In
te
r
n
ation
a
l Jou
rn
al
o
f Po
we
r
Elec
tron
ic
s an
d
D
r
ive S
y
stem
(IJ
PED
S
)
V
o
l.
11, N
o.
1, Mar
ch 20
20,
p
p.
200~
2
1
2
IS
S
N
: 2088-
86
94,
D
O
I
:
10.11
59
1
/ij
ped
s
.
v11
.
i
1.pp
2
00-
21
2
200
Jou
rn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
:
ht
tp:
//i
j
p
eds.i
a
esco
re
.com
Efficiency comparison
of capacitive wirel
es
s power tra
n
sfer for
d
i
fferent materials
F.
K.
A.
R
ahman
1
, S
.
S
aat
2
,
A. Khafe
3
, Y
. Y
u
s
op
4
,
S
.
H.
Husin
5
,
M
.
H
.
J
a
m
a
l
u
d
d
i
n
6
1
,
2,
3,
4,
5
Centre
f
o
r
Tel
ecomm
unicat
io
n
Res
e
arch
& In
nov
ati
o
n
,
Univ
e
rsi
t
i
Tek
n
ik
a
l
Mal
ays
i
a M
e
lak
a
(UT
eM
), M
ala
y
si
a
6
Dep
a
rtm
e
nt of Elect
rical
En
g
i
n
eer
in
g,
U
nivers
iti T
e
kn
olo
g
i
M
a
la
ysia
,
Ma
la
ysia
Art
i
cl
e In
fo
ABSTRACT
A
r
tic
le hist
o
r
y
:
Re
ce
i
v
e
d
A
pr 8,
201
9
Re
vise
d A
ug
1
4
,
201
9
A
c
c
e
pte
d
N
ov 3,
201
9
Th
is
p
a
p
er
d
escrib
es
t
h
e
a
pp
li
c
a
ti
on
o
f
s
ev
era
l
t
yp
es
o
f
m
a
t
e
ri
als
t
o
act
a
s
capa
c
i
tiv
e
p
l
ates
i
n
a
Ca
p
acit
i
v
e
P
ow
er
T
ran
s
f
e
r
(CP
T
)
sy
s
t
em
.
In
g
ener
al
,
th
e
ef
fici
ency
o
f
CPT
sy
st
em
i
s
great
ly
i
n
f
lu
enced
by
t
h
e
cou
p
l
in
g
capa
c
i
t
ance
w
h
ich
i
s
v
ari
e
d
b
y
d
istan
ces
a
nd
p
erm
i
tt
ivity
val
u
e
s
.
T
h
u
s
,
t
h
i
s
pap
e
r
in
ten
d
ed
t
o
com
p
are
th
e
p
e
rf
o
r
man
ce
of
C
P
T
s
ystem
i
n
t
e
r
m
s
of
t
he
ou
tp
ut
e
ffici
e
n
cy f
or
s
everal t
y
p
e
s
of
cap
aci
t
i
ve pl
a
t
e
s.
T
o
be
speci
fic, copp
er
p
l
a
t
e
,
z
i
n
c
,
a
n
d
a
l
u
m
i
n
i
u
m
a
r
e
u
s
e
d
i
n
t
h
i
s
w
o
r
k
t
o
a
c
t
a
s
c
o
u
p
l
i
ng
p
lat
e
s
to
the
CP
T
sys
t
em.
The
CPT
sy
ste
m
i
n
thi
s
w
ork
a
ppl
ied
class
E
inv
ert
e
r
as
it
has
lowest
swit
c
hi
ng
l
osses
am
o
n
g
i
t
s
com
p
etit
o
r
s,
i
.e.
class
D
a
n
d
c
l
a
s
s
F
.
Th
e
wo
rk
i
s
vali
dat
e
d
t
h
ro
ug
h
e
x
perim
e
n
t
al
s
et
u
p
o
f
CP
T
sy
st
em
in
w
hich
cop
p
er m
at
eri
a
l prov
id
es t
he b
est effici
e
n
cy
o
f t
h
e s
y
stem.
K
eyw
ord
s
:
Al
u
m
in
iu
m ma
t
e
ri
al
Ca
pac
i
t
i
ve
p
o
w
e
r
tr
a
nsfer
C
l
as
s E co
nv
ert
e
r
Cop
p
e
r
m
ater
ial
Zinc m
aterial
Th
is
is a
n
o
p
en acces
s a
r
ti
cle u
n
d
e
r t
h
e
CC
B
Y
-S
A
li
cens
e
.
Corres
pon
d
i
n
g
Au
th
or:
Shaki
r
S
aat,
F
a
cult
y
o
f
E
l
e
c
t
ro
nic
an
d C
o
mputer
En
g
i
ne
er
i
n
g,
U
n
i
v
ersi
ti
T
e
k
ni
ka
l Ma
la
ysia
M
ela
k
a,
H
a
ng
Tua
h
Ja
y
a,
7610
0 D
u
ria
n
T
u
n
g
g
a
l
Mel
aka
,
M
a
l
a
y
sia.
Em
ail:
sha
k
i
r
@u
t
e
m.
edu.
my
1.
I
N
TR
OD
U
C
TI
O
N
Wi
r
e
less
P
o
w
e
r
Tra
n
sfer
r
e
s
e
a
rc
hes
ha
v
e
b
e
e
n
g
o
in
g
on
for
mult
i
p
l
e
de
ca
de
s.
T
he
m
ajor
con
t
ri
b
u
ti
on
of
t
his
a
r
ea
m
ad
e
by
In
d
u
c
t
i
v
e
P
o
w
e
r
Transfe
r
(IP
T
)
w
h
ich
im
pl
e
m
e
n
t
th
e
usa
g
e
o
f
m
agne
t
i
cs
(in
duc
t
o
rs
o
r
core
s)
[
1-3]
.
O
t
he
r
t
h
an
I
P
T
,
Ca
paci
t
i
ve
P
o
w
er
T
r
ansfe
r
(
CP
T)
a
nd
A
c
o
u
s
t
i
c
E
ner
g
y
T
r
ansfer
(AET)
a
re
a
lso
available
[4-6].
C
PT
h
as
b
een
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
ma
j
o
r
r
esea
rche
s
in
b
uil
d
in
g
s
u
sta
i
na
b
l
e
en
g
i
n
eer
i
n
g
syste
m
now
a
d
ays,
a
s
par
t
o
f
the
e
n
c
ourag
i
n
g
de
ve
l
o
pm
en
t
of
w
ire
l
e
ss
powe
r
t
ra
n
s
f
e
r
du
e
t
o
i
t
s
s
t
r
ong
a
nti
-
in
t
e
rfe
r
enc
e
a
b
ili
ty
o
f
the
m
a
gne
t
i
c
fiel
d
[
7
].
T
he
m
ost
si
g
n
i
f
i
c
ant
di
ff
eren
ce
o
f
t
h
es
e
typ
e
s
of
w
i
r
e
l
e
s
s
p
o
we
r
trans
f
e
r
s
yst
e
m
is
i
n
term
s
of
t
he
c
ou
p
l
in
g
be
tw
een
t
ra
nsmi
tter
a
n
d
r
e
c
e
i
v
e
r
s
i
d
e
i
n
w
h
i
c
h
C
P
T
u
s
e
s
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
fie
l
d
pr
o
p
a
g
at
i
on [8,
9]
w
hi
le
IP
T
uses ma
gn
e
t
i
c
f
i
e
l
d
tran
s
fe
r
[1
0
, 11]
a
n
d
p
ro
pa
gat
i
on of s
o
u
n
d
w
ave
s
is
t
h
e
me
tho
d
u
se
d i
n
A
ET [12,
13].
Desp
i
t
e
o
f
it
s
re
l
i
a
b
ili
ty
,
th
e
IP
T
syst
em
i
s
having
w
eaknesses
w
h
i
c
h
i
s
u
n
a
b
l
e
t
o
p
e
n
e
t
r
a
t
e
m
e
t
a
l
sh
i
e
ld
in
g
due
t
o
low
a
n
ti-i
n
te
rfere
nce
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
o
f
t
he
m
a
gne
t
i
c
fie
l
d,
a
n
d
a
lso
l
a
rge
r
e
d
dy
cur
r
ent
pro
duc
e
d
b
y
IP
T thus i
nd
i
c
a
t
e h
i
ghe
r los
s
e
s
[1
4
]. These
i
ssue
s
ar
e
t
he
n e
n
h
a
n
c
e
d
b
y
implem
en
t
i
ng CP
T ap
proa
ch. In
CP
T,
st
r
o
ng
a
n
ti-
int
e
rfe
r
ence
i
s
a
b
le
t
o
r
e
d
u
ce
e
n
e
r
gy
l
o
ss
a
n
d
e
lec
t
r
o
m
ag
n
e
ti
c
i
n
t
e
rf
ere
n
ce
,
a
p
a
rt
f
ro
m
en
ab
li
n
g
the
pa
rt
i
c
ul
a
r
d
e
v
i
c
e
t
o
w
ork
in
s
at
ura
t
e
d
o
r
inte
nse
m
a
g
n
e
tic
fiel
ds
e
n
v
i
r
onm
en
t.
T
he
b
a
s
ic
i
dea
of
a
C
P
T
syste
m
i
s
as show
n
in
F
igure
1.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
E
l
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
IS
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
Ef
fi
c
i
e
n
cy
com
par
is
o
n
of c
a
p
a
c
i
t
i
ve
w
i
re
l
e
s
s
po
we
r tr
ansf
e
r
f
o
r
d
i
f
f
ere
n
t
m
a
t
e
r
i
als (
F
. K.
A.
Rahm
an)
20
1
F
i
gure
1.
B
a
s
ic
C
P
T
S
ystem
w
i
t
h
bi
p
ol
a
r
c
o
n
fi
gurat
i
o
n
F
r
om
F
igure
1,
C
P
T
s
y
s
t
e
m
c
o
n
s
is
ts
o
f
tw
o
ma
jor
parts
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
t
he
t
ransm
i
t
t
i
n
g
uni
t
an
d
t
h
e
rec
e
iv
in
g
uni
t
and
is
s
e
p
ar
ate
d
b
y
a
m
e
d
i
um
i
.
e
.
air/
s
k
i
n/
p
ap
e
r
/
etc.
B
u
i
ld
ing
CPT
s
y
st
em
by
u
s
i
n
g
cl
ass
E
in
verter
i
s, at
t
h
e m
o
me
nt
,
t
h
e most rel
iab
l
e
me
t
h
o
d
for h
i
g
he
r
fre
q
u
e
n
c
y
app
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s [13-
15].
O
n
to
p
of tha
t,
t
h
i
s
t
yp
e
of
i
nve
rt
e
r
i
s
al
s
o
u
se
d
b
e
c
a
u
s
e
of
i
t
s
s
i
m
pl
e
to
p
o
lo
g
y
a
n
d
t
he ab
i
l
ity t
o ac
hi
e
v
e
ve
ry hig
h eff
i
c
i
enc
y
in
r
e
t
urn.
T
his is
d
ue to
t
h
e
Z
e
r
o
-
V
olt
a
ge
S
w
itc
hi
n
g
(
Z
V
S)
c
ha
r
ac
t
e
ristic
s
of
c
lass
E
w
h
ich is
a
b
l
e
t
o
p
r
o
d
u
c
e
1
0
0
%
swit
c
hing
c
o
ndi
tio
n
[16].
The
m
o
st
c
om
m
on
co
nf
igur
a
tio
n fo
u
nd in pr
e
vi
ous
w
ork
s
is t
h
at t
he C
1
a
nd C
2
are
loca
te
d
pa
ral
l
e
l
t
o
ea
ch
o
t
h
e
r
t
o
form
b
i
p
o
l
ar
c
o
n
fi
gura
t
i
o
n
[1
7]
w
hic
h
c
o
n
sists
of
t
w
o
s
e
t
s
o
f
t
r
a
n
s
m
i
t
t
e
r
a
n
d
r
e
c
e
i
v
e
r
p
l
a
t
e
s
[1
4,
18,
19]
.
The
transm
it
ter
pla
t
es
h
ave
be
e
n
d
ri
ve
n
by
a
hi
gh
f
r
e
que
nc
y
inve
r
t
er
w
i
t
h
a
180-de
g
r
ee
pha
se
di
ffe
re
nce
by
a
hi
gh
a
l
te
r
n
at
i
n
g
v
o
l
t
a
g
e.
T
he
r
ece
iv
e
r
p
la
tes,
on
t
h
e
o
t
her
hand
s,
a
re
c
onn
e
c
ted
t
o
t
he
l
oa
d.
I
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
,
w
h
e
n
o
n
e
p
ri
ma
ry
p
l
a
t
e
i
s
po
s
itiv
e
l
y
ch
a
r
g
e
d
,
t
h
e
o
t
h
e
r
p
r
i
m
a
r
y
p
l
a
t
e
h
a
s
a
n
e
g
a
t
i
v
e
c
h
a
r
g
e
a
n
d
there
f
ore
ph
a
s
e
a
lter
i
ng
p
o
t
e
n
t
i
a
l
s
e
x
ists
t
h
e
r
e
.
A
n
a
lterna
t
i
n
g
e
l
e
c
tr
ic
f
ie
l
d
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
t
h
i
s
proce
ss
c
a
use
d
pow
er
to be
d
e
l
i
v
ere
d
t
o t
h
e
loa
d
.
A
p
a
r
t
from
i
t
s
adva
n
t
age
s
,
C
P
T
is
c
urr
e
nt
ly
h
av
i
ng
m
a
j
o
r
i
s
s
u
e
rega
rd
in
g
t
h
e
ou
t
p
u
t
e
f
f
ic
ie
nc
y
a
s
separ
a
t
i
on
dis
t
a
n
ce
i
s
i
n
cre
a
sing.
I
n
the
pre
v
i
o
us
w
ork
[2
0
]
,
t
h
e
g
a
p
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
t
h
e
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
i
v
e
c
o
u
p
l
i
n
g
n
e
e
d
t
o
be
l
esser
th
a
n
1
m
m
for
basi
c
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
c
o
nfig
u
r
at
io
n
w
i
t
h
c
l
a
ss
E
i
nver
t
er
i
n
or
de
r
t
o
a
c
h
ie
ve
e
ffi
c
i
e
n
c
y
o
f
98.4
4
%.
B
es
id
e
s
,
ther
e
wa
s
als
o
a
g
a
p
d
istanc
e
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
w
hic
h
c
o
n
c
l
u
d
ed
t
hat
a
s
d
ista
nc
e
i
n
cr
eas
e
s
,
the
e
ffi
c
i
en
cy
o
f
the
sy
st
em i
s
t
r
e
m
e
n
d
o
u
s
ly
d
e
c
re
as
es ex
p
on
e
n
t
i
all
y.
Th
is
w
or
k
is
d
elive
r
ed
t
o
perfo
r
m
p
erf
o
rmance
c
om
paris
o
n
of
d
i
f
fer
e
nt
m
aterials
o
f
t
h
e
c
a
pac
i
t
i
v
e
pla
t
es
f
or
t
he
e
x
i
st
i
n
g
c
l
ass
E
CP
T
syst
e
m
w
ith
a
n
impe
dance
m
a
tc
hi
n
g
c
ircu
it.
B
e
s
ide
s
,
th
is
w
or
k
is
a
l
s
o
do
ne
t
o
va
l
i
da
t
e
t
he
t
he
ory
w
h
i
c
h
me
n
tio
ne
d
t
h
e
fac
t
or
s
a
ffe
c
t
i
n
g
t
he
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
a
n
ce
v
al
u
e
s
ar
e
the
p
l
at
es
a
rea
,
pla
t
es
d
is
ta
nce
,
a
nd
d
i
e
l
ectri
c
m
a
ter
i
a
l
s
[2
1].
T
o
t
he
a
ut
hors’
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
ge,
t
o
d
a
t
e,
t
h
e
re
i
s
no
re
sul
t
on
t
h
e
com
p
aris
on
of
o
u
t
pu
t
eff
i
c
i
e
n
cy
o
f
CP
T
syst
em
f
or
d
iffere
nt
t
yp
e
of
m
a
t
er
ial
a
v
a
i
la
b
l
e,
i
ns
tea
d
m
os
t
o
f
t
hem
exp
l
a
i
ne
d
a
b
o
u
t
t
h
e
e
f
fe
ct
o
f
ou
tc
om
es
b
as
e
d
o
n
d
i
ffer
en
t
di
e
l
e
c
t
ric
m
a
t
e
rials
of
t
he
C
P
T
s
ystem
[9,
17,
2
2,
23].
H
e
nce
,
t
his
w
o
rk
a
im
s
to
s
t
u
d
y
t
he
u
n
d
erl
y
i
n
g
p
r
o
b
le
m
a
nd
t
h
e
n
t
o
p
r
op
os
e
t
h
e
b
e
st
m
at
e
r
i
a
l
to
b
e
a
p
pli
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
f
ra
me
wo
rk
o
f
CPT
sy
st
e
m
.
Th
e
co
nt
ribu
t
i
on
s
f
r
o
m
t
h
is
p
aper
c
a
n
b
e
s
u
mm
a
r
ized
a
s
fol
l
ow
s:
(i)
th
is
p
a
p
er
f
oc
uses
on
i
n
t
r
od
uci
n
g
d
i
f
f
e
r
ent
ma
t
e
ria
l
s
w
h
ic
h
a
r
e
c
o
p
p
e
r
,
z
i
n
c
a
n
d
a
l
u
m
i
n
i
u
m
a
s
t
h
e
alter
n
a
t
i
v
es
t
o
ac
t
as
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
i
ve
p
late
s
in
a
C
P
T
s
ys
tem
wit
h
C
las
s
-E
r
esona
n
t
i
nve
r
t
e
r
t
o
p
o
l
o
gy
a
nd
a
π1a
impe
da
nce
m
a
tch
i
ng
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
;
(i
i)
t
he
o
ut
p
u
t
vo
lta
g
e
o
f
t
h
e
sys
t
em
can
s
t
i
l
l
b
e
m
a
i
n
t
a
ine
d
o
ve
r
50%
f
rom
op
tim
um
v
al
u
e
s
eve
n
a
f
t
e
r
10
piec
e
s
o
f
pape
rs
w
ere
over
l
a
i
d
in
b
e
t
w
ee
n
t
h
e
p
l
ates
.
Th
i
s
i
nd
i
cat
es
t
he
re
l
i
a
b
ili
t
y
o
f
eac
h
mat
e
ri
al
c
h
o
s
e
n
t
o
b
e
c
ap
ac
it
i
v
e
pl
at
e
s
;
(i
i
i
)
t
h
e
e
f
fe
c
t
s
on
p
erf
o
rm
ance
s’
o
u
t
c
o
m
e
s
ar
e
ana
l
yse
d
i
n
te
rms
of
Z
er
o-V
o
lt
a
g
e-S
w
it
c
h
in
g
(ZV
S
)
condi
tio
n
a
n
d
o
u
t
p
u
t
vo
l
t
age
a
nd
be
in
g
c
o
m
p
are
d
f
o
r
a
ll
t
h
re
e ma
t
e
ri
al
s u
s
ed
.
S
e
ct
i
o
n
2
wi
ll
b
e
fo
c
u
sing
on
t
h
e
b
a
c
k
g
r
ound
s
tud
y
,
S
ec
t
i
o
n
3
i
s
t
h
e
e
xpe
rime
nt
a
l
s
et
u
p
, S
e
ctio
n
4 i
s
abo
u
t
t
he
e
x
p
e
r
im
enta
l
re
su
l
t
s
,
and
t
h
e
la
st
s
ect
io
n
i
s
c
o
n
c
ern
i
ng
o
n
t
he
c
o
n
cl
us
i
o
n
a
n
d
the
e
n
ha
nc
e
m
ent
w
o
rk
f
or
t
he
fu
t
ure
.
2.
B
A
CK
GROU
ND STUDY
2.1.
C
l
a
ss
E
c
i
rcu
it c
on
figu
rati
on
O
n
e
i
m
porta
n
t
f
e
a
t
u
re
o
f
t
h
e
CP
T
sys
t
e
m
a
s
hi
gh
l
i
g
h
t
ed
i
n
F
i
gur
e
2
is
c
la
ss
E
c
i
rcui
t
co
nfi
gurat
i
on.
Th
is
t
ype
o
f
c
i
rcui
t
c
o
n
f
ig
u
r
a
t
i
on
c
o
nsi
s
t
s
o
f
a
pow
er
M
O
S
F
ET
o
p
e
r
a
t
e
s
a
s
a
s
w
i
t
c
h
,
a
L-
C
-
R
i
ser
i
e
s
-resona
nt
circ
u
i
t,
a
s
hunt
capa
c
i
t
or
C
1
,
a
nd
a
cho
k
e
ind
u
c
t
or
L
f
[24
,
25]
.
The
Clas
s
E
circ
u
i
t
c
o
n
f
ig
ura
t
i
o
n
has
be
e
n
i
n
t
ro
duce
d
b
y
The
S
o
ka
ls.
It
i
s
ut
il
ize
d
b
e
c
a
use
o
f
i
t
s
si
m
p
lic
i
t
y
a
n
d
the
bas
i
s
o
f
t
he
c
ircu
i
t
o
p
e
ra
t
i
on
w
h
ic
h
in
c
l
ud
e
s
t
h
e
un
i
que
p
ri
nc
ip
les
o
f
l
oa
d
ne
tw
ork
opera
tio
n
to
a
c
h
ie
ve
b
e
t
ter
e
f
fic
i
e
n
cy
[
2
6
,
2
7
].
F
igure
3
s
h
ow
s
t
he
pow
er
e
ffic
i
e
n
c
y
re
sult
in
g
fr
om
C
l
a
ss
E
c
i
rcui
t
c
onf
igura
t
io
n
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-
8694
I
nt
J
P
ow
Elec
& Dr
i
S
y
st V
ol.
11,
N
o.
1
, Ma
r
202
0
:
200
–
21
2
20
2
F
i
gure
2.
C
lass
E
circ
u
i
t
c
o
n
fi
gura
t
i
o
n
F
i
g
u
r
e
3
. O
pti
m
um w
avef
or
m
s
i
n Cl
a
s
s
E c
i
rcu
it
f
o
r
maxi
m
u
m
power
efficiency [
26]
H
o
w
e
ver,
t
he
w
a
v
efor
ms
o
f
F
i
gure
3
in
w
hic
h
t
he
d
e
l
a
y
i
s
inc
r
ea
sing
from
zero
u
ntil
t
he
o
ther
w
a
ve
form
h
a
s
c
om
ple
t
e
d
d
ec
r
easin
g
t
o
zer
o
,
m
a
y
o
n
l
y
be
f
or
me
d
b
y
ap
p
r
opria
te
d
es
i
g
n
of
a
n
on-r
e
sisti
v
e
l
o
ad
n
et
wo
rk
.
Th
e
e
ffi
ci
en
c
y
o
f
th
e
re
su
lt
s
co
ul
d
t
h
en
b
e
i
n
a
pro
p
er
i
nc
re
me
nt
i
f
t
h
e
t
r
a
n
siti
o
n
t
i
m
e
of
t
h
e
swit
c
h
i
s
in
a
n
ap
pre
c
iab
l
e
fr
acti
o
n
of
a
h
a
l
f-
cycle
o
f
t
he
A
C
w
a
ve
form
.
F
u
rtherm
ore
,
t
he
Z
V
S
o
p
e
rat
i
o
n
,
a
s
the
c
l
ass
E
sw
itc
h
i
n
g
c
o
n
d
it
i
on,
a
b
l
e
to
m
i
n
imi
s
e
th
e
sw
it
c
h
ing
l
oss
an
d
lea
d
s
t
h
e
co
nver
t
e
r
t
o
ha
ve
h
igh
con
v
er
ti
ng
ef
fic
i
enc
y
e
ve
n
w
h
en
t
he
c
on
ve
rte
r
w
orks
a
t
hi
g
h
f
re
qu
e
n
cy
.
B
a
sed
o
n
t
h
e
t
h
eo
ry
,
t
h
e
c
l
ass
E
am
plif
i
e
r c
a
n
w
o
rk from
sever
a
l m
e
ga
hertz
to doze
n
o
f
me
gaher
t
z
w
it
h a
hig
h
-spee
d
p
o
w
er
t
ransistor
[28]
.
2.2.
Imped
a
nc
e
match
i
ng c
ircu
it
I
m
pe
dance
m
a
tc
hi
ng
has
b
een
u
se
d
t
o
i
ncr
ease
the
a
m
oun
t
o
f
p
ow
e
r
extra
c
ted
in
a
pow
e
r
c
o
ndi
ti
o
n
ing
ci
rcui
t
in
[
2
9
]
.
Mo
re
ov
er,
by
u
si
ng
i
mp
e
d
a
n
c
e
m
at
c
hi
ng,
[
18]
s
uc
ce
e
d
t
o
ac
hie
v
e
ou
t
put
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
a
s
h
i
g
h
a
s
9
5
.
4
4
%
w
h
i
l
e
s
t
i
l
l
a
b
l
e
t
o
p
r
o
d
u
c
e
a
s
t
a
b
le
s
in
uso
i
dal
s
i
g
n
a
l
t
o
d
r
ive
t
h
e
c
a
p
ac
iti
ve
cou
p
l
i
ng
base
d
on fla
t
r
ec
t
a
n
g
u
l
a
r c
o
pper
pla
t
es,
and
opera
te
d
at
1MHz.
CP
T
sys
t
em
i
n
th
i
s
w
or
k
use
d
a
π
1a
i
mpe
d
ance
m
a
t
c
h
in
g
circ
u
i
t
w
her
e
a
c
a
p
aci
t
o
r
is
a
dde
d
para
lle
l
to
t
he
l
oa
d
(R
L
).
T
he
re
a
r
e
s
ever
al
t
ype
s
o
f
m
atc
h
i
n
g
ou
t
line
d
b
y
[2
5]
a
nd
o
ne
o
f
the
m
i
s
by
t
a
p
pi
ng
th
e
resona
nt
c
a
p
ac
ita
nc
e
C
t
o
a
cc
om
pl
i
s
h
the
im
peda
nc
e
trans
f
orm
a
ti
on,
a
s
show
n
i
n
c
ircu
it
c
onf
igur
at
ion
of
π
1
a
impe
da
nce
ma
t
c
h
i
n
g
c
ircu
i
t
i
n
Fig
u
re
4
.
Th
e
com
p
l
e
t
e
c
irc
u
it
c
o
nf
i
g
ur
at
i
o
n
of
c
lass
E
in
ver
t
e
r
w
i
t
h
the
π
1
a
impe
da
nce
m
a
t
c
hi
n
g
ne
t
w
o
r
k
is g
i
ve
n i
n
F
ig
ure
5.
F
i
gure
4.
π1a
i
m
p
eda
n
ce
m
at
chi
n
g circ
u
i
t
[2
5]
F
i
gure
5. CP
T
sys
t
e
m
w
ith
c
l
a
ss
E inverter
w
it
h π1a
impe
da
nce
m
a
t
c
hi
n
g
ne
t
w
o
r
k
il
l
us
trate
d
by
MA
TLA
B S
i
m
u
l
i
nk
[1
8]
Th
e
re
as
on
o
f
c
h
oo
si
ng
t
hi
s
i
m
p
e
d
a
n
c
e
ma
t
c
hin
g
i
s
b
e
c
a
u
se
i
t
p
r
ov
i
d
es
dow
nw
ar
d
im
peda
nc
e
trans
f
or
ma
t
i
o
n
, and
the
a
dde
d c
a
pac
i
t
o
r w
h
ic
h is i
n para
l
l
e
l
w
i
th the
r
esist
i
ve loa
d ca
n m
a
in
ta
in t
he effi
c
i
e
n
cy
of
t
he
c
i
r
cu
i
t
a
s
series
c
apac
i
t
or
C
2
l
a
t
e
r
m
odif
i
e
d
t
o
capa
c
iti
ve
c
o
u
p
li
ng
pla
t
es
t
o
fit
t
h
e
ac
t
u
a
l
C
P
T
s
y
s
t
e
m
[2
7].
By usi
n
g
th
i
s
circ
ui
t,
t
he
c
apac
i
t
or
C
3
c
an be
c
a
lc
ula
t
e
d
by us
in
g
equ
a
ti
o
n
s desc
ri
be
d in [
2
5
],
a
s fol
low
s
:
The
se
ries
e
qu
i
v
ale
n
t re
si
sta
n
c
e
R
S
i
s
giv
e
n
by
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
E
l
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
IS
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
Ef
fi
c
i
e
n
cy
com
par
is
o
n
of c
a
p
a
c
i
t
i
ve
w
i
re
l
e
s
s
po
we
r tr
ansf
e
r
f
o
r
d
i
f
f
ere
n
t
m
a
t
e
r
i
als (
F
. K.
A.
Rahm
an)
20
3
0
.576
8
(1
)
The
rea
c
tanc
e
fact
or,
q
f
o
r
t
h
e
Ri-C
3
and
R
S
-C
S
e
q
u
iv
a
l
ent
t
w
o
-
t
e
rmi
n
al
n
et
wo
rk
s i
s
q
=
=
(2
)
Fu
rt
h
e
rmo
r
e
,
r
esi
s
t
a
n
ces
Rs
a
nd
Ri
a
s
w
e
l
l
a
s
t
h
e
r
e
ac
t
a
n
c
e
a
nd
a
re also i
n
ter
r
ela
t
e
d
b
y
=
=
(3
)
and
=
=
(
4
)
Re
arr
a
ngem
e
n
t
o
f (3)
yiel
d to
q
=
1
(5
)
Mea
n
w
h
ile,
su
bs
t
i
t
u
t
i
on
o
f
(
5) int
o (2)
gives
=
1
(6
)
Later
,
o
ne
a
rrives
at
=
=
1
(7
)
F
r
om
(
2)
a
nd (5), w
e
have
=
=
=
(
8
)
It foll
o
w
s
from
(8) that t
he
r
esis
tance
s
o
f
circ
ui
t sh
ow
n i
n
F
i
gure
4 c
a
n sa
ti
sfy
the
i
n
eq
ua
l
i
t
y
(9
)
S
ubo
p
timum
o
pe
rat
i
o
n
is o
b
t
aine
d f
o
r
0
.
(
10)
This
c
orr
e
sponds to
∞
.
(
11)
More
ove
r,
t
he
a
mpli
tud
e
of
v
o
lta
ge
a
cross
C
2
, V
C
2m
can
b
e d
e
t
e
rmin
e
d
by
VC
2m
=
Xc
2
Im
(
12)
3.
EXPE
RIMENTAL
S
ETUP FOR C
PT
S
Y
S
T
E
M:
D
IFFERE
N
T
COUPLING P
L
ATES
The
CPT sy
ste
m
w
it
h impe
da
nce
m
a
tc
hi
n
g
c
i
r
cu
it is fur
the
r
u
ti
l
i
z
e
d
to a
na
ly
s
e
t
he e
ffe
c
t
of
d
i
f
f
e
r
en
t
ty
pes
o
f
c
a
p
ac
it
i
v
e
pla
t
e
s
a
s
t
h
e
tra
n
sm
it
t
e
r
an
d
the
re
cei
ver
pa
rts.
T
h
i
s
se
ct
ion
descr
i
be
s
t
h
e
e
xper
i
m
e
ntal
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-
8694
I
nt
J
P
ow
Elec
& Dr
i
S
y
st V
ol.
11,
N
o.
1
, Ma
r
202
0
:
200
–
21
2
20
4
set
up
f
o
r
differe
nt
m
ater
i
a
l
of
c
ou
pl
i
ng
p
l
ate
s
.
The
spe
c
i
f
ic
at
i
o
n
f
o
r
th
e
s
y
s
t
e
m
i
s
ta
b
u
la
t
e
d
i
n
T
a
b
l
e
1
.
B
a
s
e
d
o
n
th
e
sp
e
c
i
f
i
c
a
t
ion
i
n
T
a
b
l
e
1
a
nd
u
sing
e
qu
at
io
ns
g
i
v
en
i
n
p
r
ev
i
o
u
s
s
ect
io
n,
t
he
c
om
p
one
n
t
s
va
lue
s
o
f
th
e
system
i
s
as lis
t
e
d in Table 2.
Tab
l
e
1.
P
re
-de
t
e
r
mine
d
spec
i
f
ic
a
t
i
o
ns
o
f c
l
a
s
s
E CP
T
pow
er
a
m
p
lifie
r
S
p
eci
f
i
cati
o
n
Va
l
u
e
O
u
tp
u
t
p
o
w
e
r
, P
o
10W
Inp
u
t volta
ge, V
i
12V
Du
ty
c
y
c
le
, D
0
.5
Fre
que
n
c
y
,
f
1
M
H
z
Qua
lity
f
a
c
t
or, Q
1
0
Ta
b
l
e
2.
V
a
l
ue
s of
c
om
po
n
e
n
t
s
use
d
for CP
T
c
irc
u
it w
i
t
h
π1a
im
p
e
d
an
ce ma
t
c
h
i
ng
n
etwo
rk
C
o
m
pone
nts
V
a
l
u
e
L
ch
o
k
e
100µH
C
Shu
n
t
52.
1p
F
L
Ser
i
e
s
60.
3µH
C
Se
r
i
e
s
(
C
2
)
C
a
p
a
c
iti
v
e
c
oup
l
i
ng
0.
15m
x
0.
1
6
m
(
2.
44nF)
R
L
18Ω
Im
pe
da
nc
e
m
a
tc
h
i
n
g
(
C
3
)
9.8
n
F
F
u
rtherm
ore
,
F
i
g
ure
6
sh
ow
s
the
e
x
pe
rime
nt
al
s
e
t
u
p
w
h
i
c
h
c
o
n
sis
ts
o
f
a
MOSF
ET
driv
er,
a
cla
s
s
E
circ
u
i
t,
a
nd
t
he
r
esisti
ve
l
oad,
R
L
.
Th
e
pl
at
e
s
u
sed
in
t
hi
s
w
o
rk
w
e
r
e
pl
a
ced
o
n
th
e
bo
ok
e
n
d
s
t
o
e
nsur
e
t
h
eir
st
a
b
il
it
y
an
d
relia
b
i
lit
y
t
o
t
r
a
nsfer
p
o
w
e
r
w
i
re
l
e
ssly.
A
p
a
rt
f
rom
the
C
P
T
syst
e
m
,
t
h
e
exper
i
m
e
n
t
a
l
w
orks
do
ne
b
y
usi
n
g
three
d
i
ffere
n
t
m
ater
i
a
ls
c
om
m
onl
y
a
v
a
i
l
a
ble
in
t
he
m
arke
t,
n
am
el
y
Z
i
nc
,
A
l
um
ini
u
m
,
a
nd
Cop
p
e
r
,
as show
n
i
n
F
ig
ure
7.
F
i
gure
6.
E
xpe
rim
e
nta
l
s
e
t
up
for
th
e
CP
T
syste
m
F
igure
7. D
i
f
fe
r
e
nt t
ypes o
f
ca
p
ac
it
iv
e pla
t
e
s
for
a
l
um
i
n
i
u
m
,
z
in
c,
a
n
d
c
oppe
r
A
ll
of
t
he
se
p
late
s
a
r
e
of
s
a
m
e
siz
e
;
0.16
m
x
0.
1
5
m.
T
he
s
iz
e
i
s
m
a
i
n
t
a
i
n
e
d
t
o
e
n
s
u
r
e
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
ou
tc
ome
o
f
t
hi
s
w
o
r
k
w
i
ll
o
n
ly
b
e
ba
se
d
on
d
iffere
n
t
t
ype
s
o
f
c
a
p
ac
iti
ve
p
la
tes
use
d
.
Th
is
w
ork
i
s
furt
her
m
or
e,
objec
t
i
fie
d
t
o
prov
i
d
e
s
i
g
n
ific
a
n
t
e
v
i
d
e
n
ce
t
h
a
t
t
he
o
ut
p
u
t
p
o
w
er
w
ill
no
t
be
a
ffe
c
t
e
d
b
y
th
e
ty
pe
of
m
a
t
er
ial
s
u
s
e
d
for
c
a
pa
c
i
t
i
v
e
pl
a
t
es.
As
m
enti
o
n
ed
i
n
[21],
t
h
e
val
u
e
of
c
a
p
a
c
i
tance
of
a
c
irc
u
i
t
w
ill
be
in
flue
nce
d
b
y
p
l
a
t
e
s
s
ize
,
p
l
a
te
s
di
sta
n
ce
,
an
d
the
d
i
ele
c
tric
ma
terial
s
use
d
.
In
t
h
i
s
w
o
r
k
,
the
d
i
e
l
e
c
tr
ic
ma
terial
u
se
d
thr
oug
h
o
u
t
t
he
e
xper
i
m
e
nta
l
w
ork
i
s
a
n
A
4
p
aper
.
To
i
ncr
ease
ga
p
dis
t
a
n
c
e
be
t
w
een
t
he
p
l
a
t
e
s,
the s
h
e
e
t o
f
p
a
p
er
is incr
ease
d
by o
n
e
per
readi
n
g, a
s show
n in
F
ig
ure
8.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
E
l
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
IS
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
Ef
fi
c
i
e
n
cy
com
par
is
o
n
of c
a
p
a
c
i
t
i
ve
w
i
re
l
e
s
s
po
we
r tr
ansf
e
r
f
o
r
d
i
f
f
ere
n
t
m
a
t
e
r
i
als (
F
. K.
A.
Rahm
an)
20
5
F
i
gure
8.
S
he
ets of
A
4 pa
per
over
l
ai
d
in
b
et
w
e
e
n
the
capa
c
iti
ve
plates (
i
n
circl
e
)
Base
d
on
F
i
gur
e
8,
t
he
A
4
pa
per
u
t
i
l
ized
i
s
70
gsm
w
h
ic
h
ha
s
t
h
ic
kne
ss
of
0
.
01
mm
,
and
p
l
ace
d
in
betw
ee
n
bo
t
h
t
ra
nsmit
t
er
a
n
d
t
he
r
ec
ei
ver
pa
rt
o
f
t
h
e
s
y
ste
m
.
T
he
p
a
p
e
r
,
w
h
ic
h
has
d
i
el
e
c
tric
c
o
n
s
t
an
t
2.
0-2.
5
[2
3,
3
0,
3
1],
r
e
pre
s
en
ted
die
l
e
c
tric
m
ateria
l
w
h
ic
h
i
s
one
o
f
t
he
f
ac
tors
t
h
a
t
wi
l
l
a
ffe
c
t
t
h
e
c
a
p
ac
ita
nc
e
val
u
es
.
The
par
ticu
l
a
r
capa
c
i
t
a
n
ce
v
a
l
ue
o
f
t
h
e
capa
c
iti
ve
p
la
te
s
c
a
n
b
e
deter
m
ine
d
by
usin
g
for
m
ula
[
22]
,
wher
eby
d
i
s
t
h
e
d
i
sta
n
ce
be
tw
een
t
he
t
r
a
ns
mitter
a
nd
t
h
e
re
ceiver
p
l
a
t
e
,
and
A
is
t
he
a
r
e
a
of
t
he
c
apa
c
i
t
i
v
e
pla
t
e
w
h
ic
h
i
s
f
i
x
e
d
a
t
0.05
m
2
.
Besides,
i
s
a
con
s
t
a
nt
(
8.85
x
10
,
a
nd
i
s
t
h
e
relati
ve
perm
it
t
i
v
ity
/d
i
e
lec
t
r
i
c
c
o
n
s
ta
n
t
o
f t
h
e
ma
terial.
4.
EX
PERIMENTAL
R
E
S
ULT
S
B
y
u
s
i
n
g
s
e
v
e
r
a
l
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
m
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
s
a
s
t
h
e
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
i
v
e
p
l
a
t
e
s
,
t
h
e
o
u
t
c
o
m
e
o
f
t
h
i
s
w
o
r
k
a
r
e
a
n
a
l
y
s
e
d
in
t
er
ms
o
f
th
e
Zero-vo
l
tage
-
s
w
i
t
c
h
i
n
g
(
ZV
S
)
c
ondi
ti
on
a
nd
the
ou
tp
u
t
v
ol
ta
ge
o
f
the
s
y
s
t
e
m
.
The
s
e
ana
l
yse
s
are
v
e
ry
i
mp
ortan
t
f
or
v
er
if
ying
the
w
o
rk
b
e
cause
s
ince
t
hi
s
sy
s
t
em
u
ses
class
E
as
t
he
power
a
mplifier,
Z
V
S
ana
l
ys
is
b
ei
n
g
a
n
imp
o
r
t
a
n
t
f
actor
t
o
be
t
a
k
e
n
i
nt
o
a
c
c
o
u
n
t
a
s
i
t
w
i
l
l
dete
r
m
ine
the
e
f
fic
i
e
n
c
y
o
f
t
h
e
s
y
stem
.
Th
e
op
e
r
at
ion
o
f
ZVS
i
s h
i
ghl
y se
nsit
i
v
e wit
h
t
h
e
c
i
r
cu
it
p
ara
m
eters (namely
L
,
C
an
d
R
)
varying. Practically,
the
res
ona
n
t
c
o
m
pone
n
t
s
of
c
l
a
ss
E
i
nver
t
e
r
w
il
l
sh
i
f
t
a
f
ter
th
e
s
y
s
t
em
h
as
o
perated
for
a
period
o
f
ti
m
e
.
The
loa
d
s
i
t
u
at
i
on
w
i
l
l
a
l
s
o
affec
t
t
he
r
eso
n
an
t
ope
rat
i
o
n
.
Th
is
w
o
r
k
w
ill
b
e
foc
u
s
e
d
on
t
he
e
ffect
o
f
ZVS
c
o
ndi
ti
o
n
ont
o
t
h
e
ou
t
put
v
o
l
ta
g
e
o
f
th
e
sy
ste
m
.
Th
e
o
re
ti
c
a
l
l
y
,
t
h
e
o
ut
put
v
olt
a
g
e
w
ill
t
e
r
ri
bl
y
d
e
c
r
e
a
s
e
as
t
h
e
ZVS
is not achi
e
ved.
4.1.
C
op
p
e
r
mate
ri
al a
s c
o
u
p
lin
g
p
l
ate
Th
e
fi
rst
ma
t
e
ri
a
l
u
ti
li
z
e
d
in
t
h
e
s
e
r
i
e
s
of
e
x
p
e
ri
men
t
s
is
c
op
pe
r.
C
op
pe
r
is
c
h
o
se
n
b
e
c
a
use
of
its
ava
ila
b
i
l
i
t
y
i
n
t
he
m
a
r
ket,
a
nd
a
l
s
o
bec
a
u
se
o
f
i
t
s
pos
i
t
i
o
n
i
n
t
he
p
e
r
io
dic
t
a
ble
a
s
a
mon
g
t
he
b
es
t
me
ta
ls
t
ha
t
is
e
xist
i
n
s
o
l
i
d
t
ype
;
G
r
o
up
1
1
.
A
f
ter
be
i
n
g
exam
ine
d
,
t
h
e
re
s
ults
o
f
o
u
tp
ut
v
olta
ge
o
b
t
a
i
ne
d
a
r
e
tab
u
l
a
t
ed
a
s
in Ta
b
le
3.
Tab
l
e
3. O
ut
p
u
t
vo
l
tage
f
or
c
o
pper
u
p
to
t
e
n shee
t
s
o
f pa
per
S
h
e
e
t
o
f
p
a
p
e
r
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
0
O
u
tput
volta
ge
,
V
ou
t
(V
)
4
9
4
1
3
4
3
1
3
0
2
8
2
7
2
6
2
4
2
3
The
o
u
t
p
u
t
v
o
l
t
a
ge of t
h
e sy
ste
m
is dec
r
ea
sing b
y
t
he inc
re
m
e
nt
o
f
t
h
e
nu
m
b
er of p
a
per,
a
s
sh
ow
n
i
n
Tab
l
e
3.
B
e
s
i
d
es,
t
h
e
par
tic
u
l
ar
r
e
s
ults
a
r
e
a
ls
o
sh
ow
n
gra
p
h
i
c
a
l
ly
b
y
s
e
r
i
e
s
o
f
d
i
a
g
ram
s
a
s
m
e
ntion
e
d
i
n
F
i
gure
9,
w
hic
h
e
xp
la
ine
d
t
he
Z
VS
c
ond
it
io
n
and t
h
e
o
u
tp
ut v
o
l
t
ag
e fo
r c
o
pp
e
r
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-
8694
I
nt
J
P
ow
Elec
& Dr
i
S
y
st V
ol.
11,
N
o.
1
, Ma
r
202
0
:
200
–
21
2
20
6
(i) 1
sheet
o
f A4
p
ape
r
(
i
i
)
5 she
ets o
f
A
4 pape
r
(iii)
10 shee
t
s
o
f A
4
p
a
p
e
r
(a)
ZV
S
cond
it
i
o
n
(
b
) O
u
tpu
t
v
ol
t
a
ge
F
i
gure
9.
S
eries of dia
gra
m
s
i
n
d
i
c
a
tin
g
the
o
u
tc
om
es of CP
T
sys
tem
usi
n
g
c
opper
as the
c
a
p
aci
t
i
ve
pla
t
e
s
F
i
gure 9
i, i
i
,
a
nd i
i
i
(a
)
i
n
dic
a
t
e
t
h
e ZV
S
co
nd
i
tio
n o
f
the
C
l
a
ss
E,
a
nd
F
ig
u
r
e
9
i
,
i
i
,
a
nd
i
i
i
(b
)
sh
ow
the
o
u
t
pu
t
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
o
f
t
he
s
yst
e
m
Ba
se
d
on
F
igure
9,
t
he
Z
V
S
o
f
th
e
syst
e
m
i
s
i
n
a
p
erf
e
ct
c
on
dit
i
on
wh
e
n
bei
n
g
se
par
a
te
d
by
a
shee
t
o
f
p
a
p
er
o
nl
y
(se
e
F
i
g
u
re
9
a
(
i
)
).
N
e
verthe
l
e
ss,
t
h
e
w
ave
f
orm
s
f
orm
e
d
ar
e
n
o
t
i
n
des
i
red
s
h
ape
as
t
he
t
h
i
ck
ne
ss
o
f
pa
per
is
i
nc
rea
s
i
n
g.
B
e
s
i
d
es,
t
he
o
utp
u
t
v
o
lta
ge
i
s
a
l
s
o
i
n
d
e
si
r
e
d
val
u
e
(mo
r
e
t
h
a
n
4
0V)
wh
en
b
e
i
ng
se
p
a
rat
e
d
by
a
s
h
e
et
o
f
p
a
pe
r
o
n
l
y
.
A
s
t
he
t
hi
ck
ness
i
s
inc
r
ea
si
n
g
,
t
h
e
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
dro
p
is a
l
so
g
et
tin
g
hig
h
e
r
.
Bes
i
de
s,
t
h
e
c
om
pl
e
t
e
m
e
a
s
ur
em
ent
o
f
t
he
o
u
t
pu
t
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
o
v
er
d
i
sta
n
ce
f
or
c
op
per
i
s
a
s
sh
ow
n
i
n
F
i
gure
1
0
. The
line
gra
p
h s
h
o
w
s a
n
exp
o
n
e
n
tia
l de
cre
a
se w
it
h d
i
sta
n
ce,
in w
h
ic
h as the
d
i
s
ta
nce
is incr
e
a
s
i
ng,
t
h
e
out
put
v
olt
a
g
e
i
s g
e
t
t
i
n
g
lo
wer.
F
i
gur
e 1
0
.
Exp
one
n
tia
l de
cre
a
s
e
of ou
t
pu
t v
o
l
t
a
ge o
ve
r dis
t
a
n
ce
f
or
co
p
per
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
E
l
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
IS
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
Ef
fi
c
i
e
n
cy
com
par
is
o
n
of c
a
p
a
c
i
t
i
ve
w
i
re
l
e
s
s
po
we
r tr
ansf
e
r
f
o
r
d
i
f
f
ere
n
t
m
a
t
e
r
i
als (
F
. K.
A.
Rahm
an)
20
7
F
r
om F
i
gur
e 1
0
i
t
ca
n be clar
i
f
i
e
d
t
hat the
i
n
itia
l v
o
lta
ge
re
a
di
n
g
of 49V
h
a
s
dec
rea
s
ed t
r
e
me
ndo
usl
y
as
t
he
d
is
tance
is
l
a
r
ger,
h
e
n
ce
t
he
l
o
w
est
ou
t
p
u
t
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
r
esu
l
t
ed
f
or
10
she
e
t
s
of
p
a
p
ers
w
h
ic
h
i
s
a
rou
n
d
23V
.
Thu
s
,
th
e
results
f
orme
d
b
y
u
sin
g
c
op
pe
r
as
t
he
c
a
p
ac
it
i
v
e
p
la
te
s
ar
e
re
l
i
a
b
le
a
s
power
c
an
s
t
i
l
l
b
e
trans
f
e
rre
d w
i
re
l
e
ssly
eve
n
t
h
e
gap
d
ista
nc
e
i
s
g
e
tti
ng h
i
gh
er
.
4.2.
Z
inc materia
l
as
coup
lin
g p
l
at
e
The
se
c
o
n
d
m
ateria
l
w
h
ic
h
h
a
s
bee
n
u
se
d
in
t
he
e
x
p
e
r
im
e
n
ta
l
w
o
r
k
is
z
inc
.
S
a
m
e
as
c
oppe
r,
z
i
n
c
i
s
c
h
o
s
e
n
b
e
c
a
u
s
e
o
f
i
t
s
a
v
a
i
l
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
i
n
t
h
e
m
a
r
k
e
t
i
n
m
e
t
a
l
s
h
e
e
t
f
or
m,
a
nd
t
he
p
osit
io
n
in
t
he
p
e
r
i
o
d
i
c
ta
b
l
e
of
elem
en
ts.
Zinc
i
s
l
o
ca
te
d
in
G
roup
12
w
h
ic
h
ha
s
low
e
r
me
tal
str
e
n
g
t
h
y
e
t
c
o
mpa
r
ab
le
t
o
c
o
ppe
r.
T
he
r
esul
t
s
of
o
u
t
p
u
t
vo
l
ta
ge
p
ro
duce
d
b
y z
i
nc
ca
p
aci
t
i
ve pla
t
e
s ar
e ta
bula
t
e
d in Table 4.
Ta
ble
4.
O
utp
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
f
or Zi
n
c
up t
o
te
n
s
he
ets of pa
p
e
r
Sh
ee
t
of
p
aper
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
O
u
tpu
t
vol
t
a
ge
,
V
ou
t
(V
)
47
4
4
42.
2
40
3
6
35
3
2
31
30
27
B
y
r
e
f
err
i
ng
T
a
ble
4,
i
t
ca
n
b
e
s
een
t
hat
t
h
e
ou
t
p
ut
v
ol
ta
ge
o
f
z
i
n
c
is
d
ecr
easi
ng
c
o
ns
iste
n
t
l
y
a
s
t
h
e
shee
ts
o
f
paper
is
i
n
c
rea
s
i
n
g.
M
or
e
over,
s
e
r
i
e
s
of
d
ia
gram
s
i
n
F
i
g
u
r
e
1
1
a
r
e
the
e
xpe
r
i
me
nt
a
l
r
es
ults
i
n
ter
m
s
of
t
he
ZV
S
condi
t
i
on
an
d
the
ou
t
p
u
t
v
olta
ge
for z
i
n
c
as
t
he
c
ap
ac
it
i
v
e
pl
a
t
e
s
.
(i) 1
sheet
o
f A4
p
ape
r
(
i
i
)
5 she
ets o
f
A
4 pape
r
(iii)
10 shee
t
s
o
f A
4
p
a
p
e
r
(a
)
ZV
S
cond
itio
n
(b)
O
u
tpu
t
v
ol
ta
ge
F
i
gure
1
1
. S
e
r
i
e
s of
d
ia
gram
s in
d
i
ca
ti
n
g
the
o
u
t
c
o
me
s of
C
P
T
sy
stem
usin
g
zinc
as
t
he
ca
p
ac
it
iv
e pla
t
e
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-
8694
I
nt
J
P
ow
Elec
& Dr
i
S
y
st V
ol.
11,
N
o.
1
, Ma
r
202
0
:
200
–
21
2
20
8
F
i
gure
1
1
i
,
ii,
a
nd
ii
i
(
a
)
show
t
he
Z
V
S
c
on
d
i
t
i
on
for
1,
5
,
a
nd
1
0
s
he
ets
o
f
p
a
p
er
r
e
s
pec
t
i
v
e
l
y.
Wh
i
l
e
F
i
g
u
r
e
12
i,
i
i
,
a
n
d
i
i
i
(b)
show
t
he
o
u
t
pu
t
vo
ltage
f
or
the
ex
pe
ri
me
nt
.
By
r
e
f
er
r
i
n
g
t
o
F
i
g
u
re
11,
t
h
e
perfec
t
d
es
ired
waveform
s
ar
e
a
ch
ie
ve
d b
y
F
igure 1
1
(i) w
hic
h
i
n
d
i
ca
t
e
s t
h
e z
e
ro-
v
olta
g
e
-sw
i
t
c
h
i
ng c
o
nd
i
tio
n
and
t
h
e
o
u
tp
ut
v
olta
ge
f
or
o
ne
s
heet
o
f
pa
per
.
A
s
t
h
e
d
i
sta
n
ce
is
i
ncre
asi
n
g
,
t
he
o
ut
p
u
t
v
o
lta
ge
b
e
c
o
m
i
n
g
un
des
i
rab
l
e
e
v
e
n
t
he
r
e
a
d
i
n
g
c
a
n
s
t
i
l
l
be
r
ecor
d
e
d
,
as
t
he
Z
V
S
is
n
o
t
a
chie
ve
d.
A
s
m
e
nt
i
one
d
i
n
p
re
vio
u
s
sect
io
n,
Z
V
S
i
s
the
m
o
s
t
i
m
por
tan
t
p
ro
per
t
y
o
f
c
lass
E
si
nce
i
t
d
e
t
erm
i
nes
t
h
e
ef
fi
cienc
y
o
f
t
h
e
sys
t
em
.
Be
s
i
de
s,
F
i
gur
e
12
sh
ow
s
t
h
e
c
o
m
p
le
te
m
e
a
surem
e
nt
o
f
t
h
e
o
u
t
p
u
t
voltage
o
ver
distance
for
zi
nc
a
s
the
ca
paci
t
i
ve
pla
t
e
s.
The
gra
ph
s
how
s a
line
a
r
dec
r
ea
se
of
ou
tput
vo
l
t
a
g
e
wit
h i
n
c
r
ea
sin
g
di
st
an
c
e
.
F
i
gur
e 1
2
.
Lin
e
a
r
de
c
re
ase
of out
p
u
t v
o
lta
ge
over
di
s
t
anc
e
f
or
zi
n
c
F
r
om
F
i
gur
e
12,
i
t
c
a
n
b
e
show
n
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
i
n
itia
l
vo
l
t
a
g
e
rea
d
in
g
o
f
a
rou
nd
47V
h
as
d
e
c
re
ased
line
a
rl
y
a
s
t
he
d
i
s
ta
nce
i
s
l
ar
ger.
T
he
l
ow
e
s
t
out
pu
t
vo
l
t
a
g
e
r
esul
t
e
d
for
10
s
h
e
e
t
s
o
f
p
a
p
er
w
hi
c
h
i
s
arou
n
d
26V.
Ba
sed
o
n
t
he
g
ra
ph
ev
en
it
i
s
l
i
n
ear
ly
d
ec
rea
s
e
,
t
h
e
r
ate
of
d
ecr
e
m
ent
is
not
a
s
sm
oo
t
h
a
s
s
h
ow
n
b
y
grap
h
o
f
c
o
p
p
e
r
in
F
ig
ure
1
0
.
O
n
e
of
t
he
f
ac
t
o
rs
o
f
t
h
i
s
p
he
nom
en
o
n
i
s
be
ca
use
o
f
t
he
p
o
s
i
tio
n
o
f
z
i
n
c
w
h
ic
h
is
i
n
G
r
ou
p
1
2
o
f
pe
ri
odic
tab
l
e
of
e
l
e
me
n
t
s.
T
he
e
lem
e
n
t
s
in
t
h
i
s
gro
u
p
ha
ve
w
ea
ker
m
e
tal
ch
ar
acte
r
ist
i
cs
a
s
com
p
are
d
t
o e
l
e
m
e
n
ts
i
n G
r
oup
1
1
w
hic
h
r
epre
sen
t
s t
h
e po
si
tio
n
of c
o
ppe
r.
4.3.
Al
u
miniu
m
mat
erial as
coup
li
n
g
p
l
a
t
e
A
m
ong
t
h
o
s
e
thre
e
m
a
ter
i
a
l
s
use
d
,
alumi
n
i
u
m
is
cate
gor
i
z
e
d
a
s
p
o
o
r
m
e
t
a
l
e
l
e
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
i
s
a
v
a
i
l
a
b
l
e
in
G
rou
p
1
3
i
n
t
he
p
eri
o
d
i
c
ta
ble
.
T
hi
s
me
ans
t
h
at
t
he
m
etal
c
h
ara
c
te
rist
ic
s
h
o
w
n
b
y
al
um
i
n
i
u
m
is
t
h
e
w
e
a
k
est
a
m
on
g
a
l
l
.
B
es
ide
s
t
he
a
vai
l
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
in
t
he
m
ark
e
t
in
t
e
rm
s
o
f
s
hee
t
f
orm
,
t
hi
s
is
t
he
r
ea
son
o
f
c
h
oo
sin
g
a
l
u
m
i
n
iu
m
as
i
t
i
s
c
o
m
p
a
ra
bl
e
t
o
z
in
c
an
d
c
oppe
r.
A
ft
e
r
d
o
n
e
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
p
r
o
ced
u
r
e
a
s
c
oppe
r
a
n
d
zinc,
ou
t
p
u
t
v
o
l
ta
ge y
ie
ld
f
ro
m
the
exper
i
m
e
nt
i
s
t
a
b
u
l
a
t
e
d
a
s
in Table
5.
Ta
bl
e
5
.
Ou
t
put
v
olt
a
g
e
of
al
umi
n
iu
m u
p
to
10
sh
eet
s
o
f
p
ape
r
S
h
e
e
t
o
f
p
a
p
e
r
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
0
Output
v
o
l
ta
ge
,
V
out
(
V
)
45.
8
43
3
9
36
3
5
33
3
0
25
2
3
21
The
o
u
t
p
ut
v
o
l
t
a
ge
s
of
a
lum
i
nium
C
P
T
s
ys
tem
ke
e
p
l
e
s
se
nin
g
f
rom
45.
8V
o
f
o
n
e
s
h
e
e
t
o
f
pa
per
,
un
til
21V
f
or
1
0
s
h
eets
of
p
ape
r
a
s
s
h
ow
n
i
n
T
a
b
l
e
5
.
T
h
i
s
i
nd
i
re
ct
ly
t
ell
s
u
s
t
h
at
t
he
o
utp
u
t
pow
e
r
i
s
a
l
s
o
kee
p
d
ecl
i
n
in
g
from
one
s
hee
t
t
o
ten
s
h
ee
t
s
o
f
pa
per
.
M
ore
over,
s
e
r
i
e
s
of
d
i
a
g
r
a
m
s
in
F
ig
u
r
e
13
e
xp
l
a
in
s
i
n
deta
i
l
s re
gardi
ng t
h
e
perf
orm
a
nce
of
t
h
e
sys
tem
in ter
ms
o
f ZV
S
c
ond
i
t
i
o
n a
n
d
o
u
t
p
u
t
vol
ta
ge
.
F
i
gure 1
3
i, i
i,
a
nd iii (a)
sho
w
n
the ZV
S
cond
i
tio
n o
f
the
sys
t
e
m
,
w
hile Fig
ure
1
3
i
,
ii, and ii
i (b)
a
r
e
the
o
u
t
p
u
t
vo
l
t
a
ge
o
f
t
h
e
s
y
s
t
e
m
.
F
r
om
F
igu
r
e
13,
F
i
gure
1
3
i
(
a
)
a
n
d
(b)
i
n
d
i
ca
te
t
he
i
de
al
s
i
t
ua
tio
n
o
f
Z
V
S
con
d
i
t
i
on
a
nd
t
he
o
u
t
p
u
t
v
olt
a
ge
o
f
the
syst
e
m
.
A
s
t
he
g
a
p
d
i
s
t
a
n
ce
is
i
nc
rea
s
ing,
t
he
o
u
t
c
o
m
e
s
c
h
a
n
ged
t
o
n
o
n
-
id
e
a
l
c
o
ndi
tio
ns.
F
r
o
m
t
he
se
,
a
u
tho
r
s
are
c
e
r
t
a
i
n
a
bo
ut
t
h
e
r
esu
lts
w
h
i
ch
a
re
a
l
i
gne
d
w
i
t
h
t
he
t
he
or
y
of
class
E
CPT
sys
t
em
i
n
w
h
ic
h
t
h
e
o
u
t
p
u
t
pow
er
o
f
a
sys
t
em
w
ill
b
e
w
o
rseni
ng
if
t
he
Z
V
S
c
ond
iti
on
i
s
no
t
ac
hi
e
v
e.
B
es
id
es,
Figure
14
s
hows
t
h
e
c
o
mple
te
m
ea
surem
e
nt
o
f
t
h
e
o
u
t
p
u
t
v
olta
ge
o
ver
dis
t
a
n
ce
f
or
alum
in
ium
as
t
he
c
apac
i
t
i
v
e
p
l
a
t
e
s
in gr
ap
h.
T
he gr
a
p
h
sh
o
w
s a
li
near
de
c
re
ase
by
d
ista
nc
e.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
E
l
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
IS
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
Ef
fi
c
i
e
n
cy
com
par
is
o
n
of c
a
p
a
c
i
t
i
ve
w
i
re
l
e
s
s
po
we
r tr
ansf
e
r
f
o
r
d
i
f
f
ere
n
t
m
a
t
e
r
i
als (
F
. K.
A.
Rahm
an)
20
9
(i)
1 shee
t
of
A
4 pape
r
(ii
)
5 sheet of
A4 paper
(iii)
10 shee
t of
A
4 pa
p
e
r
(a
)
ZV
S
cond
itio
n
(
b
) O
u
tpu
t
v
ol
t
a
ge
Fi
g
u
r
e
13
. Se
ri
es o
f
d
i
ag
ra
ms
i
ndi
c
a
t
i
ng
t
h
e
o
ut
c
o
mes o
f
CP
T
sy
stem
using alum
i
nium
as
t
h
e c
a
p
aci
ti
v
e
p
l
a
t
e
s
F
i
gure
1
4
.
Lin
ear
de
c
re
ase
of out
p
u
t v
o
lta
ge
ove
r dis
t
ance
f
or
al
u
m
in
i
u
m
The
i
n
i
t
ia
l o
u
t
pu
t vo
l
t
age re
a
d
i
ng o
f
4
5.5V
, as show
n
i
n
F
igur
e
1
4,
has c
o
n
t
i
nu
o
u
s li
nea
r
de
c
re
ase as
the
di
s
t
a
n
c
e
i
s
incre
a
se
d,
w
h
i
ch
r
e
s
ul
te
d
lo
w
e
r
ou
tp
u
t
v
o
l
t
a
ge
resu
l
t
ed
f
or
1
0
she
e
t
o
f
pa
pers
w
hic
h
i
s
arou
n
d
21V
.
S
a
m
e
a
s
z
i
nc
,
the
gra
p
h
li
ne
o
f
th
is
a
l
u
mi
ni
um
i
s
not
a
s
s
moo
t
h
a
s
r
esu
lte
d
f
r
om
c
op
per
b
e
c
a
use
alum
in
ium
is cla
ss
ifie
d
un
der
po
or m
etal
cat
egor
y in t
he
p
e
r
io
d
ic ta
b
le of
elem
ents [25]
.
4.4.
Mater
ia
l
comp
ar
ison
f
or
b
e
t
ter imp
l
e
m
en
tation
o
f CPT
circ
uit
In
a
n
ut
sh
el
l
,
b
ase
d
o
n
t
h
e
out
c
o
me
s
o
f
t
h
e
e
x
p
eri
m
en
t
,
i
t
ca
n
be
c
o
n
c
l
u
d
e
d
tha
t
a
ll
of
t
he
m
ateria
l
s
use
d
i
n the
e
x
p
e
rim
e
nts prod
u
c
e
d
s
im
ilar
r
e
sults. H
o
w
e
ver,
w
he
n
b
ei
n
g
co
m
pa
red in de
t
a
i
l
s
, the l
i
ne gra
ph of
cop
p
er
w
h
i
c
h
s
how
s
a
n
e
xp
o
n
en
t
i
a
l
d
e
c
re
ase
is
m
or
e
re
lia
ble
tha
n
l
i
ne
g
ra
phs
m
ad
e
by
z
i
n
c
a
n
d
a
l
um
i
n
i
u
m
.
Th
is is a
l
ig
ne
d
w
i
t
h
t
he
p
os
i
t
i
on of ea
c
h
ma
t
e
r
ial i
n
t
he
per
io
di
c
t
a
bl
e
o
f
e
l
e
men
t
s
in
w
hi
ch
c
opp
e
r
a
n
d
zi
n
c
i
s
ca
t
e
g
o
rize
d
un
der
tra
n
s
iti
o
n
m
e
t
a
l
s
w
h
i
l
st
a
lum
i
nium
i
s
p
l
ace
d
u
nde
r
t
h
e
po
or
m
e
t
als
c
a
teg
o
ry.
S
i
nce
c
o
p
p
er
is
p
lac
e
d
i
n
G
r
ou
p
11
a
nd
z
i
n
c
i
s
i
n
G
r
o
u
p
1
2
o
f
t
h
e
p
erio
d
i
c
t
a
b
l
e
,
cop
p
e
r
s
hows
be
t
t
er
m
etal
c
har
a
c
t
e
r
ist
i
cs
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.