Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of
P
ower E
le
ctr
on
i
cs a
n
d
Drive
S
ystem
(I
J
PE
D
S
)
Vo
l.
11
,
No.
3
,
Septem
be
r 2020
, pp.
1557
~
1569
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8694
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ij
peds
.
v11.i
3
.
pp
1557
-
1569
1557
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ij
pe
ds
.i
aescore.c
om
Volta
ge re
gulati
on of
an a
synch
ronous wi
nd tu
rb
i
ne usi
ng
STATC
OM a
nd a
contr
ol strategy b
ased on
a combin
ation
of
single in
put fuzz
y logic
regul
ator and slidi
ng mod
e c
ontroll
ers
Moham
med
Mokhtari
1
, S
mail Z
oug
ga
r
2
,
N
acer
K
.
M’s
ir
di
3
,
M
oham
ed Lar
bi
El
hafyani
4
1,2,4
La
bor
at
ory
o
f
Elec
tr
ical Engi
nee
ring
and
Mai
nte
nan
ce,
Schoo
l
of Te
chnol
ogy
,
Univer
sity
Mohammed
1
st
,
Mor
occ
o
3
La
bora
tory
of
Sys
te
ms a
nd
Inf
orma
ti
on
Sci
ences of
Aix
Marsei
ll
e
Univer
sity
,
F
ran
ce
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
Ja
n
1
7
, 2
01
9
Re
vised
Ju
l
2
2
,
201
9
Accepte
d
Aug
3
, 2
01
9
In
the
l
itera
tur
e,
it
is
wel
l
kno
wn
tha
t
r
ea
c
ti
ve
power
ma
n
ageme
nt
is
the
gre
atest
cha
l
le
n
ge
in
wind
tur
bine
b
ase
d
on
a
three
-
phase
self
-
ex
cited
induc
ti
on
g
ene
r
a
tor.
Any
var
i
atio
n
of
wind
spee
d
or
loa
d
c
ause
s
a
var
i
at
ion
on
th
e
nee
d
ed
r
ea
c
ti
ve
power
a
nd
thus
a
vol
tage
f
luc
tu
ation.
Flexi
ble
AC
tra
nsmiss
ion
de
vic
e
such
as
STATCOM
bec
om
e
the
n
a
ne
ce
ss
ity
to
pre
ven
t
volt
ag
e
insta
bi
lity
and
h
enc
e
v
olt
ag
e
col
l
apse
at
the
point
of
co
mm
on
coupl
ing
.
Thi
s
pap
er
propose
s
so
a
n
ew
c
ontrol
strategy
for
voltage
reg
ulation
of
an
async
hronous
wind
turb
ine
ba
sed
on
a
co
mbinati
on
of
a
single
inpu
t
fu
zzy
logic
reg
u
la
to
r
and
a
slid
ing
m
ode
con
trol
l
er.
C
ompa
red
to
the
cl
assic
al
co
ntrol
str
at
egy
with
PI
reg
u
la
t
ors,
the
per
for
ma
nc
e
of
the
proposed
com
pe
nsator
has
bee
n
signifi
c
ant
ly
improved
when
it
i
s
cont
rolled
by
th
e
new
ap
proa
ch
and
th
e
sys
te
m
h
ave
s
hown
more
rob
ustness
and
stabi
lity
reg
ard
i
ng
ex
te
rna
l
dist
urba
nce
s.
The
p
rese
nt
document
tr
ai
ts
so
the
mode
lling
of
th
e
power
sys
te
m
,
the
simu
la
t
ion
result
s
and
th
e
cont
roller’s
sche
me a
nd
desi
gn.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Async
hro
nous
Win
d
T
urbin
e
Sin
gle
I
nput F
uzzy L
og
ic
Re
gu
la
to
r
Sli
din
g
M
ode
Con
tr
ollers
STA
TC
O
M
Vo
lt
age
Reg
ul
at
ion
This
is an
open
acc
ess arti
cl
e
un
der
the
CC
BY
-
SA
l
ic
ense
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
M
oha
mme
d M
okhtari,
Lab
or
at
or
y of
Ele
ct
rical
En
gi
neer
i
ng and
Ma
intenan
ce,
Un
i
ver
sit
y
M
ohamme
d 1st,
BP 473 Al
Qu
ds
Un
i
ver
sit
y C
omplex,
Ouj
da 600
00, M
orocco.
Emai
l:
moham
med.mo
khta
ri
@outl
ook.co
m
NOME
N
CLA
TURE
Air de
ns
it
y.
,
Stat
or
ter
minal
volt
ages i
n
ref
e
re
nce.
R
Bl
ades len
gth.
,
Stat
or
phase c
urre
nt in
refe
ren
ce
.
V
Win
d
S
pee
d.
,
Rotor p
hase
curre
nt in
refe
ren
ce
.
(
)
Aero
dynamic
performa
nce
of the tu
r
bin
e.
,
M
a
gn
et
iz
in
g
c
urren
t i
n
re
fer
e
nce.
Ω
Turbine
s
haf
t s
peed.
,
Rotor fl
ux in
re
fer
e
nce
.
Transmi
tt
ed
to
rque t
o
the
sh
a
ft of the
IG
,
Stat
or
flu
x
in
re
fer
e
nce.
Aero
dynamic t
orq
ue.
,
Per
phase
ro
t
or an
d
sta
to
r resi
sta
nces.
M
M
ulti
plier
rati
o.
M
a
gn
et
iz
in
g re
act
ance.
M
ec
han
ic
al
s
pe
ed of
the
IG s
haf
t
,
Stat
or
a
nd roto
r
le
aka
ge react
ances.
IG
sh
a
ft a
ngul
ar
velocit
y.
Synchr
onous a
ngular
v
el
ocity
.
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
11
, N
o.
3
,
Se
ptembe
r
2020
:
1557
–
1569
1558
W
in
d
e
nerg
y
i
s
ab
unda
nt
a
nd
e
ndowed
wi
th
ine
xh
a
us
ti
bl
e
pote
ntial
.
I
t
is
tod
a
y
one
of
the
best
so
urces
of
s
ust
ai
nab
le
el
ect
ri
ci
ty
s
upply
for
global
de
vel
opment.
C
ompare
d
with
oth
er
gen
e
rato
rs
,
Sel
f
-
Excit
ed
I
nduct
ion
Ge
ner
at
or
(
SEIG
)
ap
plied
in
var
ia
ble
s
pe
ed
wind
tur
bine
syst
em
giv
e
s
more
a
dvanta
ge
s
f
or
an
is
olate
d
mic
ro
-
gri
d.
Its
r
ob
us
tness
a
nd
lo
w
c
os
t
qual
it
ies
ma
ke
s
it
pe
rfec
tl
y
su
it
e
d
for
us
e
in
s
om
e
e
xtreme
wind
an
d
loa
d
conditi
ons.
H
oweve
r,
th
e
te
r
minal
volt
age
sta
bili
ty
of
the
Indu
ct
i
on
Generat
or
(IG)
ca
nnot
be
gu
a
ra
nteed
with
only
a
s
hunt
connecti
on
t
o
a
fixe
d
ca
pacit
or
ba
nk.
T
hu
s
,
severa
l
volt
ag
e
regulat
i
o
n
sc
hemes
hav
e
bee
n
pro
po
s
ed
by
re
se
arch
e
rs
us
i
ng
mecha
nical
ly
switc
he
d
ca
pa
ci
tors,
s
yn
c
hro
nous
c
onde
ns
e
rs
a
nd
Flexible
AC
tr
ansmissi
on
(FACT)
dev
ic
es
su
c
h
as
t
he
Stat
ic
Var
C
omp
ensato
r
(SVC)
or
m
or
e
recen
tl
y
the
Stat
ic
Sy
nc
hro
nous
C
ompe
nsa
tor (ST
ATC
O
M
)
[
1,
2].
In
Re
fe
ren
c
e
[3]
t
hyristo
r
-
c
on
t
ro
ll
ed
sta
ti
c
va
r
co
mp
e
nsa
tor
ha
ve
be
en
re
ported
to
pr
ov
i
de
t
he
require
d
reacti
ve
powe
r
f
or
volt
age
sup
port
and
tra
ns
ie
nt
sta
bili
ty
imp
r
ovement
of
a
n
el
ect
rical
netw
ork
wi
t
h
wind
gen
e
rato
r.
In
Re
fe
ren
c
e
[
4
]
t
he
a
uth
ors
pro
posed
a
ST
ATCO
M
with
a
n
e
nerg
y
sto
ra
ge
sy
ste
m
(S
T
ATCO
M
/E
SS)
t
o
sup
ply
reacti
ve
po
wer
c
ompe
nsa
ti
on
,
volt
age
regulat
ion
a
nd
t
ran
sie
nt
s
ta
bili
ty
enh
a
ncem
ent
,
f
or w
i
nd turbin
es eq
uippe
d wit
h
fi
xed
-
s
peed
inducti
on gene
rators.
A
c
omparis
on
has
bee
n
ma
de
in
re
fer
e
nc
e
[
5
]
betw
een
SV
C
an
d
ST
ATCO
M
sho
wing
that
,
for
impro
ving
rea
ct
ive
powe
r
of
a
wind
far
m
with
ca
ge
in
duct
ion
gen
e
rato
r
s
,
ST
ATCO
M
is
more
use
f
ul
than
SV
C
.
T
his
is
due
to
it
s
highe
r
con
t
ro
l
ba
ndw
idth
an
d
the
a
ddit
ion
al
cap
abi
li
ty
of
pr
ov
i
ding
hi
gh
e
r
cu
rre
nts
at
low v
oltage le
vels.
In
this
w
ork,
t
he
t
opolog
y
usi
ng
ST
ATCO
M
ha
ve
bee
n
chosen
.
S
eve
ra
l
co
ntr
ol
a
pproach
es
,
f
r
om
the
cl
assic
al
to
intel
li
gen
t
ones
,
hav
e
bee
n
us
e
d
in
the
li
te
ratur
e
.
Gen
e
r
al
ly,
the
re
a
re
t
wo
co
ntr
ol
ob
j
ect
ives
impleme
nted
i
n
ST
ATC
OM.
On
e
of
them
us
e
s
the
AC
volt
age
re
gula
ti
on
at
PCC
a
nd
the
ot
her
is
t
he
DC
vo
lt
age
re
gula
ti
on
ac
ross
it
s
capaci
to
r.
I
n
the
c
on
ve
ntional
scheme
,
li
ne
ar
c
on
t
ro
l
te
c
hn
i
qu
e
s
base
d
on
a
decou
pled
dq
axis
co
ntr
ol
a
ppr
oach
with
four
Pro
portio
nal
I
nteg
ral
(PI)
regulat
ors
c
ascade
d
we
re
mainl
y
us
e
d.
I
n
[
6
]
,
t
he
a
uthor
s
pro
po
s
ed
to
desi
gn
th
e
P
I
c
ontr
ollers
with
a
n
anti
-
wi
nd
-
up
ga
in,
w
hile
in
[
7]
the
auth
or
s
ha
ve
de
sign
e
d
t
he
li
ne
ar
P
I
c
on
tr
oll
ers
based
on
a
ppr
ox
imat
io
n
arou
nd
a
n
ope
rati
ng
point
by
the
Taylo
r
s
eries.
The
pro
blem
of
this
met
hods
is
that
the
c
on
t
ro
l
desi
gn
depend
s
on
the
operati
ng
po
i
nt
.
This
i
s
no
t
well
ad
vis
e
d
i
n
the
eve
nt
o
f
la
r
ge
distu
r
ban
ce
s.
Furthe
rm
or
e,
the
ch
ose
n
set
of
t
he
PI
gains
is
hel
d
fixe
d
dur
in
g
ope
rati
on
of
S
TA
TCOM.
Since
wi
nd
s
pee
d
an
d
load
c
ha
ng
es
w
it
h
ti
me
tho
se
par
a
mete
rs
ca
n
no
t
be
su
it
able f
or all
work
i
ng c
onditi
on
s
.
In
a
dd
it
io
n
,
du
e
to
t
he
non
-
li
near
it
y
o
f
t
he
stu
died
s
ys
t
em,
t
he
i
nacc
uracy
of
it
s
paramet
ers
a
nd
measu
reme
nt
a
nd
the
uncertai
nty
i
ntr
oduce
d
by
the
distu
rb
a
nces,
this
a
ppr
oach
prese
nts
l
imi
ta
ti
on
w
he
n
fast,
rob
us
t
an
d
hig
h
preci
sio
n
r
esp
on
ses
are
r
e
qu
i
r
ed
i
n
rea
l
-
ti
me
implem
entat
ion
.
The
r
efore,
i
n
[
8
]
c
on
t
rol
strat
egies
base
d
on
a
dap
ti
ve
PI
co
ntr
ol,
whic
h
can
a
d
ap
t
t
he
co
ntr
ol
gai
ns
ha
ve
been
pro
po
se
d
to
tr
ack
th
e
var
ia
ti
ons
.
I
n
[
9
]
a
f
uzz
y
PI
c
on
t
ro
l
meth
od
is
pro
pose
d
t
o
tun
e
P
I
c
ontr
oller
gains
.
In
[1
0
]
a
uthors
int
r
o
duce
d
a
sing
le
neur
on
N
e
ural
N
et
w
ork
as
a
sel
f
-
t
un
i
ng
a
nd
r
ob
us
t
PI
c
ontr
oller.
Howe
ver
,
t
hese
c
on
tr
oller
s
nee
d
mathemat
ic
al
models
of
t
he
stud
ie
d
sy
ste
m
and
ar
e
there
fore
sensiti
ve
to
par
a
mete
r vari
at
ion
.
M
ore
ov
e
r,
in
[
1
1
],
[
1
2
]
a
nd
[
1
3
],
Linea
r
Q
ua
dr
at
i
c
Stat
e
F
eedb
ac
k
Co
ntr
ol
is
pro
pose
d.
I
n
[
1
4
],
[
1
5
]
and
[
1
6
]
a
var
i
able
str
uctu
re
F
uzz
y
L
ogic
c
on
t
ro
l
is
u
s
ed
.
In
[
1
7
]
a
nd
[
18
]
a
sli
di
ng
m
od
e
c
on
tr
ol
st
r
at
egy
is
us
e
d.
I
n
[
19
]
a
F
uzzy
sli
di
ng
mode
co
ntr
ol
i
s
te
ste
d.
In
[
20
]
t
he
bac
ks
te
ppin
g
meth
od
is
ad
op
te
d
a
nd
i
n
[
2
1
]
auth
or
s
a
pp
li
e
d
a
n
H∞
co
ntr
oller
to
hav
e
be
tt
er
res
pons
e
in
ste
ad
y
an
d
t
ran
sie
nt
sta
te
s
resp
ect
ivel
y.
I
n
m
os
t
of
the
a
f
or
e
me
ntion
e
d
w
orks
,
resea
rch
e
rs
ha
ve
trie
d
t
o
us
e
a
sta
ble
co
ntr
ollers
but
to
o
com
plex
in
or
der
to
make
it
ca
pa
ble of r
ea
ct
i
ng to
v
a
rio
us
c
onditi
on
s
in
t
he best p
os
sible
wa
y.
Con
se
quently
,
the
main
c
on
tribu
ti
on
of
th
is
pa
per
can
be
summariz
e
d
as
the
use
a
nd
c
on
t
ro
l
of
STA
TC
O
M
for
re
gula
ti
ng
the
volt
age
outp
ut
of
a
n
asy
nc
hro
nous
wind
tur
bin
e
at
va
riable
wind
s
pe
ed
a
nd
load
c
onditi
ons
,
us
in
g
a
rela
ti
vely
ne
w
ada
ptive
meth
od
base
d
on
a
co
mb
inati
on
of
a
S
ing
le
I
nput
F
uzz
y
L
ogic
regulat
or
an
d
a
S
li
ding
M
ode
C
ontr
ol
le
rs.
The
main f
eat
ur
e
s
of
this
con
tr
ol
ap
proa
ch
is
it
s
insensi
ti
vity
to
the
m
od
el
ing
er
rors
a
nd
th
e
sy
ste
m
par
a
mete
r
s
va
riat
io
ns
.
T
he
propos
ed
co
ntr
oller
ha
s
a
simple
str
uctu
re
,
needs
a
lo
w
c
ompu
ta
ti
ons
ti
me,
ha
s
a
go
od
sel
f
-
tu
ning
a
bili
ty
an
d
de
pe
nds
only
on
the
er
ror
betwe
en
the
ref
e
ren
ce
a
nd
the
meas
ur
e
d
value
t
o
re
duc
e
vo
lt
a
ge
fl
uctuati
on
at
al
l
po
ssible
c
o
ndit
ion
s
.
T
her
e
fore
,
this
con
t
ro
l a
ppr
oa
ch
ca
n be
easi
l
y
u
s
e
d
in
r
eal
t
ime i
mp
le
me
nt
at
ion
.
The
organ
iz
at
i
on
of
this
pa
pe
r
is
as
f
ollows.
It
sta
rts
with
t
he
m
od
el
li
ng
of
the
stu
died
as
yn
c
hro
nous
wind
tu
rb
i
ne
a
nd
ST
ATCO
M
,
t
hen
f
oc
use
s
on
the
de
sc
riptio
n
of
t
he
pro
po
se
d
c
ontrol
a
ppr
oach
a
nd
the
desig
n of t
he p
roper co
ntr
ollers, t
o finall
y di
scuss
a
nd a
nal
ys
is t
he
sim
ulate
d
res
ults.
2.
POWER
S
YST
EM MODE
LING
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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ys
t
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S
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694
Volta
ge
re
gu
l
at
ion
of an asy
nc
hrono
us
wi
nd
tur
bin
e
us
in
g STAT
C
OM a
nd
…
(
Mo
ham
m
ed
M
ok
hta
ri)
1559
2.1.
Asynchr
onous
Wind
Tu
rbine M
od
el
M
ulti
ple
versi
on
s
of
wind
tur
bin
e
m
odel
ha
ve
rece
ntly
been
desi
gned
an
d
ca
n
be
ob
ta
ine
d
thr
oughout
the
li
te
rar
y
w
orks
[
2
,
18
,
22
,
2
3
]
.
D
ue
to
the
f
act
that
the
el
e
ct
ric
res
pons
e
of
the
s
ys
te
m
is
our
bo
tt
om l
ine
,
th
e obser
v
ed
m
odel
in
Fig
ur
e
1
is
ther
fore
p
res
um
e
d:
Figure
1. Sc
he
mati
c d
ia
gram
of the
wind
t
urbine mo
del.
The
sel
f
-
e
xcite
d
i
nductio
n
ge
ner
at
or
de
sig
n
est
ablishe
d
in
this
pa
per
is
expresse
d
in
ref
e
ren
c
e
fr
ame
as
prese
ented
in
Fig
ure
2.
It
need
s
t
o
be
m
entio
ne
d
that
dep
en
ds
o
n
t
he
ma
gnet
iz
ing
cu
rr
e
nt
[2
4
]
.
This
depend
e
nc
y
ha
s
a
ct
ually
bee
n
e
xp
e
rime
ntall
y
identifie
d
i
n
f
ormer
work
as
re
ferre
d
i
n
[
2]
a
nd
integrate
d
in
M
at
la
b/Sim
ulink
m
od
el
set
ti
ng
s
.
Figure
2. Eq
ui
valent ci
rc
uit o
f
the
SE
IG in
re
fer
e
nce
frame.
The
el
ect
r
o
-
ma
gn
et
ic
to
r
qu
e
generate
d by the
inducti
on
mac
hin
e is
d
esc
rib
ed by
:
C
em
=
p
.
L
m
L
r
(
φ
r
.
i
s
−
φ
r
i
s
)
(1)
2.2.
Static
Syn
chronous
Co
mpens
ator
M
od
el
The
basic
c
oncept
of
S
TAT
COM
is
the
c
r
eat
ion
of
a
n
a
dju
sta
ble
volt
age
s
ource
us
in
g
a
Vo
lt
a
ge
Sour
ce
Inve
rter (VSI)
a
nd
3
P
hase S
P
W
M
powe
r
c
onver
te
r
technolo
gy
w
hich
incl
ude I
GBTs.
T
he AC side of
the
VS
I
is
c
ou
pled
to
the
as
yn
c
hro
nous
wind
gen
e
rato
r
vi
a
a
r
eact
a
nce
and
it
s
DC
si
de
is
c
onnecte
d
to
a
capaci
tor
.
T
he
act
ive
as
wel
l
as
reacti
ve
powe
r
tra
ns
fe
r
betwe
en
both
sy
ste
m
s
resu
l
ts
from
the
volt
age
diff
e
re
nce
acr
os
s
the
reacta
nce
an
d
ma
y
be
ma
nag
e
d
by
the
M
od
ulati
on
I
ndex
MI
and
t
he
relat
iv
e
ph
ase
ang
le
[
1
7
].
The
modell
ing
of
S
TATC
O
M
,
Fig
ur
e
3,
i
s
exa
mine
d
in
the
li
nes
li
ste
d
belo
w
an
d
al
s
o
def
i
ned
i
n
Par
k
re
fer
e
nce
fr
a
me
[
25
]
.
We
desig
nate
the
re
fer
e
nce
f
rame
c
oor
din
a
te
su
ch
as
the
d
-
a
xis
is
c
onsta
ntly
coincide
nt
with the
insta
ntan
eous s
ys
te
m
vo
lt
age v
ect
or
a
nd the
q
-
a
xis r
e
mains i
n qu
a
drat
ur
e
with it
[
26
]
.
The fo
rm
ulas
de
fining t
he AC side
of ST
AT
COM i
n
t
he dq refe
re
nce fram
e are
pro
vid
e
d by
:
d
dt
[
i
otd
i
otq
]
=
[
−
R
c
L
c
ω
s
−
ω
s
−
R
c
L
c
]
.
[
i
otd
i
otq
]
+
1
L
c
[
V
sd
−
V
otd
V
sq
−
V
otq
]
(2)
The
DC
vo
lt
ag
e
an
d
c
urren
t
of ST
ATC
OM a
re
interc
onne
ct
ed
by:
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S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
11
, N
o.
3
,
Se
ptembe
r
2020
:
1557
–
1569
1560
d
V
dc
dt
=
i
dc
C
dc
(3)
Give
n
t
hat
SP
W
M
meth
od
is
ap
plied
to
S
T
ATCO
M
,
a
nd
al
l
the
volt
age
harmo
nics
ge
ne
rated
by
the
VS
I
a
re
ignore
d, the
form
ulas
ass
ociat
ing
t
he D
C si
de
and
AC side
of ST
ATCO
M
can
be descri
be
d
as:
[
V
otd
V
otq
]
=
MI
.
V
dc
.
[
cos
(
α
)
sin
(
α
)
]
i
dc
=
MI
.
[
i
otd
i
otq
]
.
[
cos
(
α
)
sin
(
α
)
]
(4)
Wh
e
re
MI
a
nd
are
the
c
ontr
ol
par
a
mete
rs
of
ST
ATC
O
M
cal
culat
ed
fro
m
t
he
volt
age
ref
e
ren
ces
us
in
g
t
he
fo
ll
owin
g
e
qua
ti
on
s
:
MI
=
√
V
otd
_
ref
2
+
V
otq
_
ref
2
V
dc
α
=
tan
−
1
(
V
otq
_
r
ef
V
otd
_
r
ef
)
(5)
Figure
3. Sc
he
mati
c d
ia
gram
of
the
as
ynch
r
onous
wind t
urbine wit
h ST
A
TCOM
3.
CONTR
OL S
TRATEG
Y A
NA
L
YS
I
S
To
e
nh
a
nce
volt
age
sta
bili
ty
of
t
he
wi
nd
tur
bin
e
reg
a
r
dless
of
wind
sp
ee
d
or
l
oa
d
var
ia
ti
on,
STA
TC
O
M
ne
ed
to
t
ransfe
r
r
eact
ive
powe
r
Q(
t)
to
t
he
SE
IG
t
o
mi
nimize
the
AC
volt
age
per
tu
r
batio
n
a
nd
sh
oul
d
c
on
s
ume
act
ive
power
P(t)
t
o
mai
ntain the
D
C
volt
age at it
s r
e
fe
re
nce
d
val
ue.
Yet,
e
qu
at
io
n
(6)
re
veals
th
a
t
the
co
ntr
ol
of
the
act
ive
po
wer
P(t)
may
be
done
us
in
g
the
d
-
a
xis
current
i
otd
wh
i
le
the q
-
a
xis c
urre
nt
i
otq
can
he
lp in
t
he
c
ontro
l of the
reacti
ve
pow
e
r
Q(
t
)
:
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri
S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
Volta
ge
re
gu
l
at
ion
of an asy
nc
hrono
us
wi
nd
tur
bin
e
us
in
g STAT
C
OM a
nd
…
(
Mo
ham
m
ed
M
ok
hta
ri)
1561
(
)
=
3
2
(
)
=
−
3
2
(6)
Ther
e
f
or
e,
t
o
a
ccom
plish
the
intende
d
powe
r
co
ntr
ol
res
ult
s
,
a
fee
db
ac
k
c
urren
t
c
on
t
ro
ll
ers
nee
d
to
be
ad
opte
d
al
ong
with
the
vo
lt
age
c
ontr
ol
loo
p
s
t
o
re
m
ov
e
t
he
ste
ad
y
sta
te
err
or
en
ti
rely
an
d
assi
st
the
injec
te
d
c
urrent
s
i
otd
and
i
otq
to
match t
heir ref
eren
ces
.
M
ea
nwh
il
e,
It
may
be
obse
rved
from
eq
uati
on
(
2)
that
bot
h
el
eme
nts
of
the
injec
te
d
c
urre
nt
i
otd
as
well
as
i
otq
are
cro
ss
-
c
oupled
via
the
te
rm
.
Any
kind
of
ad
justment
in
t
he
directi
on
of
one
axis
i
nduces
a
modific
at
ion
in
the
c
urren
t
i
n
the
oth
er
di
r
ect
ion
.
The
refor
e
,
it
’s
re
qu
ir
ed
to
re
move
the
inte
racti
on
betwee
n
the
cu
rr
e
nts.
I
n
this
pap
e
r,
t
he
cl
assic
al
deco
uple
d
Watt
-
V
ar
ap
proac
h
is
app
li
ed
[
3]
.
Th
e
two
ne
w
va
ri
ables
pr
ese
nted
in
e
quat
ion
(
7) are
the
ou
t
pu
t
from
the s
uggeste
d con
t
ro
l
st
rateg
y
.
V
otd
∗
=
i
otq
ω
s
L
c
+
V
sd
−
V
otd
_
ref
V
otq
∗
=
i
otd
ω
s
L
c
+
V
sq
−
V
otq
_
ref
(7)
The
c
ontr
ol
te
c
hn
i
qu
e
in
Fig
ure
4
operates s
o
with
t
wo
c
ontrol
lo
op
s
t
o
c
omp
ute
∗
an
d
∗
th
at
gu
a
ra
ntee re
fere
nce trac
king
of
as w
el
l as
.
Figure
4. V
oltage a
nd curre
nt
loops
of
the
pr
opos
e
d
c
ontrol
strateg
y
To
ide
ntify
t
he
appr
opriat
e
pa
rameters
of
t
he
PI
c
ontr
ollers
in
Fi
gure
4,
Bod
e
plo
t
a
nd
the
Tu
ning
too
l
i
n
M
at
la
b/
Simuli
nk
soft
war
e
hav
e
bee
n
e
mp
l
oyed
as
exp
la
ine
d
in
r
e
fer
e
nce
[
2
7
].
T
he
sel
ect
ed
val
ues
are
ou
tl
ine
d
in
Ta
bl
e
1:
Table
1.
PI
pa
r
amet
ers
Tr
an
sfe
rt
Fu
n
ctio
n
Cu
rr
en
t Co
n
troller
s
+
5
.39
3
1
7
2
6
.0
7
2
DC Vo
ltag
e Reg
u
lato
r
1
.19
9
2
.02
9
AC Vo
ltag
e Reg
u
lato
r
-
11
-
0
.05
3.1.
Prop
os
ed
sli
ding
m
od
e
curr
ent
c
ontrolle
r
s
T
he
pur
pose
of
this
sect
io
n
i
s
to
i
nv
e
sti
gate
the
s
ugge
ste
d
sli
din
g
m
od
e
c
urren
t
co
ntr
ollers
th
at
will
li
kely
re
place
the
sta
nda
rd
PI
con
t
ro
ll
ers
.
T
his
pro
ced
ur
e
basical
ly
in
vo
l
ves
tw
o
ph
a
ses
:
the
sel
ect
ion
of
t
he
sli
din
g
m
od
e
s
urface a
rea a
nd it
s stabil
it
y
ev
al
uation
.
Since
sli
di
ng
mode
c
ontrol
is
kn
own
f
or
it
s
fast
global
c
onve
r
gen
ce
,
sim
plici
ty
of
im
pl
ementat
io
n
as
well
as
it
s
hi
gh
rob
us
tne
ss
t
o
e
xter
nal
per
t
urbati
on
.
T
he
current
co
mpo
nen
t
and
of
t
he
in
ner
lo
op
s
will
bette
r
trac
k
thei
r
re
fere
nc
e
s
val
ues [1
4,
1
7
]
.
3.1.1.
Sli
ding
S
urf
ac
e desig
n
The
co
ntr
ol
goal
s
a
re
t
o
t
r
ack
or
sli
de
a
long
t
he
pred
efine
d
c
urre
nt
re
fer
e
nces
∗
.
Fo
r
this
ob
je
ct
ive
, th
e
s
li
din
g su
rf
ace
s
are establi
s
hed as:
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
11
, N
o.
3
,
Se
ptembe
r
2020
:
1557
–
1569
1562
=
−
∗
=
−
∗
(8)
The
sli
di
ng s
urface
s
der
i
vativ
es are
pro
vid
e
d
by:
=
−
(
)
=
−
(
)
(9)
W
ith
and
two
po
sit
ive
consta
nts.
Howe
ver, fr
om (
8)
we ha
ve:
=
−
∗
=
−
∗
(10)
Fr
om
(2)
a
nd (7), w
e ca
n wr
it
e:
=
−
+
∗
=
−
+
∗
(11)
Con
se
quently
, STATC
O
M
volt
age r
ef
ere
nce
s ar
e
de
du
ce
d f
rom
:
_
∗
=
−
(
)
+
_
∗
=
−
(
)
+
(12)
Wh
e
n
the
sli
din
g
mode
occurs
on
the
sli
din
g
s
urface
,
we
will
hav
e
=
̇
=
0
,
an
d
th
us
the
dyna
mi
c
beh
a
viou
r of
t
he
tracki
ng prob
le
m
in e
quat
io
n
(10) is e
qu
i
va
le
ntly
c
on
t
r
olled
by:
=
−
∗
=
−
+
_
∗
=
0
=
−
∗
=
−
+
_
∗
=
0
(13)
Fr
om
(13
)
, we
can
deduce t
ha
t
:
_
∗
=
_
∗
=
(14)
Finall
y,
t
he
sli
ding m
ode c
urr
ent contr
ollers
are
desig
ned as
:
∗
=
_
∗
+
_
∗
=
−
(
)
+
+
∗
=
_
∗
+
_
∗
=
−
(
)
+
+
(15)
3.1.2.
St
abi
li
ty a
n
al
ysi
s:
Th
e
L
ya
punov
functi
on
de
fi
ned
i
n
e
qu
at
io
n
(
16)
is
requ
ired
to
e
nsure
the
co
nver
ge
nce
of
the
pro
po
se
d
c
ontr
oller
s
.
=
1
2
2
+
1
2
2
(16)
To
c
onfir
m
the
sta
bili
ty
of t
he
sy
ste
m
al
l o
ve
r
the
sli
ding
s
urface
s
, th
e
con
diti
on
i
n (17) n
eed to
be
r
es
pe
ct
ed
.
̇
<
0
(17)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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Volta
ge
re
gu
l
at
ion
of an asy
nc
hrono
us
wi
nd
tur
bin
e
us
in
g STAT
C
OM a
nd
…
(
Mo
ham
m
ed
M
ok
hta
ri)
1563
By
diff
e
ren
ti
at
ing
eq
uatio
n
(1
6
)
, we
ob
ta
in:
V
̇
=
S
d
S
d
̇
+
S
q
S
q
̇
(18)
And b
y
r
e
placi
ng (9) i
nto (
1
8
)
, w
e
ha
ve:
̇
=
−
(
)
−
(
)
(19)
It r
es
ults:
̇
=
−
|
|
−
|
|
<
0
(20)
Hen
ce
, we
have ve
rified
t
hat t
he glo
bal as
ymptoti
cal
stabil
it
y
is
guara
nteed
.
3.2.
Prop
os
ed
AC
vo
l
tage re
gu
l
ator
The
si
ng
le
in
put
f
uzzy
lo
gic
con
t
ro
ll
er
de
ve
lop
e
d
in
t
his
w
ork
r
eplace
s
t
he
co
nv
e
ntio
nal
AC
volt
age
PI
re
gu
la
to
r
in
Fig
ur
e
4.
T
he
s
el
ect
ion
of
t
his
f
orm
of
co
ntr
ol
is
ma
inly
due
t
o
it
s
capaci
ty
to
mana
ge
tolerance
as
well
as
unce
rtai
nty
i
n
the
decisi
on
-
mak
ing
proce
dure
with
ou
t
t
he
require
ment
of
a
com
pr
e
he
ns
ive
mathem
at
ic
al
model of t
he
s
ys
te
m.
The
sug
gested
con
t
ro
ll
er
is
s
o
buil
t
as
s
how
n
i
n
Fi
gure
5
.
T
he
e
rro
r
betw
een
t
he
ref
e
rence
d
a
nd
t
he
measu
red RM
S v
al
ue of
the
gen
e
rated
volt
age
i
s
sel
ect
e
d
a
s an i
nput si
gnal
wh
ile
dQ*
a
s
an
outp
ut sig
nal.
Figure
5
.
Sin
gl
e input
fu
zz
y
l
og
ic
re
gu
la
to
r
The
ref
e
re
nce
reacti
ve
powe
r
to
be
exc
ha
nge
d
with
t
he
i
nductio
n
ge
ne
ra
tor
t
o
kee
p
t
he
AC
volt
age
sta
ble is co
m
pute
d wit
h
t
he f
ollow
i
ng form
ula:
∗
=
∑
∗
(
)
(21)
•
Wh
e
n
Vs_R
MS
is eq
ual to
Vs
_re
f
value
,
err
or
is eq
ual to
zer
o
a
nd
dQ*
m
ust
b
e e
qu
al
t
o
ze
ro to
kee
p
Q*
at
it
s prev
i
ou
s
val
ue
t
o
a
void i
nject
ion o
r
ab
s
orptio
n of
any reacti
ve
po
wer.
•
Wh
e
n
Vs_R
MS
is g
reater t
han
Vs_re
f
val
ue
(i
nductiv
e mo
de),
err
or
is
ne
gative
so
dQ*
must
b
e
po
sit
ive
as
well
as
Q*
a
nd it
s
value sh
ould i
nc
rease to
abso
r
b
the
ex
ce
ss
of r
eact
ive
powe
r
f
orci
ng
t
he
ge
ne
rated
volt
age to d
r
op to
the
r
at
e
d value.
•
Wh
e
n
Vs_R
MS
is l
ess tha
n
V
s
_r
ef
value
(cap
aciti
ve mode
),
error
is
n
e
gative
so
dQ*
m
ust
b
e
neg
at
ive
as
we
ll
as
Q*
a
nd it
s v
al
ue
s
hould d
ecrease to
inje
ct
the n
e
ede
d r
eact
ive powe
r forci
ng the
gen
e
rated
volt
age to rise
up to
the
rated
value
.
In
t
his
pap
er
,
t
he
si
ngle
in
put
fu
zz
y
l
og
ic
c
ontr
oller
is
a
Ma
md
a
ni
-
ty
pe
de
fine
d
by
seve
n
tria
ngular
ru
le
-
base
d
-
me
mb
e
rsh
i
p funct
ion
s
a
s
s
how
n
in
Fi
gure
6
.
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In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
11
, N
o.
3
,
Se
ptembe
r
2020
:
1557
–
1569
1564
Figure
6
.
Input
and
ou
t
pu
t
me
mb
e
rsh
i
p funct
ion
s
of the
S
I
F
LC
The
sev
en
li
ng
uisti
c
va
riables
use
d
a
re N
e
ga
ti
ve
Bi
g
(
NB)
, N
egati
ve
M
e
diu
m
(
N
M
)
, N
e
ga
ti
ve
S
mall
(N
S
),
Zer
o
(Z
O)
,
P
os
it
ive
S
mall
(P
S
),
Po
s
it
ive
M
e
diu
m
(
PM)
a
nd
P
os
it
ive
Bi
g
(P
B
).
T
he
7
r
ules
ha
ve
bee
n
bu
il
t as
represe
nted
i
n
Fi
gure
7
.
.
Figure
7
.
Th
e
c
ho
s
en
rules
of
t
he
S
IF
LC
3.3.
Prop
os
ed
sli
ding
m
od
e
DC
volt
ag
e
reg
ulator
T
o
c
ompe
ns
at
e
losses
in
the
DC
ci
rcu
it
,
S
TATC
OM
nee
ds
t
o
a
bsor
b
from
the
wind
ge
ner
at
or
t
he
act
ive pow
e
r d
edu
ce
d from
th
e
f
ollow
i
ng sli
ding s
urface:
=
−
_
(22)
The
sli
di
ng s
urface
der
iv
at
ive
can
be
obta
ine
d by
:
=
−
(
)
(23)
W
ith
a p
osi
ti
ve c
onsta
nt. Fr
om (
22
) we
hav
e:
=
−
_
(24)
Yet
,
we kno
w
t
hat:
=
=
_
.
(25)
Fr
om
(2
3
),
(2
4
)
a
nd (2
5
) we c
an
deduce
:
_
=
−
.
.
.
(
)
(26)
I
n
this
cas
e
,
t
he
expressi
on
of
the
e
qu
i
valen
t
con
tr
ol
la
ws
i
s
nu
ll
an
d
ca
n
be
de
duced
fro
m
(
2
5
)
by
ass
umi
ng
that
̇
=
0
:
=
−
_
=
=
_
.
=
0
(27)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri
S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
Volta
ge
re
gu
l
at
ion
of an asy
nc
hrono
us
wi
nd
tur
bin
e
us
in
g STAT
C
OM a
nd
…
(
Mo
ham
m
ed
M
ok
hta
ri)
1565
Finall
y
, we c
an
w
rite
:
∗
=
_
∗
=
−
.
.
.
(
)
(28)
By
a
doptin
g
t
he
exact
same
a
ppr
oach
ap
p
li
e
d
i
n
sli
di
ng
s
urface
cu
rr
e
nt
c
on
t
ro
ll
ers
,
th
e
sta
bili
ty
of
the sele
ct
ed su
rf
ace
f
or
DC
volt
age c
on
t
ro
l
l
er
ca
n be c
onfi
rme
d.
The
si
gn
f
unc
ti
on
,
a
s
well
as
eq
uatio
n
(23)
are
the
sta
nd
a
r
d
S
M
C.
T
o
decre
ase
t
he
c
hatte
rin
g
ph
e
nome
non, the si
gn fun
ct
io
n
is
rep
la
ce
d b
y
the
co
ntin
uo
us
functi
on si
gmoid
de
scrib
ed
by
:
(
)
=
[
2
(
1
+
−
.
)
]
−
1
(29)
W
ith
a
c
onst
ant
pa
ramete
r.
4.
SIMULATI
O
N RESULTS
& D
I
SCUS
SI
ON
In
this
sect
i
on
the
pro
file
of
the
pro
du
c
ed
RMS
vo
lt
age
wh
e
n
the
as
ynch
r
onous
wi
nd
tur
bi
ne
is
unde
r
varyin
g
wind
s
pee
d
an
d
l
oad
c
onditi
on
s
will
be
a
na
lyzed
an
d
s
ynthesiz
e
d
for
bo
t
h
no
c
omp
ensati
on
mode
a
nd
co
m
pensat
ion
m
ode.
Fig
ur
e
8
re
ve
al
s
the
sim
ulati
on
r
esults
us
i
ng
t
he
c
ontrol
appr
oach
bas
e
d
on
PI
con
t
ro
ll
ers
as
well
as
the
on
e
em
ployin
g
si
ng
le
i
nput
f
uz
zy
l
og
ic
a
nd
s
li
din
g
m
ode
c
on
t
ro
ll
ers
.
D
ur
i
ng
the
sta
rting
phase
from
t
he
in
sta
nt
0s
to
2s,
ST
ATCO
M
is
no
t
yet
co
nnect
e
d
si
nc
e
the
pro
du
ce
d
volt
age
has
no
t
reache
d
the
re
gu
la
ti
on
z
one
set
to
+/
-
20%
of
_
.
A
fter
the
s
econd
tw
o,
if
t
he
PI
co
ntr
ollers
a
re
us
e
d,
th
e
ou
t
pu
t
volt
age
grows
e
xponen
ti
al
ly
to
23
0V
with
a
good
se
tt
li
ng
ti
me
an
d
with
ou
t
a
ny
overs
hoot
beca
use
PI
par
a
mete
rs
ha
ve
been
desi
gned
under
no
lo
ad
a
nd
10.
5m
/
s
wind
s
pee
d
c
onditi
o
ns.
B
ut
if
the
S
IF
LC
i
s
us
e
d
al
ong
with
the
sli
ding
m
od
e
con
t
ro
ll
ers
the
_
will
reach
254.4V
the
n
dro
ps
i
n
0.5s
to
230V
w
hich
sti
ll
consi
der
e
d
as
a
good
t
ransi
ent
res
pons
e
. A
t
the 4
th
seco
nd an
d
6t
h
sec
ond
we
o
bs
er
ve
th
at
_
va
ri
es
a
t no
com
pensat
ion
mode
w
hen
w
ind
sp
ee
d
dro
ps
at
no
l
oad
from
10.
5m
/s
to
8m/
s
t
hen
r
ise
s
agai
n
to
9m
/s
.
Howe
ver,
usi
ng
the
ne
w
a
ppro
ac
h
S
TATC
OM
wa
s
able
to
re
gula
t
e
the
gen
e
rated
volt
age
in
0.4s
an
d
0.46s
resp
ect
ivel
y
,
unli
ke
the
PI
c
on
t
ro
ll
ers
w
hich
ha
ve
made
the
syst
em
unsta
ble
with
a
n
osc
il
la
tory
r
esp
on
se
.
Finall
y,
wh
e
n
t
he
syst
em
bec
om
e
at
f
ull
load
at
the
8th
sec
ond
the
pro
po
s
ed
strat
eg
y
have
on
ce
more
pr
ov
e
d
it
s
eff
ic
ie
nc
y
si
nce
_
drops
to
183V
the
n
sta
bi
li
zes
at
the
rated
value
i
n
le
s
s
than
0.0
3s.
P
I
co
ntr
ollers
i
n
the
ot
her
ha
nd
hav
e
fail
ed
to
r
ise
the
produce
d
vo
lt
age
to
23
0V.
We
ca
n
c
oncl
ude
s
o
t
hat
us
in
g
t
he
s
ugg
est
ed
structu
re
of
c
ontr
ol,
t
he
si
ng
l
e
in
pu
t
f
uzz
y
l
og
ic
co
ntr
oll
er
co
mb
i
ned
with
t
he
sli
di
ng
mode
c
ontr
ollers
ha
s
su
c
cess
fu
ll
y
re
gu
la
te
d
t
he
SE
IG
vo
lt
a
ge
te
r
minals
at
it
s
ref
ere
nced
val
ue
with
ex
cel
le
nt
dynamic
a
nd
sta
ti
c
respo
ns
es.
Figure
8
.
A
s
yn
chro
nous
wind
turbine
volt
ag
e w
it
h
a
nd
without
c
ompen
sa
ti
on
at
differe
nt
w
in
d
s
pee
d
a
nd
load st
at
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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S
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:
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-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
11
, N
o.
3
,
Se
ptembe
r
2020
:
1557
–
1569
1566
To
be
a
ble
to
mi
nimize
AC
vo
lt
age
va
riat
ion
,
t
he
SIFLC
ne
e
ds
to
re
ac
t
to
wind
s
pee
d
a
nd
l
oad
ch
an
ges
with
a
good
dy
nam
ic
forcin
g
s
o
STA
TC
O
M
to
operate
i
n
bo
th
ca
pacit
ive
and
in
duct
ive
mode.
Figure
9
re
vea
ls
the
exc
hang
ed
reacti
ve
po
wer
betwee
n
t
he
SE
IG
a
nd
STA
TC
O
M
w
hen
PI
c
on
t
ro
l
le
rs
or
fu
zz
y
sli
di
ng
mode c
on
t
ro
ll
e
rs
a
re
us
ed
.
Figure
9
.
Th
e
e
xch
a
nge
d react
ive po
wer bet
ween ST
ATC
OM and t
he
as
yn
c
hro
nous wi
nd tu
rb
i
ne
Fu
rt
hermo
re
,
c
ompare
d
to
P
I
con
t
ro
ll
ers
res
ults
in
Fig
ur
e
1
1
,
the
injec
te
d
current
that
co
ntribute
to the contr
ol of th
e reacti
ve
pow
e
r
pr
ov
i
des
in
Fig
ur
e
1
0
a
good trac
king resp
on
ses a
nd robust c
har
act
er
ist
ic
s
wh
e
n
the
pro
pose
d
co
nt
ro
ll
er
s
ar
e
ap
plied
.
The
obse
rv
e
d
c
hatte
rin
g
i
n
t
he
ste
ad
y
-
sta
te
is
acce
pta
ble
due
to
it
s
small
v
ariat
io
n an
d
ca
n be
mi
nimize
d
i
n pr
a
ct
ic
e b
y
ch
oosing
an
opti
mal
value o
f
.
Figure
1
0
. ST
ATCO
M
q_a
xe
s curre
nt
var
i
at
ion
as
fun
ct
i
on of P
CC
volt
age
us
in
g SM
C
Figure
1
1
. ST
ATCO
M
q_a
xe
s curre
nt
var
i
at
ion
as
fun
ct
i
on of P
CC
volt
age
us
in
g PI
c
ontr
ollers
Al
so
,
in
Fi
gure
1
3
th
e
sim
ulati
on
resu
lt
s
s
ho
w
that
sli
di
ng
mode
DC
volt
age
c
on
tr
oller
was
a
ble,
at
t=
2s
,
t
o
rise
up
to
the
ref
e
re
nced
val
ue
ju
st
after
t
he
e
xcita
ti
on
of
the
S
EIG.
We
ca
n
a
lso
noti
ce
that
the
set
tl
ing
ti
me
of
us
ing
sl
idi
ng
mode
c
ontr
oller
is
bette
r
tha
n
PI
c
ontr
oller
w
hich
pr
ov
e
ag
a
in
th
e
ef
fici
enc
y
of
pro
pose
d
a
ppr
oac
h
.
Fig
ur
e
1
2
is
intr
oduc
ed
t
o
s
how
tha
t
the
c
hatte
rin
g
ph
e
nome
non
pro
duced
usi
ng
th
e
sign f
un
ct
io
n
c
an be si
gn
ific
a
ntly
reduce
d b
y
the
sig
mo
i
d
f
un
ct
io
n.
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