Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of
P
ower E
le
ctr
on
i
cs a
n
d
Drive
S
ystem
s
(
IJ
PEDS
)
Vo
l.
12
,
No.
1
,
M
a
r 202
1
, p
p.
139
~
150
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8694
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ij
peds
.
v12.i
1
.
pp139
-
150
139
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ij
pe
ds
.i
aescore.c
om
Direct c
ontrol
of activ
e and r
eactive p
owe
r for
a grid
-
conn
ec
t
ed
single
-
phase
pho
tovoltai
c in
verter
Ey
ad
Rad
w
an
1
,
M
utasim
Nour
2
,
Ali B
an
iy
ou
nes
3
, Khali
d S
.
A
l
-
Oli
ma
t
4
, Em
ad
A
wada
5
1
,3
Depa
rt
m
ent of
Elec
tr
ical Engi
n
ee
ring
,
Appl
ie
d
Scie
nc
e
Priva
te
Univer
sity
,
Am
ma
n
,
Jordan
2
School
of Engi
nee
ring
&
Phys
ic
al Sci
en
ce
s,
He
riot
-
W
at
t
Univer
sity,
Duba
i, U
nited
A
rab
E
m
ira
ts
4
Depa
rtment of
El
e
ct
ri
ca
l
&
Co
mput
er
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
Comput
er
Sci
ence, Ohio
Northe
rn
Unive
rsity,
Ohio
,
U
ni
t
ed
S
ta
te
s of
A
me
r
ica
5
Depa
rtment of
El
e
ct
ri
ca
l
Eng
in
ee
ring
,
Phil
adelp
hia
Univ
ersit
y
,
Amma
n,
Jordan
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
Sep
21
, 20
20
Re
vised
Jan
19
, 2021
Accepte
d
Ja
n 3
1,
2021
Thi
s
pape
r
pre
se
nts
a
single
-
ph
a
se
grid
-
connect
e
d
photovol
t
ai
c
s
ystem
with
dire
c
t
cont
rol
o
f
a
ct
iv
e
and
r
eact
iv
e
power
thr
ough
a
power
ma
nag
em
en
t
sys
te
m
of
a
P
hotovol
taic
inv
ert
er
.
The
prop
osed
con
trol
a
l
gorit
hm
is
designe
d
to
al
l
ow
ma
xi
mum
uti
lization
of
th
e
inv
erter’s
av
a
il
ab
l
e
KV
A
ca
pa
ci
ty
while
ma
intaini
ng
gri
d
power
factor
and
cur
r
ent
to
ta
l
h
arm
oni
c
distort
ion
(
THD)
req
uir
em
en
ts
withi
n
th
e
grid
standa
rds.
To
red
uce
the
com
pl
exi
ty
and
im
prove
the
eff
i
ci
en
cy
of
the
sys
te
m,
two
ind
e
pende
nt
PI
cont
rollers
are
i
mpl
ement
ed
to
con
trol
singl
e
-
p
hase
un
ipolar
P
WM
vol
ta
g
e
source
inve
rt
er.
One
con
trol
l
er
is
used
to
cont
ro
l
the
pow
er
angl
e
,
and
hen
ce
the
active
powe
r
flow,
whil
e
t
he
o
the
r
contro
ll
er
is
used
to
cont
rol
th
e
rea
c
ti
ve
power,
and
conse
qu
ent
l
y
the
power
f
ac
t
or
by
ad
justi
ng
the
vo
lt
ag
e
modul
ation
index
of
th
e
inv
erter.
Th
e
propose
d
sys
te
m
is
mo
del
l
ed
and
simul
ated
using
MA
TL
AB/S
im
uli
nk.
The
PV
i
nver
te
r
h
as
been
exa
m
ine
d
while
b
ei
ng
si
mul
ta
n
eously
c
onnec
t
ed
to
gr
i
d
and
local
lo
ad.
Result
s
obta
in
ed
show
ed
the
ab
il
i
ty
of
the
PV
inv
erte
r
to
ma
n
age
the
ac
t
ive
and
rea
c
ti
ve
power
f
low
a
t,
and
b
el
o
w
rated
le
v
el
s
o
f
solar
irr
adianc
es;
r
esult
ing
in
an
inc
r
ea
sed
inve
rt
er
u
ti
l
ization
fa
ct
or
,
and
e
nhanc
ed
power
qual
it
y
.
Th
e
proposed
sys
te
m
,
was
c
apa
bl
e
of
oper
at
ing
a
t
po
wer
fa
ct
ors
in
th
e
r
an
ge
o
f
0.
9
l
ea
d
or
la
g
f
or
reactive
pow
er
co
mpe
nsa
ti
on
purposes
and
d
el
iv
ere
d
it
s
power
at a wide
ran
ge
of
solar
irr
adi
an
ce va
ri
at
io
ns
.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Distrib
uted ge
ner
at
io
n
Gr
i
d
-
c
onnecte
d
M
a
ximum
pow
er trac
king
Photo
vo
lt
ai
c ar
ray
Re
act
ive pow
e
r
Re
new
a
ble e
ne
rgy
Sing
le
-
phase i
nv
e
rter
This
is an
open
acc
ess arti
cl
e
un
der
the
CC
BY
-
SA
l
ic
ense
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Eya
d
Ra
dwa
n
Dep
a
rtme
nt of
Ele
ct
rical
En
gi
neer
i
ng
Applie
d
Scie
nc
e Pr
i
vate U
nive
rsity
Al Ara
b
street
,
A
m
man
, Jor
da
n
Emai
l:
e_
re
dw
an@
as
u.
e
du.jo
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
Distrib
uted
ge
ner
at
io
n
(DG
)
sy
ste
ms
t
hat
de
pend
on
r
ene
w
able
ene
r
gy
sources
ha
ve
bee
n
gaining
a
n
increase
d
inter
est
as
al
te
rn
at
ive
s
ources
of
e
nergy
t
o
po
wer
s
mall
resi
den
ti
al
a
nd
m
edium
c
omme
rcial
instal
la
ti
on
s.
T
he
op
e
rati
on
of
D
G
sy
ste
ms
to
s
uppl
y
power
to
l
ocal
load
s
a
nd
in
gri
d
-
c
onnected
man
ner
pro
vid
es
a
nu
mb
e
r
of
a
dv
a
nt
ages,
su
c
h
as:
the
possi
bili
ty
of
ge
ner
at
in
g
powe
r
cl
os
er
t
o
c
ons
um
er
s
l
eads
to
reduce
d
po
we
r
losses
,
inc
re
ased
vo
lt
age
le
vels,
im
pro
ve
d
reli
abili
ty,
a
nd
othe
rs
[1],
[2].
T
he
refore
,
the
integrati
on
of
DG
s
ys
te
ms
(
wind,
so
la
r)
in
distrib
utio
n
netw
orks
has
increase
d
ra
pid
ly
an
d
has
at
tract
ed
sign
ific
a
nt
at
te
ntion
in
recent
years.
Among
the
va
rio
us
D
G
s
ys
te
ms,
ph
otovo
lt
ai
c
(
PV)
ene
r
gy
is
one
of
the
mo
st
po
pu
la
r
r
enew
a
ble
ene
r
gy
s
ources
si
nc
e;
it
is
cl
ean,
ine
xhaustible
,
re
quires
li
tt
le
mainte
na
nce,
offer
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
12
, N
o.
1
,
Ma
rch
20
21
:
139
–
150
140
flexibili
ty
of
i
ns
ta
ll
at
ion
(
r
ooft
op),
a
nd
it
s
cost
is
decr
e
asi
ng
[
3]
,
[
4].
To
po
l
og
i
es
,
c
on
t
ro
l
strat
e
gi
es,
an
d
op
e
rati
onal
obje
ct
ives
of
gr
i
d
-
connecte
d
PV
sy
ste
ms
for
ef
f
ic
ie
nt
op
e
rati
ons
are
discu
sse
d
in
detai
ls
by
man
y
researc
hers
in
li
te
ratur
e
[5]
-
[8].
Vo
lt
a
ge
S
ource
I
nverter
(
V
SI
)
f
or
sin
gle
-
ph
a
se
P
V
gr
i
d
-
ti
ed
sy
ste
m
is
fou
nd
to
be
o
ne
of
th
e
prefe
rr
a
ble
methods
of
i
nt
egr
at
in
g
or
i
nterf
aci
ng
small
rati
ng
s
P
V
unit
s
(
powe
r
outp
ut
unde
r
10kW)
into
the
grid
[5], [
9], [10].
Althou
gh
integ
rati
ng
sin
gle
-
phase
P
V
s
ys
te
ms
with
the
gri
d
has
it
s
ad
va
ntages
a
nd
has
bee
n
on
t
he
rise
due
t
o
gove
rnm
ents
sup
port
a
nd
it
s
ec
onomi
c
be
ne
fits,
no
netheless;
t
he
wides
pr
ea
d
of
PV
s
ys
te
ms
po
s
es
more
c
halle
nging
iss
ues
for
t
he
distrib
utio
n
sy
ste
m
operat
or
an
d
the
enti
re
gr
i
d
[11
].
T
he
dr
a
w
back
of
gr
i
d
-
ti
ed
PV
s
ys
te
ms
is
that
wit
h
the
use
of
i
nv
e
rters
as
a
n
inte
rf
a
ce,
it
l
eads
t
o
ma
ny
pro
blems
reg
a
rd
i
ng
the
safety,
ef
fici
ency
of
the
gr
id,
sta
bili
ty
(inclu
ding
vo
lt
a
ge
a
nd
f
reque
ncy
sta
bili
ty),
increase
d
le
ve
l
of
harmo
nics,
a
nd
poor
po
wer
f
act
or
of
the
e
nt
ire
sy
ste
m
[
12].
T
he
refor
e
,
s
pecific
gr
id
re
qu
i
reme
nts
re
ga
r
di
ng
the
pe
netrati
on
of
gr
i
d
-
c
onne
ct
ed
P
V
s
ys
te
ms
in
lo
w
volt
age
netw
orks
hav
e
be
en
put
forw
a
r
d
as
out
li
ned
i
n
EN
5016
0
a
nd
IE
EE1
547
sta
nd
a
r
ds
.
T
ho
se
sta
nd
a
rds
s
pec
ify
t
hat
gr
i
d
-
c
onnected
P
V
s
ys
te
ms
m
us
t
c
omply
with:
the
le
vel
s
of
T
otal
Ha
r
monic
Dist
or
ti
on
(T
H
D)
,
po
wer
facto
r,
le
ve
l
of
injec
te
d
DC
c
urren
t,
an
d
vo
lt
age
and f
reque
ncy
range
[3], [
11], [
13].
To
fi
nd
s
olu
t
ion
s
to
overc
om
e
the
c
hal
le
ng
es
ass
ocia
te
d
with
gr
i
d
-
co
nnect
ed
P
V
syst
ems,
researc
hers
pro
po
s
ed
va
rio
us
t
echn
i
qu
e
s
a
nd
so
luti
ons
c
onc
ern
i
ng
is
su
es
s
uch
as:
e
ff
ic
ie
nt
imple
mentat
ion
of
M
a
ximum
Power
P
oin
t
T
rac
king
(
M
PP
T)
al
gorithms
with
t
he
ai
m
to
s
upply
maxim
um
act
ive
powe
r
t
o
the
gr
i
d
[10],
[14
];
sync
hron
iz
at
i
on
wit
h
gr
i
d
a
nd
est
imat
io
n
of
gri
d
f
reque
nc
y
i
n
si
ng
le
ph
ase
P
V
s
ys
te
m
s
[
15
]
-
[
17];
a
n
d
a
pp
li
cat
ion
s
of
ad
va
nced
co
ntr
ol
te
chn
i
qu
e
s
to
re
gu
la
te
act
ive
a
nd
reacti
ve
po
wer
flo
w
t
o
gr
i
d
[
18
]
-
[
21]
.
Howe
ver,
m
os
t
of
t
he
work
pr
ese
nte
d
in
li
te
ratur
e
did
not
ad
dres
s
in
detai
ls
the
dif
fer
e
nt
sce
na
rios
of
powe
r
flo
w
in
a
gr
i
d
-
c
onne
ct
ed
PV
sy
ste
m
w
hi
le
bein
g
sim
ultaneo
usl
y
co
nnect
ed
to
a
local
lo
ad,
a
nd
op
e
rati
ng at
dif
fer
e
nt levels
of
so
la
r
irr
a
dian
c
es.
In
this
wor
k,
an
Inver
te
r
P
ower
M
a
na
gem
ent
S
ys
te
m
(IPMS)
for
a
gr
id
-
c
onnected
P
V
s
ys
te
m
is
dev
el
op
e
d.
T
he
mai
n
c
ontrib
ution
of
t
his
pa
per
is
the
dev
e
lop
me
nt
of
an
IPMS
that
re
gula
te
s
the
pow
er
flo
w
betwee
n
the
gri
d
an
d
the
P
V
sy
ste
m
in
t
he
presence
,
or
a
bse
nce
of
local
l
oads
w
hile
ta
kin
g
i
nto
c
on
si
de
rati
on
the
operati
on
a
t
diff
e
ren
t
le
ve
ls
of
s
olar
ir
ra
diances
.
The
I
PM
S
de
velo
pe
d
in
this
pa
per
has
al
s
o
bee
n
ta
sk
ed
to
re
gula
te
the
am
ount
of
re
act
ive
po
wer
t
o
be
injec
te
d
or
ab
sorbe
d
by
t
he
i
nv
e
rter
in
order
to
me
et
gr
i
d
sta
nd
a
rds in
ter
ms
of
powe
r fa
ct
or
a
nd c
urrent
THD r
e
quire
ments.
The
w
ork
pr
e
s
ented
i
n
t
his
pa
per
is
organ
iz
ed
as
f
ollo
ws:
Sect
ion
2
pre
s
ents
re
searc
h
method
an
d
theo
reti
cal
ba
ckgr
ound
of
the
pro
pose
d
sy
ste
m,
Sec
ti
on
3
prese
nts
the
sim
ul
at
ion
re
su
lt
s
(u
si
ng
M
A
TLAB/Si
m
ulink)
of
t
he
s
ys
te
m
un
der
in
vestigat
io
n,
an
d
la
stl
y,
t
he
c
oncl
us
i
on
of
the
syst
em
pe
rformanc
e
is pr
e
sente
d
in
sect
ion
4.
2.
RESEA
R
CH MET
HO
D
Figure
1
show
s
the
topolo
gy
of
the
PV
gr
i
d
-
co
nnect
ed
c
onver
te
r
s
ys
te
m
consi
der
e
d
in
t
his
w
ork.
It
include
s
a
sin
gle
-
ph
ase
in
ve
rter
(w
it
h
uni
pola
r
PWM
swi
tc
hin
g)
fe
d
by
PV
s
ys
te
m,
a
n
LCL
filt
er,
a
local
load, util
it
y gr
i
d
e
qu
i
valent
m
od
el
,
an
d
t
he
i
nv
e
rter c
ontr
ol unit
emb
e
dde
d
in
the
IPMS
.
2.1.
Th
e
p
owe
r
calcula
t
or a
nd MPPT
algorithm
In
Fi
gure
1,
th
e
ref
er
ence
power
(
∗
)
represe
nt
s
the
amo
un
t
of
powe
r
avail
able
from
PV
pan
el
s
,
an
d
it
is
cal
culat
ed
us
in
g
M
axim
um
Powe
r
Po
i
nt
Track
i
ng
(
M
P
PT)
wh
e
n
the
s
ys
te
m
is
ope
rati
ng
with
no
rea
ct
ive
powe
r
c
ompen
sat
ion
,
i.e.
at
unit
y
powe
r
fact
or.
T
he
act
ive
and
reacti
ve
powe
rs
(PQ)
cal
c
ulator
will
ex
amin
e
the
reacti
ve
powe
r
co
mp
e
nsa
ti
on
re
qu
i
rem
ents
by
t
he
gr
id
a
nd
t
he
loa
d;
a
nd
i
f
t
her
e
is
a
reacti
ve
powe
r
dema
nd
(i
.e.
≠
0
)
,
then
the
V
A
c
apacit
y
of
the
inv
e
rter
t
og
et
he
r
with
t
he
po
wer
fact
or
re
quireme
nts
will
determi
ne
the
amo
un
t
of
re
al
powe
r
s
uppli
ed
to
the
gri
d
and
loa
d.
De
ra
ti
ng
of
real
po
wer
ma
y
become
a
requireme
nt
if
the
VA
ca
pacit
y
of
t
he
in
ver
t
er
is
e
xceed
e
d.
O
n
the
oth
e
r
hand,
if
the
re
is
no
reacti
ve
powe
r
com
pensat
ion
requireme
nt
(i.
e.
=
0
),
t
hen
M
P
P
T
operati
on
is
mainta
ine
d
.
I
n
ei
ther
case,
if
∗
exceed
s
th
e
local
loa
d pow
er
dema
nd
s
(
),
then
t
he bala
nc
e pow
e
r wil
l b
e injec
te
d
i
nto
the grid
(
).
The
am
ount
of
gr
i
d
injec
te
d
powe
r
(
)
w
il
l
be
c
ompa
r
ed
with
half
the
rated
pow
er
of
t
he
inv
e
rter
(
0
.
5
)
,
an
d
if
>
0
.
5
,
the
n
reacti
ve
powe
r
co
mp
e
ns
at
io
n
mig
ht b
eco
me
a requi
reme
nt
as
in
I
EC6
1727
s
ta
nd
a
rd
s
[
6].
T
her
e
fore,
in
th
e
pro
pose
d
P
Q
cal
culat
or
the
am
ount
of
po
wer
sup
plied
by
t
he
conve
rter
ca
n
be
op
ti
onal
ly
adjuste
d
(acc
ordi
ng
t
o
gr
id
conditi
ons
e.
g.
volt
age
a
nd
f
reque
ncy)
to
a
ll
ow
reacti
ve power
inject
ion
,
if re
qu
i
red. T
he
am
ounts
of
acti
ve a
nd r
eact
ive
po
wer
sup
plied t
o gr
id
are
c
ontr
olled
to
sat
isfy
t
he
powe
r
fact
or
c
on
st
raints
ma
ndat
ed
by
gri
d
sta
nd
a
rds.
At
al
l
the
ti
mes,
the
P
Q
cal
culat
or
wi
ll
ascerta
in
that
t
otal
ap
par
e
nt
powe
r
s
upplied
to
the
loa
d
a
nd
the
gri
d
do
e
sn
’t
e
xcee
d
th
e
inv
e
rter’s
rat
ing
i
n
accor
da
nce
with
(1):
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
Direct
control
of a
ct
iv
e
and r
eacti
ve p
ower f
or
a grid
-
c
onne
ct
ed
sin
gle
-
ph
as
e
…
(
Ey
ad R
ad
w
an
)
141
=
+
(1)
Wh
e
re
is
the
i
nv
e
rter
avail
a
bl
e
V
A
ca
pacit
y,
=
√
2
+
2
:
is
the
loa
d
VA
dema
nd,
a
nd
=
√
2
+
2
:
is
s
urplus
V
A
sup
plied
t
o
the
gr
id
.
For
exa
mp
le
,
t
o
mainta
in
the
gr
i
d
powe
r
fa
ct
or
at
0.9
wh
e
n
>
0
.
5
, and w
hile react
ive
pow
er c
ompensati
on is
require
d, then:
∗
=
0
.
484
∗
(2)
Wh
e
re
∗
∗
are
res
pecti
vely
,
the
comma
nded
gr
id
act
ive
an
d
r
eact
ive
powe
rs
,
The
refore
,
th
e
amo
un
t
of
act
ive
powe
r
t
o
be
delive
re
d
t
o
t
he
gri
d
ca
n
be
a
dju
ste
d
or
de
-
r
at
ed
(conside
ri
ng
the
in
ve
rter
’s
V
A
rati
ng,
)
as,
∗
=
−
√
2
+
2
√
1
.
23
4
(3)
W
he
re
P
MPP
i
s
the
ma
xim
um
powe
r
a
vai
la
ble
f
r
om
the
P
V
sy
ste
m
.
Ba
sed
on
(
2)
and
(3),
the
inv
e
rter’
s
com
man
ded in
pu
t
act
ive pow
e
r
(
∗
) a
nd r
eact
ive
po
wer (
∗
)
are
deter
mined as,
∗
=
+
∗
(4)
∗
=
±
∗
(5)
Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4
L
fi
r
g
C
f
C
dc
S
w
1
L
o
a
d
v
g
L
g
P
WM
G
e
n
e
r
at
or
D
Q
T
r
an
s
.
P
Q
c
al
c
.
d
r
e
gu
l
at
or
u
x
r
e
gu
l
at
or
i
dc
v
dc
i
iv
i
l
v
pc
c
i
g
F
i
l
t
e
r
P
L
L
&
M
H
D
C
d
*
P*
M
P
P
T
Q*
(
O
pt
i
on
al
adj
u
s
t
m
e
n
t
)
I
P
M
S
L
fg
D
v
i
Figure
1. Str
uc
ture of
the
pro
po
s
ed
sin
gle
-
phase
gr
i
d
-
c
onne
ct
ed
P
V
s
ys
te
m
On
t
he
ot
her
hand,
i
f
the
a
moun
t
of
pow
er
sup
plied
to
the
gri
d
is
le
ss
than
t
he
in
ver
te
r
’s
hal
f
capaci
ty
i.e
.
<
0
.
5
,
t
hen
the
reacti
ve
powe
r
c
omp
ensati
on
is
t
urned
off
,
a
nd
th
e
am
ount
of
re
act
ive
powe
r
sup
plied
by
the
i
nv
e
r
te
r
is
on
l
y
li
mit
e
d
to
meet
th
e
local
load
de
man
ds
.
N
ote
that
the
gri
d
r
eact
ive
powe
r
com
pe
nsa
ti
on
can
be
opti
on
al
ly
s
et
to
zero
(
∗
=
0
),
e
ve
n
wh
e
n
>
0
.
5
,
an
d
this
correspo
nds
to
∗
=
in case
of
M
PP
T
op
e
rati
on is
require
d.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
12
, N
o.
1
,
Ma
rch
20
21
:
139
–
150
142
To
guara
ntee
t
hat
ma
xim
u
m
powe
r
is
bein
g
extracte
d
fro
m
a
PV
ar
ray
and
tra
ns
fe
rr
e
d
to
gr
i
d/
loa
d
sy
ste
m
at
al
l
t
imes,
MPPT
c
on
t
ro
l
al
gorith
ms
are
usual
ly
us
ed
for
this
purpose
.
I
n
r
ecent
yea
rs,
a
la
rge
numb
e
r
of
MPPT
te
ch
niqu
es
ha
ve
been
pro
po
s
ed
f
or
trackin
g
t
he
maxim
um
powe
r
po
i
nt.
P
rop
os
ed
te
chn
iq
ues
vary
in
te
rm
s
of
com
plexity
,
accurac
y,
e
ff
ic
ie
ncy,
an
d
hard
war
e
require
m
ents.
Cl
assic
al
M
PP
T
te
chn
iq
ues
s
uc
h
a
s;
Pe
rtu
rb
a
nd
Obser
ve
(P&O
),
I
ncr
e
men
ta
l
Cond
uctanc
e
(
IC),
a
nd
Ri
pple
C
orrelat
ion
(RC)
methods
a
re
de
emed
t
o
be
s
uitable
an
d
pr
a
ct
ic
al
[2
2].
A
com
pr
e
he
ns
ive
evaluati
on
of
M
PP
T
un
der
t
he
E
N
50530 d
ynami
c test
p
r
oce
dur
e can be
f
ound
in [2
3]
.
In
t
his
stu
dy,
P
&O
te
ch
nique is
us
ed
t
o
the
t
rack
t
he
ma
ximu
m pow
e
r
point
of
a PV
a
rray.
T
he
ar
ra
y
us
e
d
in
this
st
udy
is
c
on
Fig
ure
d
us
i
ng
one
pa
rall
el
string
w
it
h
14
se
ries
-
c
onnected
m
od
ules
per
strin
g.
The
I
-
V
an
d
P
-
V
ch
aracte
risti
cs
of
the
P
V
ar
ray
for
diff
e
ren
t
le
vels
of
so
la
r
irrad
ia
nce
a
nd
un
der
a
co
nst
ant
te
mp
erat
ur
e
of
25
are s
how
n
i
n
Figure
s
2(a) a
nd
2(b),
resp
ect
i
vely.
(
a)
(b)
Figure
2. P
ho
t
ovoltai
c ar
ray
char
act
e
risti
cs:
(
a)
I
-
V
ch
a
ract
erist
ic
s f
or
varyin
g
ir
rad
ia
nce
(b)
P
-
V
char
act
e
risti
cs f
or
varyin
g
ir
ra
diance
The
M
PPT
will
be
mainta
ine
d
f
or
un
it
y
PF
op
e
rati
on,
ho
w
ever,
if
the
rea
ct
ive
power
c
ompe
ns
at
io
n
is
require
d,
t
he
n
the
t
otal
ap
par
e
nt
po
wer
(
VA)
dema
nd
is
exami
ned
to
ens
ur
e
t
hat
it
doesn
’t
exc
ee
d
the
inv
e
rter’
s
rati
ng.
I
n
case
the
VA
dema
nds
e
xceed
t
he
i
nv
e
rter’
s
rati
ngs,
the
ma
ximum
powe
r
point
ope
rati
on
is
de
-
rate
d
as
i
n
(3)
an
d
the
M
PP
T
al
gorith
m
is
disa
bled;
oth
e
rw
ise
,
op
e
rati
on
is
maint
ai
ned
at
M
PP
T
.
It
ha
s
to
be
em
phasi
zed
that
that
derat
ing
will
only
occ
ur
if
t
he
P
V
a
rr
a
y
is
s
ubje
ct
ed
to
ma
ximu
m
s
ola
r
ir
ra
diance
,
and
th
us
the
inv
e
rter
is
op
e
rati
ng
ne
ar
f
ull
capaci
ty.
Re
searche
rs
in
[
24]
pro
posed
an
a
dvance
d
Powe
r
Re
serv
e
C
ontr
ol
(P
RC
)
that
e
nab
le
s
t
he
P
V
sy
ste
m
to
oper
at
e
at
po
int
with
a
c
ur
ta
il
ed
powe
r
le
vel
i
n
orde
r
to
reali
ze p
otentia
l gr
i
d
s
upport
.
Figure
3
s
how
the
Sim
ulin
k
impleme
ntati
on
of
t
he
M
PP
T
us
i
ng
P&
O
te
chn
iq
ue
a
nd
the
DC
li
nk
vo
lt
age
re
gula
tor.
The
re
fere
nce
vo
lt
age
f
or
t
he
DC
li
nk
vo
lt
age
can
ei
ther
be
ob
t
ai
ned
from
th
e
P&
O
al
gorithm
for
op
e
rati
on
at
MPPT,
or
from
a
pr
e
deter
mine
d
fixe
d
DC
ref
e
ren
ce
value
f
or
de
-
rati
ng
of
th
e
PV
powe
r.
T
he D
C l
ink
volt
age
regulat
or is a
P
I
re
gula
tor
w
it
h para
mete
r
=
200
,
a
nd
=
12
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
Direct
control
of a
ct
iv
e
and r
eacti
ve p
ower f
or
a grid
-
c
onne
ct
ed
sin
gle
-
ph
as
e
…
(
Ey
ad R
ad
w
an
)
143
Figure
3. Sim
ul
ink
im
pleme
ntati
on
of MPPT
and
DC li
nk
volt
age c
on
t
ro
ll
er
2.2. Po
wer
angle (
d
)
reg
ula
t
or
The
act
ive
po
wer
f
r
om
the
inv
e
rter
to
the
gr
i
d
i
n
ste
a
dy
sta
te
(w
it
h
i
nducto
r
resist
anc
es
ig
nore
d)
i
s
giv
e
n
as
[13],
=
2
sin
(
)
≈
2
(6)
Wh
e
re
are r
esp
ect
ively
the p
e
ak
vo
lt
age
of
i
nv
e
rter
a
nd g
ri
d,
i
s
the r
eact
ance o
f
t
he
li
ne
total
inducta
nc
e,
is
the pow
e
r
an
gle
a
nd
f
or small
,
sin
(
)
≈
.
The
in
ver
te
r
p
ower
a
ng
le
is
adj
us
te
d
us
in
g
a
PI
r
eg
ulator
that
operates
on
t
he
er
r
or
betwee
n
the
r
efere
nce
powe
r
(
)
an
d
the
inv
e
rter
’s
out
put
powe
r
(
)
.
The
D
C
li
nk
cu
rr
e
nt
is
filt
ere
d
a
nd
regulat
ed
by
co
ntr
olli
ng
th
e
po
wer
an
gle
(
d
)
to
trac
k
t
he
ref
e
ren
ce
po
we
r
c
om
ma
nd as
sh
ow
n
in
Fi
gur
e
4.
Figure
4. P
ow
e
r
a
ng
le
regulat
or.
With
the
ass
umpti
on
th
at
th
e
inv
e
rter
is
lo
ssless,
the
inst
antane
ous
po
w
er
balance
at
t
he
in
put
an
d
ou
t
pu
t
sides
of
the in
ver
te
r
ca
n be e
xpresse
d as,
(
)
=
(
)
(7)
Wh
e
re
(
)
and
(
)
are
the
in
ve
rter’
s
i
ns
ta
nta
neous
input
DC
an
d
outp
ut
AC
powe
r.
Usi
ng
the
sp
ace
vecto
r re
pr
ese
ntati
on
of the circ
uit i
n
F
igure
5; the
n (7) ca
n be
wr
it
te
n
as
,
(
)
(
)
=
(
)
(
)
+
(
)
(
)
2
(8)
Wh
e
re:
,
an
d
,
:
are
re
sp
ect
ivel
y,
t
he
direct
(
D)
a
nd
qu
a
dra
ture
(Q)
c
omp
on
e
nts
of
the
inv
e
rter
vo
lt
a
ge
and c
urren
t
s
pace
vecto
rs.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
12
, N
o.
1
,
Ma
rch
20
21
:
139
–
150
144
(a)
(b)
Figure
5. Mo
de
l of space
v
e
c
tor rep
rese
ntati
on of
gr
i
d
-
c
on
nected i
nverter
: (a) Eq
uiv
al
e
nt
circuit o
f gr
i
d
connecte
d i
nve
rter,
a
nd
(b)
S
pa
ce vect
or
re
presentat
ion.
Fr
om
Fi
gure
5(
a),
t
he
sta
te
s
pa
ce eq
uatio
ns
of the i
nv
e
rter
vo
lt
age
s a
nd c
urren
ts
can
b
e
expresse
d
as
,
(
)
=
(
)
+
(
)
+
(
+
)
(
)
(9)
wh
e
re
=
/
(is
the
dif
fer
e
ntial
operat
or),
is
angular
fr
e
quen
cy
of
t
he
gri
d,
rg
:
is
t
he
li
ne
equ
i
valent
resi
sta
nce,
=
+
:
is
the
li
ne
total
i
nduct
ance,
(
)
:
is
the
i
nverter
c
urren
t
vecto
r,
(
)
a
nd
(
)
:
are
res
pecti
ve
ly
the
gr
i
d
a
nd
in
ver
te
r
vo
lt
age
s
pace
vector
s
.
T
he
DQ
c
ompone
nts
of
the
volt
ages
a
nd
currents
can
th
en be
ob
ta
in
ed
as,
(
)
=
(
)
+
(
+
)
(
)
−
(
)
(10)
(
)
=
(
)
+
(
+
)
(
)
+
(
)
(11)
If
the
DC
li
nk
volt
age
in
(
8)
is
ass
um
e
d
to
be
c
on
sta
nt,
the
n
(
8)
c
an
be
li
nea
riz
ed
ar
ound
an
op
e
rati
ng
po
i
nt as,
∆
(
)
=
∆
(
)
+
∆
(
)
+
∆
(
)
+
∆
(
)
2
(12)
If
t
he
gr
id
is
a
ssu
me
d
c
onsta
nt
(
vo
lt
a
ge
a
nd
fr
e
quenc
y),
a
nd
the
i
nv
e
rter
volt
age
is
si
nuso
i
dal;
the
n
li
near
iz
ing
(10
)
a
nd
(
11)
f
or
a
small
cha
ng
e
in
the
powe
r
a
ng
le
,
a
nd
s
ubsti
tuti
ng
in
(
8)
r
esults
in
a
li
near
model
t
hat
rel
at
es
the
res
po
ns
e
of
t
he
DC
-
li
nk
c
urren
t
to
t
he
cha
nge
i
n
t
he
po
wer
a
ng
le
as
gi
ven
in
the
trans
fer
f
un
ct
io
n
in
(1
3)
,
(
)
(
)
=
(
+
)
2
+
2
(13)
Wh
e
re,
s
is
t
he
Laplace
oper
at
or
,
=
2
2
and
it
de
pends
on
th
e
i
nv
e
rter
pa
rame
te
rs,
a
nd
is
the in
ver
te
r nomi
nal volt
age
.
2.3. Re
act
i
ve po
wer re
gu
la
t
or
The
reacti
ve
powe
r
flo
w
bet
ween
the
in
vert
er
an
d
the
gri
d
-
l
oad
s
ys
te
m
is
co
ntr
olled
by
regulat
in
g
the
inv
e
rter
outpu
t
volt
age.
A
gain,
i
f
the
power
a
ngle
is
small
,
the
reacti
ve
po
wer
flo
w
betwee
n
the
i
nv
e
rte
r
and the
gri
d
-
l
oa
d
s
ys
te
m is
g
i
ven as
[13
],
=
(
−
)
2
≈
2
(
−
)
(14)
In
ste
ad
y
sta
te
,
from
(
14),
t
he
reacti
ve
powe
r
fl
ow
is
relat
ed
to
t
he
vo
lt
ag
e
dif
fer
e
nce
be
tween
t
he
inv
e
rter
an
d
t
he
gri
d.
T
he
r
eact
ive
powe
r
regulat
ion
sc
heme
is
car
ried
out
by
re
gu
la
ti
ng
the
qua
dr
at
ur
e
com
pone
nt
of
the
inv
e
rter
c
urre
nt
(
),
to
tra
ck
the
ref
e
rence
value
(
∗
),
w
hich
c
orres
ponds
to
(
);
as
cal
culat
ed
fro
m
the
loa
d/grid
reacti
ve
po
wer
de
man
d
in
(5).
T
he
re
gu
la
to
r
will
c
on
ti
nu
ously
a
dj
us
t
the
inv
e
rter
ou
t
put v
oltage
by c
ontrolli
ng the
modu
la
ti
on in
de
x (
∆
)
accor
ding to
t
he
sc
heme
sho
wn in
Fig
ur
e
6.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
Direct
control
of a
ct
iv
e
and r
eacti
ve p
ower f
or
a grid
-
c
onne
ct
ed
sin
gle
-
ph
as
e
…
(
Ey
ad R
ad
w
an
)
145
Figure
6. I
nv
e
r
te
r
volt
age
re
gula
ti
on
.
The
reacti
ve
powe
r
res
pons
e
of
the
in
ver
te
r
to
a
cha
nge
i
n
the
in
ve
rter
ou
tpu
t
volt
age
ca
n
be
w
ritt
en
in
a
simi
la
r
m
a
nn
e
r
a
s
in
the
pr
e
vious
sect
io
n.
H
oweve
r,
th
is
ti
me,
ta
ki
ng
the
insta
ntane
ous
reacti
ve
po
wer
of
the
in
ver
te
r
in
the
D
Q
refe
re
nc
e
fr
a
me,
an
d
l
inearizi
ng
a
rou
nd
ope
rati
ng
volt
age
point,
t
he
tra
nsfer
f
unct
ion
can
be writt
en a
s,
∆
(
)
∆
(
)
=
1
(
+
)
2
+
2
(15)
Wh
e
re
1
=
and
it
d
epe
nds
on
t
he
inv
e
rter
par
a
mete
rs
.
T
he
pa
rameters
of
bo
th
PI
c
ontr
ollers
(u
se
d
in
the
inv
e
rter
po
wer
an
gle
a
nd
vo
lt
age
re
gula
ti
on
)
we
re
obta
ined
us
in
g
t
he
PI
t
un
e
r
pro
vi
ded
by
Simuli
nk.
2.4.
L
CL
filter desi
gn
An
LCL
filt
er
is
us
e
d
to
re
du
ce
t
he
high
-
orde
r
cu
rr
e
nt
ha
rm
onic
s
produce
d
by
the
in
ver
te
r
a
t
switc
hing
f
requen
c
y.
T
he
L
CL
filt
er
is
de
sign
e
d
us
i
ng
t
he
meth
odol
ogy
presente
d
in
[
25].
T
he
ma
ximu
m
value o
f
the
f
il
te
r
total
in
duct
ance
(
)
is gi
ven
as,
=
2
2
×
10%
(16)
Wh
e
re
is
the
gr
i
d
fr
e
quenc
y,
:
is
the
gri
d
volt
age,
an
d
is
the
rated
po
we
r
of
the
in
ve
rter.
The
filt
er
total
indu
ct
ance
is
sp
li
t
into
tw
o
par
ts:
on
e
at
the
in
ve
rter
side
(
),
a
nd
t
he
oth
e
r
one
at
the
gr
i
d
side
(
).
The
rati
o
betwee
n
the
t
wo
i
nducto
rs
dep
e
nds
on
t
he
desi
gn
paramet
ers
su
c
h
as
the
harm
onic
at
te
nu
at
io
n
rati
o,
filt
er
a
nd
i
n
ver
te
r
par
a
mete
rs
(f
il
te
r
c
apa
ci
tor,
;
Sw
it
chi
ng
f
re
qu
e
nc
y,
…)
a
s
s
pecifie
d
in [2
3]
.
3.
RESU
LT
S
AND DI
SCUS
S
ION
A
sim
ulati
on
s
tudy
us
in
g
MATL
AB/Si
mu
l
ink
has
bee
n
c
arr
ie
d
out
to
de
monstrate
the
eff
ect
ive
ness
of
the
pro
pose
d
c
ontrol
sc
he
me
in
ma
na
gin
g
act
ive
an
d
reacti
ve
powe
r
flo
w
f
rom
P
V
in
ver
te
r
to
th
e
local
load
a
nd
gr
i
d
s
ys
te
m.
T
he
par
a
mete
rs
of
the
P
V
in
vert
er
s
ys
te
m
are
gi
ve
n
i
n
Tab
le
1.
Since
th
e
s
olar
irrad
ia
ti
on
var
i
es
thr
ough
ou
t
the
da
y;
the
P
V
in
ver
te
r
s
ys
te
m
has
bee
n
s
imulat
ed
for
f
ull
an
d
lo
w
le
vels
o
f
so
la
r
i
rr
a
dianc
e.
Table
1.
Seci
fic
at
ion
s a
dopte
d for the
sim
ulate
d gr
i
d
-
c
onnec
te
d
P
V
-
i
nv
e
rter
Para
m
eter
Valu
e
Para
m
eter
Valu
e
Inv
erter
rated po
w
er
(
S
r
a
ted
)
2
k
VA
PW
M
Swit
ch
in
g
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
(
f
s
)
1
0
k
Hz
Filter
in
d
u
ctan
ces
(
L
fi
)
,
(
L
fg
)
1
3
.5 m
H,
6
m
H
Grid v
o
ltag
e
V
g
(r
m
s)
230V
Grid sid
e ind
u
ctan
ce (
L
fg
)
3
m
H
Grid f
requ
en
cy
(
f
g
)
5
0
Hz
Grid sid
e r
esis
tan
c
e (
r
g
)
2
.5Ω
Inv
erter
inp
u
t DC
v
o
ltag
e (
V
DC
)
400V
Filter
c
ap
acito
r
(
C
f
)
1
.0µ
F
Po
wer
an
g
le P
I
r
eg
u
lato
r
K
p
,
K
i
0
.00
2
,
2
.5
DC lin
k
Cap
acito
r
(
C
dc
)
2
0
0
0
µF
Reactiv
e po
wer
P
I
regu
lato
r
K
p
,
K
i
0
.01
,
5
3.1. Ful
l sol
ar i
rradian
ce
In
this
mode
of
operati
on,
t
he
inv
erte
r
syst
em
receives
t
he
rated
po
wer
from
the
PV
s
ys
te
m,
a
nd
therefo
re,
t
he
i
nv
e
rter ca
n del
iver near
full
or r
at
e
d power
to
the
grid a
nd/or
t
he
local
l
oa
d.
Fig
ur
e
7
s
ho
ws
the
current,
volt
ag
e,
act
ive
an
d
r
eact
ive
powe
r,
and
T
H
D
of
the
gri
d
c
urren
t
.
Fig
ur
e
7(
a
)
s
hows
the
wa
ve
forms
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
12
, N
o.
1
,
Ma
rch
20
21
:
139
–
150
146
for
the
i
nv
e
rter,
gr
id
an
d
lo
ad
cu
rr
e
nt,
a
nd
the
volt
age
at
the
PCC
.
T
he
s
ubplo
t
in
Figure
7(
a
)
s
hows
a
mag
nified
view
of
the
vo
lt
a
ge
a
nd
c
urre
nt
wa
vefo
rms.
T
he
act
ive
a
nd
r
eact
ive
po
wer
flo
ws
a
r
e
de
picte
d
in
Figure
7(b)
an
d
(c
)
resp
ect
i
ve
ly.
T
he
P
V
s
yst
em
is
simulat
ed
f
or
a
total
durati
on
of
2
se
conds
,
di
vid
e
d
into
5
intervals
(eac
h of 0
.4 sec
dura
ti
on
)
to
sim
ulat
e 5
dif
fer
e
nt
operati
ng con
diti
on
s
as e
xpla
ine
d belo
w:
Ar
ea
1:
(
0
t
<
0.4s
);
react
i
ve
powe
r
c
ompen
sat
ion
is
O
FF
a
nd
l
ocal
l
oad
is
OFF
(di
sconnected
from
t
he
PCC
)
.
I
n
this
mode
t
he
in
ver
te
r
is
s
upply
i
ng
it
s
m
aximum
power
to
the
gr
i
d,
a
nd
hen
ce
operat
ing
at
un
it
y PF e
mu
la
ti
ng
the
M
P
PT
o
pe
rati
on. In
a
rea 1,
Fig
ure
7(a) s
hows
t
hat
the inver
te
r
c
urren
t i
s in p
hase
w
it
h
the
volt
age
at
t
he
PCC
;
Fig
ure
7(b)
sho
ws
maxim
um
real
powe
r
is
bei
ng
supp
li
ed
t
o
th
e
gr
i
d;
an
d
Fi
gure
7(c)
sh
ows
zer
o
re
act
ive
po
wer
i
s
bei
ng
delive
red
to
t
he
gr
i
d.
T
he
a
nalysis
of
the
cu
rr
e
nt
TH
D
i
n
Fi
gure
8
(
a
)
sh
ows
that
it
is
sti
ll
in
com
pl
ia
nce
with
va
rio
us
inte
rn
at
i
on
al
sta
ndar
ds
.
Ar
ea
2:
(0.4
t
<
0.8s)
;
re
act
ive
powe
r
c
ompe
nsa
ti
on
is
O
N
(l
eadin
g
PF
)
a
nd
local
loa
d
is
OF
F
.
The
reac
ti
ve
power
c
ompe
ns
at
io
n
is
sel
ect
ed
to
ope
rate
the
i
nv
e
rter
at
0.9
l
eadin
g
P
F;
th
us,
in
ver
te
r
is
s
uppl
ying
real
an
d
r
eact
ive
pow
er
to
the
gr
i
d.
I
t
can
be
see
n
duri
ng
this
m
ode
of
op
e
rati
on
th
e
in
ver
te
r
’s
re
al
powe
r
has
been
de
-
rated,
as
in
Fi
gure
7(b),
to
accomm
odat
e t
he react
ive
power su
ppli
ed
t
o
the
grid
, as
i
n
Fi
gure
7(
c
).
Ar
ea 3: (
0.8
t
<
1.2s
);
reacti
ve
power
co
m
pensat
ion
is
O
N
(la
gg
i
ng
PF
)
an
d
local
l
oad is
OF
F
.
T
he
reacti
ve
powe
r
co
m
pen
sat
io
n
is
sel
ect
ed
to
ope
rate
t
he
i
nv
e
rter
at
0.9
la
ggin
g
PF;
t
hu
s
,
the
in
ver
t
er
is
su
ppl
ying
real
powe
r
an
d
abs
orbin
g
reacti
ve
power.
It
can
be
seen
du
rin
g
this
per
io
d
of
ti
me
the
inv
ert
er
has
de
-
rated
it
s
rea
l
outp
ut
power
to
al
l
ow
ab
sor
ption
of
reacti
ve
powe
r.
A
re
a
4:
(
1.2
t
<
1.6s)
;
reacti
ve
powe
r
com
pensat
ion
i
s
ON
a
nd
l
ocal
loa
d
is
O
N.
D
ur
i
ng
this
per
i
od
t
he
reacti
ve
po
wer
c
ompe
ns
at
io
n
will
not
ha
ve
any
e
ff
ect
s
on
the
in
ve
rter
op
erati
on
sin
ce
t
he
in
ver
te
r’
s
f
ul
l
capaci
ty
is
be
ing
util
iz
ed
to
su
ppl
y
t
he
l
oca
l
load
dema
nds
(acti
ve
a
nd
rea
ct
iv
e
powe
r)
a
nd
no
po
wer
is
de
li
ver
ed
to
the
gri
d.
A
rea
5:
(
1.6
t
<
2.
0s
);
t
he
op
e
rati
on dur
i
ng
t
his
ti
me
inte
r
val
is
sim
ulate
d
w
hen
th
e
i
nverter
is
s
uppl
yin
g
sim
ultane
ously
the
g
ri
d
a
nd
the
local
load
.
T
he
local
loa
d
in
a
rea
5
is
ste
ppe
d
dow
n
to
ap
prox
imat
el
y
hal
f
it
s
value
i
n
are
a
4,
th
us
the
in
ver
te
r
will
su
pply
power
to
t
he
gri
d
an
d
local
lo
ad
sim
ultaneo
us
ly
.
F
ig
ur
e
s
.
8
(
a
),
8
(
b
)
,
8
(
c
),
an
d
8
(
d
)
de
pict
the
THD
in
the
gri
d
c
urren
t
f
or
operati
on
i
n
a
re
as
1,
2,
3
a
nd
5,
res
pecti
vel
y.
The
c
urre
nt
T
HD
f
or
f
ull
irr
adiat
io
n
le
vel staye
d wit
hin
the
presc
ribed li
mit
s by
t
he
inte
rn
at
io
na
l st
and
a
rds.
(a)
(b)
(c)
Figure
7. Sim
ul
at
ion
r
es
ults
of
gr
id
-
c
onnecte
d
P
V
i
nv
e
rter
operati
ng
unde
r fu
ll
s
olar
ir
ra
diance: (a
)
C
urre
nt
and volt
age
sig
nals,
(b)
act
ive
pow
e
r, (c
)
rea
ct
ive pow
e
r
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
Direct
control
of a
ct
iv
e
and r
eacti
ve p
ower f
or
a grid
-
c
onne
ct
ed
sin
gle
-
ph
as
e
…
(
Ey
ad R
ad
w
an
)
147
(
a
)
(
b
)
(
c
)
(
d
)
Figure
8
.
Sim
ul
at
ion
r
es
ults
of
gr
id
-
c
onnecte
d
P
V
i
nv
e
rter
operati
ng
unde
r fu
ll
s
olar
ir
ra
diance c
urren
t
T
HD
for (
a
) u
nity, (
b
)
0.9 l
eadin
g,
(
c
) 0.
9
la
gg
i
ng
PF op
e
rati
on, (
d
)
power s
up
plied to g
rid
a
nd
load
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
12
, N
o.
1
,
Ma
rch
20
21
:
139
–
150
148
3.2.
L
ow s
ola
r
irradia
nce
In
the
sec
ond
c
ase,
the
sim
ulati
on
is
carrie
d
ou
t
to r
esem
bl
e
a
cl
ou
dy d
ay
or
w
eak
s
olar
i
rr
a
diance
as
dep
ic
te
d
in
Fi
gure
9
.
The
le
vel
of
ir
ra
diati
on
is
set
to
40
%,
th
us
t
he
in
ver
te
r
is
op
e
rat
ing
belo
w
one
-
half
it
s
rated
cap
aci
ty.
Howe
ver,
si
nc
e
the
in
ve
rt
er
is
op
e
rati
ng
bel
ow
one
-
half
th
e
rated
capaci
t
y,
the
reacti
ve
powe
r
com
pensat
ion
will
hav
e
no
e
f
fects
on
t
he
in
ver
te
r
po
wer
,
i.e.
no
de
-
rati
ng
of
t
he
real
powe
r
a
nd
the
r
eact
ive
powe
r
s
upplied
to
the
grid
is z
ero. T
he
P
V
i
nverter
ope
rati
on
has bee
n divi
d
ed
into
th
ree
areas,
su
c
h
as;
Ar
ea
1:
(
0
t
<
1.2s
);
reacti
ve
powe
r
co
m
pensat
ion
is
O
N/OFF
a
nd
t
he
local
loa
d
is
OF
F
.
D
ur
in
g
this
per
i
od
of
t
ime
the
inv
e
rter
sup
plies
on
l
y
real
po
wer
t
o
the
gri
d;
sin
ce
the
powe
r
s
upplied
to
t
he
gr
i
d
is
le
ss
tha
n
one
-
ha
lf
the
in
ver
te
r
’s
rated
capaci
ty,
no
reacti
ve
po
wer
is
s
uppl
ie
d
to
the
gri
d.
Fi
gure
9
(a
)
s
hows
that
the
i
nvert
er
c
urren
t
wa
ve
form
is
in
ph
ase
with
the
volt
age
at
t
he
P
CC
.
The
act
iv
e
an
d
reacti
ve
powe
r
flo
ws
a
re show
n resp
ect
ivel
y
i
n
Fi
gure
s
9
(b) a
nd
9
(c).
A
rea
2:
(
1.2
t<
1.6s
);
du
r
ing
t
his
m
od
e
,
the
in
ver
te
r
de
li
ver
s
al
l
it
s
avail
able
real
powe
r
to
t
he
load,
an
d
t
he
gri
d
s
upplies
t
he
balan
ce
of
t
he
load
real
po
wer
de
man
ds
.
Since
the
in
ve
rter’
s
capa
ci
ty
is
not
fu
ll
y
util
iz
ed,
the
in
ve
rter
s
up
plies
al
l
the
re
act
ive
po
wer
de
man
ded
by
th
e
load
,
a
nd
he
nce
th
e
gr
id
w
il
l
be
op
e
rati
ng
at
un
it
y
PF.
No
te
m
us
t
be
ta
ke
n
th
at
the
in
ve
rter
i
n
this
m
od
e
is
op
e
rati
ng
at
a
PF
belo
w
0.8;
wh
ic
h
impli
es
that
m
aximum
rati
o
of
t
he
reacti
ve
powe
r
(
Var
s
)
t
o
the
rated
a
pp
aren
t
pow
e
r
(
VA)
s
hould
be
100%
.
This
al
so
mea
ns
that
a
la
r
ger
cable
ma
y
nee
d
to
be
siz
e
d
if
it
is
antic
ipate
d
that
th
e
in
vert
er
will
be
ope
rati
ng
with a la
gg
i
ng
powe
r
fact
or [26].
Ar
ea
3:
(1.6
t
<
2.0s
);
the
operati
on
du
rin
g
t
his
ti
me
int
erv
al
is
sim
ula
te
d
wh
e
n
the
l
oad
is
bei
ng
su
ppli
ed
sim
ul
ta
neously
by
both
the
in
ver
te
r
a
nd
t
he
gri
d
since
t
he
a
mou
nt
of
r
eal
pow
er
a
vaila
ble
f
r
om
the
PV
s
ys
te
m
is
not s
uffici
ent to suppl
y
the
loca
l l
oad
powe
r d
eman
d.
Figure
9
(d)
de
picts
the
T
HD
in
the
gr
id
c
urren
t
w
he
n
the
PV
sys
te
m
is
op
e
rati
ng
at
ap
pro
ximate
ly
40%
of
it
s
rat
ed
ca
pacit
y.
It
can
be
obse
r
ved
that
the
c
urren
t
T
HD
sl
igh
tl
y
e
xceed
s
the
pr
esc
ribe
d
li
mit
s
(>5
%
);
wh
ic
h
i
s one
of the
ma
jor dr
a
w
backs
repor
te
d for lo
w
le
vels
of s
ol
ar ir
rad
ia
nce
[27], [2
8].
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Figure
9
.
Sim
ul
at
ion
r
es
ults
of
gr
id
-
c
onnecte
d
P
V
i
nv
e
rter
operati
ng
unde
r 40% s
olar
ir
ra
diance:
(a) C
ur
ren
t
and volt
age
sig
nals,
(b)
act
ive
pow
e
r, (c
)
rea
ct
ive pow
e
r, cu
rr
e
nt T
HD f
or
(d) un
it
y PF
40
% loa
d op
e
rati
on
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.