro
posed
ST
-
DTC
f
or
DT
P
-
P
M
S
M
dri
ves
,
hav
e
been
te
s
te
d
an
d
resu
lt
s
a
re
pr
esented
in
F
ig
ures
9
t
o
1
5.
As
sh
ow
n
i
n
Fi
gur
e
9,
us
in
g
t
he
c
la
ssic
DTC
st
r
at
egy
resu
lt
s
in
a
no
n
-
si
nu
s
oi
dal
phase
c
urren
t
,
i
nd
ee
d,
t
he
c
urren
t
c
on
ta
in
s
a
la
rg
e
qu
a
ntit
y
of
t
he
5
ℎ
and
7
ℎ
harmo
nics
w
hi
ch
are
domina
nt
(T
HD
=
51.
6%)
as
sho
wn
in
Fig
ur
e
11
.
T
hese
c
urren
t
com
pone
nts
do
no
t
con
t
rib
ute to t
he
elec
trom
ec
ha
nical
conve
rsi
on a
nd only
g
e
ne
rate l
os
ses
.
Figure
10
s
hows
the
phase
current
c
orres
pondin
g
t
o
th
e
pr
opos
e
d
S
T
-
D
TC
st
rateg
y
.
It
can
be
ob
s
er
ved
that
t
he
s
hap
e
of
t
he
curre
nt
is
ne
arly
si
nu
s
oi
dal
,
h
a
rm
on
ic
ana
lysis
prese
nted
i
n
F
ig
ure
12
s
how
s
that
the
ha
rm
onic
s
a
re
si
gn
if
ic
antly
re
duce
d
(THD
ab
out
1
1
%)
,
t
his
is
du
e
to
the
fac
t
that
m
odifie
d
DT
C
method
al
lo
ws
the
co
ntr
ol
of
curre
nt
com
pone
nts
in
the
(
z
1
,
z
2
)
subs
pac
e
,
an
d
this
c
on
seq
uen
tl
y
al
lo
ws
the
reducti
on
of
ha
rm
on
ic
c
urre
nts.
T
he
Fig
ure
1
3
a
nd
Fig
ure
14
represe
nt
s
the
curre
nts
in
(
α
,
β
)
s
ubspa
ce
,
w
e
no
ti
ce
that
for
the
two
ap
proa
ches
we
ha
ve
t
he
same
a
mp
li
tud
e,
l
ow
rip
pl
e
and
re
gu
la
r
traj
ect
ory.
In
F
igure
1
5
(a
)
a
nd
Fig
ur
e
15
(b)
th
e
t
orq
ue
pr
ese
nts
the
same
ap
pea
ran
ce
f
or
both
strat
egies.
T
he
tor
qu
e
qual
it
y
i
s
not
aff
ect
ed
by
the
prese
nce
of
a
f
or
e
mentio
ne
d
harmo
nics.
We
al
so
noti
ce
t
ha
t
the
velocit
y
reac
hes
it
s
set
po
i
nt
with
good
dyna
mic
an
d
ze
ro
sta
ti
c err
or
.
Table
3.
Simul
at
ion
par
a
mete
r
s
Desig
n
atio
n
Valu
e
DC v
o
ltag
e
E
50V
R
esis
tan
ce
R
s
1
.09
Ω
D axis
in
d
u
ctan
ce
L
d
2
.14
2
m
H
Q axis
in
d
u
ctan
ce
L
q
2
.14
2
m
H
Perman
en
t m
ag
n
et
f
lu
x
PM
0
.07
3
4
W
b
I
n
ertia
m
o
m
en
t
J
8
9
.10
-
3
kgm
2
V
isco
u
s fr
ictio
n
co
eff
icien
t
f
0
.01
Nm
s/rad
P
o
le pair
s n
u
m
b
er
p
5
Figure
9
.
Stat
or
ph
ase
curre
nt
co
nv
e
ntio
nal
DTC
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
Dr
i
S
ys
t
,
V
ol
.
12
, N
o.
3
,
Se
ptembe
r
202
1
:
13
15
–
13
25
1322
Figure
10
. St
at
or phase c
urre
nt
m
od
i
fied D
TC
Figure
11.
Stat
or phase c
urre
nt
h
a
rm
onic
ana
lysis
co
nventi
on
al
DTC
Figure
12
. St
at
or phase
c
urre
nt
h
a
rm
onic
ana
lysis
m
od
i
fied
D
TC
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8
694
Eff
ic
ie
ncy imp
r
ovem
e
nt
of du
al
three
-
phas
e
permane
nt
mag
net sy
nch
r
onou
s
… (
Aziz
El Af
ia
)
1323
Figure
13
.
C
urren
t
s i
n
(
α, β
) a
nd
(z
1
,
z
2
)
subs
pac
es
conve
ntion
al
DTC
Figure
14
.
C
urren
t
s i
n
(
α, β
) a
nd
(z
1
,
z
2
)
subs
pac
es
modifie
d DTC
(a)
(b)
Figure
15.
Sp
e
ed
a
nd to
rque
dynamic
f
or
(a
)
c
onve
ntion
al
DTC; (
b) m
od
i
fied DTC
6.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
DTC
is
one
of
the
strat
egies
us
e
d
f
or
high
performa
nce
el
ect
rical
dr
ive
s
ys
te
ms.
A
pp
li
e
d
to
DTP
-
PM
S
M
the
co
nventio
nal
DTC
le
ads
to
sig
nif
ic
ant
ha
rm
onic
cu
rr
e
nts.
T
o
de
al
with
t
his
prob
le
m
,
a
D
TC
with
a
m
odifie
d
s
witc
hin
g
ta
ble
ha
s
been
pro
po
se
d
t
o
co
n
tr
ol
t
he
D
TP
-
P
M
S
M
.
T
he
pur
pose
of
this
met
hod
is
t
o
minimi
ze
t
he
harmo
nics
of
t
he
sta
tor
c
urre
nt
.
I
t
is
based
on
the
us
e
of
12
vo
lt
ag
e
vec
tors
s
yn
t
hesize
d
i
n
a
two
-
ste
p
pr
oce
ss.
This
te
ch
ni
qu
e
al
lo
ws
the
el
ab
or
at
in
g
of
the
m
os
t
su
it
able
i
nv
e
rter
volt
age
vect
or
wh
ic
h
permi
ts
not
on
ly
the
c
on
t
ro
l
of
va
riables
in
(
,
)
subs
pace
bu
t
al
so
the
re
du
c
ti
on
of
c
urre
nts
in
the
(z
1
,
z
2
)
su
bspace
.
S
im
ulati
on
s
ha
ve
s
how
n
the
e
ff
ec
ti
ven
ess
of
t
he
modifie
d
st
rategy
t
o
mini
mize
harmo
nic
c
urren
t
and inc
rease s
yst
em ef
fici
ency
,
w
hile p
rese
rvi
ng
t
he bene
fits an
d
t
he
me
rits o
f
the
cl
assic
al
techn
i
qu
e
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
Dr
i
S
ys
t
,
V
ol
.
12
, N
o.
3
,
Se
ptembe
r
202
1
:
13
15
–
13
25
1324
REFERE
NCE
S
[1]
M.
Hasoun,
A.
El
Afia
,
K.
Ch
i
kh,
M.
Khaf
al
l
a
h,
and
K.
Benk
ira
ne
,
“A
PWM
strat
egy
for
du
al
thr
ee
-
ph
ase
PM
S
M
using
12
-
sec
tor
v
ec
to
r
spac
e
d
ec
o
m
positi
on
for
elec
tr
ic
ship
pro
pulsion,
”
in
20
18
19th
IE
EE
Me
diterr
anean
E
lectrotech
nic
al
Conf
ere
nce
(M
ELE
CON)
,
2018
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p.
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3
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doi:
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C
ON
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[2]
Y.
Guo,
and
X.
Yan,
“Re
sea
r
ch
on
matrix
conv
ert
er
con
trol
mu
lt
i
-
phas
e
PM
SM
for
all
elec
tr
ic
ship,”
in
2011
Inte
rnational
Confe
renc
e
on
El
e
ct
rica
l
a
nd
Control
Engi
ne
ering
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C
E
NG
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[3]
H.
E
che
ikh
,
R
.
Tra
be
lsi,
H.
K
e
sraoui,
A.
Iqb
al,
and
M.
F.
Mi
mouni
,
“
Torque
ripples
i
mprov
em
en
t
of
dir
ec
t
torque
cont
ro
lle
d
fiv
e
-
phase
ind
uct
ion
mo
tor
dri
ve
using
b
ac
kste
pping
cont
rol
,
”
I
nte
rnational
Jou
rnal
of
Pow
er
El
e
ct
ronics
and
Dr
iv
e
Syst
ems (I
JP
EDS)
,
vol
.
11
,
no.
1,
pp.
64
-
74
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2020
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doi
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1
1591/i
jpe
ds
.
v11.
i1.
pp64
-
74.
[4]
A.
Taibi,
K.
Har
ta
ni
,
A.
Al
la
l
i,
“
New
DTC
strat
e
gy
of
multi
-
m
achine
s
single
-
inv
ert
er
sys
te
ms
for
el
e
ct
r
ic
v
ehi
c
le
tra
c
ti
on
appl
i
cat
ions,”
In
te
rnatio
nal
Journal
of
Powe
r
E
le
c
troni
cs
and
Dr
iv
e
Sy
stems
(IJ
PE
DS)
,
vol.
11,
no.
2,
pp.
641
-
650
,
20
20,
doi
:
10
.
1159
1/i
jpe
ds
.
v11.
i2
.
p
p641
-
650.
[5]
E.
Le
vi
,
“Mult
i
phase
e
le
c
tric
ma
ch
ine
s
for
v
ari
ab
le
-
spe
ed
a
ppli
c
at
ions,
”
IE
EE
Tr
ansacti
on
s
on
Industria
l
El
e
ct
ronics
,
vol
.
55,
no.
5,
pp.
18
93
-
1909,
May
2
008,
doi
:
10
.
110
9/T
IE
.
2008.
918
488.
[6]
M.
M.
El
Kholy
,
and
Z
.
M.
S.
El
B
arb
ary
,
“Pe
rform
ance
ana
ly
sis
of
indi
r
ec
t
r
otor
fi
el
d
o
rie
n
t
at
ion
five
phas
e
induc
ti
on
mo
tor
using
ei
gh
t
sw
itch
inv
ert
e
r,
”
Int
ernati
onal
Journ
al
of
Powe
r
Elec
tronic
s
and
Dr
iv
e
Syst
ems
,
vol
.
8,
no
.
3
,
pp
.
112
8
-
1134,
2017
,
d
oi:
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.
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eds.
v8.
i3
.
pp112
8
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1138.
[7]
M.
B.
R.
Corre
a
,
C.
B
.
Ja
cobi
na
,
C.
R
.
d
a
Silva,
A.
M.
N.
Li
m
a
,
and
E.
R
.
C
.
d
a
Silva,
“Six
-
ph
ase
AC
drive
sys
te
m
with
red
uce
d
com
mon
-
mode
vo
lt
ag
e,”
i
n
IEEE
In
te
rnat
ional
El
e
ct
ric
M
achi
nes
and
Dr
iv
es
Conf
ere
nc
e
,
IEMDC'03,
200
3,
vol
.
3
,
pp
.
185
2
-
1858,
doi
:
10
.
1109/IE
MD
C.
20
03.
1210705.
[8]
A.
K.
Mohanty
,
and
K.
B
.
Y
adav,
“E
sti
ma
t
ion
o
f
ex
ci
t
at
ion
ca
p
a
ci
t
anc
e
r
equi
re
m
ent
of
an
isolate
d
multi
-
ph
ase
induc
ti
on
g
ene
r
at
or
for
power
gene
ra
ti
on,
”
Int
ernati
onal
Jour
nal
of
Pow
er
El
e
ct
ronics
and
Dr
iv
e
Syst
ems
(IJ
PE
DS)
,
vol
.
7
,
no
.
2
,
pp
.
561
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567,
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doi
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j
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7.
i2.
pp561
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D.
Dujic,
A.
Iq
bal
,
and
E.
L
ev
i,
“A
spac
e
v
ector
PWM
t
ec
hn
ique
for
symet
r
ic
a
l
six
-
phase
v
olt
ag
e
source
inve
rt
ers,
”
EPE
Journal
,
vo
l. 7,
no.
1
,
pp
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32
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[10]
Y.
Yu,
L
.
Gao
,
Y.
Li
u
,
and
F.
Chai
,
“24
-
Sec
tor
spac
e
v
ector
de
com
positi
on
for
a
dual
three
-
pha
se
PM
SM
,
”
in
2014
17th
Int
e
rnational
Conf
ere
nce
on
Ele
ct
rical
Mac
hi
n
es
and
Syste
m
s
,
2014,
pp
.
1
601
-
1606,
doi:
10.
1109/ICE
MS
.
2014.
7013733
.
[11]
Y.
Zha
o,
and
T
.
A.
Li
po,
“Space
ve
ct
or
PWM
co
ntrol
of
dua
l
thr
ee
-
phase
induc
t
i
on
m
ac
h
ine
usin
g
ve
ct
or
spa
ce
dec
omposition,
”
IE
EE
Tr
ansacti
ons
on
Indust
ry
App
li
ca
ti
ons,
1995,
vol
.
31,
no.
5
,
pp
.
11
00
-
1109,
do
i:
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1109/28.
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25.
[12]
M.
Hasoun,
A.
E
l
Afia
,
M.
Khaf
a
ll
ah
,
and
K.
Ben
kira
ne
,
“
Expe
r
i
me
nt
al
i
mplementat
ion
a
PWM
s
tra
t
egy
for
du
al
thre
e
-
ph
ase
PM
SM
using
12
-
sec
tor
ve
ct
or
s
pac
e
d
ec
ompos
it
ion
app
li
ed
o
n
e
le
c
tric
ship
propulsion
,
”
Inte
rnational
Jo
urnal
of
Pow
er
El
e
ct
ronics
and
Dr
iv
e
Syst
em
(IJ
PE
DS),
vo
l.
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[13]
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J.
Ch
e
n,
M.
Ch
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an
d
Na
Ren
,
“Ve
ctor
spac
e
dec
o
mp
ositi
on
base
d
co
ntrol
of
n
eut
r
al
-
point
-
clamp
ing
(NP
C)
thre
e
-
le
v
el
inv
ert
ers
f
ed
d
ual
thr
ee
-
ph
ase
PM
S
M dri
ves,
”
i
n
IECON
2016
-
42nd
Annual
Co
nfe
renc
e
of th
e
IEE
E
Industrial Elect
ronics
So
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[14]
Z.
Wa
ng
,
Y
.
W
a
ng,
J.
Chen
,
and
Y.
Hu,
“D
ec
ou
ple
d
v
ec
to
r
spa
c
e
de
com
posit
ion
base
d
spac
e
ve
c
tor
modu
la
t
ion
for
dual
thr
ee
-
p
hase
thr
ee
-
le
v
el
mot
or
driv
es,
”
IEE
E
Tr
ansactions
on
Pow
er
E
le
c
tronic
s
,
vol.
33,
no
.
12
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10697,
2
018,
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[15]
L.
Yuan,
M.
-
L
.
Chen,
J.
-
Q.
She
n,
and
F.
Xiao
,
“
Curre
nt
h
arm
on
i
cs
elimi
n
ation
c
ontrol
me
thod
fo
r
six
-
phase
PM
synchronous m
o
tor
driv
es,
”
ISA
Tr
ansacti
ons,
vo
l.
59
,
pp
.
443
-
44
9,
2015
,
doi
:
10
.
1016/j
.
is
at
ra
.
201
5.
09.
013
.
[16]
V.
Ol
esc
huk,
V.
Er
mura
tski
i,
an
d
F.
Barr
ero
,
“
Combi
ned
PW
M
cont
ro
l
of
m
ult
i
-
inv
erter
inst
al
l
at
ion
with
two
DC
-
li
nks,”
in
20
15
Inte
rnat
ional
Confe
ren
ce
on
El
e
ct
rica
l
Dr
iv
e
s
and
Po
wer
El
e
ct
ronics
(
EDPE
)
,
2015,
pp.
94
-
98,
doi
:
10
.
1109
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DP
E.
2015.
732
5276.
[17]
H.
Zha
ng,
S
.
Lu
o,
Y
.
Yu,
and
L. L
iu, “
Study
on
s
eri
es
con
trol
m
ethod
for
du
al
thr
e
e
-
phase
PM
SM
base
d
on
sp
ac
e
vec
tor
pulse
wi
dth
modu
la
t
ion,”
In
te
rnationa
l
Journal
of
Cont
rol
and
Aut
o
mat
ion,
vol.
8
,
no
.
1,
pp
.
197
-
21
0
,
2015,
doi
:
10
.
14
257/i
jca.
2015
.
8.
1.
18.
[18]
K.
Maroua
ni
,
L
.
Baghl
i
,
D.
Hadi
ouche
,
A
.
Khelo
ui,
and
A
.
Rezzo
ug,
“A
new
PW
M
strat
egy
base
d
on
a
24
-
sec
tor
vec
tor
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d
e
com
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al
th
ree
-
phase
p
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a
nent
ma
gn
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m
ac
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