In
te
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n
ation
a
l Jou
rn
al
o
f Po
we
r
Elec
tron
ic
s an
d
D
r
ive S
y
stem
(IJ
PED
S
)
V
o
l.
10, N
o.
2, June
2
01
9, pp.
575~
5
8
4
IS
S
N
: 2088-
86
94,
D
O
I
:
10.11
59
1
/ij
ped
s
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v10
.
i
2.pp
5
75-
58
4
575
Jou
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l
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o
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tp:
//i
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score
.
com
/
j
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s
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x
.
p
hp/IJ
PED
S
Permanent magnet flux switch
ing motor technology as a
solution
for high torque cle
an electric veh
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anent
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e
d ro
t
o
r
Co
pyri
gh
t © 2
019 In
stit
u
t
e
of Advanced
En
gi
neeri
n
g
an
d
S
c
ien
ce.
All
rights
res
e
rv
ed.
Corres
pon
d
i
n
g
Au
th
or:
Enwelum
I
.
Mbadiwe,
R
e
se
a
r
c
h
C
ent
r
e f
o
r Ap
p
l
i
e
d
El
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ma
gn
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t
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U
n
i
v
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ti
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un
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u
ssei
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nn
Ma
lays
ia
86
4
00, P
ar
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,
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a
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a
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l
a
y
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a
.
Em
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mb.
f
ke
e
.
uthm@
g
m
a
i
l
.
c
o
m
1.
I
N
TR
OD
U
C
TI
O
N
El
ect
ri
c
mot
o
r
re
ce
i
v
e
s
i
n
p
u
t
q
u
a
n
titi
es
o
f
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
a
nd
c
u
r
re
n
t
a
nd
c
o
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v
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t
he
m
i
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o
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me
cha
n
ic
al
q
ua
nt
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es
o
f
torq
ue
a
n
d
s
pee
d
[
1]
t
hat
are
n
e
c
e
s
sa
r
y
for
ve
hi
c
l
e
pr
op
u
l
si
o
n
.
H
ig
h
tor
q
ue
m
otors
have
b
e
e
n
c
o
n
s
ta
nt
ly
u
nder
resea
r
ch
a
nd
de
vel
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pme
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t
for
clean
v
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h
ic
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p
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o
p
u
l
s
i
on
sui
t
a
b
le
f
or
l
on
g
d
i
sta
n
c
e
trave
l
s.
H
ow
e
v
er,
amoun
t
of
t
or
que
p
r
o
v
i
ded
by
a
n
y
el
e
c
tric
m
ot
or
d
epen
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p
r
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t
h
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m
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g
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n
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di
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g
w
it
h
al
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para
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ters
a
r
e
c
onst
a
nt
a
s
in
t
he
c
ase
of
t
he
p
ro
pos
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d
motor.
G
e
n
era
lly,
e
l
e
c
t
ric
ma
chi
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es
u
t
i
l
i
z
e
differ
en
t
fl
ux
sour
c
e
s
for
ex
cita
t
i
o
n
s
uch
a
s
;
per
m
a
n
e
n
t
m
a
gnet
(P
M
)
,
fiel
d
ex
c
i
ta
ti
on
(F
E)
a
nd
hy
bri
d
e
xc
i
t
at
ion
w
h
ic
h
com
b
i
n
e
s
b
o
t
h
P
M
a
nd
F
E
[
2
-
3].
F
l
ux
sw
it
c
h
in
g
ma
chine
(
F
S
M
)
is
a
n
a
d
va
n
c
e
f
o
rm
o
f
sy
nc
hro
n
o
u
s
m
a
c
h
i
n
e
l
o
ca
tes
b
ot
h
a
r
ma
t
u
re
w
in
d
i
ng
a
nd
f
l
u
x
so
u
r
ce
in
t
he
s
t
a
tor
a
nd
lea
v
in
g
t
h
e
r
o
t
o
r
w
i
th
o
u
t
any
a
d
de
d
m
a
t
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ria
l
,
h
a
s
b
e
c
o
me
r
esearche
r
s’
c
hoice
b
ec
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u
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spee
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c
a
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t
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[
4
-6].
I
nvar
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a
b
ly,
trans
f
e
rri
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i
nner
r
o
t
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t
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pos
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ge
ner
a
tes
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i
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er
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nd
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l
s
o
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rs
r
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l
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ntro
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in
t
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hr
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i
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t
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x
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mbu
s
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n
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n
gine
i
n
con
v
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n
t
i
ona
l
v
e
hic
l
e
[7-
8
].
O
ute
r
r
o
t
or
i
s
su
ita
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l
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for
in-w
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m
o
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c
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odat
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in
the
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l
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e
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h
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ica
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b
rake
s
w
i
t
h
s
us
pe
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o
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sy
stem
s
[9]
.
C
o
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se
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n
t
l
y
,
P
M
f
l
u
x
ha
s
m
a
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x
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with
out
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r
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a
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ci
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t
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s
i
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gh
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m
ake
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t
o
b
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a
dom
ina
n
t
f
l
u
x
s
ourc
e
[2].
H
ow
ever,
onl
y
the
i
n
ve
rter
a
n
d
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ig
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i
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y
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N: 2
0
8
8
-
86
94
I
n
t
J Po
w
Elec
&
Dr
i
Sy
st,
Vo
l. 1
0
,
No
. 2
,
Ju
n
e
2
019
:
5
75
–
5
8
4
57
6
b
a
t
t
e
ry
a
re
n
e
e
d
e
d
i
n
c
onj
un
ct
io
n
with
e
lectric
moto
r
fo
r
eff
e
c
ti
v
e
p
erf
o
rma
n
ce
.
I
n
f
a
c
t
,
a
ppl
i
cati
on
of
el
ec
t
r
i
c
m
o
t
o
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s
h
a
s
su
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ssful
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y
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a
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co
mpli
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t
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co
mb
u
st
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o
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en
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ne
t
ha
t
had
d
o
mi
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e
d
i
n
c
o
n
v
e
n
t
i
ona
l
v
e
hic
l
es
o
v
e
r
a c
e
nt
ur
y
ag
o
[
10-
1
2
]
.
P
e
rm
anent
ma
gne
t
f
l
u
x
s
w
i
t
c
hi
n
g
(
P
M
F
S)
m
o
t
o
r
is
r
ega
r
d
e
d
a
s
a
v
ia
b
l
e
cand
i
dat
e
i
n
a
p
p
lica
tio
ns
w
h
e
r
e
hig
h
t
o
r
qu
e
,
w
id
e
c
ons
tan
t
s
pe
ed,
easy
c
o
o
lin
g
a
nd
a
d
e
qua
te
f
aul
t
t
ole
r
anc
e
a
r
e
desir
e
d
[
1
3,
14]
.
A
l
r
e
ady,
m
a
n
y
P
M
F
S
m
o
tor
s
i
n
oute
r
r
ot
or
c
on
f
i
g
u
r
a
t
i
o
n
h
ave
be
e
n
pr
o
pos
e
d
[
2,
3
]
.
T
he
f
ir
st
P
MF
S
w
a
s
a
si
ng
le-
p
hase
i
n
sa
l
i
e
n
t
po
le
r
otor
[
1
6
]
a
n
d
it
s
t
h
r
e
e-
p
h
as
e
c
o
u
nt
erp
a
rt
s
t
r
u
c
t
u
re
,
was
al
so
s
a
l
i
e
nt
pole
ro
to
r
[
1
7
]
.
A
l
so,
var
i
o
u
s
o
t
her
m
o
t
o
r
s
h
a
v
e
bee
n
d
e
s
ig
ne
d
for
a
ppl
ica
ti
o
n
s
in
dom
es
ti
c
a
nd
a
e
rospac
e
i
n
s
alie
n
t
po
le
[
4]
.
Wh
il
e
sa
lie
nt
p
o
l
e
ha
ve
b
ee
n
k
n
o
w
n
w
i
t
h
c
on
ve
nti
ona
l
ma
ch
ine
d
e
si
gn
,
hi
gh
i
ron
and
co
pp
er
h
av
e
c
o
n
tin
ue
d
to
b
e
a
s
soc
i
a
t
e
d
w
i
t
h
it
in
p
e
rfor
m
anc
e
[
19].
Ma
te
ria
l
and
wi
nd
ing
l
o
sse
s
l
ead
t
o
poo
r
mac
h
ine
pe
r
f
or
m
a
nc
e,
i
t
i
s
i
m
p
or
ta
n
t
f
or
r
esea
r
c
h
a
nd
de
vel
o
pm
ent
t
o
e
x
plo
r
e
fo
r
mo
to
r
p
a
ramet
e
rs
w
i
t
h
minimu
m
ir
o
n
a
nd
c
o
p
p
e
r
l
osses
and
h
i
gh
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
.
S
e
gme
n
t
e
d
ty
p
e
o
f
r
o
t
o
r
has
be
en
a
pp
l
i
e
d
i
n
ma
chi
n
e
t
o
e
nha
nce
per
f
or
m
a
nc
e
and
the
r
e
sul
t
w
as
un
pr
e
c
e
d
e
n
ted.
I
t
e
xhi
bi
te
d
sal
i
enc
y
r
a
tio
t
ha
t
m
ean
in
g
f
ul
l
y
i
n
cr
ea
se
d
t
o
r
q
u
e
p
erfor
m
a
n
ce
c
om
pare
d
t
o
c
o
n
v
e
n
t
i
ona
l
s
a
lie
n
t
pole
r
o
to
r
[13,
20]
.
The
ob
vi
ous
a
d
v
a
n
t
a
ge
o
f
se
gm
en
ted
r
o
t
o
r
i
n
c
l
ude
s
o
p
e
r
at
in
g
w
i
t
h
a
b
i
po
l
a
r
f
l
ux
i
n
t
h
e
magn
e
tic
c
i
r
c
u
it
.
Th
e
bi
pol
ar
f
lu
x
l
i
nk
a
g
e
in
t
he
a
r
m
atur
e
w
i
n
d
i
n
gs
i
s
a
c
h
ie
ved
b
y
c
a
r
e
ful
l
y
des
i
g
n
in
g
t
h
e
r
o
tor
segm
ent
t
o
o
ve
r
l
ap
w
ith
t
w
o
a
r
m
at
u
r
e sl
ot
ope
n
i
ng
s.
Th
is
p
a
p
e
r
s
t
a
kes
a
com
p
reh
e
n
s
ive
lo
o
k
a
t
fl
ux
sw
i
t
c
h
in
g
ma
chi
n
e
(
F
SM)
us
i
n
g
se
g
m
ented
o
u
te
r
r
o
tor
(S
egOR-PMF
SM).
I
t
is
capa
b
l
e
o
f
hi
g
h
t
or
que
p
erfor
m
a
n
ce
f
or
c
l
e
an
e
l
ect
ric
v
e
h
i
cl
e
d
r
i
v
e
by
e
l
im
i
n
a
t
i
n
g b
o
th
c
om
bus
ti
on
e
n
g
i
ne
a
nd
u
se
o
f f
u
e
l
e
ne
r
g
y.
W
hi
l
e
co
mbu
s
t
i
on
e
n
g
i
n
e
m
ust
requ
i
r
e
f
u
e
l
o
il
t
o
bur
n
i
n
a
c
lose
d
cham
ber
bef
o
r
e
c
r
e
ati
n
g t
o
r
que,
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
m
o
t
o
r
h
as
t
wo
s
imp
l
e stato
r
a
nd
roto
r
p
ar
ts
w
ith
flux
sour
c
e
a
nd
w
i
nd
i
n
g
co
p
p
er
c
on
d
u
ct
or
.
Th
e
i
n
t
e
r
a
cti
on
of
f
ie
ld
p
roduc
ed
b
y
t
h
e
flu
x
s
o
u
r
c
e
a
nd
fi
e
l
d
pr
oduc
e
d
b
y
t
h
e
i
nduc
e
d
c
ur
r
e
nt
f
l
o
w
i
n
g
t
hr
o
u
g
h
t
he
a
r
m
atur
e
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
or
s
pr
o
v
i
d
e
t
o
r
que
[
18]
.
The
m
o
tor
c
o
n
s
is
ts
o
f
th
r
ee-
phase,
2
4
St
ator-1
4P
ole,
w
it
h
a
lterna
t
e
ar
m
a
tu
r
e
t
oo
th
w
in
di
n
g
a
n
d
p
er
m
a
ne
nt
m
ag
ne
t
i
n
r
a
dia
l
d
i
r
ect
io
n
.
T
he
d
esi
gn
o
f
t
he
m
ot
or
a
nd
pe
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
s
at
o
p
e
n
ci
rc
ui
t
(o
r
no
-lo
a
d
c
o
ndi
tio
n
)
a
nd
c
l
o
sed
ci
rc
ui
t
cond
i
tio
n
a
r
e
i
n
v
e
st
ig
a
t
ed
a
n
d
ou
tl
i
n
e
d
.
Fi
n
a
l
l
y
,
th
e
p
erfo
rman
ce
o
f
P
M
FS
mo
to
r
emp
l
oy
ing
se
g
m
e
n
te
d
r
o
t
o
r
is
c
om
p
a
r
e
d
w
i
t
h
F
EF
S
mot
o
r
a
n
d
H
E
F
S
m
ot
or
o
f
s
i
m
i
l
ar
d
iam
e
te
r
an
d
r
e
stric
t
i
o
ns
h
a
v
i
n
g
sa
lien
t
p
o
l
e
r
o
t
o
r
.
F
i
gur
e
1
de
pic
t
s
c
o
n
v
e
n
tio
na
l
i
n
-
w
h
e
e
l
f
lu
x
s
wit
c
hi
ng
m
o
t
o
r
s
in
s
a
l
i
e
nt
pol
e
roto
r
fo
r
e
l
e
c
tr
ic
v
eh
ic
le
a
ppl
ica
t
io
n.
(a)
(
b
)
F
i
gur
e
1.
C
o
n
v
e
nt
i
ona
l
S
F
Ms in
o
u
t
er
r
otor
s
t
r
uc
tur
e
,
(
a
)
thr
e
e
-
pha
s
e
12S
/2
2
P
P
MS
F
M
(
b)
t
hr
ee
-pha
se
12S
/
1
4P
H
ES
F
M
2.
RESEARCH METHOD
De
si
gn
o
f
fre
e
i
n
ti
a
l
m
ot
o
r
p
a
r
amet
ers
a
n
d
o
p
ti
mi
zat
i
o
n
th
em
b
y
d
et
ermi
ni
sti
c
m
e
t
ho
d
a
r
e
o
u
t
li
ned
in
F
ig
ur
e
2
a
n
d
F
i
g
u
r
e
3
.
T
h
e
cha
r
ac
t
e
r
i
s
tics
pe
r
f
or
ma
n
ces
o
f
t
he
i
mpr
o
ved
t
h
r
e
e
-
phase
24S
ta
t
o
r
-
14
P
o
le
se
g
m
e
n
te
d
out
e
r
r
otor
(
S
e
gOR)
P
MF
S
M
a
re
i
n
v
es
ti
ga
te
d
in
t
er
m
s
o
f
av
era
g
e
t
o
rq
u
e
a
n
d
p
o
w
er
obt
ai
ned
w
h
ic
h
w
e
r
e
3
48.
6
N
m
a
nd
45
k
W
a
t
t
h
e
m
a
xim
u
m
ba
se
s
pee
d
o
f
1,
3
9
7
.8
r
ev/m
i
n
.
Mea
n
wh
ile,
pa
ra
me
t
e
r
spec
if
ica
t
i
o
ns
a
nd
r
e
s
t
r
i
ct
i
o
ns
a
r
e
out
lin
e
d
i
n
Ta
b
l
e
1.
F
i
gur
e
4
s
h
o
w
s
t
he
c
r
o
ss
s
e
c
t
i
ons
o
f
t
h
e
im
pr
o
v
ed
de
sig
n
.
W
h
i
l
e
t
h
e
per
f
or
ma
nc
e
is
f
a
v
or
a
b
l
e
,
des
i
g
n
o
p
t
imiz
a
tio
n
o
f
mo
tor
w
i
l
l
f
ur
the
r
opt
im
um
o
u
t
pu
t
tor
q
ue
f
o
r
e
ffe
c
t
i
v
e
pe
r
f
or
m
a
nc
e
[18]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
P
o
w
Elec
&
D
r
i
S
y
st
I
S
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
Pe
rm
ane
n
t
m
agne
t
flux
s
w
itc
hi
n
g
m
o
t
o
r te
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
as a
s
o
lu
ti
o
n
fo
r hi
g
h
… (
E
nw
e
l
um
I.
Mbadi
w
e
)
57
7
F
i
gur
e
2.
S
e
c
tion
s
o
f
f
r
e
e
de
si
gn
p
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
s
a
s
des
i
g
n
a
t
ed
F
i
gur
e
4.
C
r
o
ss-
se
cti
o
n
s
o
f
i
m
pr
o
v
e
d
t
hr
ee
-
p
hase
Se
g
O
R
-
P
M
FS
M
F
igur
e
3.
F
low
c
ha
r
t
o
f
o
p
t
i
m
i
zati
o
n
pr
ocess
Tab
l
e
1.
D
esign spec
i
f
ica
t
i
o
n
s
,
pa
ra
m
e
te
r r
e
stric
tio
ns
a
n
d
e
lec
t
r
i
c
al
su
ppl
y
D
e
s
c
r
i
pt
ions
I
m
p
rove
d
d
e
sign
O
p
tim
i
z
e
d
d
e
s
ign
Motor
r
a
dius
(
m
m
)
139.
7
139.
7
O
u
te
r
r
o
t
o
r
ra
dius
(m
m
)
139.
7
139.
7
Inne
r
r
o
t
o
r
ra
dius
(
m
m
)
119.
2
127.
2
R
o
tor
pole
le
ngth
(m
m
)
20.
5
12.
5
R
o
tor
w
i
dth
(
m
m
)
17.
2
26.
2
S
e
gm
e
n
t
s
p
a
n
(
d
e
gr
e
e
)
2
0
2
0
Sta
t
or
oute
r
r
a
d
ius
(m
m
)
118.
7
126.
7
Sta
t
or
t
ooth
w
i
dth
(m
m
)
1
0
10
A
i
r
-
ga
p
l
e
ngth
(
m
m
)
0
.
5
0
.
5
Ma
gne
t
we
ight
(
kg)
1
.
0
1
.
0
Ma
gne
t
l
e
ngth
(
m
m
)
6
.
1
3
6.
13
Ma
gne
t
w
i
dth
(
m
m
)
1
8
18
Sta
c
k
l
e
ngth
(m
m
)
100
100
S
t
a
t
o
r
sh
a
f
t
(
mm)
3
0
3
0
D
C
-
i
nput
volta
g
e
(V)
415
415
Inve
rte
r
c
urre
nt
(
A
rm
s
)
360
360
Nu
m
b
er o
f
tu
rn
1
8
1
8
S
l
o
t
s
u
r
f
ace
a
r
e
a
(
mm
2
)
432
432
A
v
e
r
a
g
e
tor
que
(
Nm
)
348.
6
>
348.
6
O
u
tput
P
ow
e
r(kW)
5
0
>
5
0
Ra
t
e
d
sp
e
e
d
(re
v/
m
i
m
)
1
,
397.
8
<
1
,
397.
8
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-
8694
Int J
Pow
El
ec &
D
ri
S
yst
,
Vol
.
10,
N
o.
2
, June 2019 : 575
–
58
4
57
8
2.1.
Mod
e
l
in
g
of
M
otor
and
Par
k
’
s
Tr
an
s
f
or
mati
on
The
pro
p
o
sed
three
-
p
h
ase
se
gm
ente
d
r
o
t
o
r
PMFS
M
i
n
t
er
ms
o
f
fl
u
x
l
in
ka
ge,
chan
g
e
s
w
ith
r
o
t
or
pos
it
io
n,
r
,
ther
e
f
ore
,
t
hre
e
-ph
a
se
P
M
f
l
u
x
lin
ka
ge
s,
uvw
,
mu
,
mv
a
nd
mw
h
ave
bee
n
p
r
ove
d
a
n
d
gi
ve
n in [
2
1
]:
)
3
2
cos(
)
3
2
cos(
)
cos(
r
m
mw
r
m
mv
r
m
mu
uvw
p
p
p
(1)
wh
ere
m
i
s
the
m
a
gnitude
o
f
t
h
e
fun
d
am
enta
l
com
pon
e
n
t
,
p
i
s
t
he
numbe
r
of
r
oto
r
p
o
l
e
w
h
ile
r
i
s
rotor
posit
i
o
n.
The
arma
t
u
re
i
n
d
u
c
t
a
n
ces
f
o
r
24S
-
1
4P
P
M
F
S
M
,
based
on
2
D
-
F
E
A
:
S
e
l
f
-inducta
nc
e
results
f
or
t
h
e
th
r
ee-
p
h
a
s
e
are
given
as
)
3
2π
cos(p
θ
L
L
L
)
3
2π
cos(p
θ
L
L
L
)
cos(p
θ
L
L
L
r
m
o
ww
r
m
o
vv
r
m
o
uu
(2)
wher
e
o
L
is t
he
c
o
m
pone
n
t
o
f se
lf- ind
u
c
t
a
n
c
e
a
nd
m
L
is
t
he m
agn
i
tu
de
o
f fu
nda
m
e
nt
a
l
p
iece
w
hi
le
mutua
l
-
i
n
duc
ta
nces
a
re
expr
essed a
s
:
)
3
2π
cos(p
θ
M
M
M
M
)
cos(p
θ
M
M
M
M
)
3
2π
cos(p
θ
M
M
M
M
r
m
o
uw
wu
r
m
o
wv
vw
r
m
o
vu
uv
(
3
)
wher
e
o
M
is t
he
c
o
m
pone
n
t
o
f m
u
tua
l
i
nd
uc
ta
nc
e
a
n
d
m
M
is the
m
a
g
nit
ude
o
f fu
n
d
a
m
ental c
o
mpo
n
en
t
part
The
com
p
o
n
en
ts
o
f
t
r
a
n
sform
a
ti
o
n
f
r
o
m
sta
t
or
t
o
sy
nc
hr
on
ous
r
e
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
frame
,
t
h
e
di
re
ct
a
xi
s
and
qua
dra
t
ur
e
ax
i
s
o
f
the
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
P
MF
S
M
a
re
c
l
a
ssi
f
ie
d
i
n
F
igure
4.
T
he
r
ot
or
p
osit
i
o
n
,
qua
dra
t
ur
e
a
x
i
s
i
s
cho
s
en
a
t
t
h
e
pos
i
tio
n
A
1
w
h
e
re
t
he
P
M
fl
u
x
l
i
nka
ge
i
s
a
t
p
ea
k
leve
l,
a
nd
t
he
q
-
a
x
i
s
i
s
a
n
t
i
-
clo
c
kw
is
e.
T
he
24S
-
1
4
P
P
M
F
S
M
,
disp
lac
e
m
e
nt
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
t
h
e
a
xes,
i
s
6.4
o
(
me
cha
n
ic
a
l
d
egr
ees).
F
urthe
r
m
o
re
,
stator-t
o
f
l
u
x
ali
g
nme
n
t
base
d
on
s
ync
hro
n
ous
r
o
t
or
f
r
a
m
e
o
f
re
fer
e
nce
,
t
he
t
h
ree-phas
e
stator
t
o
s
e
gment
e
d
r
o
tor
Park’s
trans
f
or
ma
t
i
o
n
by
ma
tri
x
i
s g
i
ven a
s
:
2
1
2
1
2
1
)
3
2
(
sin
)
3
2
(
sin
sin
)
3
2π
(θ
cos
)
3
2π
(θ
cos
θ
cos
3
2
c
c
c
c
c
c
P
(
4
)
where
c
i
s the rotor positi
on bet
w
ee
n
th
e
coil A
1
and the direct axis
r
pθ
in F
i
gu
re
4
.
More so,
co
m
b
i
nin
g
(1)
and
(4
)
,
P
M flux li
nk
a
g
es in the
rotor r
e
f
ere
n
ce
f
rame is
as tra
n
s
fo
r
m
e
d
:
0
mq
m
md
(
5
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
E
l
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
IS
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
Perm
ane
nt
m
agne
t f
l
ux s
w
it
c
h
in
g
m
o
tor
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y as
a s
o
l
u
ti
o
n
fo
r hi
g
h
…
(Enwe
l
um
I.
Mbadi
we)
57
9
th
e
(4) sho
w
s
t
h
e
transform
e
d
d
-
axis P
M fl
ux lin
k
age
i
s
ide
nt
ic
al a
nd also the li
nka
ge in q-
axi
s
i
s
ze
ro (0).
O
bvious
ly, the t
r
a
nsform
ed three
-phase induc
tance
com
pone
nt in
rotor fr
ame is given a
s
st
at
ed in (1.5)
:
0
L
L
L
L
1.5L
M
L
L
1.5L
M
L
L
d0
qd
dq
o
m
o
o
q
m
o
o
d
(
6
)
3
L
L
L
)
L
0.5(L
M
L
q
d
m
q
d
o
o
(7)
wh
ere
qd
dq,
,
q,
o
d
L
L
L
,
L
,
L
are
in
duc
t
a
n
c
e c
o
mpone
nts transfor
m
e
d
i
n
r
ot
or
r
efere
n
c
e
fra
m
e
.
th
e
r
efo
r
e,
t
h
e
sum
o
f d-a
x
i
s
a
nd
q-axis fl
u
x l
i
n
k
ages e
x
p
r
e
ssio
n
c
o
nf
ir
m
th
e
e
q
u
a
t
i
o
n
s
ta
te
d
:
q
m
o
o
q
q
q
d
m
o
o
m
d
d
d
)i
1.5L
M
(L
i
L
ψ
)i
1.5L
M
(L
ψ
i
L
ψ
(8)
d
c
d
d
r
r
m
r
r
d
c
q
q
d
c
q
q
r
r
d
c
q
c
d
d
i
R
i
L
ω
p
ψ
ω
p
ψ
ω
t
ψ
V
i
R
i
L
p
i
R
ψ
ω
t
ψ
V
(
9
)
wher
e
c
R
is t
he
r
ea
ctanc
e
of
t
he c
oil
an
d
r
p
i
s
t
h
e
rotor p
o
l
e
nu
mbe
r
mor
e
s
o, frequ
enc
y
o
f
i
nvert
e
r
i
s
li
n
k
e
d
t
o t
h
e
speed
o
f r
o
t
o
r,
is expressed
as
r
c
pω
ω
(
10)
the e
l
e
c
trom
ag
ne
tic
t
orq
u
e,
em
T
i
s gi
ven a
s
q
d
q
d
q
m
r
em
i
)i
L
(L
i
ψ
1.5p
T
(
11)
there
f
ore,
(
11) show
s t
h
a
t
e
lec
t
r
o
ma
gne
t
i
c
t
o
rque
o
f m
a
gne
t
i
c
f
iel
d
o
f r
o
tor
per
m
a
n
e
n
t m
a
gne
t
an
d sta
t
or
perm
ane
n
t
m
a
gne
t is
t
he
sam
e.
2.2.
Motor
d
esign
p
a
rame
te
r
s
a
n
d
sp
e
c
ificat
ion
s
D
e
si
g
n
o
f
the
pr
opo
se
d
an
d
o
p
t
i
m
i
ze
d
P
M
F
S
M
mode
l,
w
a
s
c
o
nduc
t
e
d
u
sing
J
MA
G
Geo
m
et
ry
Ed
itor
.
The
m
otor
pa
r
t
s
an
d
m
a
t
er
ials
w
hich ar
e
rotor, st
a
tor
,
arm
a
ture
coi
l a
n
d P
M
w
er
e des
i
g
n
e
d
a
nd sett
in
g
of the
m
ater
i
a
l
s
,
c
ond
iti
o
n
s,
c
ircu
it
m
e
sh se
ttin
g are
deve
lo
pe
d in the
D
e
s
i
gner
.
The ma
t
e
r
ial for t
h
e
ro
to
r and
st
a
t
or
i
s
elec
tr
ical
s
t
e
e
l
35H
21
0
a
nd
t
h
e
P
M
i
s
N
e
om
ax-
35A
H
.
T
h
e
e
l
ectric
a
l
r
estric
t
i
o
n
s
re
la
te
d
w
ith
t
he
in
put
v
o
lta
ge
a
nd
D
C
i
nver
t
e
r
a
re
r
estric
t
e
d.
R
a
d
i
u
s
of
m
ot
or,
sta
c
k
le
n
g
t
h
,
an
d
s
h
af
t
ra
di
us
r
es
pec
t
i
v
e
l
y
a
r
e
13
9.7m
m,
100
m
m
a
nd
30m
m.
T
he
m
otor
d
esi
g
n
e
m
pl
o
y
ed
t
he
c
om
me
rci
al
2
D-F
E
A
pa
cka
g
e
.
T
he
P
M
con
s
i
d
era
tio
n
of
l
oca
t
i
n
g
o
n
t
h
e
tip
o
f
t
h
e
sta
t
or
t
e
e
t
h
p
r
ov
id
es
t
he
f
o
llow
i
n
g
a
d
v
an
tage
s
wh
i
c
h
i
n
cl
u
d
e
perm
issio
n
o
f
exte
n
d
i
n
g
the
spa
n
o
f
P
M
a
t
the
t
i
p
a
n
d
f
u
rther
p
rotec
t
s
it
from
the
hea
t
s
ource
proximity.
M
e
an
whi
l
e
,
mat
e
ri
al
o
f
P
M
h
as
t
he
r
e
s
id
ual
flux
d
en
sit
y
a
n
d
co
e
rc
ive
fo
rc
e
at
2
0
ᴼ
C
are
1.2T
a
nd
93
2kA
/m
.
More
s
o, the
e
xter
nal rot
o
r
sh
aft is a
l
u
mi
n
u
m
e
m
p
loye
d a
s
a
n
ex
terna
l
e
n
v
e
l
o
p
t
o
sec
u
re
the
s
egm
e
n
t
ed
r
ot
or
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N: 2
0
8
8
-
86
94
I
n
t
J Po
w
Elec
&
Dr
i
Sy
st,
Vo
l. 1
0
,
No
. 2
,
Ju
n
e
2
019
:
5
75
–
5
8
4
58
0
F
i
gur
e
4
:
C
r
o
s
s
-
s
ec
t
i
o
n
s
of
o
pt
i
m
ize
d
2
4S
-
14P
S
egO
R
-
PMF
S
M
and
co
ns
ider
a
t
i
o
n
s
o
f
d-
a
x
i
s
a
n
d
q
-
a
xi
s
2
.
3
.
R
o
t
o
r
po
l
e
l
e
n
g
t
h
,
s
eg
m
e
nt
s
pa
n
a
n
d
r
o
to
r
wi
dt
h
A
m
ong
t
h
e
se
ns
i
t
i
v
e
de
si
g
n
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
o
n
t
he
p
a
r
t
of
r
o
t
o
r
i
nc
l
u
d
e,
r
o
t
or
l
e
n
g
t
h,
s
egm
e
nt
s
pa
n
a
n
d
r
o
tor
w
i
d
t
h
r
e
spect
i
v
e
l
y
for
t
o
r
q
ue
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
m
ent.
I
n
the
i
m
pr
ove
d
des
i
g
n
F
ig
ur
e
4,
r
o
t
or
s
egm
e
n
t
l
en
gt
h
has
be
en
o
p
tim
ise
d
f
r
o
m
i
n
t
i
a
l
v
al
ue
o
f
20.
5
cm
t
o
1
2
.
5
m
m
,
s
e
g
me
nt
s
p
a
n
is
2
0
de
gr
e
e
s
an
d
r
o
t
o
r
w
i
d
t
h
is
26.
5mm
.
M
ea
n
w
hile,
optim
i
z
i
n
g
r
o
tor
par
a
m
e
ter
s
p
r
o
v
i
de
d
muc
h
g
a
i
n
s
in
t
he
g
ene
r
a
t
i
o
n
of
h
i
gh
t
o
r
q
ue
a
s
in
F
i
g
u
r
e
5
(
a)
,
F
i
gur
e
5
(
b
)
an
d
F
i
gur
e
5
(
c
)
r
e
spec
t
i
ve
ly.
S
i
m
i
l
ar
l
y
,
S
t
a
t
o
r
p
o
l
e
a
r
c
w
i
d
t
h
of
t
he
m
o
t
or
i
s
a
l
so
a
se
n
s
it
i
v
e
par
t
t
hat
in
fl
ue
nc
es
m
a
gnet
a
ppr
o
p
r
ia
t
e
d
im
ens
i
o
n
a
n
d
l
a
m
in
at
i
on
siz
e
h
e
n
ce
,
the
hi
gh
pe
r
f
or
m
a
nc
e
of
t
he
m
o
t
or
.
The
impa
c
t
o
f
th
e
stat
or
p
o
l
e
ar
c
on
the
per
f
or
m
a
nce
is
e
s
tim
a
t
e
d
b
y
t
h
e
fi
nite
e
l
e
m
e
n
t
a
nal
y
sis
a
n
d
t
h
e
sta
t
or
w
idth
n
o
t
p
lac
e
d
wit
h
P
M
is
now
o
ptim
ize
d
r
e
s
ul
t
i
ng
t
o
m
a
x
i
m
um
t
or
que
o
f
47
0
N
m
.
F
i
gur
e
5
(
d
) shows the
p
l
o
t
o
f torq
ue
a
ga
in
st
s
ta
tor
po
l
e
widt
h
yie
l
d
in
g
t
he
h
ighe
st
o
utp
u
t
t
o
r
q
ue
o
f
the
m
o
tor
.
(a)
(b
)
(c)
(d
)
F
i
gur
e
5.
E
f
f
ec
t
s
o
f
pa
r
a
m
e
te
r
opt
imiza
t
i
o
n
o
n
t
or
que
o
n
t
h
e
op
t
i
m
i
z
e
d
m
ot
or
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
P
o
w
Elec
&
D
r
i
S
y
st
I
S
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
Pe
rm
ane
n
t
m
agne
t
flux
s
w
itc
hi
n
g
m
o
t
o
r te
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
as a
s
o
lu
ti
o
n
fo
r hi
g
h
… (
E
nw
e
l
um
I.
Mbadi
w
e
)
58
1
3.
RESU
L
T
S
A
ND ANALY
S
IS
Th
is
s
e
c
t
ion,
r
e
por
ts
t
h
e
2
D-FEA
sim
u
la
t
i
o
n
r
esu
l
t
s
o
f
th
e
o
p
t
i
mi
s
e
d
mo
to
r
i
n
t
e
r
ms
o
f
cog
g
i
ng
tor
que
,
tor
q
ue
a
gai
n
s
t
c
ur
r
e
nt
d
e
n
si
t
y
,
a
v
er
a
g
e
tor
que
a
n
d
,
tor
qu
e
a
nd
p
o
w
e
r
a
g
ai
nst
sp
eed
i
n
t
h
e
fo
l
l
owi
n
g
subsections:
3.
1.
Mot
o
r
’
s p
e
r
f
orm
a
n
c
e
u
n
d
e
r
n
o
-
l
oad
c
on
d
i
t
i
on
The
o
p
tim
ize
d
P
MF
S
motor
of
279.
4m
m
in
s
i
z
e
a
nd
u
t
il
i
z
i
n
g
P
M
1
kg
h
as
b
ee
n
in
v
e
sti
g
at
e
d
u
nd
er
no-
loa
d
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
t
o
a
s
c
e
r
t
a
i
n
its
l
e
v
e
l
o
f
pe
r
f
or
m
a
nc
e.
T
he
se
i
n
c
l
ude
c
og
g
i
n
g
t
or
q
u
e
,
i
nd
uce
d
b
a
c
k
-
E
MF
,
spac
e
h
a
r
m
oni
cs a
nd a
v
e
r
age
tor
q
ue
w
h
i
c
h
i
s
expec
t
e
d
t
o
sus
t
ai
n
a
cc
e
l
er
a
t
i
o
n.
F
igur
e
6
(
a
)
pr
e
s
ents
t
he
m
oto
r
c
o
g
g
in
g
tor
que
b
etw
e
e
n
t
he
i
mpr
o
v
e
d
a
n
d
t
h
e
o
p
t
i
m
ize
d
d
esi
gn
in
w
h
i
ch
o
p
tim
ise
d
i
s
lo
we
r
t
h
a
n
i
n
i
t
i
a
l
,
w
i
th
ga
in
s
t
o
o
per
a
te
i
n
sa
fe
r
eg
i
on.
I
n
F
S
M,
c
og
g
i
ng
t
o
r
q
ue
i
s
d
u
e
t
o
t
he
i
n
t
er
a
c
t
i
on
be
tw
een
t
he
p
e
r
m
a
nent
m
a
gne
ts
on
the
s
t
at
or
w
i
t
h
sta
t
or
s
l
o
ts
w
in
din
g
a
nd
r
o
ta
t
i
n
g
r
o
t
o
r
w
h
ic
h
c
a
u
ses
vi
br
at
i
on
i
n
m
otor
s.
Mea
n
wh
il
e
,
t
h
e
n
orm
a
l
q
u
a
n
t
ity
f
or
s
a
f
e
m
o
tor
o
p
era
t
i
o
n
is
1
0%
of
t
he
o
u
t
p
u
t
t
or
que
[
5,
15]
.
Lo
o
k
in
g
a
t
t
h
e
pl
o
t
,
op
tim
i
z
e
d
des
ig
n
ac
hi
e
v
ed co
g
g
i
ng
tor
que
l
ow
er
t
ha
n
the
i
mpr
ove
d de
sig
n
ma
k
i
n
g
i
t
mor
e
fav
o
u
r
a
bl
e
t
o
ope
r
a
te
s
a
f
e
l
y.
F
ur
ther
mor
e
,
t
h
e
s
t
a
t
or
p
o
l
e
w
i
d
t
h
ha
d
r
e
du
ced
h
a
r
m
on
i
c
s
or
der
w
h
en
i
t
w
a
s
inc
r
ea
se
d
fr
om
5m
m
to
1
8mm
th
us,
r
e
duc
i
n
g
t
h
e
c
ogg
in
g
t
o
r
que
f
r
o
m
25
N
m
p
ea
k
t
o
pe
a
k
t
o
2
0
N
m
pea
k
t
o
pea
k
.
The
m
o
tor
’
s
s
im
ul
a
t
ed
c
o
g
g
in
g
tor
que
i
s
pr
esen
te
d
i
n
(a)
(b
)
(c)
F
i
gur
e
6.
M
oto
r
’
s
p
er
for
m
anc
e
c
har
a
cter
i
s
t
i
c
s
und
e
r
no-
l
o
a
d
c
on
d
i
t
i
on,
(
a
)
cogg
i
ng
t
o
r
que
c
har
a
c
t
er
istic
s,
(
b)
i
nd
uce
d
b
ack-
e
m
f
c
o
m
pa
r
ison,
(
c
)
m
a
gnit
ude
o
r
d
er
o
f
har
m
onic
s
w
i
t
h
st
at
o
r
p
ol
e
wi
dt
h
F
i
gur
e
6
(
a
)
.
S
imilar
l
y,
p
l
o
t
of
t
he
i
n
d
u
ce
d
EMF
is
p
r
e
se
n
t
e
d
i
n
F
i
gur
e
6
(
b
)
in
w
hic
h
t
he
o
ptim
i
z
e
d
str
u
c
t
ur
e
i
s
s
e
e
n
t
o
ac
hie
v
e
pur
e
s
i
nu
so
i
d
a
l
w
av
ef
or
m
th
ou
g
h
,
p
ossess
ing
v
o
l
t
a
ge
o
f
48
0V
.
The
im
pr
o
v
ed
de
sig
n
a
ch
ie
v
e
d
a
l
m
o
s
t
400
V
bu
t
w
a
s
l
a
ced
w
ith
d
i
s
to
r
t
i
on
w
h
ic
h
i
s
no
t
f
a
vor
a
b
l
e
f
or
m
ot
or
s
moot
h
ope
r
a
ti
o
n
[
2
2
]
.
F
igur
e
6
(
c
)
i
llus
t
r
a
t
e
s
t
h
e
p
l
ot
o
f
har
m
on
i
c
s
or
der
com
p
ar
iso
n
o
f
im
pr
ove
d
a
n
d
o
p
ti
m
i
z
e
d
d
e
si
gn
.
Th
e
p
l
o
t
d
epi
c
t
s
f
av
ou
rabl
e
h
a
rmon
i
c
r
e
d
u
c
t
i
on
o
ut
co
me
fr
om
d
es
ig
n
op
t
i
misa
ti
o
n
i
n
t
h
e
5
t
h
a
n
d
7
t
h
o
r
d
e
r
resp
ectivel
y
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N: 2
0
8
8
-
86
94
I
n
t
J Po
w
Elec
&
Dr
i
Sy
st,
Vo
l. 1
0
,
No
. 2
,
Ju
n
e
2
019
:
5
75
–
5
8
4
58
2
3
.
2
.
M
o
to
r’
s
pe
rf
o
r
ma
nc
e
un
de
r
l
o
a
d
c
o
n
di
t
i
o
n
T
h
e
to
rqu
e
v
ersu
s
cu
rre
nt
d
ensit
y
J
a
A
/
m
m
2
c
ha
r
a
c
t
er
is
t
i
c
s
o
f
the
m
o
tor
,
w
a
s
c
ond
uc
te
d
at
d
i
ffe
r
e
nt
c
u
r
r
e
nt
va
l
ues
den
s
it
ies,
Ja
5 A
/
m
m
2
t
o
Ja
30
A/
mm
2
r
espec
t
i
v
e
l
y as sh
o
w
n in
F
igur
e
7
(
a
).
I
n t
h
e
p
l
ot
,
outpu
t
tor
que
is
see
n
t
o r
i
se
l
inea
r
l
y
at low
c
ur
r
e
nt va
l
ues b
u
t d
i
d
n
ot c
on
t
i
nue
a
t hi
g
h
c
ur
r
e
nt
d
e
n
s
i
t
y
p
r
e
sen
t
i
ng t
h
a
t
tor
que
g
ene
r
a
t
i
on
is
n
o
t
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
na
l
t
o
a
r
m
atur
e
cur
r
ent
de
ns
i
t
y
d
u
e
t
o
fl
ux
l
eak
ag
e.
T
h
e
ref
o
re,
o
p
t
i
m
i
z
e
d
m
o
tor
ac
h
i
e
v
e
d
t
or
que
o
f
4
7
0
N
m
w
hic
h
i
s
o
b
t
a
i
ne
d
a
t
J
a
30
A/
mm
2
.
M
e
a
n
whi
l
e,
t
he
t
o
r
qu
e
v
e
rsus
s
p
e
ed
c
h
ara
c
teris
t
ics
c
u
rve
is
p
r
e
sen
t
ed
i
n
Fi
gure
7
(b)
in
w
hic
h
a
t
t
h
e
base
s
pee
d
o
f
89
8.
4
5
r
ev/mi
n
,
the
m
a
x
i
mum
tor
que
i
s
4
7
0
N
m
at
c
o
n
s
t
an
t
t
o
r
q
u
e
l
oa
d
a
n
d
mot
o
r
’
s
s
pe
ed
w
i
l
l
b
egi
n
t
o
d
e
cre
a
se
i
f
op
e
r
a
t
ed
b
eyon
d
th
e
ba
se
s
pee
d
.
F
u
r
t
her
m
or
e
,
t
h
e
p
l
o
t
o
f
out
p
u
t
t
o
r
q
ue
a
n
d
pow
er
v
e
rsus
s
pe
e
d
c
ha
rac
t
e
r
istic
s
is
p
rese
nte
d
i
n
F
i
g
u
r
e
7
(
c)
.
Pow
e
r
per
f
or
m
a
nc
e
sh
ow
s
tha
t
a
t
base
s
pe
e
d
a
nd
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
tor
que
,
m
a
xim
u
m
ou
t
p
u
t
p
o
w
er
i
s
45
k
W
a
t
c
o
n
s
ta
nt
t
or
q
u
e
loa
d
but
i
t
dr
o
p
p
e
d
l
ow
a
nd
r
e
m
a
i
n
e
d
c
o
ns
ta
nt
t
h
r
ou
gh
o
u
t
t
h
e
ent
i
r
e
s
p
e
ed
r
eg
io
n.
(a)
(
b
)
(c)
P
l
ot
o
f a
v
era
g
e
t
o
r
que
a
nd p
o
w
er
ver
sus
speed
o
f o
p
tim
i
s
e
d
d
es
i
gn
F
i
gur
e
7.
M
o
t
o
r
’
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
c
ha
r
a
c
t
er
ist
i
c
s
und
er
l
oad
c
o
nd
it
ion
,
(
a
)
tor
q
ue
v
e
r
sus
a
r
m
a
tur
e
c
ur
r
e
nt
d
e
n
s
i
ty,
(b)
t
o
r
q
ue
v
e
r
su
s
s
pee
d
o
f
op
ti
m
i
z
e
d
des
i
gn,
(
c
)
plo
t
o
f
a
v
er
a
g
e
t
o
r
que
a
n
d
pow
e
r
v
e
r
sus
spee
d
o
f
opt
im
ise
d
d
e
si
gn
4.
CONCLUSION
P
e
rm
anent
m
a
gne
t
m
o
tor
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
gy
f
o
r
high
tor
que
a
s
v
i
able
s
o
l
uti
o
n
fo
r
c
l
e
a
n
v
e
hi
c
l
e
p
r
o
pul
s
i
on
d
r
i
v
e
h
a
s
b
een
p
re
sen
t
ed
w
i
t
h
cl
e
a
r
c
u
t
o
f
it
s
adv
a
nt
ag
es.
It
c
on
si
st
s
of
u
n
c
onv
e
n
ti
on
al
1
4
se
g
m
en
t
e
d
ro
to
r
po
les
ha
vi
n
g
a
n
e
x
ter
n
a
l
r
ot
or
s
ha
f
t
t
o
se
c
u
r
e
r
etai
nm
en
t
for
s
pe
e
d
ope
r
a
tion.
T
he
J
MA
G
To
ol
S
o
l
ver
is
ut
i
l
iz
ed
f
or
2
D
f
i
ni
te
e
lem
e
nt
a
na
l
y
s
i
s
t
o
i
n
v
es
ti
ga
te
m
otor
’
s
per
f
or
m
a
nce
s
i
n
t
e
r
m
s
of
c
og
g
i
n
g
t
or
q
u
e
,
i
ndu
c
e
d
EM
F
a
n
d
a
v
era
g
e
out
put
t
o
r
qu
e.
T
he
o
p
t
i
m
i
z
e
d
d
esig
n
h
a
s
a
r
e
d
uce
d
c
o
ggi
ng
t
orq
u
e
t
o
op
e
r
a
t
e
in
a
sa
fe
r
egi
o
n,
i
n
duce
d
E
MF
h
a
s
a
s
moot
h
si
n
u
so
i
d
a
l
w
a
v
ef
or
m
,
t
hou
g
h
w
it
h
h
i
gh
er
v
al
u
e
w
hich
i
s
co
mm
on
w
i
t
h
e
ve
r
y
p
er
ma
nent
m
ag
net
m
o
tor
.
H
igh
t
o
r
q
ue
i
s
c
r
ucia
ll
y
s
i
g
n
i
fic
a
n
t
as
i
ner
tia
ove
r
c
om
er
a
n
d
a
cce
lera
tio
n
s
u
st
a
i
ne
r.
F
rom
simu
lat
i
on
a
n
a
l
y
s
is,
t
h
e
o
p
t
i
m
ise
d
m
ot
or
a
chie
ve
d
a
v
er
a
g
e
t
o
r
q
ue
o
f
4
70N
m
w
i
t
h
pow
er
o
f
45
k
W
a
t
the
s
p
eed
o
f
8
98
r
e
v/m
i
n.
T
her
e
fo
r
e
,
the
pr
o
pose
d
P
MF
S
M
i
n
s
e
gm
ente
d
r
o
t
o
r
,
h
as
pr
ove
n
to
b
e
r
e
lia
b
l
e
for
i
n
-
w
heel
a
p
p
l
i
ca
tio
n
pr
o
v
i
d
i
ng
e
x
c
el
l
ent
p
e
rforman
c
e
b
e
t
t
e
r
t
h
an
P
M
S
M
,
w
h
i
ch
a
c
hie
v
e
d
1
1
0
N
m
a
nd
6
kW.
0
10
0
20
0
30
0
40
0
50
0
0
1
00
0
2
00
0
3
00
0
4
00
0
T
[
N
m
]
Spe
e
d
[re
v/m
i
n
]
0
10
0
20
0
30
0
40
0
50
0
0
1
02
03
0
T
[
N
m
]
Curr
ent
densit
y
J
a
A/m
m
2
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
E
l
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
IS
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
Perm
ane
nt
m
agne
t f
l
ux s
w
it
c
h
in
g
m
o
tor
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y as
a s
o
l
u
ti
o
n
fo
r hi
g
h
…
(Enwe
l
um
I.
Mbadi
we)
58
3
ACKNOW
LEDG
E
MEN
T
S
T
h
i
s
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
w
o
r
k
w
a
s
s
p
o
n
s
o
r
e
d
b
y
R
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
,
&
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
C
e
n
t
re,
Universiti
T
un
H
u
ssein
O
nn Ma
la
ysia
(
U
T
H
M
)
and
FRG
S
G
ra
n
t
V
ot 16
5
1
un
d
er
M
in
i
s
try
o
f
E
d
u
ca
t
i
on,
Ma
l
ay
sia.
REFE
RENCES
[1]
S
.
K
.
Bh
att
achar
ya,
El
ectrica
l Mach
i
n
e
s
.
New
D
e
l
h
i
,
I
nd
i
a
,
McGra
w
H
ill
Education
(India)
P
rivate
L
imit
ed,
p
p
.
5-
7,
2
0
14.
[2]
M.
Z
.
Ahma
d
,
et
a
l
.,
“P
reli
minary
s
tudies
o
n
a
n
e
w
out
e
r–rot
o
r
perm
anent
m
a
gnet
f
lu
x
s
w
i
t
ching
m
achi
n
e
w
i
th
hy
bri
d
e
x
c
it
atio
n
flux
f
o
r
d
i
r
ect
d
riv
e
E
V
ap
plicati
o
n
,
”
i
n
P
r
o
c
. I
E
E
E
I
n
t
e
r.
Co
n
f
.,
P
o
w
e
r
an
d E
n
ergy
,
pp
.
9
2
8
-
933,
20
12
.
[3]
W.
F
ei
,
et a
l
.,
“
A
no
ve
l
ou
te
r–ro
to
r
p
e
rma
n
e
n
t
m
a
gn
e
t
f
lux
switc
h
i
n
g
m
a
c
hine
f
or
u
rb
an
e
l
ectric
v
e
hi
cle
app
l
i
c
at
io
n
s
,” i
n
Pr
o.
3
rd
In
t
e
r.
C
onf
.
,
Power
E
l
ect.
Syst
em
s
Applic
ation
s
,
pp
.
1
-
6
, 2
00
9.
[4]
M.
F
.
O
m
a
r
, et
a
l
.
,
“A
n
ew
t
o
p
o
l
og
y
of
s
in
gl
e
phas
e
f
ield
e
xci
t
at
ion
flu
x
swit
c
h
i
ng
m
ach
ine
f
o
r
hig
h
d
ensity
a
ir-
con
d
i
t
io
n
w
i
t
h
s
egm
e
n
t
al
ro
t
or,”
A
R
P
N
Jou
r
nal
o
f
En
gin
eeri
n
g
and A
ppli
e
d
S
c
iences
, 20
1
3
.
[5]
E. I. M
b
adiw
e and
E. S
u
l
aim
a
n,
“
F
l
ux
switc
hin
g
p
e
r
m
a
ne
n
t
m
a
g
ne
t
m
otor
u
sing
s
egm
e
nt
ed o
ut
er rot
or stru
c
tu
re
f
or
elect
ric
s
c
oot
er,”
In
do
nesi
an
Jou
r
n
a
l
o
f
El
ectr
i
ca
l E
ngineer
in
g
a
n
d
Com
puter Sci
e
nce (
I
JEE
C
S)
,
V
o
l
.
6
(2),
p
p.
37
9-3
86,
2
0
1
7
.
[6]
S.
E
rwa
n
,
et al
.
,
“
I
m
p
rov
e
d
d
e
si
g
n
o
f
th
ree
ph
ase
h
y
b
r
id
e
xci
t
ation
fl
ux
s
w
i
t
c
hi
ng
m
o
t
o
r
w
i
t
h
s
egmen
t
al
r
ot
or,
”
9t
h
Int
e
rna
t
i
o
n
a
l
Power E
ngineer
in
g
a
n
d
Opti
m
i
za
t
i
on Co
nf
erence,
(
P
E
O
CO
)
,
20
15
.
[7]
C.
S
.
W
a
lker
et
a
l
.,
“
H
ig
h
to
rque
d
ensi
ty
h
ig
h
e
ffici
ency
f
lu
x
swit
c
h
i
ng
m
achi
n
e
f
o
r
aeros
pace
ap
pl
icatio
n,”
IE
E
E
Jou
r
n
a
l
o
f
Em
er
g
i
n
g
a
nd Sel
ected
To
p
i
cs
i
n
Power
El
ectr
onics
,
Vol.
1
,
pp
. 3
27
-
3
3
6
,
2
01
3.
[8]
E.
S
u
l
ai
man,
et al
.
“D
evelo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
hig
h
t
orq
u
e
and
hi
gh
p
o
w
er
d
ens
i
t
y
hyb
rid
ex
c
itatio
n
flux
s
wi
tch
i
ng
m
otor
f
o
r
tract
ion drive in hybri
d
elect
ric vehi
cle,”
E
n
er
gy
a
n
d
Po
we
r E
n
g
i
neer
in
g
, 20
1
3
,
p
p. 4
46
-45
4
.
[9]
S
.
B
yeon
g,
et
al
.
,
“
D
e
s
i
gn
o
f
an
out
er-rotor-type
perm
ane
n
t
m
a
gnet
r
ot
or
f
or
e
l
ectric
sco
o
ter
p
r
opu
lsio
n
syst
em
s
,
”
Int
e
rna
t
i
o
n
a
l
Power
Electr
onics
Con
f
er
ence
,
2
01
0.
[10]
H.
Z
ang,
et a
l
.,
“
D
esig
n
an
d
anal
ys
is
o
f
sy
nchro
n
o
u
s
m
o
to
r
e
m
p
l
o
y
i
ng
a
s
e
gm
en
t
a
l
rotor
t
ype
12/
8
S
w
itch
e
d
relu
ctance
mo
to
r”,
Jo
ur
na
l
of
P
o
wer
El
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s
.
vol
.
1
4
,
pp
.
8
66-8
7
3
,
2
014
.
[11]
M
.
G
a
l
ea,
et al
.
,
“
De
s
i
gn
c
on
si
d
e
ra
tion
s
for
a
n
o
ute
r
r
oto
r
f
ie
l
d
w
o
u
n
d
,
flux
s
w
it
chi
ng
m
ach
ine,
”
X
X
t
h
inter.
Con
f
eren
ce on
El
ectrica
l
M
a
chi
n
es
,
(
I
CEM
)
,
No
v
. 2
01
2.
[12]
N.
B
i
a
nchi,
et
al
.
,
“
Hi
gh
p
e
rf
ormance
P
M
s
y
n
ch
rono
us
m
oto
r
d
rive
f
or
a
n
el
ectric
al
s
co
ot
er,”
IE
EE Tran
sac
t
io
ns
on
Ind
u
s
t
r
y
Ap
pli
c
atio
ns
,
vol.
3
7
,
p
p.
1
34
8-1
355,
2
00
1.
[13]
A.
Z
ulu
,
et a
l
.,
“
T
opolo
g
i
e
s
f
o
r
wo
un
d
f
ield
t
hree
p
h
as
e
seg
m
en
ted
rot
o
r
flu
x
sw
it
chin
g
machin
es,”
i
n
5t
h
in
ter
n
a
tio
na
l
Conf
erence on Power
El
ectr
onics,
M
a
c
hi
nes and
Drives
(
P
EMD
)
, p
p. 1-6
,
2
0
1
0
.
[14]
T.
C
elik,
et al
.,
P
h
.
D
.
T
h
esis
,
U
n
ivers
i
t
y
o
f
Newcas
tl
e
up
on
Ty
n
e
S
cho
o
l
of
E
l
ectri
cal,
Electroni
c
and
Com
p
u
t
e
r
En
gi
neerin
g
U
K
,
201
1.
[15]
S
.
M
.
A
l
exan
der,
et
a
l
.,
“
E
n
v
i
ron
m
ental
as
s
e
ssm
ent
of
f
u
ll
el
e
c
tric
t
ranspor
t
a
t
i
on
p
o
rt
f
o
lio,”
Gr
eenhous
e Gas
Emis
s
i
o
n
,
El
ectric P
o
wer
R
e
sea
r
ch
Ins
t
i
t
u
t
e
,
p
p
.
15
2,
2
01
5
[16]
S
.
R
auch
a
nd
L
.
J
.
J
oh
ns
on,
“
Des
i
gn
p
ri
nciples
of
f
l
ux-s
w
i
t
chi
ng
alt
e
rnato
r
s,
”
AIEE
Trans
.
74III,
pp.
126
1-1
2
6
8
,
19
55
.
[17]
E.
H
oa
n
g
,
e
t
a
l.,
“Sw
itc
hing
f
lu
x
pe
rm
a
n
n
e
t
ma
g
n
e
t
p
oly
p
h
a
se
s
y
nch
r
on
ous
m
ach
ines
,
”
i
n
Pr
oc.
7
E
u
r
.
Co
n
f
erenc
e
Powe
r Ele
c
t
ro
ni
c
Ap
pl
ic
a
t
io
ns
,
v
o
l.
3
,
p
p
.
90
3-908,
1
9
97.
[18]
G. D.
Dav
i
d
,
et a
l
.,
“
Al
ternativ
e rot
o
r
d
e
si
gn
s
f
o
r
hi
gh
perf
orm
a
n
ce
bru
s
h
l
ess
pe
rm
an
ent
m
a
gnet
m
achi
n
es
f
or
hy
bri
d
el
e
c
t
ric
v
e
hi
cles
”,
IEE T
r
a
n
s
a
ct
ions
on
Ma
gnet
i
cs
,
2
012
, p
p.
835
-83
8
.
[19]
A.
S
.
T
h
o
m
as,
et
al
.,
“Com
pari
son
of
f
lu
x
sw
i
t
ching
an
d
s
u
rface
m
o
unt
ed
p
erm
a
nen
t
m
a
gn
et
g
enerat
ors
f
o
r
aeros
pac
e
a
pp
li
cati
ons,
”
i
n
Proc
,
IET
P
E
MD
,
pp
. 1
-5
,
2
01
0.
[20]
H.
J
ia,
et
a
l
.,
“
I
n
v
es
tig
a
t
i
o
n
and
im
p
l
em
enta
t
i
o
n
o
f
cont
rol
st
ra
tegi
es
f
o
r
f
l
ux
-sw
i
t
c
hin
g
p
erm
a
nent
m
agn
e
t
m
o
t
o
r
dri
v
es
”
,
I
EEE,
I
ndust
ry A
ppli
c
ati
o
ns
Soci
ety A
nnual
M
e
eting
,
Octo
ber,
2
0
08.
[21]
Y.
A
m
a
mra
et al
.
,
“
H
yb
rid
Excitatio
n
S
y
n
c
hro
nou
s
M
achi
n
es
:
En
ergy
E
ffici
e
n
t
S
o
luti
on
f
o
r
Elect
ric
Veh
i
cl
e
s
P
r
op
ulsio
n
,
”
IEEE Vehicl
e
Po
wer P
r
o
pulsi
on Con
f
er
ence
, vo
l
.
5
8
, pp
. 1
-6,
2
0
0
6
.
[22]
X.
Liang,
et al
.
,
“
Ha
rmo
n
i
c
s
a
na
lysis
in
i
nd
uc
ti
on
m
oto
r
s”
,
Confer
ence on
Elect
ri
cal a
n
d
Comput
er En
g
i
neer
in
g
,
(C
C
E
C
E
)
,
M
ay 2
00
6.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N: 2
0
8
8
-
86
94
I
n
t
J Po
w
Elec
&
Dr
i
Sy
st,
Vo
l. 1
0
,
No
. 2
,
Ju
n
e
2
019
:
5
75
–
5
8
4
58
4
BIOGRAPHI
E
S
OF
AUT
HORS
E
n
wel
u
m
I.
M
b
a
d
i
we
r
eceiv
e
d
hi
s
B.E
ng.
d
egree
in
e
lectri
cal
e
ng
ine
e
ri
ng
f
rom
E
n
ugu
St
ate
Un
ive
r
s
i
ty
o
f
Sc
ie
n
c
e
a
n
d
Te
c
hnolo
g
y
Nige
ria
in
1
9
9
5
,
M
.
En
g
d
e
g
r
ee
in
p
o
w
er
d
ev
ices
f
ro
m
U
n
iv
ersi
ty
o
f
N
i
geri
a
i
n
2
0
1
0
an
d
cu
rrent
ly,
Ph
.
D
Res
earch
S
tu
dent
a
t
Univ
ersiti
T
un
H
u
ssei
n
O
n
n
M
a
lay
s
i
a
.
Hi
s
research
i
n
t
eres
t
is
o
n
f
l
u
x
s
wit
c
hi
ng
m
achi
n
e
in
s
egm
e
n
t
ed
r
o
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f
or
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n-
w
h
eel
v
eh
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p
p
l
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.
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i
s
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cadem
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ta
ff
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t
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ger
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t
a
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e
P
o
l
y
t
echn
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c,
Z
u
ngeru
,
N
i
geri
a s
i
nce
De
cem
ber 1
9
9
6
.
E
r
wan S
u
l
a
im
an rec
ei
ved
hi
s B.
E
a
nd
M
.
E
d
e
grees
i
n
El
ectri
cal
E
ngineer
i
ng
f
r
om
U
niversiti
o
f
M
a
lay
a
i
n
2
0
0
1
a
nd
U
ni
vers
iti
Tu
n
Hu
ssei
n
O
nn
M
al
a
y
si
a
(U
THM
)
i
n
20
04
a
nd
h
a
s
been
w
ith
t
h
e
Univ
ersiti
a
s
a
Lectu
r
er.
H
e
r
eceiv
e
d
h
i
s
Doct
or
i
n
El
ectri
cal
E
n
g
i
n
eering
f
r
om
N
ago
y
a
Institute
o
f
Technology
(
NI
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J
apan
i
n
2012.
H
is
r
esearch
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nt
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e
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ts
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lu
de
o
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niv
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alays
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a
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e
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d
h
i
s
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h
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i
n
2
017.
H
is
r
esearch
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n
t
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ts
i
n
c
lu
de el
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mach
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sign
and
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trol.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.